Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2014 


https://archive.org/details/kingshandbookofnOOking_0 


The  Germania 
Life  Insurance  Company 

OK    NEW  YORK. 


I  HE  GERMANIA  LIFE  is  a  thoroughly  representative  German- 
American  institution,  with  its  main  offices  in  New  York,  and 
its  branches  and  agencies  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Europe. 

It  was  organized  in  i860,  and  its  career  of  34  years  is  a  con- 
tinuous record  of  progress  and  prosperity.  During  that  period 
it  has  paid  to  its  policy-holders  over  Thirty  Millions  of  Dollars, 
nearly  $17,000,000  for  losses  by  death,  $4,000,000  for  endow- 
ments and  annuities,  and  $10,000,000  for  dividends  and  sur- 
rendered policies. 

On  January  1,  1894,  its  status  was  as  follows:  Total 
Assets,  $18,689,858.84  ;  liabilities  (4$  standard),  $  17, 501 ,930.88  ; 
surplus  (4$*  standard),  $1,187,927.86;  surplus  (4%$  standard), 
$2,048,599.96;  insurance  in  force,  $69,411,918. 

Its  cash  income  in  1893  was  3 3,725,343.79,  and  the  new 
insurance  written  in  1893  amounted  to  $13,017,757. 

The  Company  issues  all  approved  forms  of  policies,  but 
makes  a  specialty  of  its  own  "Dividend  Tontine  Policies," 
which  have  these  advantageous  characteristics  :  They  are  free 
from  restrictions,  nonforfeitable,  incontestable,  combine  insurance 
protection  with  attractive  investment  features,  and  are  always 
payable  in  full,  and  on  presentation  of  satisfactory  proof  of 
death  ;  they  may  be  made  payable  in  one  sum  or  in  10,  1 5,  20,  25, 
or  30  equal  annual  installments  ;  thus  providing  for  the  benefic- 
iaries a  fixed  annual  income  beyond  contingency  of  loss. 

This  absolute  protection  against  loss  enjoyed  by  beneficiaries 
under  the  Installment  Policies  is  secured  by  the  payment  of 
lower  premiums  than  those  charged  for  policies  payable  in 
one  sum. 


The  Germania 
Life  Insurance  Company. 


(  Commenced  Business  in  i860.) 


Home  Office, 

No.  20  Nassau  Street, 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 


European  Branch  Office, 
Leipzioer  Platz  12, 
BERLIN,  GERMANY. 


Agencies  in  all  the  larger  Cities  of  the  United  States  of  America  and  of  the 
German  Empire  ;  also  in  Austria,  Belgium,  Denmark,  France, 
Holland,  Norway  and  Switzerland. 


ASSETS.  LIABILITIES. 

Bonds  and  Mortgages  on  Real  Estate,  $9,996,391.55  I   Legal   Reserve  on  out- 
Domestic  and  Foreign  State,  City  and  standing  Policies  (4%),  $17,281,283.00 

R.  R.  Bonds  owned,  Market  Value,    5,059,980.58  Reserve  tor  extra  Risks, 

Real  Estate  owned,  viz :  Surrender  Values,  etc.,  62,594.78 

Office  Buildings  in  the  '   Unadjusted  Claims,    .    .  117,470.51 

United  States  and  Ber-  Dividends  due  to  Policy- 

lin,  Germany,  ....  $1,570, 747-05  holders,   40,582.59 

City  Property  taken  on   17,501,930.88 

Foreclosure,    ....      478,092.72^  ^  _  Surplus  as  regards  Policy-holders,  $1,187,927.96 

Cash  deposited  in  Banks   *55,393-26  m  ,u    o^„,  .i.««rfA,.L 

Cash  on  hand  and  in  transit  (since  If  the  Reserve  ,s  computed 

received)   111,057.87  on  a454*  basis  the 

Loans  on  Stocks,   50,000.00  Surplus  as  regards  Policy-holders  is  $2,048,599,96 

Loans  on  Policies  in  force,   665,551.38   

Net  or  invested  Assets,  Dec. 3 1,1  893,  $18,037,214. 41  In  the  Statement  of  Assets  above,  the  securities 
Interest  and  Rents  due  and  accrued,  .  149,151.72  owned  by  the  Company  are  valued  at  the  low  quo- 
Deferred  Premiums,  net,   260,937.80  tations  of  December  31,  1893. 

Premiums  in  course  of  transmission,  net,  186,254.91  Every  item  which  is  not  admitted  by  the  State 

 „^  ,  A  \  Insurance  Department  is  excluded,  as  is  usual  with 

Total  Assets,  Dec.  31,  1893,    .   $18,689,858.84  ,  this  Company. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  temporary  depression  of  values,  there  was  an  increase  in  the 
Assets  of  nearly  one  million  of  dollars,  which  is  equal  to  the  average  increase  during  the  last 
four  years.  The  amount  of  new  business  written  in  1893  was  larger  than  ever  before,  all  of 
which  goes  to  show  that  the  disturbance  in  the  money  market  experienced  in  1893  was  no  im- 
pediment to  the  continued  healthy  growth  of  this  Company. 


Thomas  Achelis, 
ewald  balthasar, 
Francis  Bolting, 
Henry  A.  Caesar, 
Hubert  Cillis, 
Cornelius  Doremis, 


BOARD   OF  DIRECTORS 

Ewald  Fleitmann, 
Herman  M  arci^e, 
Emil  Oelbermann, 
Albrecht  Pagenstecher, 
Alfred  Roelker, 
Hermann  Rose, 


Carl  Schurz, 
Casimir  Tag, 
F.  Von  Bernuth, 
Hugo  Wesendonck, 
Max  A.  Wesendonck, 
Otto  Wesendonck. 


HUGO  WESENDONCK,    .    .    .  President. 

Cornelius  Dorhmus,    .    .      l  ice-President.       Hubert  Cillis,    .    Secretary  and  Actuary . 
Max  A.  Wesendonck,.    .  Special  Director.       Gustav  Meidt,     .    Assistant  Secretary. 
Charles  Bernacki,  M.  D.,  Medical  Director. 


1893.--SECOND  EDIT  JON.  —  1893. 


T"E  MiT7M-wS-N:»TM*UPC0.,  COMPLETE  *»T-F«INTINS  WORfS,  BUFFALO,  N.  V. 


Copyright  \and  I  by  Moses  King.   C,  O  NJ    PR  N  T  S  .     Copyright  \and  I  by  Moses  A/«£. 

f  iSqj  )  (  iSqj  ) 

1'AGES. 

Index.—  An  extensive  detailed  list  of  pictures  and  complete  index  to  subjects,  names, 

etc.,  is  at  the  close  of  the  volume  985-1,008 

Historical.—  New  York  of  the  Past,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present,     .    .    .  5-46 

New  York  of  the  Present.— A  Comprehensive  Outline  Description  of  the  Whole 

City  — Area,  Population,  Wealth,  Statistics,  etc  ,   47-68 

The  Water  Ways.— The  Harbor  and  Rivers— Piers  and  Shipping  —  Fortifications 

and  Quarantine  —  Exports  and  Imports  —  Oceanic  and  Coastwise  Lines,  etc.,    .    .  69-108 

Transportation  and  Transit.— Railroads,  Steam,    Elevated,    Cable,    Horse  and 

Electric  — Stages,  etc.,   109-140 

Thoroughfares  and  Adornments. —  Streets,  Avenues,  Boulevards,  Alleys,  Ways, 

Parks,  Squares,  Drives,  Monuments,  Statues,  Fountains,  etc.,   141-184 

Overhead  and  Underfoot. —  Bridges,  Tunnels,  Sewers,  Water,  Aqueducts,  Reser- 
voirs, Lighting  by  Gas  and  Electricity,  Telegraph,  Telephone,  etc.,   185-214 

Life  in  the  Metropolis.  —  Hotels,   Inns,   Caf^s,   Restaurants,  Apartment-Houses, 

Flats,  Homes,  Tenements,  etc.,   215-^44 

The  Rule  of  the  City.— The  City,  County,  State  and  National  Governments  —  Offi- 
cers and  Buildings,  Courts,  etc.,   245-266 

The  General  Culture. — Educational  Institutions— Universities,  Colleges,  Academies, 

and  Seminaries  ;  and  Public,  Private  and  Parochial  Schools  and  Kindergartens,   .  267-302 

The  Higher  Culture. —  Art  Museums  and  Galleries,  Scientific,  Literary,  Musical  and 

Kindred  Institutions,  Societies  and  Organizations   303-324 

The  Literary  Culture.— Libraries,  Public,  Club,  Society  and  Private,   325~334 

Shrines  of  Worship.— Cathedrals,  Churches,  Synagogues,   and  other   Places  of 

Religious  Worship  and  Work,   335-4'S 

Charity  and  Benevolence .—  Institutions  and  Associations  for  the  Poor  and  Unfor- 
tunate —  Homes  and  Asylums,  and  Temporary  Relief,   419-456 

The  Sanitary  Organizations.— Board  of  Health  and  Health  Statistics  —  Hospitals, 

Dispensaries,  Morgue,  Curative  Institutions,  Insane  and  other  Asylums,   ....  457_492 

Reformatories  and  Corrections. —  The  Police  Courts,  Prisons,  House  of  Refuge, 

Penitentiaries,  Work-House,  House  of  Correction,  etc.,   493-504 

Final  Resting-Places .— Cemeteries,  Burial-Places,  Crematories,  Church  Yards  and 

Vaults,  Tombs,  etc.,   505-522 

Defense  and  Protection .—  Police  Department,  Military  and  Militia,  Army  and  Pen- 
sion Offices,  Fire  Department,  Fire  Patrol,  Detectives,  etc  ,   523-542 

Sociability  and  Friendship  — Clubs  and  Social  Associations,  Secret  and  Friendship 

Organizations,    543-574 

Amusement  Places.— Play-Houses,  Opera-Houses,  Theatres,  Public  Halls,  Muse- 
ums, Outdoor  Sports,  etc.,   575-608 

Journalism  and  Publishing.— Newspapers  and  Periodicals,  Book,  Music  and  other 

Publishing   639-638 

Fire  and  Marine  Insurance.— Offices  and  Companies  for  assuming  losses  by  fires 

and  transit  and  Fire  and  Marine  Underwriters'  Associations,   639-662 

Life-insurance  — Companies  for  protection  of  widows,  orphans  and  others,  and  for 

providing  incomes  in  advanced  age,  etc.,  and  Life-Insurance  Associations,    .    .    .  663-682 

Miscellaneous  Insurance.— Companies  for  providing  against  accidents,  explosions, 

broken  plate-glass,  dishonest  employees,  loss  of  salaries,  and  for  furnishing  bonds,  683-690 

Financial  Institutions.— United-States  Treasury  and  Assay  Office,  Clearing  House, 

National  and  State  Banks,  Bankers,  Brokers,  etc.,   691-752 

Fiduciary  Institutions.— Trust  and  Investment  Companies,  Savings-Banks,  Safe- 
Deposit  Companies,  etc.,   "   753-782 

Financial  and  Commercial  Associations.  — The  Custom  House,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  Stock,  Produce.  Cotton  and  other  Exchanges,  Board  of  Trade,  Mercan- 
tile and  other  Agencies,  Warehouses  and  Markets   783-816 

Architectural  Features.— Development  in  Architecture  —  Notable  Office-Buildings  n  0 

and  Business  Blocks   817-842 

Notable  Retail  Establishments.—  Interesting  and  prominent  Retail  Concerns,  nearly 

all  being  unquestioned  leading  houses  in  their  respective  lines   843-870 

Notable  Wholesale  Establishments  -Some  gigantic   Firms  and  Corporations, 

whose  yearly  transactions  involve  millions  of  dollars  and  extend  over  the  earth,    .  871-912 

Notable  Manufacturers.- An  outline  history  of  some  preeminent  industries  car- 
ried on  or  represented  in  New  York  .•   913-98:4- 


PREFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION. 


NEVER  before  has  any  one  put  forth  an  illustrated  history  and 
description  of  New- York  City  in  a  single  volume  at  all  compar- 
able with  "King's  Handbook."  This  volume  contains  exactly  i.ooS 
pages,  more  than  1,000  illustrations,  thirty  chapters,  and  an  index  of 
twenty-four  pages  with  72  columns,  containing  over  5,000  items  and 
about  20,000  references.  The  text  furnishes  an  elaborate  but  condensed 
history  and  description  of  the  city  itself,  and  also  of  every  notable  public 
institution  and  especially  interesting  feature.  The  illustrations  give 
many  reminders  of  the  past,  and  furnish  an  extensive  series  of  pictures 
of  the  present  city,  to  an  extent  many  times  beyond  that  of  any  volume 
yet  published.  Every  plate  was  made  expressly  for  this  book,  and  so 
were  nearly  all  of  the  original  photographs.  The  whole  has  been  care- 
fully printed  on  an  exceptionally  fine  quality  of  paper.  It  is  conceded 
to  be  the  handsomest,  the  most  thorough,  the  largest,  the  most  costly 
and  the  most  profusely  illustrated  book  of  its  class  ever  issued  for  any 
c  ity  in  the  world. 

The  ortginal  text  was  prepared  with  the  utmost  care,  and  was  the 
result  of  the  painstaking  work  of  many  individuals,  principally  of 
Moses  Foster  Sweetser,  Henri  Pene  du  Bois,  William  Henry  Rurbank. 
Lyman  Horace  Weeks,  Henry  Edward  Wallace,  John  Collins  Welch, 
Louis  Berg  and  Charles  Putnam  Tower.  The  manuscript  underwent 
a  thorough  revision  at  the  hands  of  several  thousand  people,  each  an 
authority  on  the  submitted  portion,  and  thus  the  book  became  an 
authentic  volume.  The  text  was  amplified,  rectified,  and  verified  by 
Mr.  Sweetser,  the  foremost  American  in  this  special  field  of  literature. 
Valuable  general  assistance  was  also  given  by  Mr.  Tower. 

Although  the  first  edition  appeared  only  ten  months  ago  the  present 
volume  is  not  another  edition  in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  term.  It  is  in 
fact  a  new  book.  Nearly  every  text  page  has  been  reset,  and  changes  of 
every  character  have  been  made  throughout  the  book.  About  300 
n/Av  engravings  are  inserted,  some  to  replace  former  ones,  but  a  large 
part  appear  for  the  first  time  from  new  originals.    The  book  is  now 


4  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

larger  and  better,  with  more  text  and  more  illustrations.  It  is  indeed  a 
picture  of  New  York  in  1893.  Its  success  has  exceeded  all  expectations. 
The  first  edition  comprised  10,000  copies,  and  was  exhausted  in  a  few 
weeks.  The  present  edition  is  20,000  copies,  more  than  one-half  of  which 
are  needed  to  fill  orders  on  hand  before  publication. 

In  the  second  edition  the  revisions  and  additions  were  made  by  Mr. 
Sweetser  and  the  undersigned,  with  the  cooperation  of  more  than  3,000 
people,  who  have  kindly  made  revisions  or  substitutes  for  the  parts  in 
which  they  had  direct  interest.  Historical  works,  newspapers,  special 
reports  and  hundreds  of  other  sources  of  information,  too  numerous  to 
permit  of  specific  acknowledgment,  have  been  utilized. 

The  illustrations  are  almost  wholly  from  specially-made  photographs, 
upwards  of  1,500  negatives  having  been  made  by  Arthur  Chiar,  who  has 
shown  remarkable  skill  in  photographing  exceedingly  difficult  subjects. 
Some  photographs  were  made  by  Frank  E.  Parshley,  John  S.  Johnston, 
C.  C.  Langill  and  others.  The  designs  for  the  cover  linings  and  the 
series  of  bird's-eye  views  were  made  by  the  New-York  Photogravure 
Company,  the  President  of  which  is  Ernest  Edwards. 

The  entire  mechanical  work  from  cover  to  cover,  with  slight  excep- 
tions, was  done  by  The  Matthews-Northrup  Company,  the  famous  Art- 
Printers  of  Buffalo,  whose  establishment  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in 
the  world,  and  whose  President,  George  E.  Matthews,  and  Art-manager, 
Charles  E.  Sickels,  are  entitled  to  much  of  the  credit  for  the  artistic 
effect  of  this  volume. 

If  it  were  usual  to  dedicate  a  volume  of  this  character,  this  one  would 
be  dedicated  to  Charles  F.  Clark,  the  President  of  The  Bradstreet  Com- 
pany, to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  substantial  aid,  valuable  suggestions, 
and  hearty  encouragement. 

And  now  this  second  edition  is  submitted  to  the  public,  with  the 
hope  that  it  will  be  found  to  be  : 

"Good  enough  for  any  body, 
Cheap  enough  for  everybody," 

and  that  the  appreciation  of  the  public  will  necessitate  many  editions. 

MOSES  KING,  Editor  and  Publisher. 

Boston,  July  i,  1893. 


^j^P'Corrections  and  suggestions  for  future  editions  are  invited. 


New  York  of  tiie  Past,  from  tiic-  Earliest 
Tin^ess  to  tlie  Present. 


THE  HISTORY  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
Dutch,  British,  and  American  periods,  abot 


in  its 
abounds  in 

episodes  of  deep  interest,  illustrating  the  development 
of  a  petty  fur-trading  post  into  the  great  cosmopolitan 
metropolis  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  Many  ponder- 
ous volumes  have  been  devoted  to  this  worthy  theme, 
with  a  wealth  of  illustration  and  much  grace  of  literary  style  ;  and  yet  but  a  part  of 
the  wonderful  story  has  been  told.  In  this  brief  chapter  an  attempt  is  made  to  exhibit 
a  few  vignettes  from  the  nearly  three  centuries  of  annals  pertaining  to  the  Empire 
City,  and  to  give  a  few  intimations  of  her  lines  of  advance  and  of  successful  endeavor. 

Manhattan  was  the  original  place-name.  Munnoh  was  an  Indian  word  for 
"island";  in  Abenaqui,  Menatan ;  in  Delaware,  Menatey;  in  Chippewa,  Minis. 
Thus  Grand  Menan,  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  and  Manati,  the  ancient  Indian  name 
of  Long  Island  ;  and  Manisees,  the  old  name  of  Block.  Island.  Menatan  was  any 
small  island  ;  Menates  or  Manisees,  the  small  island.  The  island  on  which  New 
York  stands  was  sometimes  spoken  of  as  "the  island,"  Manate,  or  Manhatte  : 
sometimes  as  "a  small  island,"  Manathan,  Menatan,  or  Manhatan  ;  and  some- 
times as  "the  small  island^"  Manhaates,  Manattes,  and  Manados.  The  same  root 
appears  in  Manhatiset,  Montauk  (Manati-auke),  and  other  Indian  place-names. 
Campanius  speaks  of  **  Manataanung,  or  Manaates,  a  place  settled  by  the  Dutch, 
who  built  there  a  clever  little  town,  which  went  on  increasing  every  day." 
•  The  first  recorded  visitor  to  this  jocund  region  was  Verrazano,  a  Florentine 
navigator  and  traveller,  who  was  serving  at  that  time  as  a  French  corsair.  He 
sailed  from  Brittany  in  the  Dauphine,  in  1524,  and  cruised  up  the  American  coast 

Copyright  i8()3  and  iSqj  by  Moses  King. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


DUTCH  MAP  OF  NEW  YORK,  1656. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


7 


from  Cape  Fear  to  New- York  Bay,  where  his  ship  lay  at  anchor  for  a  few  days, 
sending  boats  up  the  river  and  meeting  a  kindly  reception  from  the  natives.  There 
is  a  tradition  that  ships  of  the  Dutch  Greenland  Company  entered  the  North  River 
in  1598,  and  wintered  there,  the  crews  dwelling  in  a  fort  which  they  had  con- 
structed on  the  shore. 

But  the  first  practical  and  undoubted  discovery  of  our  harbor  and  river  was  due 
to  Henry  Hudson,  an  English  mariner,  at  that  time  in  the  employ  of  a  Holland 
trading  corporation.  In  1609  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  sent  Hudson  out  on 
a  voyage  of  discovery  ;  and  after  making  landfalls  at  Newfoundland,  Penobscot 
Bay,  Cape  Cod  and  Delaware  Bay,  he  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York.  In  his  little 
ship,  the  Hahx-Maen  ("Half-Moon"),  with  the  orange,  white  and  blue  flag  of 
Holland  floating  from  the  mast,  the  bold  explorer  ascended  the  Hudson  River, 
through  the  mountains,  nearly  to  the  site  of  Albany,  trading  with  the  native  tribes 


on  the  way.  He  had  hoped  and  fancied  that  the  grand  stream  might  be  the  long- 
sought  northwest  passage  to  the  East  Indies ;  and  when  the  shoaling  water  above 
Albany  indicated  that  it  was  but  an  ordinary  river,  he  turned  about  and  dropped 
down  the  stream  and  spread  his  sails  for  Europe.  He  carried  back  the  report  that 
the  new-found  country  contained  many  fur-bearing  animals;  and  the  dwellers  under 
the  cold  northern  skies  of  Holland  needed  and  prized  furs  for  winter  clothing.  The 
very  next  year  some  Dutch  merchants  sent  out  a  ship  to  trade  here,  and  in  its  crew 
were  several  of  the  sailors  of  the  Half-Moon.  In  161 1  Adriaen  Block  visited  Man- 
hattan, and  carried  thence  to  Europe  two  sons  of  an  Indian  chief,  the  first  New- 
Yorkers  to  visit  the  Old  World.  The  next  year  Block  and  Christiacnsen  were  sent 
across  in  the  Tiger  and  the  Fortune,  by  several  enterprising  Amsterdam  merchants, 
to  open  trade  at  Manhattan.  Christiaensen  built  Fort  Nassau,  near  the  site  of 
Albany,  and  started  a  flourishing  trade  with  the  Mohawks  ;  and  erected  a  group  of 
log  huts  near  the  southern  point  of  Manhattan  (45  Broadway)  ;  and  Block  built 
here  a  vessel,  the  Onrust  (or  "Restless"),  in  which  he  explored  the  coast  eastward 


8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


to  Block  Island.  This  brave  little  vessel  was  the  pioneer  of  the  vast  commerce  of 
New  York,  which  has  since  that  clay  borne  its  flags  over  all  seas,  and  to  the  remotest 
ports  of  both  hemispheres. 

In  1614  the  States-General  chartered  the  United  New-Netherland  Companv.  of 
Amsterdam  merchants,  to  traffic  here  for  three  years  ;  and  under  the  orders  of  this 
corporation  traders  penetrated  far  inland,  and  the  treaty  of  Tawaseniha  was  con- 
cluded with  the  Indians.    In  1621  the  Dutch  Government  chartered  the  West  India 


HE  DUKE'S  PUN,"    MADE  FOR  JAMES,   DUKE  OF  YORK,  ABOUT  1664. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


9 


Company,  with  the  powers  of  making  treaties,  maintaining  courts,  and  employing 
soldiers  ;  and  three  years  later  their  ship  New  Netherlami  entered  the  North  River, 
bearing  a  colony  of  1 10  Walloons,  or  people  of  French  origin  from  southern  Holland. 
Some  of  these  stayed  at  Manhattan,  and  others  scattered  throughout  the  country. 

Nearly  all  who  had  come  to  Manhattan  hitherto  were  transient  fur-traders  and 
servants  of  the  company.  The  Walloon  immigration  marks  the  first  real  and  per- 
manent colonization  of  the  new  land,  as  a  place  of  homes.     The  new-comers 


BRADFORD'S  MAP  OF  NEW  YORK,  1728. 


JO 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


brought  their  families,  and  also  horses  and  cattle,  sheep  and  swine,  and  farming 
implements  and  seed. 

In  1625  came  the  first  specimen  of  the  New-York  girl,  now  the  delight  of  two 
hemispheres,  in  the  diminutive  person  of  Sarah  Rapaelje,  "the  first-born  Christian 
daughter"  in  the  colony.  The  first  white  male  child  born  on  Manhattan  Island  was 
Jean  Vigne,  who  appeared  in  1614.  His  mother  owned  a  farm  at  the  corner  of  Wall 
and  Pearl  streets,  and  on  the  hill  back  of  it  stood  a  great  windmill.  Vigne  was  a 
farmer  and  brewer,  and  three  times  schepen  of  the  town.     He  left  no  children. 

The  first  director  sent  out  by  the  West  India  Company  to  govern  its  North-River 
trading-post  was  Captain  Mey;  who  was  succeeded,  in  1625,  by  William  Verhulst. 
A  year  later  four  ships  arrived,  bringing  fresh  relays  of  colonists  and  103  head  of 
cattle. 

In  1626  the  Sea-Mew  arrived  in  the  harbor,  bringing  Peter  Minuit,  the  new 
Director-General,  and  the  first  of  the  four  notable  rulers  of  the  colony.  His  earliest 
official  act  was  the  purchase  of  Manhattan  Island  from  the  savages,  the  payment 

being  in  beads, 
buttons  and  other 
trinkets  to  the 
value  of  60  guild- 
ers^ $24).  This 
policy  of  purchas- 
ing land  from  the 
Indians  was  fol- 
lowed by  all  the 
Dutch  rulers  and 
colonists. 

Manhattan  was 
then  a  forest- 
bordered  island, 
swampy  along  the 
shores,  and  rising 
line  of  Canal  Street 
were  covered  with 


RHINE  LA  NLER'C 


CETWEEN  WILLIAM   AND  ROSE  STREETS. 


inland  to  low  hills  crowned  with  oaks  and  hickories.  On  the 
tidal  marshes  and  ponds  stretched  from  river  to  river,  and 
sea-water  at  high  tide.  Wolves  and  panthers  prowled  among  the  rugged  ledges 
and  dense  thickets  beyond,  whence  an  occasional  bear  sallied  forth  to  dine  at  ease 
on  the  Netherland  sheep  ;  and  hungry  deer  ran  swiftly  southward  to  trample  down 
the  settlers'  crops,  and  enjoy  the  taste  of  their  corn  and  wheat.  Near  the  Battery 
stood  a  group  of  the  mean  precursors  of  the  vast  cosmopolitan  civilization  which 
was  destined  to  rise  on  this  site  ;  and  farther  up  the  island,  a  few  groups  of  wigwams 
and  communal  houses  stood  in  the  open  valleys,  near  the  corn  and  tobacco  fields 
of  the  aborigines.  The  houses  of  the  Dutch  trading-post  were  of  one  story,  includ- 
ing two  rooms,  with  chimneys  of  wood,  roofs  of  straw,  furniture  hewn  out  of  rough 
planks,  and  wooden  platters  and  spoons.  In  1626  the  village  had  200  inhabitants, 
which  were  augmented  to  270  by  1628.  About  this  time  it  assumed  the  name  of 
Fort  Amsterdam,  in  memory  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Dutch  Republic. 

The  United  Netherlands  which  thus  bore  Manhattan  as  a  favored  child  was  then 
conspicuous  in  Europe  in  commerce  and  the  mechanic  arts.  Her  dauntless  bat- 
talions had  just  shattered  forever  the  power  of  Spain,  and  her  fleets  defied  the  marin- 
ers of  England  by  cruising  up  and  down  the  English  Channel  with  brooms  at  their 
mast-heads.    Her  cultivation  in  literature  was  exemplified  in  Grotius  and  DeWitt, 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


NEW  YORK   IN   1728,  LYNE'S  MAP. 

THE  IRREGULAR  PORTION  OF  THE  CITY,  AS  ORIGINALLY  LAID  OUT. 


T  2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Barnevekl  and  William  the  Silent,  and  by  the  great  University  of  Leyden,  famous 
throughout  Christendom.  In  art,  her  Rembrandt  and  Rubens,  Van  Dyck  and 
Teniers,  were  painting  those  pictures  which  are  still  the  admiration  of  Europe. 
The  most  adventurous  spirits  of  this  wonderful  nation  sought  new  fields  beyond 
the  sea,  and  made  a  deep  and  enduring  impress  on  the  nascent  city  and  common- 
wealth. 

Most  of  Minuit's  colonists  were  merely  servants  of  the  West  India  Company, 
without  the  rights  of  owning  land,  manufacturing,  or  trading  with  the  Indians. 


NEW  YORK  IN   1776.      MAJOR  HOLLAND'S  MAP. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


T3 


They  came  to  Manhattan  only  to  work  for  the  company,  and  of  this  they  had  enough, 
building  cabins,  stone  warehouses  and  mills.  Near  the  Bowling  Green  (on  the  site 
of  No.  4  Bowling  Green)  they  also  erected  P^ort  Amsterdam,  a  bastioned  earth- 
work with  three  sides,  and  walls  crested  with  red  cedar  palisades.  Minuit  sent  his 
secretary,  De  Rasieres,  in  the  barque  Nassau  to  Manomet,  in  Massachusetts,  whence 


NEW  YORK  IN   1789.      ENGRAVED  BY  P.  R.  MAVERICK. 


1  4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


he  journeyed  to  Plymouth,  and  opened  friendly  communications  and  trade  relations 
with  the  Pilgrim  colony.  Boston  had  not  yet  been  founded.  About  the  same  time 
Huyck  and  Krol  came  hither  as  "consolers  of  the  sick;"  and  began  Christian 
observances  in  the  colony  by  reading  the  Scriptures  and  Creeds  in  the  upper  room  of 
the  horse-mill.  Manhattan  in  1629  and  1630  sent  to  Amsterdam  130,000  guilders' 
worth  of  goods,  being  a  large  balance  in  favor  of  the  colony.  In  163 1  the  Manhattan 
ship-yard  built  the  great  ship  New  Netherlands  of  8oo  tons  and  30  guns,  one  of  the 
largest  vessels  then  afloat. 

In  1633  Director-General  Wouter  Van  Twiller  reached  Manhattan  in  the  frigate 
Zontberg,  bringing  in  a  prize  Spanish  caravel,  and  having  in  his  company  the  first 
accredited  clergyman  on  these  shores,  Dominie  Everardus  Bogardus,  and  the  first 
professional  schoolmaster,  Adam  Roelandsen.  While  New  England  depended  on 
her  fisheries,  and  Virginia  on  the  tobacco  trade,  New  Netherland  shipped  grain  to 
Boston  and  over-seas,  and  rich  peltries  to  Holland. 

Van  Twiller  brought  with  him  104  Dutch  troops,  the  first  soldiers  to  enter  Man- 
hattan ;  and  for  their  proper  accommodation  he  erected  barracks,  and  enlarged  and 
strengthened  Fort  Amsterdam.  His  colonists  were  never  so  happy  as  when  draining  their 

huge  pewter  tank- 
ards ;  and  to  pro- 
vide means  for  these 
joyous  revels,  he 
erected  a  profitable 
brewery.  The  most 
conspicuous  objects 
on  the  island  were 
the  tall  windmills 
which  he  built,  and 
whose  slowly  re- 
volving arms  re- 
called to  the  burgh- 


sip 


ers  thi 


ill 


worKs  towering  over 

"  YE  EXECUTION   OF  GOFF,   YE  NEGER  OF  MR.   MOTHlUS.  ON   YE  COMMONS.  "  far  away  mCld 

ows  of  Holland.  But  Van  Twiller,  fat  and  moon-faced,  low  of  stature  and  dull  of 
wit,  was  a  shrewd  trader  and  self-provider,  and  secured  as  his  own  private  property 
Nutten  (Governor's)  Island  and  Blackwell's  Island  and  other  valuable  properties. 
He  also  granted  to  Roelof  Jans  62  acres  of  land  along  the  North  River,  between 
Fulton  and  Christopher  Streets,  and  reaching  Broadway  near  Fulton  Street.  In 
167 1  the  heirs  sold  this  domain  to  Governor  Lovelace,  and  it  became  incorporated 
with  the  King's  Farm.  This  united  estate  was  presented  by  Queen  Anne  to  Trinity 
Church  in  1703.  Van  Twiller's  successor,  William  Kieft,  little,  fussy,  fiery  and 
avaricious,  ruled  from  1638  to  1647;  and  built  a  stone  tavern  nearCoenties  Slip,  the 
stone  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  in  the  fort,  and  a  distillery.  In  his  time  hundreds  of 
New-Englanders,  flying  from  religious  intolerance,  settled  in  the  province,  and  the 
Indian  tribes  of  the  lower  Hudson  swept  the  Dutch  settlement;  with  torch  and 
tomahawk,  and  even  shot  guards  on  the  walls  of  Fort  Amsterdam.  Angered  ai 
Kicft's  imposition  of  taxes,  and  at  his  unwise  Indian  policy,  the  burghers  united 
against  him,  and  inaugurated  popular  government  here.  Scores  of  unarmed  and 
friendly  Indians  were  massacred  in  their  camp  at  the  foot  of  Grand  Street  by  Dutch 
soldiers,  who  also  slaughtered  80  more  at  Pavonia,  without  resistance,  and  even 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


15 


larger  numbers  at  Canarsie  and  Greenwich.  At  the  end  of  the  Indian  war  in  1645 
there  were  but  100  persons  left  at  Manhattan,  and  1,500  in  the  province.  The  poor 
little  colony,  the  plaything  of  a  foreign  commercial  corporation,  drooped  rapidly, 
especially  after  the  West  India  Company  began  to  lose  money  here,  and  so  its 
officers  planned  to  absorb  the  best  lands  in  the  new  domain  and  to  assume  feudal 


1 6 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


prerogatives,  under  the  title  of 
tailed  the  company's  privileges 


"Patroons. "  The  States-General,  therefore,  cur- 
greatly,  and  colonists  began  to  pour  in  from  all 
parts,  so  that  in  1643 
eighteen  different  na- 
tionalities were  repre- 
sented in  New  Ams- 
terdam alone. 

The  cosmopolitan 
growth  of  the  future 
city  was  prophesied 
early  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury by  the  Amster- 
dam Chamber,  which 
declared  that  when  its 
population  and  navi- 
gation ''should  be- 
come permanently  es- 
tablished, when  the 
ships  of  New  Ncthcr- 
land  ride  on  every  part 
of  the  ocean,  then 
numbers,  now  looking 
to  that  coast  with 
eager  eyes,  will  be  al- 
lured to  embark  for 
your  island."  The 
accuracy  of  this  pre- 
diction has  been  veri- 
fied to  an  extent  quite 
more  than  desirable, 
especially  during  the 
last  half  century. 

The  irregular  lines 
of  the  lower  New- 
York  streets  are  due 
to  the  fact  that  the 
colony  grew  for  thirty 
years  before  streets 
were  laid  out,  and  the 
settlers  built  their 
cabins  wherever  they 
liked.  There  were  but 
two  public  roads,  the 
Boston  (or  Old  Post) 
road,  from  the  Battery 
along  Broadway  and 
the  Bowery ;  and  the 
ferry  road,  from  the 
fort  along  the  lines 
of  Stone  Street  and 


KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


17 


Hanover  Square  to  the  Brooklyn  ferry  at  Peck  Slip.  De  Perel  Straat  (Pearl  Street) 
was  on  the  water  side  ;  Water,  Front  and  South  Streets  all  having  been  reclaimed 
from  the  river.  Pearl  Street  is  the  oldest  in  New  York,  and  was  built  upon  in  1633, 
being  followed  closely  by  Bridge  Street.  The  most  ancient  conveyance  of  property 
now  on  record  in  New  York  shows  that  Van  Steenwyck  sold  to  Van  Fees  a  lot  of 
3,300  square  feet  on  Bridge  Street  for  $9.60.  The  first  lot  of  land  granted  on 
Broadway  (then  called  De  Heere  Straat)  was  in  1643,  to  Martin  Krigier,  who 
erected  here  the  celebrated  Krigier's  Tavern,  on  whose  site  rose  the  King's  Arms 
Tavern,  afterwards  the  Atlantic  Gardens  (9  Broadway). 

The  next  (and  last)  Director-General  was  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  a  veteran  of  the 
West- Indian  wars,  wearing  a  wooden  leg  banded  with  silver.  He  was  an  autocratic, 
decided  and  vigorous  ruler;  and  sturdily  fought  the  colonists,  patroons,  and  Home 
Government  in  the  interests  of  the  West  India  Company.  Lutherans,  Baptists, 
Quakers  and  other  dissenters  from  the  Reformed  religion  were  persecuted,  and 


NEW  YORK  IN   1775.     FORT  GEORGE,   FROM  THE  HARBOR. 

Stuyvesant  forbade  the  mustering  of  the  burgher  guard,  and  ousted  the  municipal 
council  of  the  Nine  from  their  honorary  pew  in  the  church.  Fearful  of  attack  from 
England  and  New  England,  the  gallant  old  soldier  fortified  the  town  in  1653  with  a 
breastwork,  ditch  and  sharpened  palisades,  running  from  the  East  River  nearly  to 
the  North  River,  and  garnished  with  block-houses.  This  defensive  wall  was  2,340 
feet  long.  From  Lombard  Street  it  followed  the  crest  of  the  bluff  along  the  North 
River  as  far  as  the  fort.  Fort  Amsterdam,  on  the  site  of  the  brick  block  southeast 
of  Bowling  Green,  was  built  of  small  Holland  brick,  and  contained  the  governor's 
house,  the  church,  and  quarters  for  300  soldiers.     It  stood  from  1635  1790-91. 

The  quaint  little  Dutch  seaport  was  governed  from  its  picturesque  stone  Stadt 
Huys,  in  front  of  which  stood  a  high  gallows.  Here  often  gathered  the  entire  body 
of  the  people,  from  the  black-gowned  schepens  and  the  richly-clad  patroons  and 
merchants  down  to  the  common  populace,  whose  men  were  clad  in  jackets  and 
wide  baggy  breeches,  and  their  women  in  bodices  and  short  skirts.  The  site  of  the 
Stadt  Huys  is  now  occupied  by  No.  73  Pearl  Street.     Pearl  Street  was  then  known 

2 


i  8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


as  "the  Road  to  the  Ferry"  (to  Brooklyn)  ;  and  passed  through  the  wall  at  the 
Water  Gate,  which  was  strengthened  by  a  block-house  and  a  two-gun  battery. 
Before  the  end  of  the  century  these  defenses  were  augmented  by  the  Slip  Battery  of 
ten  guns,  near  Coenties  Slip  ;  the  Stadt-Huys  Battery  of  five  guns;  the  Whitehall 
Battery  of  fifteen  guns  ;  a  wall  with  bastions  and  postern  gates  along  the  North 
River;  and  stone  bastions  near  Broadway  and  Nassau  Street.  An  arched  gate- 
way spanned  Broadway  where  that  avenue  crossed  the  walls  ;  and  other  gates 
and  posterns  occurred  at  convenient  points.  During  the  second  Dutch  dominion 
it  was  the  duty  of  the  Schout  (or  Mayor)  to  walk  around  the  city  every  morning 
with  a  guard,  and  unlock  the  gates,  after  which  he  gave  the  keys  to  the  com- 
mander of  the  fort.  At  evening  he  locked  the  gates  and  posted  sentries  and 
pickets  at  exposed  points. 

Outside  the  town  wall  a  footpath  led  to  the  ponds  near  by,  and  because  this  way 
had  been  made  by  the  Dutch  lasses  going  to  the  ponds  to  wash  clothes,  it  was  called 
T\Maagde  Paatjc,  or  the  Maidens'  Path,  and  later  Maiden  Lane.  Inside  the  wall, 
Broad  Street  stretched  its  lines  of  little  gabled  brick  and  stone  houses,  and  a  narrow 
canal  ran  down  its  center.     Farther  down  came  Whitehall,  the  fashionable  quarter, 


VIEW  OF  NEW  YORK  IN   1746--MIDDLE  DUTCH  AND  FRENCH  CHURCHES. 


with  prim,  bright  gardens  of  dahlias  and  tulips,  and  orchards  surrounding  its  quaint 
step-gabled  houses  of  small  black  and  yellow  brick,  and  Stuyvesant's  town  house  of 
Whitehall.  Bowling  Green  was  at  an  early  day  set  apart  for  a  parade-ground  and 
village-green,  and  for  public  festivities  and  solemnities,  May-poles  and  the  games  of 
the  children  ;  and  here  also  great  Indian  councils  were  held.  It  was  for  many 
decades  known  as  "The  Plain";  and  here,  in  1658,  was  established  the  first  market- 
house  in  the  city.  Every  morning  the  village,herdsman  passed  through  the  streets, 
blowing  his  horn,  at  which  the  settlers  turned  their  cattle  out  from  their  yards,  and 
they  were  formed  into  a  common  herd,  and  driven  along  Pearl  Street  to  the  present 
City-Hall  Park,  which  was  then  known  as  De  Vlackte  ("The  Flat").  At  night 
the  herdsman  drove  back  the  cattle,  leaving  at  each  citizen's  door  his  own  good 


ICING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


J9 


milch  cow.  Sometimes,  perchance,  he  lingered  in  the  great  cherry  orchard, 
near  Franklin  Square,  from  which  the  modern  Cherry  Street  derives  its  name  ;  or 
loitered  along  the  edge  of  Beekman's  Swamp,  now  given  over  to  leather-dealers  ;  or 
rested  under  the  shadow  of  the  barn-like  church,  near  Whitehall  ;  or  watched  the 
whirling  arms  of  the  windmill  on  State  Street.  Stuyvesant  also  founded  (in  1658) 
the  village  of  Niew  Harlaem,  on  the  northern  part  of  Manhattan,  and  began  a  good 
highway  thitherward.  It  was  during  Stuyvesant's  time,  in  1653,  that  the  West 
India  Company  incorporated  Niew  Amsterdam  as  a  city,  with  a  government  mod- 
elled on  that  of  Amsterdam,  and  composed  of  a  schout,  two  burgomasters  and  five 
schepens.  The  city  thus  created  had  1,000  inhabitants  and  120  houses.  Moreover, 
in  1650,  Dirck  Van  Schelluyne,  the  first  lawyer  here,  had  opened  his  practice. 

Between  1656  and  1 660  most  of  the  seventeen  streets  were  paved  with  cobble- 
stones, and  provided  with  gutters  in  the  middle.  The  first  to  be  paved  were  De 
Hoogh  Straat  (Stone  Street)  and  De  Brugh  Street  (Bridge  Street).     In  1658  the 


NEW   YORK   IN   1746--LOWER   MARKET  AND  LANDING. 


first  fire-company  came  into  existence,  under  the  name  of  "The  Rattle  Watch." 
It  numbered  eight  men,  who  were  to  stay  on  watch  and  duty  from  nine  in  the  even- 
ing until  morning  drum-beat.  At  the  same  time  the  equipment  of  the  fire-depart- 
ment was  prepared,  in  the  importation  from  Holland  of  a  supply  of  hooks  and  ladders 
and  250  fire-buckets.  The  gabled  ends  of  the  houses  faced  the  streets,  and  were 
(even  in  the  cases  of  wooden  edifices)  decorated  with  a  checker-work  of  small  black 
and  yellow  bricks,  all  of  which  were  imported  from  Holland  until  Stuyvesant's  time. 
Iron  figures  showing  the  dates  of  their  erection  were  fastened  in  the  gables  between 
their  zig-zag  sides.  The  main  doors  of  the  houses  had  heavy  and  well-polished 
brass  knockers ;  and  over  each  cresting  gable  a  quaint  weather-cock  whirled  with 
the  breeze.  Sitting  on  the  stoops  or  under  the  low  eaves,  or  leaning  over  their 
half-doors,  the  burghers  discussed  the  problems  of  their  day  amid  clouds  of  tobacco 
smoke.  Every  house  had  its  garden,  with  places  for  horse  and  cow,  pigs  and 
chickens,  and  a  patch  of  cabbage  and  a  bed  of  tulips.  The  parlor,  carpeted  only 
with  fine  white  sand,  contained  the  great  camlet-valanced  bed,  with  homespun  linen 
and  grotesque  patch -work  quilts,  the  iron-bound  oaken  chest  of  linen,  the  corner 
cupboard,  with  the  small  but  precious  store  of  plate  and  porcelain  ;  the  tea-table, 


20 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


stiff"  Russia-leather  chairs,  flowered  chintz  curtains,  quaint  old  pictures,  and  the  fire- 
place, surrounded  with  storied  Dutch  tiles.  The  kitchen  was  the  home-room,  with 
the  large  square  dining-table,  the  vrouw's  spinning-wheel,  the  burgher's  capacious 
chair  and  pipe,  and  the  immense  fire-place,  with  its  hooks  and  iron  pots,  and  chimney- 
corner  seats  sacred  to  children  and  stories.  A  fair  city  lot  could  still  be  obtained  for 
$50,  and  the  rent  of  a  very  good  house  did  not  exceed  $20  a  year.  For  there  were 
many  troubles  still  surrounding  the  good  burghers,  betwixt  the  aggressive  Yankees 
on  the  east,  the  Swedes  on  the  south,  and  the  aboriginal  citizens  of  the  neighboring 
hills  and  valleys.  As  late  as  the  year  1655  the  Indians  attacked  the  town  with  1,900 
warriors,  in  64  canoes,  and  within  three  days  killed  100  Dutch  settlers  and  captured 
150  more,  mainly  in  the  suburbs. 

Under  the  lead  of  Peter  Minuit,  formerly  Director-General  of  New  Netherland, 
and  with  the  aid  of  Queen  Christina,  Swedish  colonies  had  been  established  on  the 
Delaware  River,  in  1638,  and  subsequently  enlarged  and  increased  by  many  expedi- 
tions from  Sweden.  The  Dutch  West  India  Company  claimed  all  this  region  by 
right  of  prior  settlement  ;  and  finally,  in  1655,  Stuyvesant  assembled  600  soldiers  and 
seven  vessels  in  the  harbor  of  Niew  Amsterdam,  and  sailed  around  to  the  Scandina- 
vian forts,  which  he  captured  in  succession.  Thus  fell  New  Sweden.  But  the 
heavy  cost  of  these  hostilities  and  of  the  Indian  wars  drained  the  treasury  of  the 
West  India  Company,  and  paved  the  way  for  the  approaching  fall  of  New  Nether- 
land. 

Great  Britain  had  always  claimed  that  the  Hudson-River  country  belonged  to 
her,  by  virtue  of  Cabot's  discoveries  in  1497,  and  had  made  several  formal  protests 
against  the  Dutch  occupation.  The  claim  was  perhaps  not  well  grounded  ;  but 
Britain  feared  the  fast-increasing  naval  and  commercial  power  of  Holland,  and  deter- 
mined to  reduce  it  wherever  possible.  Gov.  Bradford  of  Plymouth  had  asserted 
Great  Britain's  ownership  of  Manhattan,  in  a  letter  to  Minuit  ;  and  Captain  Argal 
had  planned  to  drive  away  the  colonists,  with  a  naval  force  from  Virginia,  as  early 
as  the  year  1613.  The  West  India  Company  also  applied  to  King  Charles  I.  for 
permission  to  trade  to  the  ports  of  England  and  her  colonies — a  proceeding  which 
did  not  tend  to  clear  the  Dutch  title.  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore's  secretary,  informed 
the  Dutch  envoy  that  Maryland  extended  to  the  frontiers  of  New  England.  "And 
the  New-Englanders  claim  that  their  domain  doth  reach  to  Maryland,"  answered 
the  envoy;  "where  then  remains  New  Netherland?"  To  which  Calvert  coldly 
replied:  "Truly,  I  do  not  know."  The  Connecticut  Legislature  in  1663  informed 
Stuyvesant's  commissioners  that  it  "knew  of  no  New  Netherland  province."  The 
New-England  towns  on  Long  Island,  in  1663,  petitioned  Connecticut  to  annex  and 
protect  them,  and  after  several  appeals  from  them,  and  from  Stuyvesant  to  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  governments,  the  Duke  of  York,  Lord  High  Admiral  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, sent  out  a  fleet,  which  in  1664  appeared  before  the  town,  and  seized  it,  subject 
to  negotiations  between  the  home  governments.  Stuyvesant  cried  out,  that  in  pref- 
erence to  surrender,  "I  would  much  rather  be  carried  out  dead;"  but  his  clergy 
and  people  refused  to  permit  a  battle,  and  the  Dutch  garrison  was  allowed  "to 
march  out  with  their  arms,  drums  beating  and  colors  flying."  Since  the  governments 
of  Great  Britain  and  Holland  were  in  profound  peace  at  this  time,  the  successful 
naval  expedition  was  in  reality  a  cold-blooded  and  treacherous  buccaneering  attack  ; 
but  the  Duke  of  York  was  the  brother  of  the  British  King,  who  had  granted  to  him 
all  the  territory  between  the  Connecticut  and  Delaware  Rivers.  Moreover,  he  had 
more  men  and  heavier  guns  at  the  point  of  dispute.  Captain-General  Stuyvesant 
retired  to  his  Bowerie  farm,  where  for  eighteen  years,  until  his  death,  he  dwelt  in 


22 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


quiet  dignity,  enjoying  a  placid  rural  life.  On  this  lovely  and  tranquil  estate,  and 
on  the  present  site  of  St.  Mark's  Church,  he  erected  a  chapel  wherein  he  was  in  due 
time  buried. 

Thus  closed  the  Dutch  regime  in  New  York.  Its  ruling  impulse,  the  aggran- 
dizement of  a  commercial  company,  differed  widely  from  the  movements  of  religious 
enthusiasm  or  national  pride  which  inspired  the  foundations  of  the  English  and 
French  colonies  in  America.  From  the  start,  it  was  a  business  community,  and  all 
its  development  has  been  near  the  original  lines  of  effort.  In  the  present  era  of 
mercantile  and  industrial  supremacy,  when  the  sagacity  developed  by  business,  and 
the  wealth  created  thereby,  establish  religious  missions,  equip  armies,  create  nations 
and  fill  the  homes  of  the  people  with  comfort,  New  York,  London  and  Paris  are  the 
three  capitals  of  the  world.    The  Dutch  founders,  practical,  sagacious  and  earnest, 

were  influenced  by 
the  refined  and 
vivacious  French 
Huguenots,  who 
settled  among 
them,  and  by  their 
sturdy  and  enter- 
prising fellow-col- 
onists from  New 
England;  while 
the  varied  traits  of 
the  German  Pala- 
tines, the  Swedish 
emigrants  and 
many  other  nation- 
alities tended  still 
further  to  build  up 

JUMEL  MANSION,  NEAR  WASHINGTON  HEIGHTS,  ONCE  WASHINGTON'S   HEADQUARTERS.      nerC   a  COSmOpoli- 

tan    and  tolerant 

community,  broad  in  views,  fearless  in  thought,  energetic  in  action,  and  free  from  the 
limiting  provincialisms  of  Puritan  or  Cavalier,  or  of  New  France  or  New  Spain. 

As  soon  as  the  town  with  its  1,500  inhabitants  had  passed  under  British  rule,  it 
was  officially  named  New  York,  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  York,  its  new  lord.  Thus 
the  name  of  the  quiet  old  provincial  town  on  the  English  River  Ouse,  the  Eburacum 
of  the  Romans,  where  Constantine  the  Great  was  proclaimed  emperor,  became 
attached  to  the  future  metropolis  of  the  Western  World.  According  to  the  monk- 
ish tradition  the  name  was  derived  from  that  of  King  Ebraucus,  who  ruled  in  York- 
shire at  about  the  same  period  that  David  reigned  in  Israel.  This  ancient  sovereign 
was  said  to  have  had  twenty  wives,  twenty  sons  and  thirty  daughters  ;  and  yet,  in  spite 
of  these  circumstances,  he  ruled  over  his  people  for  three-score  years.  Through  the 
same  change  of  name,  "by  a  strange  caprice  in  history,  the  greatest  State  in  the 
Union  bears  the  name  of  the  last  and  the  most  tyrannical  of  the  Stuarts." 

Holland  entered  the  following  year  into  a  two-years'  war  with  Great  Britain, 
whose  fleets  she  well-nigh  swept  from  the  seas.  By  the  treaty  of  Breda,  however, 
she  yielded  New  York  to  the  British,  receiving  in  exchange  Surinam  and  other  val- 
uable possessions,  which  still  remain  under  her  flag. 

The  first  British  governor  was  Colonel  Richard  Nicolls,  a  wise,  tactful  and  hand- 
some officer,  who  knew  the  Dutch  and  French  languages  as  well  as  he  did  his  own. 


KING*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


23 


This  honest  gentleman  ruled  from  1664  until  1668,  and  happily  conciliated  the 
varied  elements  in  his  little  principality.  Colonel  Francis  Lovelace,  the  despotic 
governor  between  1668  and  1672,  ordered  May  races  at  Hempstead,  bought  Staten 
Island  from  the  Indians,  and  established  the  first  mail  between  New  York  and  Bos- 
ton, to  be  of  monthly  operation.  He  also  founded  the  first  merchants'  exchange  on 
Manhattan.  It  started  its  barteringsin  1670,  when  the  easy-going  Dutch  and  English 
shopkeepers  began  the  cus- 
tom of  meeting  every  Friday  I 
noon  at  the  bridge  over  the 
Broad-Street  canal.  The 
hour  of  meeting  was  marked 
by  the  ringing  of  the  Stadt- 
Huys  bell  ;  and  the  mayor 
was  required  to  be  at  the 
assembly  to  prevent  disturb- 
ance. In  1673  a  Dutch  fleet 
of  twenty-three  vessels  and 
1,600  men  entered  the  har- 
bor and  exchanged  broad- 
sides with  the  fort,  by  which 
serious  losses  were  occa- 
sioned. Then  600  stout 
Dutch  troops  were  landed, 
at  the  foot  of  Vesey  Street, 
and  joined  by  400  burghers. 
The  army  marched  down 
Broadway  to  attack  the  fort, 
but  this  stronghold  prudent- 
ly surrendered,  and  the  ban- 
ner of  the  Dutch  Republic 
once  more  floated  in  suprem- 
acy over  the  city  and  harbor, 
and  up  the  Hudson,  and 
over  New  Jersey  and  Long 
Island.  The  name  New 
York  was  repudiated,  and  in 
its  place  the  Lowland  com- 
modores ordained  that  New 
Orange  should  be  the  title  of  the  city.  The  new  government  lasted  but  little  more 
than  a  year,  and  then  the  province  was  restored  by  the  States-General  to  Great  Bri- 
tain ;  and  Edmund  Andros,  a  major  in  Prince  Rupert's  cavalry,  came  over  as  gov- 
ernor of  the  territories  of  the  Duke  of  York  in  America.  In  Andros's  time,  the 
canal  on  Broad  Street  was  filled  ;  the  tanners  were  driven  out  of  the  city  and  re- 
established their  tan-pits  in  the  remote  district  now  between  Broadway,  Ann  Street 
and  Maiden  Lane  ;  the  slaughter-houses  were  also  driven  into  the  country  and  set- 
tled at  Smit's  Vley,  now  the  intersection  of  Pearl  Street  and  Maiden  Lane  ;  all 
Indian  slaves  were  set  free  ;  and  the  burghers  secured  the  exclusive  right  of  bolting 
and  exporting  flour  from  the  province.  The  latter  monopoly,  during  its  sixteen 
years  of  operation,  trebled  the  wealth  of  the  city  and  ten-folded  the  value  of  its  real 
estate,  600  houses  having  been  built  and  the  local  fleet  augmented  to  60  ships. 


FRAUNCES'  TAVERN,  CORNER  OF  BROAD  AND  PEAPL  STREETS. 


24 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


In  1678,  the  aggregate  value  of  all  the  estates  in  the  province  was  $750,000; 
and  a  planter  with  $1,500,  or  a  merchant  worth  $3,000,  was  accounted  a  rich  man. 
A  considerable  export  trade  in  furs  and  provisions,  lumber  and  tar  was  carried  on 
with  European  ports.  The  slaves  on  Manhattan  were  rated  in  value  at  about  $150 
each,  and  had  been  brought  from  Guinea  and  the  West  Indies.  In  1 7 12,  when  there 
were  about  4,000  negroes  in  the  city,  a  hot  outbreak  of  race  hatred  occurred,  and 
nine  whites  were  slain  by  negro  conspirators  in  Maiden  Lane.  The  wildest  excite- 
ment followed,  and  fears  of  a  general  insurrection  ;  but  the  garrison  and  militia 
quelled  the  outbreak  with  unsparing  hands.  Six  Africans  committed  suicide,  and 
21  were  executed,  most  of  them  by  hanging  or  by  burning  at  the  stake.  One  was 
broken  on  the  wheel,  and  one  hung  in  chains  until  he  starved.    A  similar  panic 


FEDERAL  HALL  AND  PART  OF  BROAD  STREET,  1796. 

broke  out  in  1741,  when  conflagrations  at  Fort  George,  on  the  Battery,  and  else- 
where, were  attributed  to  the  slaves  acting  in  collusion  with  the  hostile  power  of 
Spain.  In  this  wild  popular  frenzy  14  negroes  were  burned  at  the  stake,  18  hanged, 
and  71  transported. 

In  1683  the  governorship  was  devolved  upon  Thomas  Dongan,  an  Irish  Catholic 
soldier,  then  recently  lieutenant-governor  of  Tangier,  in  Africa,  and  subsequently 
Earl  of  Limerick.  This  able  and  prudent  statesman  convened  in  the  old  fort  on  the 
Battery  a  council  and  elective  assembly  which  enacted  "The  Charter  of  Liberties," 
providing  for  religious  freedom  and  liberty  of  choice  in  elections,  and  forbidding  taxa- 
tion without  the  consent  of  the  people.  The  city  was  now  divided  into  six  wards, 
although  its  entire  assessed  value  of  property  lay  under  ,£80,000.  After  five  years 
of  happy  rule,  Governor  Dongan  was  removed,  and  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  the 
Eastern  Colonies  were  united  in  the  Dominion  of  New  England,  with  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  as  Governor-in-Chief,  and  Francis  Nicholson  in  charge  of  New  York. 
After  the  Bostonians  had  deposed  and  imprisoned  Andros,  Jacob  Leisler,  a  German 
captain  of  the  train-bands,  seized  the  government  of  New  York,  and  held  it  for  over 
a  year,  during  which  there  was  one  bloody  fight  between  the  local  train-bands  in  the 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


-5 


fort  and  British  infantry  in  the  town.  After  Governor  Sloughter  had  arrived, 
Leisler  was  tried  for  treason,  and  convicted ;  and  suffered  the  penalty  of  death  by 
hanging,  on  the  edge  of  Beekman's  Swamp,  where  the  Sun  building  now  stands. 

During  the  period  between  1690  and  1700,  New  York  carried  on  a  large  trade 
with  British  East-Indian  pirates,  sending  out  liquors,  ammunition  and  other  com- 
modities, and  at  the  pirates'  haunts  exchanging  these  for  Oriental  fabrics  and  carpets, 
jewels  and  gold,  perfumes  and  spices.  Some  of  these  freebooters  were  New- York- 
ers,  and  several  successful  pirate  chiefs  visited  the  city.  Captain  Robert  Kidd,  "so 
wickedly  he  did,"  recruited  at  this  port  most  of  the  buccaneers  who  sailed  with  him 
on  his  last  three-years'  voyage  to  the  Red  Sea. 

Governor  Benjamin  Fletcher,  a  luxurious  soldier  of  fortune,  and  courtier,  ruled 
New  York  from  1692  until  1698;  and  received  large  gifts  from  the  pirates.  His 
successor  was  the  Earl  of  Bellomont,  a  pure  and  honorable  governor,  who  restored 
the  Leislerian  (or 
people's)  party  to 
power,  and  hung 
all  the  pirates  he 
could  catch.  Next 
came  Lord  Corn- 
bury,  the  nephew 
of  Queen  Anne, 
and  a  silly,  venal 
•and  bigoted  de- 
bauchee, who 
ruled  here  from 
1702  until  1 70S. 

The  Dutch 
Reformed  people 
had  long  been 
content  to  wor- 
ship in  the  stone  church  in  the  fort ;  but  in  1691-93  they  erected  on  Exchange 
Street  (now  Garden  Street)  the  finest  church  in  the  province,  a  quaint  and  high- 
steepled  brick  structure.  Next  came  the  Church-of-England  people,  dissatisfied  with 
services  in  the  fort  chapel ;  and  to  this  society  Gov.  Fletcher  in  1696  gave  the  reve- 
nue of  the  King's  Farm  for  seven  years,  which  encouraged  them  to  build  a  new 
chapel  on  the  site  of  the  present  Trinity.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church,  now  on 
Fifth  Avenue,  near  nth  Street,  is  descended  from  the  church  of  the  same  faith 
erected  on  Wal  Street  in  1 719.  The  quaint  towers  of  the  French  Huguenot  and 
Middle  Dutch  Churches  rose  high  above  the  gables  of  the  houses  near  Broad  Street. 

From  1 7 10  to  17 19,  the  little  royal  court  at  New  York  was  dominated  by  Gov. 
Robert  Hunter,  formerly  a  Scottish  general  under  Marlborough,  and  a  friend  of 
Addison  and  Swift.  He  founded  the  court  of  chancery  ;  fought  for  religious  liberty  ; 
and  predicted  American  independence.  ("The  colonies  are  infants  at  their  mother's 
breast,  but  such  as  will  wean  themselves  when  they  become  of  age.") 

In  1692  the  municipality  cut  up  the  Clover  Pastures,  and  laid  out  Pine  and  Cedar 
Streets,  and  others ;  and  further  increased  its  dignity  a  year  later  by  appointing  a 
town-crier,  dressed  in  proper  livery,  and  by  building  a  bridge  across  Spuyten-Duyvil 
Creek.  Four  more  years  passed,  and  then  the  night-watch  came  into  existence,  to 
patrol  the  streets  of  lonely  evenings.  The  watchmen  moved  about  on  duty  from 
nine  o'clock  until  the  break  of  day,  traversing  their  beats  every  hour,  with  bells, 


WALL  STRFET ,  BELOW  WILLIAM 


26 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


proclaiming  the  condition  of  the  weather  and  the  hour  of  the  night.  The  dark  high- 
ways were  lighted  by  lanterns  put  out  on  poles  from  every  seventh  house.  In  front 
of  the  City  Hall  stood  the  cage,  pillory,  and  whipping-post,  as  terrors  to  thieves  and 
slanderers,  vagrants  and  truants;  and  the  ducking-stool,  to  cool  the  ardor  of  scolds 
and  evil-speaking  persons.  Now  also  began  the  era  of  street-cleaning,  when  each 
householder  was  ordered  to  keep  clean  his  section  of  street,  and  the  street  sur- 
veyor received  directions  to  root  up  weeds.  In  1696  the  city  made  its  first  appro- 
priation (of  £zo)  for  cleaning  the  streets.  At  the  same  time,  "the  street  that  runs 
by  the  pie-woman's  leading  to  the  city  commons"  was  laid  out,  and  became  Nassau 
Street. 

Hunter's  successor  was  another  gentleman  of  Scottish  origin,  William  Burnet, 
the  son  of  the  famous  Bishop  of  Salisbury ;  and  after  a  rule  of  eight  years,  he  in 


thr  CitJ  of  New  Yi.rl 

.!.!  aim  Guvoaw'i  l>Un.li 
Fore  (in  iiiiH.  and  a  >!wp  i« 


NEW  YORK  IN  1805. 


turn  gave  place  to  Col.  John  Montgomery,  another  Scot,  and  an  old  soldier  and 
member  of  Parliament.  During  this  period,  Greenwich  and  Washington  Streets 
were  made,  by  filling  in  along  the  North  River. 

With  the  dawn  of  the  year  1730  a  fortnightly  winter  stage  to  Philadelphia  was 
established.  A  year  thereafter  the  municipal  authorities  imported  from  London 
two  Newnham  fire  engines,  able  to  throw  water  seventy  feet  high  ;  and  organized  a 
fire-department  of  twenty-four  strong  and  discreet  men. 

From  1743  to  1753  the  city  and  province  were  governed  by  Admiral  George 
Clinton,  the  son  of  an  earl,  who  ruled  with  the  rough  temper  of  a  sailor,  and  retired 
from  his  administration,  enriched  by  plunder,  after  many  a  hot  contest  with  the 
people.  During  this  period,  in  1752,  the  Royal  Exchange  was  opened,  at  the  foot 
of  Broad  Stree*,  with  its  spacious  assembly-hall  for  merchants,  and  a  famous  coffee- 
room.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  received  its  incorporation  in  1770,  by  Royal 
Charter. 

In  1 751  the  Assembly  appointed  trustees  to  take  charge  of  funds  raised  for  a 
college  ;  and  the  next  year  Trinity  Church  offered  to  give  the  site  for  the  proposed 
institution.     In  1753  the  entering  class  of  ten  members  began  its  studies  in  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


27 


vestry-room  of  Trinity  ;  and  in  another  year  King's  College  received  its  charter. 
The  building  was  erected  in  1756-60,  on  the  site  long  held  by  the  college,  between 
Barclay,  Church  and  Murray  Streets  and  College  Place. 

The  tremendous  power  of  New- York  journalism  and  publishing,  which  is  now 
felt  all  over  the  continent,  began  in  the  humblest  way  far  back  in  1693,  when  the 
Council  invited  William  Bradford  to  settle  in  the  city  as  official  printer,  for  "  ^40  a 
year  and  half  the  benefit  of  his  printing,  besides  what  served  the  public."  He 
issued  the  first  bound  book  in  New  York,  the  Laws  of  the  Colony,  in  1694;  and  in 
1725  began  the  publication  of  The  New-York  Gazette,  a  semi-official  organ  of  Gov. 
Burnet's  administration,  printed  weekly,  on  foolscap  paper.  Nine  years  later  The 
Weekly  Journal  came  into  being,  to  resist  the  Government,  and  Zenger,  its  editor, 


THE  NEW  TRINITY  CHURC 


OF  WALL  STREET. 


was  sent  to  prison,  and  various  numbers  of  the  paper  were  burned  by  order.  The 
Gazette  was  the  organ  of  the  aristocracy,  and  the  Journal  stood  as  the  champion  of 
the  people.  After  Editor  Zenger  had  languished  in  prison  for  nine  months,  he  was 
tried,  and  recei-ed  a  triumphant  acquittal,  to  the  immense  delight  of  the  people, 
who  bitterly  resented  this  first  attempt  to  muzzle  the  press. 

The  Brooklyn  ferry  was  started  in  the  earliest  days  of  the  colony,  and  consisted 
of  a  flatboat  worked  by  sweeps,  the  ferryman  being  summoned  by  blasts  of  a  horn. 
It  was  not  until  1755  that  a  packet  began  running  semi-weekly  to  Staten  Island; 
and  the  Paulus-Hook  (Jersey-City)  ferry  began  its  trips  in  1763,  followed  in  1774 
by  a  ferry  to  Hoboken. 

In  the  year  1765  the  Stamp  Act  was  passed,  and  the  disruption  ofi*America  and 
England  began.  The  New-Yorkers  forgot  their  old-time  local  controversies,  and 
took  sides  in  the  new  contest.  Rivington's  Gazetteer  stigmatized  the  patriots  as 
rebels,  traitors,  banditti,  fermenters  of  sedition,  sons  of  licentiousness,  and  the  like  ; 
and  Gaine's  Mercury  and  Holt's  Journal  proclaimed  the  Royalists  to  be  ministerial 
hirelings,  dependent  placemen  and  informers. 


28 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


A  congress  of  delegates  from  nine  colonies  met  at  the  New- York  City  Hall  and 
passed  a  Declaration  of  Rights  and  an  address  to  the  King.  When  the  stamped 
paper  arrived  from  England,  under  naval  escort,  the  Sons  of  Liberty  refused  to 
allow  its  use,  and  the  Common  Council  compelled  the  surrender  of  the  paper  to  the 
corporation.  The  city  and  province  were  then  under  the  rule  of  the  venerable 
Lieutenant-Governor  Cadwallader  Colden,  a  Scottish  Jacobite  and  scholar,  who 
lived  in  New  York  from  1708  until  his  death  in  1776.  He  endeavored  to  repress 
the  popular  tumults,  but  prevented  the  fort  from  firing  on  the  rioters.  The  military 
commander  was  Gen.  Thomas  Gage,  who  afterwards  received  from  the  New- 
Englanders  the  brevet  title  of  "Lord  Lexington,  Baron  of  Bunker  Hill."  Major 
James  of  the  Royal  Artillery  had  his  beautiful  estate  of  Ranelagh  near  the  present 
West  Broadway  ;  Sir  Peter  Parker's  estate  of  Vauxhall  was  at  the  foot  of  Warren 
Street  ;  and  Murray  Hill,  the  seat  of  Robert  Murray,  the  Quaker  merchant,  occu- 
pied the  domain  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  Avenues,  and  36th  and  40th  Streets 

The  Commons,  now  the  City-Hall  4>  were  often  crowded  by  assemblies  of 
citizens,  to  whom  the  tribunes  of  the  people,  Sears  and  Scott,  McDougall  and  WH- 


•  A, 

:             **<M  iMl'  "  *i  jjil 

TTTfTTTI   ~  1  fm*-£ 

f  1 1 J 1  f  f    1i  l  W*m 

BUILDINGS  IN   CITY-HALL  PARK  IN  1809. 

lett,  Livingston  and  Hamilton,  made  fiery  addresses,  although  strong  detachments  of 
the  16th  and  24th  British  Regiments  lay  in  adjacent  barracks.  Thence  the  populace 
marched  to  the  fort,  at  evening,  bearing  500  lights,  and  beat  against  its  gates,  defied 
its  grape-shot,  insulted  the  officers,  spiked  the  guns  of  the  Battery,  and  burned 
Governor  Colden's  coach,  and  an  effigy  of  the  ruler.  The  Liberty  Pole  was  set  up 
on  the  Commons,  amid  hilarious  festivities,  attended  with  a  barbecue,  and  the  drink- 
ing of  twenty-five  barrels  of  beer  and  a  hogshead  of  punch.  Thrice  the  red-coats  of 
the  24th  Regiment  cut  down  this  emblem  of  popular  sovereignty,  but  when  they 
laid  it  low  for  the  fourth  time,  the  alarm-bells  tolled,  the  shops  were  closed,  and  the 
citizens  made  a  series  of  attacks  on  the  soldiers.  The  hottest  skirmish  occurred  on 
Golden  Hill^John  Street),  where  the  Sons  of  Liberty  beleaguered  and  beat  a  large 
detachment  of  the  16th,  and  themselves  received  many  bayonet-thrusts  and  other 
wounds.  After  this  outbreak,  the  patriots  erected  on  the  Commons  a  lofty  iron- 
bound  pole,  crowned  by  a  vane  bearing  the  word  Liberty.  This  stood  fast  until  the 
city  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British  army.  In  1770  the  people  erected  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  George  HI.  on  Bowling  Green  ;  and  also  a  marble  statue  of  William 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


29 


Pitt,  at  Wall  and  William  Streets.  When  the  British  ships  laden  with  taxed  tea 
arrived  at  New  York,  the  people  seized  the  London  and  emptied  all  her  tea-chests 
into  the  river,  and  compelled  the  Nancy  to  put  about  and  sail  back  to  England. 

On  the  Sunday  after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  a  breathless  horseman  galloped  in 
over  the  Boston  road,  bearing  the  startling  news.  The  citizens  immediately  seized 
the  public  stores  and  colony  arms  ;  over-rode  the  local  authorities  ;  formed  a  govern- 
ing Committee  of  One  Hundred  ;  and  enthusiastically  welcomed  the  New-England 
delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress.  A  few  weeks  later,  the  frigate  Asia  fired  a 
broadside  through  the  city,  injuring  several  people,  and  damaging  the  houses  along 
Whitehall. 

The  Provincial  Congress,  fearing  a  descent  on  the  city  by  royalist  troops  from 
Ireland,  summoned  help  from  New  England  ;  and  Gen.  Wooster  marched  down 


OLD  CUSTOM   HOUSE  AND  VICINITY  IN  1825. 


with  1,800  Connecticut  militia,  and  encamped  for  several  weeks  at  Harlem,  sending 
out  detachments  to  cover  the  coast  from  British  marauders.  Under  this  protection 
the  Sons  of  Liberty  seized  the  Royalist  supply-depots  at  Greenwich  Village  and  at 
Turtle  Bay  (at  the  foot  of  East  47th  Street),  and  removed  thirty  cannon  from  the 
Battery.  The  Tories  included  the  landed  proprietors,  the  recent  English  immigrants, 
and  the  Episcopalians  ;  while  the  patriot  party  was  made  up  of  the  Dutch  and 
Huguenots,  the  New-Englanders  and  Scots,  the  Dissenters  and  the  artisans.  The 
influence  of  the  principal  families  inclined  the  General  Assembly  and  Provincial  Con- 
gress strongly  toward  Royalism  ;  and  caused  the  province  to  move  more  slowly  in  the 
direction  of  independence  than  its  neighbors  had  done.  But  the  great  mass  of  the 
people  were  in  favor  of  freedom,  and  in  time  crushed  out  the  Tory  legislate  influences. 

During  these  troublous  days,  Isaac  Sears,  one  of  the  leading  New-York  patriots, 
rode  down  from  Connecticut,  with  a  band  of  light  horsemen,  and  destroyed  the  press 
and  other  apparatus  of  Rivington's  Royal  Gazetteer,  and  carried  off  the  type  to  be 
made  into  bullets.  Early  in  1 776  Gen.  Charles  Lee  marched  into  New  York  wilh 
1,200  Connecticut  troops,  and  encamped  on  the  Commons,  whence  his  detachmenls 


3° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


disarmed  the  Tories,  and  began  to  fortify  the  city.  Lee  was  succeeded  by  Lord 
Stirling,  and  he  by  Gen.  Putnam;  and  the  Third  New-Jersey  Regiment  and  troops 
from  Dutchess  and  Westchester  Counties  and  from  Pennsylvania  entered  the  city. 

Governor  Tryon  took  refuge  on  the  British  fleet,  and  the  garrison  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Regiment  was  sent  away  to  Boston.  As  soon  as  the  New-England  metropolis 
was  delivered  from  the  enemy,  Washington  marched  his  army  to  New  York  ;  and 
here  on  the  9th  of  July,  1776,  the  Continental  troops  were  assembled  by  brigades  to 
have  the  Declaration  of  Independence  read  to  them.  One  brigade  was  drawn  up  on 
the  Commons,  and  in  the  hollow  square  Washington  sat  on  horseback  while  an  aide 
read  the  historic  document.  The  same  day  the  citizens  pulled  down  the  gilded-lead 
equestrian  statue  of  George  III.  on  Bowling  Green,  and  sent  it  off  into  Connecticut, 

where  it  was  con-     (  —   ^_ 

verted  into  48,000 
bullets  ;  and  thus 
the  Royalist 
troops  had  "melt- 
ed majesty"  fired 
at  them  from  pat- 
riotic  muskets. 
Three  days  later 
the  British  frig- 
ates Rose  and 
Ph<znix  sailed  up 
the  Hudson, firing 
on  the  city  as  they 
passed,  and  tak- 


ing 
By 


post  above, 
mid- August 


RESERVOIR  OF  MANHATTAN   WATER  WORKS  ON   CHAMBERS  STREET, 


the  hostile  fleet  in  the  Bay  numbered  437  sail,  bearing  the  armies  of  Howe,  Clin- 
ton and  Cornwallis,  and  the  King's  Guards  and  De  Heister's  Hessian  division,  num- 
bering 31,000  soldiers  in  all.  Again  the  Rose  and  Phoenix  sailed  past  the  city, 
bound  downward,  and  firing  broad-sides  through  its  streets  and  buildings. 

The  defences  of  New  York  (aside  from  the  Brooklyn  lines)  consisted  of  Fort 
George,  six  guns,  and  the  Grand  Battery,  18  guns;  the  Whitehall  Battery;  and 
field-works  at  Coenties  Slip  and  at  Catherine,  Madison,  Pike,  Clinton,  Broome,  and 
Pitt  streets,  and  Grand  and  Mulberry  streets,  besides  others  near  Trinity  Church, 
and  heavy  barricades  in  the  streets.  In  due  time  21,000  British  troops  landed  at 
Gravesend,  and  shattered  Putnam's  army  of  9,000  men,  holding  the  Brooklyn  lines. 
Almost  a  fortnight  later  five  frigates  demolished  the  American  defences  at  Kip's 
Bay  (foot  of  East  34th  Street),  and  scattered  their  garrisons  in  wild  panic,  which 
was  communicated  to  the  troops  on  Murray  Hill,  as  the  English  grenadiers  advanced. 
Putnam  retreated  from  the  city  by  the  Bloomingdale  Road.  The  Continentals  rallied 
on  Harlem  Heights ;  defeated  the  enemy  in  some  hot  skirmishes  ;  and  then  retreated 
into  Westchester.  The  military  officers  had  discussed  the  question  of  burning  the 
city,  to  prevent  it  being  made  a  winter-quarters  for  the  British  army ;  but  Congress 
forbade  this  extreme  measure.  Nevertheless,  on  the  21st  of  September  a  fire  acci- 
dentally broke  out  in  a  low  tavern  near  Whitehall  Slip,  and  destroyed  493  houses, 
obliterating  nearly  all  the  North-River  side  of  the  city  west  of  Broad  Street  and 
Broadway.  The  British  troops  believed  that  the  torch  had  been  applied  by  the 
Americans,  and  bayonetted  or  threw  into  the  flames  a  number  of  citizens.    At  mid- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


31 


November,  Gen.  Howe  and  9,000  men  stormed  the  outworks  of  Fort  Washington, 
and  compelled  the  surrender  of  that  strong  fortress,  the  last  American  post  on  Man- 
hattan Island.  Thenceforward  for  over  seven  years  New  York  lay  in  the  hands  of 
the  enemy,  a  prostrate  city  under  martial  law,  the  chief  depot  for  the  soldiers  and 
stores  of  the  invading  army,  and  the  place  of  captivity  where  their  prisoners  of  war 
were  confined.  The  Dissenters'  churches  were  turned  into  hospitals  and  prisons, 
and  the  Middle  Dutch  Church  became  a  riding  school  for  cavalrymen.  The  munici- 
pal government  existed  no  longer,  and  about  the  only  commerce  was  that  of  the 
sutlers'  shops. 

In  the  East  River  lay  the  horrible  prison  ships  in  whose  disease-infested  holds  so 
many  American  soldiers  were  confined.     It  is  related  that  in  the  Jersey  alone  over 

10,000  prisoners  of 
war  perished.  The 
American  officers 
and  dignitaries  were 
consigned  to  the 
new  jail  (now  the 
Hall  of  Records). 
Several  of  the  great 
sugar  houses,  in- 
cluding Rhineland- 
er's,  near  William 
Street,  were  also 
used  as  prisons  for 
captives  from  the 
Continental  armies. 

BROA DWA"Y ,  FROM  BOWLING  GREEN,  IN   1828.  Oil    the    25th  of 

November,  1 783,  the 

rear-guard  of  Sir  Guy  Carleton's  British  army  embarked  at  the  Battery.  The 
American  advance-guard,  composed  of  light  infantry,  artillery  and  the  2d  Massa- 
chusetts Regiment,  marched  down  the  Bowery  and  Chatham,  Queen  and  Wall 
Streets  to  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Rector  Street.  After  these  came  Gen. 
Washington  and  Gen.  Clinton,  the  City  Council,  a  group  of  veteran  generals,  and 
other  functionaries.  A  few  weeks  later,  Washington  bade  farewell  to  his  officers, 
at  Fraunces'  Tavern,  at  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Pearl  Streets. 

The  first  American  Congress  under  the  Constitution  met  in  1789,  in  the  handsome 
old  City  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Broad  Streets.  Here,  on  the  gallery  over- 
looking Wall  Street,  which  was  packed  with  vast  and  silent  crowds,  Livingston,  the 
chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  administered  the  oath  of  office  to  the  first 
President  of  the  United  States,  April  30,  1789.  For  a  year  thereafter  New  York 
was  the  capital  of  the  Republic  (as  it  had  been  for  five  years  previously)  ;  and  the 
President  and  Cabinet  officers,  Congressmen  and  foreign  ambassadors  and  their 
families  made  up  a  brilliant  and  stately  Court  circle.  The  ruins  of  the  great  fires, 
and  the  squalor  of  the  British  garrison's  "canvas  town,"  were  replaced  by  new 
buildings  ;  the  streets  were  cleared  from  the  rubbish  which  had  for  years  choked 
them  up  ;  and  new  shops  and  warehouses  showed  tempting  arrays  of  wares.  Wall 
Street,  the  favorite  promenade,  was  brilliant  with  richly  dressed  ladies  and  hardly 
less  showy  gentlemen,  and  the  carriages  of  the  Republican  aristocracy  crowded 
Broadway  down  to  the  Battery.  The  finest  mansion  in  the  city  was  built  in  1790, 
from  the  public  funds,  for  the  occupancy  of  Washington  and  his  successors  in  the 


32 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Presidential  office.  Before  its  completion,  the  seat  of  government  was  moved  to 
Philadelphia,  and  so  the  splendid  house  with  its  Ionic-colonnaded  front  became  the 
official  residence  of  Governors  Clinton  and  Jay.  It  occupied  the  site  of  the  ancient 
fort,  and  was  afterwards  replaced  by  the  Bowling-Green  block. 

The  holiday  of  New  Year's  had  been  introduced  by  the  first  Dutch  colonists  on 
Manhattan,  and  their  descendants  had  kept  it  up  faithfully,  and  with  abundant  good 
cheer.  Washington  thus  advised  a  citizen,  during  one  of  these  receptions  :  "The 
highly  favored  situation  of  New  York  will,  in  the  process  of  years,  attract  numerous 
immigrants,  who  will  gradually  change  its  ancient  customs  and  manners  ;  but,  what- 
ever changes  take  place,  never  forget  the  cordial  observance  of  New  Year's  Day." 

The  Tammany  Society  was  formed  in  1789,  as  a  patriotic  national  institution, 
with  a  government  of  a  Grand  Sachem  (chosen  from  thirteen  sachems),  a  Sagamore, 
and  a  Wiskinskie.    Many  Indian  forms  and  ceremonials  were  adopted  ;  the  months 


NORTH   BATTERY,  AT  THE   FOOT  OF  HUBERT  STREET. 


were  "moons";  and  the  seasons  were  those  of  snow,  of  blossoms,  of  fruit.  With 
a  view  of  conciliating  the  hostile  tribes  on  the  borders,  the  society  took  also  the 
name  of  Tammany,  an  Indian  chief.  In  its  early  years,  some  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous and  respected  of  New-Yorkers  belonged  to  this  order,  which,  indeed,  did  not 
become  a  political  party  institution  until  the  days  of  the  Jefferson  administration. 

It  was  impossible  for  New  York  to  become  the  permanent  capital  of  the  United 
States,  because  Congress  demanded  that  the  Federal  District  thus  dignified  should 
be  ceded  to  the  Nation.  Neither  the  local  nor  the  State  authorities  would  consent 
to  this  alienation  of  territory  and  wealth.  Washington  made  excursions  on  Long 
Island  and  elsewhere,  in  search  of  an  appropriate  location,  but  without  success.  His 
heart  was  on  the  Potomac,  where,  after  a  ten  years'  sojourn  at  Philadelphia,  the 
National  capital  was  at  last  established. 

The  tract  known  successively  as  De  Ylackte,  the  Commons,  and  City-Hall  Park, 
in  1785  contained  the  Alms  House  and  House  of  Correction,  the  public  gallows,  the 
Bridewell  (on  part  of  the  City  Hall's  site)  and  the  New  Jail  (now  the  Hall  of 
Records).    The  present  City  Hall  was  begun  in  1 803,  Mayor  Edward  Livingston 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


33 


laying  the  corner-stone.  The  front  and  sides  were  of  Massachusetts  marble  ;  but 
the  back,  or  northern  side,  was  built  of  red  sandstone,  because  it  was  thought  that 
the  city  would  never  grow  to  any  importance  to  the  northward  of  the  new  edifice. 
As  a  contemporary  writer  said,  the  northern  front  "would  be  out  of  sight  to  all 
the  world."  When  this  building  was  finished,  in  1812,  at  a  cost  of  $500,000,  it 
was  generally  conceded  to  be  the  handsomest  in  the  United  States. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  century,  Broadway  had  a  length  of  about  two  miles, 
paved  for  little  more  than  half  this  distance,  and  lined  with  comfortable  brick  houses. 
Here  and  there  between  the  houses  the  view  passed  down  the  bay,  and  out  through 
the  Narrows.  The  homes  of  the  gentry  and  the  rich  merchants  were  along  lower 
Broadway  and  the  Battery,  where  their  occupants  could  enjoy  the  beautiful  views 

— :  —  :  — ] 


/ 


and  refreshing  air  of  the  bay.  At  little  over  a  mile  from  the  Battery  the  paving 
ceased,  and  Broadway  became  a  rather  straggling  road,  with  houses  at  intervals,  and 
the  indication  ;  of  streets  planned  for  the  future.  Broad  Street  in  its  width  recalled 
the  old  canal  that  once  flowed  down  its  centre,  but  had  long  since  vanished.  Wall 
Street  possessed  many  fine  residences,  and  the  handsome  Federal  Hall.  The  dry- 
goods  marts  occupied  much  of  William  Street,  which  afforded  a  bright  spectacle  on 
days  favorable  for  shopping.  Most  of  the  other  streets  were  narrow  and  winding, 
and  lined  with  small  red-brick  houses  with  tiled  roofs.  On  the  west  side,  where  the 
great  fire  of  1776  had  occurred,  the  streets  had  been  widened  and  straightened,  and 
provided  with  brick  sidewalks  and  gutters.  The  first  sidewalk  in  the  city  was  on 
Broadway,  between  Vesey  and  Murray  Streets,  constructed  of  brick  and  stone,  and 
hardly  a  yard  wide.  The  numbering  of  houses  began  in  1793.  Broadway  was  built 
up  only  as  far  as  Anthony  Street  ;  the  Bowery  Lane,  to  Broome  Street ;  the  East- 
River  shore,  to  Rutgers  Street  ;  and  the  North-River  shore,  to  ^Harrison  Street. 
Beyond  the  steep  Anthony-Street  hill,  Broadway  ..plunged  sharply  into  the  Canal 


34 


KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Street  valley,  between  the  Fresh  Water  Pond  and  the  Lispenard  Meadows.  At 
Astor  Place,  Broadway  ceased,  its  line  being  crossed  by  the  wall  of  the  Randall 
farm. 

The  favorite  duelling  ground  was  a  lonely  grassy  glade  in  the  woods  of  \Vee- 
hawken,  high  above  the  Hudson,  and  allowing  glimpses  of  New  York  through  the 
surrounding  trees.  The  combatants  were  rowed  across  from  the  city,  and  clambered 
up  the  rocky  steep  to  the  scene  of  their  fight.  The  most  mournful  event  in  Ameri- 
can duelling  annals  occurred  here,  July  II,  1804,  when  the  antagonists  were 
Alexander  Hamilton,  the  first  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  founder  of  the 
National  financial  system,  and  Aaron  Burr,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 
Hamilton  had  characterized  Burr  as  a  "dangerous  man,"  and  helped  to  defeat  his 
political  schemes  ;  and  Burr  challenged  him  to  mortal  combat.  Hamilton  did  not 
fire  at  his  antagonist,  but  Burr,  with  a  carefully  aimed  shot,  mortally  wounded  him  ; 
and  he  died  the  next  day,  in  the  presence  of  his  wife  and  seven  children.  This 
dreadful  encounter  closed  the  practice  of  duelling  in  the  civilized  States  of  America; 
and  at  the  same  time  put  an  end  to  the  public  career  of  Burr. 

The  development  of  the  higher  culture  in  the  Empire  City  received  an  impetus 
in  1784,  by  the  re-chartering  of  the  long-closed  King's  College,  under  the  more 
republican  title  of  Columbia  College.  Twenty  years  later  the  New-York  Histori- 
cal Society  was  organized,  followed  by  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1807,  and  the  American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  1808.  The  education  of  the 
children  rested  in  the  hands  of  parochial,  charity  and  private  schools  until  1806, 
when  a  small  public  school  came  into  existence,  from  the  contributions  of  wealthy 
citizens,  and  small  State  and  city  appropriations.  The  Free  School  Society  in  1809 
erected  a  large  brick  building  on  Chatham  Street  ;  and  in  1825,  six  schools  were  in 
operation,  not  as  charities,  but  open  to  all  comers. 

New  York  may  be  called  the  cradle  of  steam  navigation,  which  has  completely 
revolutionized  the  world's  commerce ;  for  although  other  localities  had  seen  at  an 
earlier  day  vessels  propelled  by  steam,  yet  here  occurred  the  first  profitable  and 
successful  ventures  in  this  line  on  a  large  scale.  In  1807  the  Clermont  was  built, 
from  the  designs  of  Robert  Fulton,  the  inventor,  and  with  capital  furnished  by 
Chancellor  Robert  R.  Livingston  ;  and  in  spite  of  all  the  evil  prognostications  of  the 
conservative,  she  made  a  triumphant  run  from  New  York  to  Albany  in  thirty-two 
hours.  As  it  took  the  ordinary  packets  from  four  to  six  days  to  run  between  the 
two  cities,  the  rapid  success  of  steam  navigation  on  the  Hudson  followed  as  a  neces- 
sity, especially  after  1 81 7,  when  the  time  of  passage  was  reduced  to  eighteen  hours. 

The  navigation  of  Long- Island  Sound  by  steamboats  was  soon  inaugurated  by  a 
line  opened  in  1818  from  New  York  to  New  Haven,  followed  by  another  to  New 
London,  and  in  1822  by  the  New- York  &  Providence  line.  The  advance  from  the 
ugly  little  Clermont  and  the  slow  and  dirty  vessels  of  her  class  to  the  magnificent 
steamboats  of  modern  days  was  largely  due  to  a  young  Staten-Island  ferryman, 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  who  came  to  New  York  in  1829  and  established  new  and  im- 
proved lines  on  the  Hudson  and  the  Sound. 

The  first  steam  vessel  to  dare  the  storms  of  ocean  was  the  Phoenix,  built  by  Col. 
John  Stevens  of  Hoboken,  in  1807,  and  a  year  later  sent  around  from  New- York 
harbor  to  Philadelphia,  by  the  sea  passage.  In  181 1  Stevens  opened  between 
Hoboken  and  New  York  the  first  steam  ferry  in  the  world  ;  and  this  was  followed 
the  next  year  by  Fulton's  lines  to  Jersey  City  and  Brooklyn.  The  first  steam  frigate 
in  the  world,  the  Fulton,  was  built  from  a  Congressional  appropriation  of  $320,000, 
under  Robert  Fulton's  supervision  ;  and  made  its  successful  trial-trip  to  Sandy 


36  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 

Hook  in  1814.  Transatlantic  steam  navigation  was  inaugurated  by  the  Savannah, 
built  at  New  York  in  1819  and  sent  thence  to  Savannah,  Liverpool,  Copenhagen, 
Stockholm  and  St.  Petersburg.  In  181 2  Col.  Stevens  made  the  plans  for  a  circular 
iron- clad  war-ship,  with  screw  propellers. 

About  the  year  1810  the  city  began  a  rapid  development  to  the  northward.  The 
Brevoort  estate,  between  Broadway  and  the  Bowery  road  and  nth  Street  ;  Henry 
Spingler's  farm,  between  14th  and  16th  Streets,  west  of  the  Bowery  ;  Nicholas 
Bayard's  West  Farm,  covering  100  acres  between  Broadway  and  McDougall  Street, 
and  running  north  from  Prince  Street ;  the  Bayard-Hill  estate,  between  Broadway 
and  the  Bowery  and  Broome  Street ;  the  260-acre  domain  established  by  Sir  Peter 
Warren,  in  the  region  of  Gansevoort  and  Christopher  Streets  ;  and  many  other 

estates  and  farms 
were  invaded  by 
the  City  Commis- 
sioners. Legions 
of  stalwart  labor- 
ers levelled  the 
hills  and  filled  the 
hollows ;  and  new 
streets  were  laid 
out  with  efficient 
engineering  skill 
and  foresight. 
Oftentimes  the 
irate  landlords  as- 

CORP.  THOMPSON'S  MADISON  COTTAGE,  IN   1 8S2.      SITE  OF  THE  FIFTH-AVENUE  HOTEL.    saile(]  tne  survey- 

ors  with  dogs,  hot  water,  cabbages  and  other  distressful  methods ;  but  the  work 
went  steadily  on,  especially  above  Houston  Street,  whence  they  laid  out  the  island 
into  parallel  numbered  cross  streets  and  broad  north  and  south  avenues,  distinguished 
by  numbers  or  letters. 

When  Trinity  Church,  in  1807,  erected  St.  John's  Chapel,  in  Varick  Street,  it 
was  regarded  as  quite  beyond  civilization,  and  the  parish  received  much  blame  for 
planting  their  new  mission  opposite  a  bulrush  swamp,  tenanted  only  by  water 
snakes  and  frogs.  About  the  same  time,  the  Lutheran  society  got  into  financial 
straits,  and  a  friend  offered  to  give  it  four  acres  of  land  at  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Canal  Street.  This  largess  was  declined  by  the  church  on  the  ground  that  the 
land  was  not  worth  the  cost  of  fencing  it  —  which  was  doubtless  true  at  the  time. 

The  Collect  was  a  broad  and  placid  pond,  favored  by  skaters  in  winter, 
and  boating  parties  in  summer.  But  it  lay  in  the  path  of  the  northward  advance  of 
the  city,  and  therefore,  in  1809,  a  drainage  canal  was  cut  and  bordered  on  either  side 
by  shade  trees  and  a  pleasant  street  (afterwards  Canal  Street).  It  was  proposed  in 
1789  to  make  a  public  park  of  this  beautiful  pond  and  its  shores  ;  but  the  scheme 
came  to  naught,  on  the  ground  that  New  York  would  never  grow  within  accessible 
distance  of  this  lonely  region. 

The  intersection  of  Leonard  and  Centre  Streets  is  not  far  from  the  centre  of  the 
pond,  which  had  a  depth  of  sixty  feet.  On  the  same  site  now  stands  the  gloomy 
prison  of  the  Tombs,  the  abode  of  so  much  misery  and  wickedness.  The  Collect 
was  famous  as  the  place  where  a  steamboat  with  a  screw  propeller  was  first  tried,  in 
1796,  when  John  Fitch,  its  inventor,  steamed  around  the  pond  several  times,  in  an 
eighteen-foot  propeller.    Among  the  spectators  were  Chancellor  Livingston  and 


AY.VC'.S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


37 


other  prominent  New-Yorkers.  About  this  time  Oliver  Evans  aroused  considerable 
popular  amusement  by  saying  that  "The  time  will  come  when  people  will  travel  in 
stages  moved  by  steam  engines  from  one  city  to  another,  at  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  an 
hour." 

When  Great  Britain  declared  the  ports  of  Continental  Europe  to  be  blockaded, 
and  Napoleon  retorted  by  proclaiming  all  vessels  trading  with  Great  Britain  liable  to 
seizure,  American  shipping  suffered  grave  losses;  and  President  Jefferson  (in  1S07) 
ordered  all  our  commercial  fleets  to  remain  in  our  ports,  and  forbade  the  shipment 
of  cargoes  on  foreign  vessels.  He  believed  that  warring  Europe,  thus  deprived  of 
American  breadstuffs,  would  hasten  to  acknowledge  our  neutral  rights.     During  this 


OLD  NEW-YORK  POST-OFFICE.     SITE  OF  THE  MUTUAL   LIFE-INSURANCE  BUILDING,   ON  NASSAU  STREET. 


year  of  interdict  the  shipping  of  New  York's  merchant-princes  decayed  at  their 
anchorages,  the  warehouses  were  closed  and  abandoned,  and  the  clerks  were  dis- 
charged because  there  was  no  work  for  them. 

The  War  of  181 2  broke  out  in  the  same  year  that  the  City  Hall  received  its  finish- 
ing touches ;  and  within  a  few  weeks  the  city  had  fortified  her  approaches,  and  sent 
to  sea  26  privateers,  manned  by  2,239  bold  sailors.  Such  a  hornet's  nest  must  needs 
be  closed,  and  so  from  1813  until  the  end  of  the  war  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  was 
blockaded  bv  tall  British  ships-of-the-line.  The  naval  headquarters  of  the  enemy 
was  at  Gardiner's  Island,  east  of  Long  Island,  whence  their  squadrons  off  Sandy 
Hook,  or  blockading  New  London,  could  be  reinforced  or  supplied.  In  expectation 
of  a  dash  from  the  enemy,  New  York  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  voluntary  labor 
of  its  citizens,  and  new  lines  of  defence  covered  the  heights  of  Brooklyn  and  Harlem, 
with  forts  on  the  islands  and  at  the  Narrows  and  around  Hell  Gate.  The  city  was 
held  by  a  garrison  of  23,000  men,  mostly  of  the  State  troops. 

The  first  great  trunk  line  of  railway  finished  from  New  York  to  the  West  was 
the  Erie,  which  ran  its  trains  as  far  as  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie,  in  185 1 .  The  line 
from  Albany  to  Schenectady  was  opened  in  1832,  and  in  1853  became  a  part  of  the 
newly  organized  New- York  Central,  whose  rails  reached  Buffalo  a  year  later.  The 
Hudson- River  Railroad,  from  New- York  to  Albany,  was  opened  in  185 1,  and  in 
1869  became  a  part  of  the  New-York  Central  system. 

The  horse-railroad,  of  such  incalculable  importance  in  street  traffic,  was  inaugu- 
rated in  1832,  when  the  Fourth- Avenue  line  began  its  trips,  running  from  Prince 


38 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Street  as  far  as  Murray  Hill.  The  first  street-car  ever  built  was  made  by  John 
Stephenson,  with  compartments,  roof  seats,  and  the  driver  in  the  roof. 

Another  valuable  modern  convenience,  illuminating  gas,  was  introduced  in  1825, 
with  pipes  traversing  Broadway  from  the  Battery  to  Canal  Street. 

After  the  War  of  181 2,  the  famous  packet  lines  began  their  service,  the  Black - 
Ball  in  1816  and  the  I^ed-Star  in  1821,  running  swift  and  handsome  ships  nearly 
weekly  between  New  York  and  Liverpool,  and  making  the  run  across  eastward  in 
from  15  to  23  days.  Depau  put  four  ships  on  the  Havre  packet  service  in  1822; 
and  Grinnell,  Minturn  &  Co.  began  to  send  monthly  packets  to  London  in  1823. 
After  1840  Low,  Griswold  &  Aspinwall  inaugurated  the  sailing  of  clipper-ships  to 
China  and  California,  and  their  vessels  performed  the  most  wonderful  feats — as 
when  the  Flying  Cloud  ran  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  making  433!  statute 


FIVE  POINTS  -IN  1859,  VIEW  FROM  THE  CORNER  OF  NORTH  AND  LITTLE  WATER  STREETS. 


miles  in  a  single  day;  or  the  Sovereign  of  the  Seas  sailed  for  10,000  miles  without 
tacking  or  wearing ;  or  the  Dreadnaught  made  the  passage  from  Sandy  Hook  to 
Queenstown  in  nine  days  and  seventeen  hours. 

The  wonderful  Erie  Canal  was  built  between  1816  and  1825,  and  became  the 
most  prominent  factor  in  the  growth  of  the  Empire  City,  bringing  to  her  docks  the 
illimitable  products  of  the  Great  West  (then  without  railways),  and  carrying  back 
much  of  her  vast  imports.  The  telegraph  was  not  then  known ;  and  the  news  of 
the  opening  of  the  canal  was  carried  in  81  minutes  550  miles  from  Buffalo  to  Sandy 
Hook  by  the  successive  reports  of  a  line  of  cannon,  ten  miles  apart.  A  group  of 
canal  boats  containing  Gov.  Clinton  and  other  magnates  descended  the  canal  to 
Albany,  and  were  thence  towed  down  the  Hudson  to  New  York,  and  out  to  sea, 
escorted  by  many  flag-bedecked  vessels  and  barges.     At  Sandy  Hook,  Governor 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  or  NEW  YORK. 


39 


Clinton  emptied  into  the  ocean  a  keg  of  Lake-Erie  water,  and  other  unique  ceremonials 
were  solemnly  and  decorously  performed. 

John  Jacob  Astor,  a  native  of  Waldorf,  near  Heidelberg,  came  to  the  New 
World  in  1784,  in  his  twenty-first  year,  and  entered  the  fur-trade  in  the  Empire 
City,  keeping  also  a  stock  of  London  piano-fortes.  He  had  himself  incorporated  as 
the  American  Eur  Company  ;  bought  out  the  Mackinaw  Company  and  all  its  forts  ; 
established  a  line  of  trading-posts  across  Oregon  ;  and  developed  a  rich  China  trade. 
This  typical  merchant  lived  on  the  site  of  the  present  Astor  House,  and  frequently 
entertained  Irving,  Halleck,  and  other  literary  men  and  scholars. 

In  1834  occurred  the  Anti- Abolition  riots,  in  which  for  the  first  time  the  National 
Guard  was  called  out  to  restore  order  ;  and  a  few  months  later  the  same  potent  peace- 
makers came  into  service  to  quell  the  stone-cutters'  riots,  and  lay  under  arms  on 
Washington  Square  for  several  days.    In  December,  1835,  a  fire  in  the  lower  part 


VIEW  FROM  THE  SCHOOL- HOUSE  IN   42D  STREET,  BETWEEN  SECOND  AND  THIRD  AVENUES,  IN  1868. 


of  the  city  burned  over  13  acres,  with  700  buildings  and  $20,000,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty, and  was  stopped  only  at  the  wide  gaps  made  by  blowing  up  houses  with  gun- 
powder. This  portentous  calamity  showed  the  need  of  more  water  for  the  growing 
city;  and  the  Croton  Aqueduct,  begun  in  1835,  delivered  water  on  Manhattan 
Island  in  1842,  and  was  completed  in  1845,  at  a  cost  °f  $ 9,000,000.  The  old  Man- 
hattan Water  Works,  whose  reservoir  stood  on  Chambers  Street,  were  thus  rendered 
valueless. 

The  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  dates  from  1831  ;  the  Sun  from  1833  ; 
the  Herald  from  1 83  5  ;  the  Tribune  from  1 841  ;  the  Times  from  1 85 1  ;  and  the 
World  from  i860.  Other  notable  achievements  of  this  period  were  the  opening  of 
the  Croton  Aqueduct  in  1842  ;  the  founding  of  the  Astor  Library  in  1848  ;  and  the 
opening  of  the  World's  Fair  in  the  Crystal  Palace  in  1853. 

In  1825  the  region  north  of  Astor  Place  was  still  devoted  to  farms  and  orchards, 
with  a  gray  old  barn  on  the  site  of  Grace  Church,  and  a  powder-house  on  Union 
Square.  The  fashionable  summer  evening  resort  was  the  Vauxhall  Garden,  stretch- 
ing from  Broadway  to  the  Bowery,  near  the  present  Astor  Library,  and  famous  for 
its  trees  and  flowers,  band-music  and  fire-works,  and  cakes  and  ale.  In  the  triangle 
where  Third  Avenue  and  Fourth  Avenue  come  together,  stood  the  grocery  store  of 


4o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Peter  Cooper,  where  the  uptown  lads  exchanged  berries  picked  in  the  Bleecker- 
Street  pastures,  for  taffy  and  cakes. 

Greenwich  village  occupied  the  region  about  the  present  Greenwich  Avenue  ; 
and  to  the  northward,  near  West  23d  Street,  the  roofs  of  Chelsea  Village  peered 
over  the  trees.  In  1 797  the  State  Prison  of  Newgate  was  opened  at  Greenwich, 
and  served  as  a  terror  to  evil-doers  during  full  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

For  a  number  of  years  after  1825  the  vicinity  of  St.  John's  Park  was  the  Court 
end  of  the  city,  with  the  mansions  of  the  Lydigs,  Pauldings  and  other  prominent 
families.  In  this  vicinity,  at  the  foot  of  Hubert  Street,  stood  the  frowning  old 
North  Battery,  with  its  empty  embrasures. 

The  old  Potter's  Field,  now  known  as  Washington  Square,  became  fashionable 
about  ten  years  later  ;  and  here  dwelt  the  Rhinelanders  and  Johnstons,  Griswolds 
and  Boormans,  and  other  well-known  families. 

The  convergence  of  several  streets  where  Fourth  Avenue  met  the  old  Bowery 
road  made  it  necessary  to  leave  there  a  broad  common,  which  was  at  times  used  as 
the  Potter's  Field,  much  of  its  area  being  also  covered  with  rude  shanties.  Not 
until  1845  was  tn's  ru»ged  and  filthy  field  improved  into  the  present  Union  Square, 
which  was  soon  surrounded  by  fine  mansions,  and  up  nearly  to  the  time  of  the  War 
for  the  Union  remained  the  Belgravia  of  Manhattan.  Only  a  few  houses  were  to  be 
seen  above  Union  Square  in  1845.  Gramercy  Park  was  laid  out  by  Samuel  B.  Rug- 
gles,  and  presented  to  the  owners  of  the  sixty  neighboring  lots,  to  induce  the  erection 
of  attractive  houses  here.  Where  the  old  Boston  Road  met  the  Bloomingdale  Road 
lay  another  broad  area  of  waste  land,  in  olden  times  a  burial-place  for  the  poor,  and 
from  1806  to  1823  the  site  of  a  United-States  arsenal.  Here  the  first  House  of 
Refuge  was  founded,  in  1825,  with  six  boys  and  three  girls  ;  and  remained  until  it 
burned  down  in  1839.  During  the  mayoralty  of  James  Harper  (one  of  the  famous 
publishers),  between  1844  and  1847,  tnis  dreary  region  was  cleared  and  beautified, 
and  became  the  famous  Madison  Square.  The  chief  house  here  in  1852  was  the 
little  story-and-a-half  cottage  of  Corp.  Thompson,  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
Fifth-Avenue  Hotel. 

One  of  the  most  wonderful  of  modern  inventions,  the  electric  telegraph,  was 
inaugurated  by  the  experiments  of  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  in  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  A  line  of  telegraph  was  completed  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1845  5  t0  Boston  in  1846  ;  and  to  Albany  in  1847. 

In  1849,  Macready,  the  celebrated  English  actor,  played  Macbeth  in  the  Astor- 
Place  Opera  House.  The  populace  supposed  that  Edwin  Forrest's  ill  reception  in 
England,  a  few  years  before,  had  been  due  to  Macready's  hostile  influence  ;  and 
they  attacked  the  Opera  House,  20,000  strong,  during  the  play,  scattering  the 
police,  and  breaking  the  windows  with  paving  stones.  The  Seventh  Regiment 
cleared  the  vicinity,  after  a  pitched  battle,  in  which  150  soldiers  were  severely 
injured  and  70  of  the  mob. 

The  commercial  and  therefore  conservative  spirit  of  modern  New  York  naturally 
held  back  from  the  dread  hostilities  foreshadowed  in  i860;  and  by  monster  petitions 
and  peace  societies  endeavored  to  arrest  the  storm.  Mayor  Fernando  Wood  even 
outlined  a  plan  to  make  it  a  free  city,  like  those  of  mediaeval  Germany,  inviting 
the  trade  of  the  world  by  nominal  duties.  But  after  the  first  guns  were  fired,  in 
South  Carolina,  the  spirit  of  temporizing  vanished  like  a  dream,  and  patriotism  and 
loyalty  possessed  all  classes  with  full  inspiration.  Within  ten  days  8,000  volunteer 
troops  left  the  city  for  the  South,  including  the  7th,  6th,  12th  and  nth  Regiments 
of  militia.    In  this  metropolitan  centre  also  were  organized  the  famous  -and  efficient 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


4' 


THE  BLIZZARD  OF  MARCH  11th,  12th,  AND  13th,  1888. 

PHOTOGRAPHS  TAKEN  JUST  AFTER  THE  STORM,  BY  LANGILL. 


42 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


societies,  the  United-States  Sanitary  Commission  and  the  United-States  Christian 
Commission,  and  the  Union  Defense  Committee,  whose  efforts  placed  40,000  soldiers 
under  the  National  colors.  New- York  City  alone  sent  116,382  patriotic  troops  into 
the  field,  besides  raising  scores  of  millions  of  dollars  for  the  needs  of  the  Republic. 

The  terrible  Draft  Riot  of  1863  was  caused  by  popular  discontent  with  the 
impressment  of  citizens  into  the  army,  a  feeling  which  was  intensified  by  the  incen- 
diary editorials  of  certain  Democratic  journals,  and  was  not  sufficiently  discouraged 
by  Gov.  Seymour.  On  July  13th,  a  mob  plundered  and  burned  the.  provost - 
marshal's  office,  at  Third  Avenue  and  46th  Street,  and  then  scattered  through  the 
city,  bent  on  deeds  of  rapine  and  murder.  The  Tribune  office  was  sacked  ;  the  col- 
ored Orphan  Asylum  on  Fifth  Avenue  went  up  in  flames  ;  the  grain-elevators  at  the 
Atlantic  Docks  were  burned;  and  negroes  and  soldiers  were  slain  or  grievously  mal- 
treated wherever  found.  The  closed  shops,  the  streets  clear  of  their  customary 
traffic,  and  even  of  omnibuses  and  horse-cars,  and  many  of  the  houses  prepared  like 
fortresses  for  defence,  gave  the  city  a  singular  and  ominous  appearance,  which  was 
increased  by  the  mad  roars  of  the  mob,  the  clattering  of  cavalry  along  the  pavement, 
the  roll  of  volley-firing,  and  the  heavy  booming  of  artillery,  sweeping  the  riotous 
vermin  from  the  streets.  The  police  behaved  with  extraordinary  valor,  but  were 
unable  to  completely  control  this  vast  uprising  of  foreign-born  anarchists,  until  the 
arrival  of  strong  military  forces,  aided  by  the  personal  efforts  and  appeals  of  the 
Governor,  the  Mayor,  and  Archbishop  Hughes.  More  than  1,000  men  were  killed 
and  wounded  and  $2,000,000  of  property  was  destroyed. 

The  long-continued  supremacy  of  the  degraded  classes  in  municipal  politics 
reached  its  crown  of  infamy  after  the  close  of  the  War  for  the  Union,  when  William 
M.  Tweed,  a  low  ward -politician,  was  elevated  to  one  of  the  chief  offices  of  the  city. 
In  conjunction  with  other  and  similar  conspirators,  he  elaborated  a  shrewd  scheme, 
by  which,  within  a  few  months,  the  city  was  robbed  of  $20,000,000.  The  new- 
County  Court  House  alone  furnished  $7,000,000  of  this  amount.  In  1 87 1,  through 
reason  of  a  disagreement  among  the  municipal  officials,  the  damning  documents  in 
the  case  of  "  The  Ring"  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  New-York  Times,  which 
immediately  printed  the  entire  history  of  this  gigantic  robbery,  and  itemized  the 
amounts  stolen.  The  other  leading  newspapers  also  came  out  against  the  detected 
thieves,  the  citizens  organized  a  committee  of  seventy,  and  most  of  the  culprits  fled 
to  Europe  or  Canada.  Tweed  was  imprisoned,  but  escaped  to  Spain,  whence  he 
was  returned  to  the  outraged  metropolis,  and  finally  died  in  jail. 

The  events  of  later  days  in  New  York  are  familiar  to  all  readers  of  the  newspapers — 
that  is  to  say,  to  all  Americans.  The  development  of  education,  of  public  charities, 
of  artistic  and  literary  culture,  of  vast  works  of  public  utility,  have  gone  forward 
mightily,  and  to  the  great  glory  of  the  community.  Occasionally,  a  great  financial 
flurry,  like  the  Black  Friday  of  1869,  or  the  panic  of  1873,  threatens  to  unsettle 
values  and  bring  ruin  to  thousands.  Now  and  then  a  riot  occurs,  like  that  of  1 871, 
when  29  policemen  and  soldiers  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  104  of  their  assailants, 
in  the  attack  of  the  Irish  Catholics  on  the  parading  Orangemen.  Other  years  see 
the  rejoicings  upon  the  completion  of  great  public  works,  like  the  Park-Avenue 
improvements,  costing  $6,000,000,  in  1875  5  trie  blowing-up  of  Hell  Gate,  in  1876; 
and  the  dedication  of  the  East-River  Bridge,  in  1883. 

The  year  1886  saw  the  unveiling  of  Bartholdi's  wonderful  statue  of  "Liberty 
Enlightening  the  World,"  with  its  attendant  civic  and  National  ceremonials.  Then 
also  came  the  trial  of  the  aldermen  bribed  by  persons  seeking  the  franchise  of  the 
Broadway  Surface  Railroad.    The  same  year  saw  the  local  Anarchists  sent  to  prison, 


44 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


the  great  street-car  strikes,  and  the  twentieth  annual  encampment  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic. 

The  most  notable  event  of  1888  was  the  great  blizzard  of  March  1 1  -  13,  with  its 
stoppage  of  transportation,  food  panic,  the  forming  of  an  ice-bridge  across  the  East 
River,  and  other  unseasonable  phenomena. 

In  1889  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  inauguration  of  George  Washington  as 
President  of  the  United  States  was  celebrated  here  by  a  three-days'  festival,  with  a 
naval  review  by  President  Harrison,  a  march-past  of  50,000  soldiers  from  21  States, 
a  civic  parade  of  75,000  persons,  and  other  imposing  ceremonies. 

In  1890  the  Holland  Society  began  to  identify  interesting  historic  localities 
connected  with  4he  ancient  Dutch  settlement  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  to  place 
near  them  dur- 
able bronze  tab- 
lets, with  explicit 
inscriptions.  In 
the  same  year  oc- 
curred the  be- 
ginning of  the 
Washington  Me- 
morial Arch, 
erected  in  Wash- 
ington Square,  to 
replace  a  tem- 
porary triumphal 
arch  constructed 
for  the  preced- 
ing year's  Wash- 
ington anniver- 
sary. At  this  time,  the  loew  bridge,  broadway  and  fulton  street. 
also,  the  statue  of 

Horace  Greeley  was  unveiled.  The  year  was  further  distinguished  by  the  great  con- 
ventions here  of  the  mining  engineers,  and  of  the  manufacturers  of  iron  and  steel. 

1891  opened  luridly  with  the  burning  of  the  Fifth-Avenue  Theatre.  On  the  5th 
of  May  occurred  the  dedication  of  the  grand  new  Music  Hall,  founded  by  Andrew 
Carnegie.  In  October  the  Court  of  Appeals  decided  the  Tilden  Will  case  in  favor 
of  the  natural  heirs,  to  the  severe  loss  of  the  city.  The  year  was  further  notable  as 
that  in  which  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  was  first  opened  to  the  public  on 
Sundays.  In  1891,  also,  came  the  visit  of  Prince  George  of  Greece;  and  then  also 
occurred  the  attack  of  a  dynamiter  on  Russell  Sage. 

The  year  1892  was  marked  by  the  deaths  of  several  prominent  New-Yorkers  : 
John  Jay  Knox,  on  February  9th  ;  Thomas  Sterry  Hunt,  February  12th;  Gen.  G. 
W.  Cullum,  February  28th  ;  Edwards  Pierrepont,  March  6th  ;  Roswell  Smith,  April 
19th;  William  Astor,  April  25th;  Sidney  Dillon,  June  10th  ;  Cyrus  W.  Field,  July 
1 2th  ;  and  George  William  Curtis,  August  31st. 

On  the  7th  of  February  17  persons  were  burned  alive  in  the  Hotel  Royal. 

In  1892  the  wonderfully  successful  Actors'  Fund  Fair  was  held  in  Madison- 
Square  Garden,  where  also  occurred,  at  a  later  date,  the  world's  convention  of  the 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor.  Now  also  came  about  the  redistricting  of  the  city 
into  thirty  Assembly  districts,  in  conformity  with  the  greatly  increased  population 
shown  by  the  censuses  of  1890.     It  may  be  added,  that  in  1892  occurred  the  publi- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


45 


ON  THIS  SITE 
WILLIAM  BRADFORD 
APPOINTED  PUBLIC  PRINTER  APRIL  10TM.  A.  D.  1893 
I68UED  NOVEMBER  8,  A.  D.  ,  1726 
THE  NEW  YORK  GAZETTE 
THE  FIRST  NEWSPAPER   PRINTED  IN   NEW  YORK 


ERECTED  BY  THE 
NEW  YORK  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 
APRIL  10TH.  A.  D.  1893 
IN  COMMEMORATION  OF  THE   200tm  ANNIVERSARY  OF  THE 
INTRODUCTION   OF  PRINTING  IN   NEW  YORK. 


Tablet  on  the  Cotton  Exchange. 


HERE  6TOOD 
THE  MIDDLE    DUTCH  CHURCH 
DEDICATED  A.   D.  1729 
MADE  A  BRITISH  MILITARY  PRISON  1776 
RESTORED  1790 
OCCUPIED  AS  THE  UNITED  STATES  POST  OFFICE 
1845-1875 
TAKEN  DOWN  1882. 


THI8  TABLET  IS  PLACED  HERE  BY 
THE  MUTUAL   LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY 
OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tablet  on  the  Mutual  Life  Building,  corner  of 
Cedar  and  Nassau  Streets. 


THE  SITE  OF 
LIEUT.  GOVERNOR  DELANCEY'S  HOUSE 
LATER  OF  THE  "CITY  HOTEL". 
IT  WA8  HERE  THAT  THE  "  NON-IMPORTATION  AGREEMENT  » 
IN  OPPOSITION  TO  THE  "  STAMP  ACT  "  WAS  SIGNED  OCTOBER  318T,  1766. 
THE  TAVERN   HAD  MANY   PROPRIETORS  BY  WHOSE 
NAMES  IT  WAS  SUCCESSIVELY   CALLED.      IT  WAS  ALSO  KNOWN 
AS  THE  "PROVINCE  ARMS."  THE  "CITY  ARMS"  AND  "BURNS' 
COFFEE  HOUSE"  OR  "TAVERN". 


THIS  TABLET  IS  PLACED  HERE  BY  THE 
HOLLAND  SOCIETY  OF  NEW  YORK,  SEPTEMBER 
1890. 


Tablet  on  the  Boreel  Building,  iij  Broadway 


THIS  TABLET   MARKS  THE  SITE  OF  THE 
FIRST   HABITATIONS  OF  WHITE  MEN 
ON  THE  ISLAND  OF  MANHATTAN 

ADRIAN  BLOCK 
COMMANDER  OF   THE  "TIGER" 
ERECTED  HERE"  FOUR   HOUSES  OR  HUTS 
AFTER  HIS  VESSEL  WAS  BURNED 
NOVEMBER  1613 
HE    BUILT   THE  "RESTLESS"  THE  FIR8T  VESSEL 
MADE  BY   EUROPEANS  IN   THIS  COUNTRY 
THE  "  RESTLESS  »  WAS  LAUNCHED 
IN  THE  SPRING  OF  16U 

THIS  TABLET  IS   PLACED  HERE  BY 
THE   HOLLAND  SOCIETY  OF  NEW  YORK 
SEPTEMBER  1890 


ON  THIS  CORNER  GREW 
PETRUS  8TUYVESANT'S    PEAR  TREE 
RECALLED  TO   HOLLAND  IN  1664 
ON  HIS  RETURN 
HE  BROUGHT  THE  PEAR  TREE 
AND   PLANTED  IT 
AS  HIS  MEMORIAL 
"BY  WHICH"   SAID   HE  "MY  NAME 
MAY  BE    REMEMBERED  " 
THE  PEAR  TREE  FLOURISHED 
AND  BORE  FRUIT  FOR  OVER 
TWO    HUNDRED  YEARS 
THIS  TABLET  IS  PLACED  HERE  BY 
THE   HOLLAND  SOCIETY 
OF  NEW  YORK 
SEPTEMBER,  1890 


Tablet  at  4$  Broad-way. 


Tablet  at  Third  Avenue  and  12th  Street. 


THE  SITE  OF  rORT  AMSTERDAM 
BUILT   IN  1626 
WITHIN  THE  FORTIFICATIONS 
WAS  ERECTED  THE  FIRST 
SUBSTANTIAL  CHURCH  EDIFICE 
ON  THE  ISLAND  OF  MANHATTAN. 
IN   1787   THE  FORT 
WAS  DEMOLISHED 
AND  THE  GOVERNMENT  HOUSE 
BUILT  UPON  THIS  SPOT. 


THIS  TABLET  IS   PLACED  HERE  BY 
THE  HOLLAND  SOCIETY  OF  NEW  YORK 
SEPTEMBER,  1890 


Tablet  at  4  Bowling  Green. 


TO  COMMEMORATE  THE  GALLANT  AND  PATRIOTIC 
ACT  OF  MARINUS  WILLETT  IN   HERE  SEIZING 
JUNE  6,    1775,    FROM  BRITISH   FORCES  THE 
MUSKETS  WITH  WHICH   HE  ARMED  HIS 
TROOPS  THIS  TABLET   IS   ERECTED  BY 
THE  SOCIETY  OF  THE  SONS  OF  THE 
REVOLUTION,    NEW  YORK.    NOV.  1892. 


DANIEL  BUTTERFIELD,    FLOYD  CLARKSON, 
MORGAN   DIX,   JOHN  AUSTIN  STEVENS, 
DAVID  WOLFE  BISHOP  -- COMMITTEE. 


Tablet  on  the  Morris  Building. 


HISTORICAL  TABLETS 

RECENTLY  PLACED  IN  THE  VARIOUSLY  DESIGNATED  LOCALITIES. 


46 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THE  SITE  OF  THE 
FIRST   DUTCH   HOUSE  OF  ENTERTAINMENT 
ON  THE  ISLAND  OF  MANHATTAN 
LATER  THE  SITE  OF  THE  OLD  STADT  HUYS 
OR  CITY  HALL. 


THIS  TABLET  IS  PLACED  HERE  BY 
THE  HOLLAND  SOCIETY  OF  NEW  YORK 
SEPTEMBER,  1890 


Tablet  at  fj  Pearl  Street,  Facing  Coenties  Slip. 


FRAUNCES  TAVERN.       TO  THIS  BUILDING 

GENERAL  GEORGE  WASHINGTON 
CAME   EVACUATION   DAY.    NOV.    25,  1783 
AND  ON,  THURSDAY.  DEC.  * 
FOLLOWING  HERE  TOOK 
LEAVE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 
OFFICERS  OF    THE  ARMY 
YET  IN  SERVICE. 

Tablet  at  corner  of  Pearl  and  Broad  Sts. 


cation  and  sale  of  the  first  edition  (of  ten  thousand  copies)  of  King's  Handbook  of 
New-  York  City.  The  summer  of  1892  was  memorable  by  reason  of  the  approach 
of  cholera,  from  Europe,  and  the  detention  of  many  steamships,  with  thousands  of 
passengers,  by  the  quarantine  authorities.  By  this  efficient  vigilance  the  pestilence 
was  prevented  from  entering  the  United  States.  Nearly  all  the  National  Guard 
belonging  in  New- York  City  was  sent  to  Buffalo  in  1892  to  check  the  destroying 
agencies  of  a  strike  there  ;  and  other  detachments  were  dispatched  to  Fire  Island, 
to  repress  insurrection.  This  same  year,  1892,  witnessed  the  burning  of  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House,  and  the  magnificent  ceremonies  at  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine. 

In  1893,  when  Grover  Cleveland,  a  citizen  of  New  York,  was  inaugurated  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  the  magnificent  ceremonies  of  the  day  were  participated 
in  by  thousands  of  Tammany  braves,  marching  through  the  streets  of  Washington. 
During  the  same  springtime  occurred  the  death  of  Col.  E.  F.  Shepard,  the  editor 
of  The  Mail  and  Express.  In  April,  1893,  tne  Duke  of  Yeragna,  a  lineal  descend- 
ant of  Christopher  Columbus,  visited  New  York,  as  the  representative  of  the  King- 
dom of  Spain  to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  He  was  welcomed  with  great 
society  and  municipal  receptions,  and  for  several  days  was  the  most  conspicuous 
personage  in  the  metropolis.  He  also  received  the  freedom  of  the  city,  a  distinc- 
tion conferred  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  times  in  a  century.  Late  in  April,  in 
New- York  harbor,  occurred  the  most  imposing  of  all  the  pageants  commemorat- 
ing the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus.  This  was  the  grand  naval  review, 
including  the  best  ships  of  the  American  fleet,  and  squadrons  of  British,  French, 
Spanish,  Russian,  Italian,  Dutch,  Brazilian,  and  Argentine  ships-of-war.  This  event 
was  virtually  the  inaugural  ceremony  of  the  opening  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  at  Chicago,  to  which  New-Yorkers  made  most  liberal  contributions  of 
money,  and  among  the  most  notable  features  of  which  will  be  the  exhibits  of  the 
people  of  New- York  City. 

Thus  pauses,  for  the  time,  the  record  of  History.  What  may  be  in  store  lor  the 
proud  New- World  metropolis,  who  can  say?  She  may  be  destined  to  sink  beneath 
the  waves  that  gave  her  life,  like  the  drowned  cities  of  the  Zuyder  Zee  ;  or  to  be 
irretrievably  shattered  by  hostile  armaments,  like  Tyre;  or  to  tranquilly  fade  away 
into  commercial  death,  like  Yenice.  Yet  such  fates  can  hardly  be  imagined  as 
awaiting  the  Empire  City  of  the  Western  World,  now  in  the  full  flush  of  her  success 
and  power,  and  leading  in  the  van  of  modern  life  and  thought.  She  has  appalling 
problems  to  face  —  the  inflowing  of  half-pauperized  foreigners,  the  menace  of  the 
submerged  tenth,  the  evils  of  municipal  misgovernment,  the  rise  of  a  many-millioned 
plutocracy,  and  other  serious  and  perilous  questions.  But  public  opinion  is  awaken- 
ing on  all  sides  to  their  consideration,  and  the  grand  old  city  will  doubtless  meet 
the  strong  new  troubles  with  stronger  new  remedies,  just  as  in  the  days  that  are 
past  she  has  faced  and  conquered  so  rrfany  other  threatening  perils. 


A.    Comprehensive    Outline    Description   of   the   Whole  Cit;\-— 
Area,  Population,  Wealth,  Statistics,  Etc. 


TO-DAY  the  City  of  New  York  is  not  only  the  metropolis  of  the  United  States, 
but  in  population,  in  wealth,  in  influence,  in  enterprise,  in  all  that  best  dis- 
tinguishes modern  civilization,  it  is  the  rival  of  the  great  capitals  of  the  Old  World. 

The  Area  actually  within  the  limits  of  the  city  includes  Manhattan  Island, 
( '.overnor's  Island,  in  New- York  Bay  ;  Blackwell's,  Ward's,  and  Randall's  Islands, 
in  the  East  River;  and  a  considerable  section  of  the  mainland  north  of  the  Harlem 
River,  and  west  of  the  Bronx.  From  the  Battery,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Man- 
hattan Island,  to  the  northern  line  of  the  city  is  a  distance  of  sixteen  miles.  On  the 
island,  which  is  13A  miles  long,  the  width  of  the  city  varies  from  a  few  score  rods 
.to  2i  miles  ;  and  north  of  the  Harlem  its  greatest  width  is  4^  miles.  The  area  of 
Manhattan  Island  is  nearly  22  scpiare  miles,  or  14,000  acres;  and  with  the  section  on 
the  mainland,  the  city  has  a  total  of  41 A  square  miles,  or  26,500  acres.  In  the 
process  of  growth  and  annexation  New  York  has  absorbed  many  villages,  once  its 
outlying  suburbs,  and  whose  memories  even  now  exist  in  popular  local  designations, 
despite  the  fact  that  -they  have  become  parts  of  the  metropolis.  Thus  down-town 
are  Greenwich  and  Chelsea  ;  farther  uptown,  in  the  vicinity  of  Central  Park, 
Bloomingdale  and  Yorkville  ;  above  the  park,  Harlem  and  Manhattanville  ;  then 
Carmansville,  Washington  Heights  and  In  wood  ;  and  on  the  mainland,  that  was 
annexed  in  1874,  are  Port  Morris,  North  New  York,  Claremont,  Fairmount,  Morris- 
ania,  West  Farms,  Spuyten  Duyvil,  Mosholu,  Williamsbridge,  Fordham,  Tremont, 
Mount  St.  Vincent,  Mott  Haven  and  Melrose,  and  other  villages.  The  insular  part 
of  the  city  is  thickly  built  up  and  heavily  populated,  save  in  certain  territories  in 
Harlem,  Bloomingdale,  Yorkville,  and  Washington  Heights  ;  but  even  there  build- 
ing is  going  forward  with  rapidity.  In  the  annexed  district  development  has  been 
retarded  by  the  lack. of  transit  facilities,  but  is  now  proceeding  steadily,  and  this 
section  promises  to  become  an  important  residential  quarter. 

The  Population  has  grown  in  a  phenomenal  manner  during  the  last  half-cen- 
tury. In  1830,  it  was  202,000;  in  i860,  805,000;  in  1880,  1,206,500.  In  1890 
the  United-States  Census  gave  the  city  1,513,501  population;  the  Health-Board 
statistics,  1,631,232;  and  the  police  enumeration,  1,710,715.  In  February,  1892, 
there  was  a  State  enumeration  that  showed  a  population  of  1,800,891.  The  yearly 
vote  of  the  city  is  one  vote  for  every  75  inhabitants.  New  York  is  thus  the  first  city 
of  the  United  States  in  population,  and  that  too  within  a  more  contracted  area  than 
those  rivals  that  come  nearest  to  her  in  number  of  inhabitants  —  Chicago  and  Phila- 
delphia. The  overflow  of  the  city  goes  out  into  the  surrounding  region  ;  and  has 
built  up  cities,  towns  and  villages  that  would  scarcely  have  existence  were  it  not  for 
the  activity  of  Manhattan  Island. 


48 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


NEW-YORK  CITY. 

LOOKING  SOUTHWEST  FROM  THE  "WORLD"  DOME. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


49 


5° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Greater  New  York  comprises  the  city,  with  its  suburban  environs  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  It  takes  in  the  City  of  New  York  ;  the  counties  of  Kings  and  Rich- 
mond; the  southern  portions  of  the  towns  of  Eastchester  and  Pelham,  in  Westchester 
County ;  and  Long-Island  City,  the  towns  of  Newton,  Flushing,  Jamaica  and  the 
westerly  portion  of  the  town  of  Hempstead,  in  Queens  County ;  making  a  total  area 
of  318  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  nearly  3,000,000.  A  commission  to  en- 
quire into  the  expediency  of  consolidating  this  territory  into  one  city  was  appointed 
under  an  act  of  the  New- York  State  Legislature,  in  1890,  and  has  reported  in  favor 
of  the  project.  Andrew  H.  Green,  the  father  of  the  movement,  is  also  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Commission.  Greater  New  York  will  thus  be  the  second  city  of  the 
world,  leaving  Paris  behind ;  and  still  provided  with  a  line  of  great  suburban  cities 
pertaining  to  New  Jersey,  and  hence  isolated  from  its  political  life,  though  united 
with  it  socially  and  industrially. 

The  Nationalities  represented  in  New  York  make  it  the  most  cosmopolitan 
city  in  the  world.  It  has  more  Irish  than  Dublin,  and  more  Germans  than  any 
German  city  except  Berlin.  There  are  sections  almost  entirely  given  over  to  people 
of  foreign  birth  or  descent,  each  nationality  forming  a  colony  by  itself.  Thus,  we 
have  the  French,  the  German,  the  Italian,  the  African,  the  Chinese,  the  Hebrew, 
the  Spanish  and  the  Arab  colonies.  The  English-speaking  foreigners,  as  the  Irish, 
the  English  and  the  Scotch,  have  assimilated  more  readily  with  the  native  popula- 
tion ;  and  so  have  the  Germans,  to  a  considerable  extent.  Other  nationalities  have 
kept  themselves  more  nearly  intact. 

The  Surroundings  of  few  cities  are  more  remarkable  than  those  of  New  York. 
The  urban  territory  and  the  surrounding  country  is  historic  ground.  In  the  lower 
streets  many  old  houses  still  stand,  or  localities  are  distinguished  that  recall  Rev- 
olutionary and  pre-Revolutionary  days  ;  and  on  the  hills  of  upper  Manhattan,  and  in 
the  Trans- Val  region,  modern  enterprise  has  not  yet  destroyed  ail  the  ancient  land- 
marks. Along  the  west  flows  the  noble  Hudson,  renowned  as  one  of  the  world's 
most  beautiful  rivers  ;  and  on  the  east,  the  East  River  leads  into  Long-Island 
Sound.  Up  and  down  Long  Island  are  numerous  beautiful  and  historic  villages  ; 
and  along  the  south  shore  of  the  island  extend  the  great  popular  summer-resorts, 
Coney  Island,  Rockaway  Beach,  Sheepshead  Bay  and  their  rivals.  The  harbor  is 
one  of  the  largest,  safest  and  most  beautiful  in  the  world.  A  hundred  navies  could 
ride  at  anchor  upon  its  waters.  The  Lower  Bay,  almost  surrounded  by  the  shores 
of  Long  Island,  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey,  is  a  magnificent  sheet  of  water. 
Coming  up  through  the  Narrows,  between  the  picturesque  shores  of  Long  Island  and 
Staten  Island,  the  view  is  enchanting  ;  and  the  land-locked  upper  harbor,  sheltered 
by  the  hills  of  the  two  islands  and  of  New  Jersey,  with  the  point  of  Manhattan 
Island  reaching  down  into  it  between  the  two  great  rivers,  the  indications  of  a  phe- 
nomenal commercial  energy  exhibited  on  every  hand,  the  Statue  of  Liberty,  and 
the  towering  buildings  of  the  city,  present  a  scene  never  to  be  forgotten. 

The  Municipal  Administration  is  conducted  mainly  by  the  Mayor  and  the 
heads  of  departments,  several  of  whom  are  chosen  by  popular  vote,  and  the  others 
appointed  by  the  Mayor.  Municipal  legislation  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Board  of 
Aldermen,  which  consists  of  32  members,  including  29  from  Manhattan  Island,  2 
from  beyond  the  Harlem,  and  a  president  elected  at  large.  Previous  to  1892  there 
were  only  25  Aldermen. 

The  City  Finances,  according  to  the  last  report  of  the  Comptroller,  for  the 
year  ending  January  1,  1893,  shows  the  receipts  were:  From  taxes,  $33,232,725; 
from  other  sources,  $5,552,856;  moneys  borrowed,  $27,665,053.     Total  receipts, 


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$66,450,635.  The  expenditures  were  by  appropriation,  $34,732,289,  and  on  special 
and  trust  accounts,  $30,586,068.  The  total  funded  debt  was  $155, 161,974;  or,  less 
the  amount  in  the  sinking  fund,  $98,629,567.  This  debt  is  bonded  at  from  2h  to  7 
per  cent,  interest,  a  considerable  part  of  it  being  at  2^  and  3  per  cent.,  a  handsome 
testimonial  to  the  credit  of  the  city. 

For  the  year  1893  the  final  estimate  of  appropriations  allowed  amounted  to 
$34,444,155.  Of  that  sum  $3,000,000  is  provided  for  by  receipts  from  miscella- 
neous sources,  leaving  nearly  $35,000,000  to  be  raised  by  taxation.  Of  this  amount 
$4,948,582  was  for  interest  on  the  city  debt  ;  $1,499,021  for  the  redemption  and 
installments  of  the  principal  of  the  city  debt  ;  $3,554,458  for  State  taxes  and  State 
common  schools;  $3,014,020  for  the  Department  of  Public  Works  ;  $1,096,455 
for  the  Department  of  Public  Parks;  $2,223,425  for  the  Department  of  Public 
Charities  and  Correction;  $5,309,886  for  the  Police  Department;  $2,200,000 
for  the  Department  of  Street-Cleaning;  $2,223,134  for  the  Fire  Department; 
$4,480,448  for  the  Board  of  Education;  $1,139,890  for  Judiciary  Salaries  ;  and 
$1,305,177  for  Charitable  Institutions. 

The  Judiciary  is  partly  elected  and  partly  appointed  by  the  Mayor.  The 
elected  officials  are  the  seven  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  with  a  salary  of  $17,500 
each  ;  the  six  judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  with  a  salary  of  $15,000  each;  the  six 
judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  with  a  salary  of  $15,000  each  ;  in  the  Courts 
of  General  Session,  one  Recorder  and  three  judges,  salary,  $12,000  each  ;  the  six 
judges  of  the  City  Court,  with  a  salary  of  $10,000  each  ;  in  the  Surrogate  Cour^, 
"two  Surrogates,  $15,000  each  ;  in  the  District  Court,  eleven  justices,  $6,000  each  ; 
Sheriff,  $12,000  and  half  the  fees  ;  and  District  Attorney,  $12,000.  The  principal 
appointed  officials  are  fifteen  Police  Justices,  $8,000  each  ;  six  Assistant  District 
Attorneys,  at  $7,500  each  ;  and  one  Commissioner  of  Jurors,  at  $5,000.  Legal 
advice  can  be  secured  from  6,000  lawyers. 

Political  Divisions  separate  the  city  into  thirty  Assembly,  eight  Senatorial 
and  ten  Congressional  districts.  At  the  last  election,  in  1892,  284,984  votes  were 
cast,  or  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  total  State  vote.  Within  fifteen  miles  of  the  New- 
York  City  Mall  there  is  a  vote  of  about  500,000,  or  forty  per  cent,  of  the  State. 

The  Police  Department  numbers  3,906  men,  and  has  a  deservedly  high  repu- 
tation for  efficiency.    The  arrests  number  about  85,000  yearly. 

The  Fire  Department  has  1,400  employees,  in  twelve  battalions;  and  over 
200  pieces  of  apparatus,  including  91  steam  fire-engines,  four  water-towers  and  three 
fire-boats.  There  are  1,200  miles  of  wire  and  1,235  boxes  for  the  fire-alarm  tele- 
graph.   Fire  destroys  over  $4,000,000  of  property  in  this  city  every  year. 

The  Number  of  Buildings  includes  90,000  dwelling-houses  in  the  city,  and 
25,000  business-houses,  making  a  total  of  more  than  115,000.  Over  1,100  new 
buildings,  valued  at  more  than  $13,000,000,  are  erected  yearly.  The  real-estate 
valuation  for  purposes  of  taxation  is  $1,464,247,820,  which  fixes  the  actual  value  at 
over  $4,400,000,000.  The  assessment  value  of -personal  property  is  $321,609,518, 
making  a  total  of  $1,785,857,338.    The  tax  rate  is  $1.90  per  hundred. 

The  Deaths  in  1890  were  40,103,  at  a  rate  of  23.51  in  a  thousand  ;  in  1891, 
43>659>  or  24-73  in  a  thousand  ;  and  in  1892,  44,329,  or  24.26  in  a  thousand. 

Streets,  Sewers,  Water,  Etc. —  There  are  575  miles  of  streets  ;  444  miles  of 
sewers,  constructed  at  a  cost  of  over  $22,000,000  ;  685^  miles  of  water-mains,  and 
8,800  hydrants  ;  and  16  public  bathing  places,  used  yearly  by  4,000,000  bathers. 
'  The  streets  are  lighted  at  night  by  26,524  gas-lights  and  1,535  electric  lights.  The 
city  has  144  piers  on  the  North  and' East  Rivers  ;  and  13  public  markets. 


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CITY-HALL  PARK.  COUNTY  COURT-HOUSE.  COURT  OP  GENERAL  SESSIONS. 


NEW-YORK  CITY. 

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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Public  Buildings  belonging  to  New  York  include  the  City  Hall,  a  fine 
example  of  the  Italian  Renaissance  architecture  ;  the  County  Court- House,  an 
imposing  Corinthian  structure  of  white  marble,  which  nominally  cost  many  millions, 
and  is  a  memorial  of  the  peculations  of  the  notorious  Tweed  ring  ;  the  Jefferson- 
Market  Court- House,  a  handsome  building  of  brick  and  sandstone,  in  the  Italian 
Gothic  style  ;  the  Hall  of  Records,  in  City-Hall  Park  ;  the  Tombs,  a  substantial 
and  grim-appearing  edifice,  in  the  purest  Egyptian  style;  the  new  Court- House, 
just  approaching  completion,  near  the  Tombs  ;  the  famous  Castle  Garden,  at  the 
Battery,  long  used  as  a  receiving  station  for  immigrants  ;  and  many  department 
buildings.  Two  other  imposing  public  structures,  both  works  of  engineering  skill, 
belong  in  part  or  in  whole  to  the  city  —  the  East-River  Bridge  to  Brooklyn,  and 
the  Washington  Bridge,  over  the  Harlem  River. 

The  Water-Supply  comes  from  the  Croton  water-shed,  about  30  miles  from 
the  city.  Besides  natural  lakes  in  that  region,  there  are  artificial  reservoirs  giving  a 
total  storage  capacity  of  17, 150,000,000  gallons.  Work  now  in  progress  in  the  con- 
struction of  new  dams  will  more  than  double  this  storage  capacity.  The  supply  is 
practically  unlimited,  and  with  abundant  storage  facilities  350,000,000  gallons  a  day 
would  be  assured.  Water  is  brought  down  to  the  city  by  the  old  aqueduct,  which 
has  a  carrying  capacity  of  75,000,000  gallons  each  day.  The  new  aqueduct  which  was 
opened  in  1890  has  a  carrying  capacity  of  320,000,000  gallons  each  day.  It  cost  over 
$25,000,000.  In  the  city  proper  there  are  storage  and  receiving  reservoirs  that  will 
hold  1,266,000,000  gallons.  The  daily  consumption  is  170,000,000  gallons,  and  the 
present  storage  capacity  at  the  watershed  would  meet  all  needs  for  three  months. 

The  Militia  constitutes  a  full  brigade  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State. 
There  are  seven  regiments,  two  batteries,  one  cavalry  troop,  and  one  signal  corps, 
with  896  officers  and  4,268  men.    Besides  these  there  is  a  Naval  Battalion. 

Local  Traffic  is  effected  by  the  elevated  railroads,  horse-cars  and  cable-cars, 
and  the  Fifth-Avenue  stage-line.  There  are  five  lines  of  elevated  roads  (33  miles), 
under  one  management,  four  running  practically  the  length  of  Manhattan  Island, 
from  the  Battery  to  the  Harlem  River  ;  and  the  fifth  extending  out  into  the  trans- 
Harlem  district.  There  are  17  surface  street-car  railroad  companies,  running  cars 
over  42  main  lines  and  branches.  One  line  across  town  in  Harlem  and  up  Washing- 
ton Heights  (seven  miles)  has  been  operated  by  cable  for  several  years  ;  and  cable- 
power  is  about  to  be  substituted  for  horse-power  on  Broadway  and  Third  Avenue. 

The  Ferries  (with  the  exception  of  the  East-River  Bridge  and  the  several 
Harlem-River  bridges)  afford  the  only  means  of  communication  between  Manhattan 
Island  and  the  surrounding  localities.  There  are  38  ferry  lines,  including  thirteen 
to  Brooklyn,  and  thirteen  to  New  Jersey. 

Steam  Railways  to  the  number  of  23  serve  New  York  directly.  Only  four  of 
these  enter  the  city  proper  —  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson-River,  the  New-York 
&  Harlem,  and  the  New- York,  New- Haven  &  Hartford,  which  come  into  the  Grand 
Central  Depot,  at  42d  Street ;  and  the  New- York  &  Northern,  which  has  a  depot  at 
155th  Street  and  Eighth  Avenue.  The  depot  of  the  Long-Island  Railroad  is  at  Long- 
Island  City ;  and  on  the  New-Jersey  side  of  the  Hudson  River  are  the  depots  of  the 
Pennsylvania,  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  the  New- Jersey  Central,  the  Delaware,  Lacka- 
wanna &  Western,  the  Erie,  the  Lehigh- Valley,  the  New-Jersey  Southern,  the  Ontario 
&  Western,  the  West- Shore,  and  many  connecting  lines. 

Steamboats  run  from  New  York  to  Albany,  Troy  and  other  ports  on  the  Hud- 
son River  ;  to  Boston,  Newport,  Providence,  Bridgeport,  New  Haven,  Fall  River 
and  other  New-England  ports;  to  Long  Branch,  Sandy  Hook  and  elsewhere  on  the 


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55 


New-Jersey  coast ;  and  to  many  places  on  Long  Island.  There  are  over  thirty  such 
lines,  and  not  fewer  than  150  steamboats  thus  employed,  including  the  palatial  boats 
that  are  in  commission  on  the  Sound  routes  to  Boston,  on  the  Hudson  River,  and 
on  the  summer  routes  to  Sandy  Hook  and  Long  Branch.  For  speed,  safety,  beauty 
and  elegance  of  appointments  these  boats  surpass  anything  in  the  world. 

Coastwise  and  Ocean  Traffic  to  and  from  the  port  of  New  York  reaches 
enormous  proportions.  In  the  trans- Atlantic  fleet  there  are  over  120  steamships, 
belonging  to  fourteen  regular  lines  to  Europe,  and  lines  to  Brazil,  Central  America, 
the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  Venezuela,  Trinidad,  Newfoundland  and  other  foreign 
ports,  and  to  the  chief  Atlantic  domestic  ports.  In  the  European  fleet  the  great 
ocean  greyhounds  are  floating  palaces  that  represent  the  perfection  of  modern  marine 
architecture.  From  foreign  ports  the  yearly  arrivals  of  steamships  number  3,000, 
and  sailing  vessels  reach  about  the  same  number.  From  domestic  ports  there  are 
1,700  steamships  and  14,000  sailing-vessels.  The  total  tonnage  of  the  shipping  at 
this  port  is  5,000,000  yearly. 

Federal  Interests  of  paramount  importance  are  concentrated  in  New  York, 
which  is  second  only  to  Washington  in  this  particular.  The  Custom  House,  the 
Assay  Office  and  the  Sub-Treasury,  all  close  together  on  Wall  Street,  represent  the 
Federal  Government  financially.  Here  is  the  main  port  of  entry  for  foreign  trade 
for  the  whole  country.  The  foreign  commerce  of  New  York  for  the  last  fiscal  year 
amounted  to  $1,061,000,000,  being  more  than  half  the  total  for  the  United  States 
(which  reached  $2,010,000,000).  The  imports  at  New  York  reached  $576,000,000, 
including  $113,000,000  in  coffee,  $48,000,000  in  sugar  and  molasses,  $37,000,000 
in  silks,  $30,000,000  in  woollens,  $21,000,000  in  cottons,  and  $19,000,000  each  m 
hides  and  rubber.  The  exports  of  goods  reached  $462,000,000,  mainly  in  provi- 
sions, petroleum,  cotton  and  tobacco. 

At  the  Sub-Treasury  the  receipts  sometimes  exceed  $1,227,000,000  a  year. 
Enormous  quantities  of  bullion  are  annually  passed  through  the  Assay  Office. 

The  Tost  Office  is  the  centre  for  the  railway  mail  service  of  the  Eastern  and  Mid- 
dle States,  and  the  distributing  point  for  foreign  mail.  More  than  3,000  men  are 
employed.    The  United-States  Courts  hold  sessions  in  the  Post-Office  building. 

Immigration  pours  a  steady  tide  into  the  United  States  through  the  port  of 
New  York.  Immigrants  were  formerly  received  at  Castle  Garden,  but  they  are  now 
landed  at  Ellis  Island,  where  the  United-States  Government  takes  charge  of  them. 
In  the  ten  years  after  188 1,  the  number  of  immigrants  at  New  York  averaged  about 
380,000  yearly.  In  1891  they  reached  430,887  ;  and  in  the  year  closing  June  30, 
1892,  446,000. 

The  Military  Department  of  the  East  has  its  headquarters  here,  and  the 
Major-General  and  his  staff  reside  on  Governor's  Island.  Detachments  of  troops 
are  in  garrison  at  Fort  Hamilton  and  Fort  Wadsworth,  which  face  each  other  across 
the  Narrows  on  the  Long-Island  and  Staten-Island  shores  respectively  ;  at  Fort 
Schuyler,  upon  Throgg's  Neck,  where  the  East  River  and  Long-Island  Sound  meet  ; 
and  at  Willett's  Point,  on  the  Long- Island  shore,  opposite  Fort  Schuyler.  These 
fortifications  would,  perhaps,  be  of  small  avail  against  the  heaviest  modern  naval 
armaments,  but  the  Government  is  improving  the  defences  at  these  stations,  and  pro- 
jecting new  works  at  Sandy  Hook  and  Coney  Island,  so  that  the  city  and  harbor  shall 
have  adequate  protection  in  case  of  war. 

The  United-States  Navy-Yard  (virtually  a  part  of  New  York,  although 
across  the  East  River,  in  Brooklyn)  is  the  most  important  naval  station  in  the 
country;  and  employs  over  2,000  men  continually.      The  dry  dock  cost  over 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


$2,000,000,  and  is  unequalled  anywhere  in  the  world.  The  Government  property 
covers  144  acres,  and  has  a  mile  of  water-front.  Besides  the  shops  and  officers' 
houses,  there  are  Marine  barracks  and  a  naval  hospital. 

The  Wealth  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  residents  of  New  York  is  almost 
inconceivable.  Many  vast  fortunes  have  been  made  here  ;  and  many  enormously 
wealthy  Americans  have  come  here  to  live  and  enjoy  the  fortunes  accumulated 
elsewhere.  A  recent  table  of  the  wealth  of  New- York's  millionaires  estimates  that 
at  least  two  New-Yorkers  are  worth  more  than  $100,000,000  each  ;  six  more  have 
above  $50,000,000  each;  more  than  thirty  are  classed  as  worth  between  $20,000,000 
and  $40,000,000  ;  and  325  other  citizens  are  rated  at  from  $2,000,000  to 
$12,000,000  each. 

The  Commerce  and  Finance  cannot  be  adequately  measured  in  words  or 
figures.  The  aggregate  transactions  every  day  reach  an  amount  so  stupendous  that 
the  figures  are  beyond  comprehension. 

The  Banks  include  47  National  banks,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,000,  and 
resources  of  over  $500,000,000  ;  47  State  banks,  with  a  capital  of  $18,000,000,  and 
resources  of  $185,000,000;  27  savings-banks,  with  deposits  of  $325,000,000,  from 
800,000  depositors  ;  and  19  trust-companies,  with  capital  of  $20,000,000,  or  gross 
assets  of  $270,000,000. 

The  Clearing  House  does  a  business  amounting  to  from  $35,000,000,000  to 
$50,000,000,000  yearly,  and  its  daily  transactions  range  from  $125,000,000  to 
$250,000,000.  Since  it  commenced  in  1853  it  has  transacted  business  to  the  enor- 
mous amount  of  over  $  1 , 000, 000, 000, OOO. 

The  Stock  Exchange  has  a  membership  of  1,100;  and  its  aggregate  transactions 
amount  to  many  millions  of  shares  a  year.  The  Produce  Exchange  has  3,000 
members  ;  and  the  Maritime  Exchange,  1,365.  There  are  2,362  members  in  the 
Consolidated  Exchange,  where  often  in  a  single  day  75,000  shares  of  stock  are 
dealt  in,  and  where  almost  incalculable  quantities  of  petroleum  are  sold  yearly. 
There  are  also  ninety-six  Trade-Associations.  In  and  about  Wall  Street  289  of  the 
leading  railroads  of  the  country  have  their  main  or  important  offices. 

The  Office  Buildings  comprise  many  notable  structures.  In  the  down-town 
business-districts  alone,  there  are  several  hundred  great  office-buildings  which  are 
hives  of  industry.  Many  of  them  have  a  business  population  every  day  more  than 
equal  to  the  population  of  a  large  country  village.  Such  buildings  as  the  Mills,  the 
Equitable,  the  Havemeyer,  the  Bennett,  the  Potter,  the  Pulitzer,  the  Times,  the 
Washington,  the  Columbia,  Temple  Court,  the  Western  Union,  the  Postal-Tele- 
graph-Cable, the  Mutual  Life,  the  Jersey  Central,  the  Lackawanna,  and  a  score  of 
others,  are  notable  for  their  grandeur  and  solidity  and  elegant  appointments. 

The  Manufactures  in  25,399  factories  give  employment  to  over  350,000 
people,  who  make  every  year  $765,000,000  worth  of  goods,  of  which  clothing,  books 
and  papers,  cigars  and  pianos,  constitute  the  largest  amounts. 

The  Publishers  of  the  United  States  are  well  represented  or  located  in  New- 
York  City,  where  more  books  are  yearly  published  than  in  all  the  rest  of  the  country 
combined.  There  are  thirty  leading  publishing  concerns,  and  others  of  lesser 
importance.     In  periodical  publications  there  is  even  more  activity. 

The  Papers  and  Periodicals  comprise  43  daily  newspapers.  Of  these,  six  arc 
German,  three  Italian,  two  Bohemian,  one  Spanish  and  one  French.  There  are  nine 
semi-weekly  papers,  221  weekly,  and  48  bi-weekly.  The  monthly  publications  lead  off 
with  Harper's  Magazine,  the  Century,  Scribner's,  the  Cosmopolitan,  the  North  Ameri- 
can Review,  and  the  Forum,  and  run  up  a  list  of  394.    There  are  14  bi-monthlies  and 


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21  quarterlies.  All  the  varied  social,  religious,  literary,  political  and  business  in- 
terests are  served  by  these  periodicals.  The  most  important  groups  are  :  Religious, 
53;  commercial,  15;  sporting,  8;  art,  5;  literary,  64;  mechanical,  5;  socialist,  2; 
secret  societies,  9  ;  legal,  3  ;  theatrical,  6  ;  scientific,  7  ;  medical,  22  ;  educational, 
12  ;  agricultural,  3  ;  and  fashions  7.  The  serial  publications  include  papers  in  the 
following  languages  :  German,  58  ;  Spanish,  17  ;  Bohemian,  6  ;  Italian,  5  ;  French, 
4 ;  Armenian,  3  ;  Swedish,  3 ;  Portuguese,  2  ;  and  Polish,  Finnish,  Russian,  Dan- 
ish, Slavonic,  and  Hungarian.    There  are  14  papers  for  the  Hebrew  race. 

The  Churches  own  and  occupy  more  than  600  church  buildings,  valued  with 
their  land  and  foundings  at  upwards  of  $75,000,000.  They  represent  every  phase 
of  religious  belief,  and  together  they  have  a  seating  capacity  of  nearly  300,000. 
The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  leads,  with  103  churches  ;  closely  followed  by  the 
Roman  Catholic,  with  85  ;  then  come  the  Presbyterian,  with  75  ;  the  Methodist- 
Kpiscopal,  69;  the  Baptist,  51  ;  the  Jewish,  50;  the  Reformed  Dutch,  32;  the 
Lutheran,  23  ;  the  Congregationalist,  1 1  ;  the  Reformed  Presbyterian,  5  ;  the  Afri- 
can Methodist  Episcopal,  6  ;  the  United  Presbyterian,  6  ;  the  Unitarian,  3  ;  the 
Universalist,  3;  and  all  others,  including  Swedenborgians,  Moravians,  etc.,  60. 

Religious  Work  in  conjunction  with  the  churches  is  served  by  many  societies 
and  associations.  Most  prominent  among  these  is  the  American  Bible  Society, 
which,  since  it  started  in  1816,  has  published  over  56,000,000  copies  of  the  Bible  ; 
has  printed  the  Bible  in  more  than  eighty  different  languages  and  dialects ;  has 
had  receipts  of  nearly  $26,000,000  ;  and  owns  a  large  building,  valued  at  nearly 
$500,000.  The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  housed  in  its  own  building, 
that  cost  $500,000,  and  it  occupies  a  broad  field  of  usefulness  in  promoting  the 
spiritual,  intellectual,  social  and  physical  welfare  of  the  community.  It  supports 
fourteen  branches,  of  which  the  most  important  are  the  Young  Men's  Institute,  in  the 
Bowery,  and  the  Railroad  Branch,  which  occupies  a  house  on  Madison  Avenue, 
built  and  presented  to  it  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt.  In  local  missionary  work  the 
New-York  City  Mission  and  Tract  Society  is  preeminent,  maintaining  churches, 
libraries,  missions,  gymnasiums,  and  Sunday-schools.  Each  of  the  leading  denomi- 
nations supports  one  or  more  missionary  societies,  publication-houses,  and  organiza- 
tions for  the  propagation  of  their  religious  tenets.  Three-score  missionary  societies 
cover  the  foreign  and  home  fields. 

The  Charities  (according  to  a  published  directory  of  the  charitable  and  benev- 
olent societies)  number  more  than  700,  not  including  scores  of  small  associations, 
that  never  appeal  to  the  public.  More  than  200  are  prominent,  and  labor  unremit- 
tingly and  effectively  in  relieving  the  poor  and  suffering  of  every  class  and  national- 
ity. Many  of  these  associations  maintain  hospitals  and  homes.  Besides  all  the 
hospitals,  there  are  a  score  of  homes  for  the  poor,  sick  and  convalescent.  Thirty 
asylums  are  provided  for  orphans  and  destitute  children  ;  fifteen  asylums  for  the 
blind,  the  insane,  the  deaf  and  the  crippled  ;  twenty  homes  for  the  aged  ;  and 
numerous  temporary  refuges  for  the  poor  and  friendless.  Some  of  these  are  munic- 
ipal institutions  ;  and  others  receive  municipal  aid.  But,  aside  from  civic  appro- 
priations, charitable  contributions  from  private  sources  yearly  amount  to  many 
millions  of  dollars.  In  addition,  much  is  given  in  the  form  of  permanent  endow- 
ments and  new  buildings.  The  Children's  Aid  Society  alone  maintains  twenty-two 
industrial  and  nine  night  schools  ;  keeps  open  six  lodging  houses  ;  has  every  year 
under  its  charge  37,000  boys  and  girls  ;  and  spends  nearly  $400,000  annually. 
Another  notable  and  unique  charity  is  the  Fresh-Air  Fund,'  through  which  poor 
children  are  sent  into  the  country  every  summer. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


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NEW-YORK  CITY, 

LOOKING  SOUTHEAST  FROM  THE  -   WORLD''  DOME. 


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The  Charitable  and  Correctional  Institutions  of  the  city  are  located 
chiefly  on  the  islands  in  the  East  River.  Black  well's  Island,  120  acres  in  extent, 
has  the  penitentiary,  almshouse,  workhouse,  charity  hospital,  hospital  for  incurables 
and  other  institutions.  Over  7,000  persons,  including  criminals,  charity  patients, 
officials  and  attendants  live  upon  the  island,  which  is  maintained  chiefly  by  convict 
labor.  A  recent  proposition  that  is  being  favorably  entertained  looks  to  the  removal 
of  these  institutions  to  a  location  on  the  main  land,  and  the  transformation  of  the 
island  into  a  beautiful  public  park.  On  Randall's  Island  are  the  Idiot  Asylum, 
the  House  of  Refuge,-  Nursery,  Children's  Hospital,  and  Infants'  Hospital  and 
schools.  The  usual  population  of  the  island  is  between  2,500  and  3,000.  On 
Ward's  Island  are  the  Insane  Asylum  for  Males,  the  Ward's- Island  Hospital,  the 
State  Emigrant  Hospital,  and  other  noble  institutions.  On  Hart's  Island  is  another 
insane  asylum  and  a  branch  of  the  Work-House  ;  and  on  North  Brother  Island  is  the 
Riverside  hospital  for  contagious  diseases.  At  Islip,  Long  Island,  is  an  insane 
asylum.  The  city  maintains  the  Bellevue,  Emergency,  Gouverneur,  Harlem, 
Reception  and  Fordham  hospitals  in  the  city  proper.  Municipal  aid  to  the  amount 
of  nearly  $1,250,000  is  given  for  the  support  of  29  private  or  State  asylums,  reform- 
atories and  charitable  institutions,  and  altogether  the  city  pays  out  for  these  purposes 
more  than  $3,300,000  annually. 

The  Hospitals  of  New  York  are  not  surpassed  elsewhere  in  the  world  for 
extent,  completeness  of  appointment,  and  general  excellence  of  management.  The 
most  skilful  medical  service  is  at  the  command  of  the  suffering  ;  and  the  reputation 
of  the  physicians  for  skill  has  travelled  even  to  Europe,  so  that  in  recent  years  Euro- 
pean physicians  have  sent  patients  across  the  water  to  New- York  hospitals  for  treat- 
ment in  special  cases.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  surgery,  in  which  New-York 
practitioners  are  without  superiors.  The  leading  hospitals  are  Bellevue,  established 
in  1826,  and  maintained  by  the  city  ;  New  York,  chartered  by  King  George  III.  of 
England  in  1 77 1,  and  opened  to  the  public  in  1791  ;  Roosevelt,  opened  inj.871,  and 
supported  by  the  endowment  of  James  H.  Roosevelt ;  St.  Luke's  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal), incorporated  in  1850 ;  St.  Vincent's  (Roman  Catholic),  1857;  Lebanon 
(Hebrew),  1889;  Mount  Sinai,  opened  in  1855;  New-York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
1820;  New- York  Ophthalmic,  1852  ;  Presbyterian,  1857;  and  the  Sloane  Maternity 
and  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  endowed  by  the  Vanderbilt  family  to  the  amount  of  $1,000,- 
000.  Other  hospitals  devoted  to  special  diseases  bring  the  number  of  these  institu- 
tions up  to  nearly  seventy.  There  are  dispensaries  and  infirmaries  for  the  free  treat- 
ment of  the  sick  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  to  the  number  of  over  fifty. 

The  Educational  Work  of  New  York  is  preeminent,  and  her  teaching  facili- 
ties yearly  attract  thousands  of  students  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  public- 
school  system,  broad  in  scope  and  thorough  in  instruction,  is  in  charge  of  a  Board 
of  Education  composed  of  21  commissioners.  The  number  of  school  buildings  is 
135,  and  in  these  240,000  children  are  taught  by  4,200  teachers.  There  are  108 
grammar  schools,  118  primary  schools  and  departments,  29  evening  schools,  two 
colleges,  one  training  school,  one  nautical  school,  and  48  corporate  schools  in 
reformatories  and  asylums.  The  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  has  a  yearly 
attendance  of  1,100  young  men  ;  and  the  Normal  College  of  2,800  young  women. 
These  two  institutions  complete  the  system  of  public  schools. 

Advancing  beyond  the  public  schools  we  find  educational  institutions  of  higher 
grade,  that  in  number  and  in  character  combine  to  make  New  York  one  of  the 
great  university-towns  of  the  world.  In  the  front  rank  stands  Columbia  College, 
one  of  the  five  oldest  and  greatest  colleges  of  the  country.   With  its  five  depart- 


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6.3 


meats,  Arts,  Mines,  Law,  Political  Science,  and  Medicine,  and  its  Barnard  College 
for  Women,  it  is  in  effect,  as  well  as  in  name,  a  university.  Scarcely  second  to 
Columbia  is  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  which  has  three  well-equipped 
departments.  Both  these  institutions  have  had  brilliant  careers,  and  the  names  of 
scores  of  men  like  Barnard,  Drisler,  Chandler,  Quackenbos,  Dwigfat,  Morse, 
Mott,  Butler  and  others,  great  in  various  branches  of  professional  attainment,  are 
identified  with  them.  There  are  3,000  students  yearly  instructed  in  these  two 
universities. 

The  Union  Theological  Seminary  (Presbyterian),  and  the  Episcopal  General 
Theological  Seminary  are  the  next  most  prominent  higher  educational  institutions. 
Combined  they  have  a  yearly  register  of  over  300  students.  To  these  must  be 
added  the  medical  schools,  Bellevue,  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  University,  Homoeo- 
pathic, and  a  dozen  like  institutions,  in  special  fields.  There  are  several  prosperous 
Catholic  colleges,  like  Manhattan,  St.  John's,  and  St.  Francis  Xavier. 

The  prominent  law-schools  are  those  connected  with  Columbia  College  and  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  both  unsurpassed  in  facilities  and  thoroughness 
of  training  ;  and  drawing  students  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Private  schools  of  all  grades  are  numerous.  The  Cooper  Union  Schools  for  free 
instruction  in  the  sciences,  mathematics,  art,  engraving,  telegraphy,  and  other 
branches,  is  one  of  the  grandest  philanthropic  institutions  in  existence.  Over  4,000 
students  are  taught  yearly,  most  of  whom  are  young  tradesmen  or  mechanics  who 
attend  the  evening  classes.  The  Trade  School  is  another  institution  on  a  large  scale 
for  practical  instruction  in  common  employments. 

The  Libraries,  special  and  general,  are  numerous  and  large.  The  Aguilar  Free 
Library  and  the  Free  Circulating  Library  have  several  branches  each  ;  and  the 
Apprentices'  Library. -contains  nearly  95,000  volumes.  The  millions  left  by  the  will 
of  Samuel  J.  Tiklen  provided  a  great  free  library  ;  and  even  now  that  the  will  has 
been  set  aside,  the  generosity  of  one  of  the  heirs  will  in  the  near  future  make  up  a 
part  of  the  loss.  The  Mercantile  Library  is  the  largest  circulating  library  in  the 
city.  It  contains  245,000  volumes.  The  Astor  Library,  richly  endowed  by  the 
Astor  family,  wiih  a  quarter  of  a  million  volumes,  mostly  valuable  for  reference 
rather  than  for  popular  reading,  is  much  frequented  by  students  and  investigators. 

The  useful  Columbia-College  Library  has  over  160,000  volumes.  At  the  Cooper 
Union  there  are  34,000  volumes  of  a  miscellaneous  character,  and  several  hundred 
newspapers  and  magazines  are  regularly  received.  The  library  of  the  New- York 
Historical  Society  is  valuable  in  Americana.  The  Lenox  Library  contains  more 
rare  editions  01  Bibles,  Shakespeariana  and  Americana,  and  ancient  manuscripts  than 
other  institutions  in  this  country.  It  has  only  a  few  more  than  70,000  volumes,  but 
most  of  these  are  priceless  in  value.  The  libraries  at  the  City  Hall;  the  Bar 
Association,  38,000  volumes;  the  American  Institute,  14,000;  the  New-York 
Society,  90,000;  the  Bible  Society,  4,000  rare  volumes;  the  Law  Institute,  42,000; 
and  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  40,000,  are  useful  institutions.  There 
are  more  than  a  score  others  of  lesser  importance,  generally  serving  the  needs  of 
some  special  class.  The  libraries  attached  to  the  Art  Museum  and  the  colleges  and 
seminaries,  as  Union  Theological  Seminary  (70,000),  St.  Francis  Xavier  (25,000), 
and  Manhattan  College  (17,000),  are  also  note-worthy. 

In  Art  and  Architecture,  New  York  leads  the  country.  It  is  the  Mecca 
towards  which  artists  from  all  other  sections  turn.  The  studios  of  America's  greatest 
•painters,  sculptors  and  designers  are  here,  and  the  native  school  of  art  has  always 
displayed  its  fullest  and  most  admirable  powers  in  this  city.     To-day  the  names  of 


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such  painters  as  Huntington,  Tnness,  Chase,  Millet,  Weir,  Porter,  Parton,  Beck- 
with,  J.  G.  Brown,  Blum,  Crane,  Gay,  Moran  and  Shirlaw,  and  of  such  sculptors 
as  St.  Gaudens,  Elwell,  Ward,  Warner,  Hartley,  and  scores  of  others  not  less 
accomplished,  sufficiently  uphold  the  claim  of  New  York  to  preeminent  distinction 
in  this  respect.  The  general  art  taste  of  the  community  is  revealed  on  every  side, 
especially  in  the  local  architecture,  which  has  attained  to  a  remarkable  degree  of 
excellence  during  the  last  few  years.  The  Vanderbilt  houses,  the  Stewart  mansion, 
the  Union-League-Club  buildings,  the  Madison-Square  Garden,  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House,  the  Casino,  the  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  the 
City  Hall,  the  Tribune  Building,  the  Times  Building,  the  World  Building,  the 
Academy  of  Design,  Grace  Church,  the  Produce  Exchange,  the  Mutual-Life  and 
the  Equitable-Insurance  buildings,  the  Imperial,  Astor,  Savoy,  Holland  and  New 
Netherland  hotels,  the  Tiffany  house,  the  new  Court  House,  Trinity  Church  ;  the 
record  might  be  continued  for  pages  without  exhausting  the  list  of  buildings  that 
give  architectural  distinction  to  the  city.  The  Huntington  mansion,  the  Metro- 
politan Club  House,  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine,  the  New- York  Herald 
and  the  Manhattan  Life  buildings,  and  a  score  of  other  residence  and  business 
structures  are  either  projected  or  in  process  of  erection.  Every  conceivable 
style  and  variation  of  style  is  represented  by  admirable  examples,  Colonial  in  the 
houses  of  old  Greenwich  and  Chelsea  villages,  Gothic  in  Trinity  and  other  churches, 
Doric  in  the  Sub-Treasury  building,  Corinthian  in  the  Court  House,  Ionic  in  the 
Custom  House,  Egyptian  in  the  Tombs,  Italian  Renaissance  in  the  City  Hall  and 
the  Produce  Exchange,  Florentine  in  the  Lenox  Library  and  the  W.  K.  Yanderbilt 
house,  Moorish  in  the  Tiffany  house,  the  Temple  Emanu-El  and  the  Casino,  Vene- 
tian in  the  Academy  of  Design,  Byzantine  in  the  German  Catholic  Church  of  the 
Most  Holy  Redeemer  and  St.  George's  Church,  and  contemporaneous  "Queen 
Anne"  in  the  Union-League  Club  House,  and  many  private  residences  around  about 
Central  Park.  Nor  in  this  connection  can  the  public  statues  and  memorials  be 
ignored.  Among  them  are  many  admirable  examples  of  art,  such  as  the  Farragut 
statue,  by  Augustus  St.  Gaudens ;  the  equestrian  Washington,  by  H.  K.  Browne  ; 
the  Indian  Hunter,  the  Horace  Greeley,  and  the  Washington,  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward  ; 
the  Union-Square  Drinking-Fountain,  by  Olin  Warner;  the  Diana, on  the  Madison- 
Square-Garden  tower,  by  Augustus  St.  Gaudens ;  the  Still  Hunt,  by  Edward  Kemys  ; 
the  Egyptian  Obelisk  in  Central  Park  ;  the  Tigress  and  Young,  by  Auguste  Cain  ; 
the  Washington  Memorial  Arch,  by  Stanford  White ;  the  Grant  Mausoleum  ;  and 
the  magnificent  colossal  Statue  of  Liberty,  on  Bedloe's  Island,  by  Bartholdi. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  easily  stands  at  the  head  of  institutions  of  its 
character  in  this  country.  It  now  has  treasures  valued  at  over  $6,000,000,  housed 
in  a  building  that  has  already  cost  nearly  $1,000,000,  and  is  not  yet  completed.  In 
these  galleries  are  many  famous  pictures  presented  to  the  Museum  from  the  Stewart 
and  other  private  collections,  the  Wolfe  collection  of  pictures  by  modern  masters 
(valued  at  half  a  million),  the  Marquand  old  masters,  the  Di  Cesnola  collection  of 
Cypriote  antiquities,  the  E.  C.  Moore  collection  of  ceramics,  the  Brayton-Ives  Jap- 
anese swords,  the  Marquand,  Charvet  and  Jarves  glass,  the  Stuart  and  Astor  laces, 
the  Drexel  and  Brown  musical  instruments,  the  Baker  Egyptian  mummy  and 
other  cloth,  the  Ward  Assyrian  antiquities,  a  remarkably  large  collection  of  casts 
from  the  antique,  and  other  valuable  and  interesting  possessions.  The  New-York 
Historical  Society  has  a  valuable  collection  of  portraits  of  distinguished  Americans, 
the  Durr  collection  of  old  Dutch  paintings,  the  Abbott  collection  of  Egyptian 
antiquities,  the  Lenox  Nineveh  marbles,  and  other  art-treasures  second  only  in  extent 


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«7 


and  value  to  the  possessions  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum.  In  the  Lenox  Library- 
there  is  a  precious  collection  of  pictures,  including  works  of  most  of  the  great 
masters  of  modern  times.  Recent  bequests  bring  this  institution  into  close  rivalry 
with  the  Metropolitan  Museum  and  the  Historical  Society. 

The  private  galleries  in  New  York  are  not  equalled  by  those  in  any  other  Amer- 
ican city.  The  finest  collections  belong  to  the  Vanderbilts,  the  Astors,  the 
Belmonts,  the  Havemeyers,  the  Rockefellers,  H.  G.  Marquand,  J.  A.  Bostwick, 
Thomas  B.  Clarke,  C.  P.  Huntington,  Henry  Hilton,  D.  O.  Mills,  Jay  Gould,  Morris 
K.  Jesup,  T.  W.  Drexel,  Robert  Hoe,  and  many  other  eminent  collectors,  who 
constitute  a  band  of  picture  lovers  and  buyers  such  as  no  other  American  community 
can  boast  of.  The  portraits  in  the  Governor's  room  at  the  City  Hall,  and  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  Academy  of  Design's  collection  of  works  by  its 
members  are  interesting.  All  the  leading  clubs  possess  good  paintings,  and  they  make 
exhibitions  of  these  and  loaned  pictures  from  time  to  time.  Nearly  all  the  fashiona- 
ble hotels  show  fine  collections  of  paintings  in  their  saloons,  offices  and  public  rooms. 
Not  much  attention  has  yet  been  given  to  art  in  New- York  church  interiors.  In  St. 
Thomas's,  the  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  the  Church  of  the  Transfiguration, 
the  Church  of  the  Heavenly  Rest,  Grace  Church,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  and 
Trinity  Church,  there  are  mural  paintings,  mosaic  and  sculptured  reredoses,  statu- 
ary and  painted  windows.  A  score  of  art-stores  show  the  best  productions  of 
American  and  European  painters,  and  during  the  season  there  are  numerous  exhibi- 
tions. The  National  Academy  of  Design  has  autumn  and  spring  exhibitions  ;  the 
Society  of  American  Artists,  the  Salmagundi  Club,  the  Etching  Club,  the  American 
Water-Color  Society,  and  other  art  organizations  hold  annual  exhibitions. 

The  Parks  of  New  York  are  commensurate  with  its  great  development.  Bowling 
Green  was  the  first  public  park  ;  and  the  fashionable  folk  dwelt  about  it  in  the  old 
Dutch  and  Colonial  times.  In  the  main  part  of  the  city  the  principal  reservation 
for  the  people  is  Central  Park,  one  of  the  handsomest  public  breathing-places  in  the 
world.  It  contains  840  acres,  which  have  been  beautified  at  an  expense  of  over 
$15,000,000,  with  landscape-garden  features,  statuary,  play-grounds  and  prome- 
nades. Part  of  the  park  is  still  left  in  a  state  of  nature.  Morningside  Park  (of  32 
acres)  and  Riverside  Park  (of  178  acres),  the  latter  overlooking  the  Hudson  River 
for  nearly  three  miles,  are  two  of  the  most  beautiful  public  places  in  the  city.  Many 
smaller  squares  and  parks  are  generally  made  attractive  with  shrubbery  and  flowers. 
North  of  the  Harlem  River  are  six  parks  :  The  Van  Cortlandt,  of  1,070  acres  ;  the 
Bronx,  of  653  acres  ;  the  Crotona,  of  135  acres  ;  St.  Mary's,  of  25  acres  ;  Clare- 
mont,  of  38  acres;  and  Pelham-Bay,  of  1,740  acres.  At  present  these  properties, 
which  cost  the  city  $10,000,000,  are  unimproved.  They  are  distant  from  the 
populated  part  of  the  city,  but  are  already  much  frequented  by  those  who  wish  a 
rustic  outing  in  the  wild  woods  and  pastures.  In  time  these  parks,  which  are  con- 
nected by  parkways,  will  form  a  system  that  in  extent,  in  natural  beauty  and  in 
adornment  will  have  no  rivals.  A  new  park  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Harlem  River 
at  Washington  Heights  is  also  projected. 

Amusements  numerous  and  varied  enough  to  suit  all  tastes  and  all  purses  range 
in  character  from  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  to  the  low  concert-saloons  of  the 
Bowery  and  Eighth  Avenue.  The  legitimate  theatres  are  thirty-six  in  number,  and 
at  least  five  others  are  projected  or  building.  Several  of  these  remain  open  the  year 
round,  comic  opera  holding  the  stage  throughout  the  summer  months.  All  of  them 
have  a  season  of  at  least  forty  weeks.  The  Metropolitan  Opera-House  is  the  home 
of  German  and  Italian  grand  opera,  and  during  the  last  ten  years  the  productions 


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there  have  been  on  a  scale  of  magnificence  and  musical  excellence  rivalling  the 
most  famous  European  opera-houses.  The  receipts  for  the  opera  season  have 
amounted  to  about  $200,000  annually,  in  recent  years,  leaving  a  deficiency  of  $100,- 
ooo  to  be  made  good  by  assessments  upon  the  stockholders,  who  are  the  leaders  in 
wealth  and  society.  The  Madison-Square  Garden,  a  large  and  architecturally  beau- 
tiful structure,  has  an  amphitheatre  where  horse-shows  and  dog-shows  patronized 
by  fashion  are  held,  and  where  the  circus  annually  exhibits.  In  addition,  it  has  a 
theatre,  a  restaurant,  a  roof-garden,  a  concert-room,  and  a  ball-room.  The  old 
Academy  of  Music,  once  devoted  to  grand  opera,  but  now  given  over  to  the  spectacular 
drama  ;  the  luxurious  Fifth-Avenue  ;  Palmer's  and  the  Star,  both  rich  with  memo- 
ries of  Lester  Wallack  ;  the  handsome  Casino,  where  comic  opera  reigns  the  year 
round  ;  Amberg's  and  the  Thalia,  where  performances  in  German  only  are  given  ; 
Daly's,  and  the  Lyceum,  with  their  admirable  stock  companies ;  the  handsome 
Garden  Theatre;  the  Madison-Square  Theatre,  with  its  permanent  farce  comedy  ; 
these  are  the  most  important.  In  all  the  legitimate  theatres  combined  there  is  a 
seating  capacity  of  nearly  60,000.  The  dime-museums  and  other  low-priced  places 
will  accommodate  at  least  10,000  more.  Even  with  this  total  the  supply  does  not 
exceed  the  demand.  It  is  estimated  that  every  year  there  is  spent  in  New  York  for 
amusements  of  this  character  at  least  $6,000,000. 

In  Chickering  Hall,  Music  Hail,  the  Lenox  Lyceum,  the  Berkeley  Lyceum, 
Hardman  Hall  and  the  concert-room  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera-House  most  of  the 
high-class  musical  entertainments  are  given.  Notable  concerts  of  the  year  are  those 
by  the  Philharmonic  Society,  the  Symphony  Society,  the  Oratorio  Society,  the 
Boston  Symphony  Orchestra,  the  Liederkranz  and  the  Arion  Society. 

Clubs  and  Clubmen  are  legion  throughout  New- York  City.  Every  conceiva- 
ble social,  political,  religious,  professional  and  business  interest  is  concentrated  in 
this  manner.  A  list  of  the  leading  clubs  in  the  city  would  include  the  names  of  over 
fifty,  such  as  the  Union  League,  Manhattan,  Union,  Metropolitan,  Lotus,  Century,  New- 
York,  St.  -Nicholas,  Colonial,  Aldine,  Authors',  University,  German,  Knickerbocker, 
New- York  Athletic,  New- York  Racquet,  Players'  and  Manhattan  Athletic.  All 
these  have  comfortable  homes,  and  the  houses  of  many  are  palatial.  The  purely 
sporting  clubs  and  associations,  such  as  the  American  Jockey  Club,  the  American 
Kennel  Club,  the  Coney- Island  Jockey  Club,  the  yacht  clubs,  the  bicycle  clubs,  and 
so  on  down  to  those  of  minor  importance  will  number  a  hundred  or  more,  and  there 
are  at  least  150  clubs  of  a  miscellaneous  character.  There  are  fully  300  clubs  of 
good  standing  in  New  York,  with  a  membership  of  upward  of  100,000.  Few  men 
of  New  York  do  not  belong  to  at  least  one  club,  and  most  of  them  have  membership 
in  several.     The  desirable  clubs  are  usually  full  to  their  extreme  limit. 

The  Hotels,  comprising  about  a  thousand  of  all  kinds,  include  a  full  hundred 
excellent  hotels,  a  large  proportion  of  them  strictly  first-class,  with  a  world-wide 
reputation.  The  Fifth-Avenue,  "Windsor,  Gilsey,  Hoffman,  Imperial,  Brunswick, 
Brevoort,  Plaza,  Murray- Hill,  Buckingham  and  Astor  House  are  notable.  Recent 
important  additions  to  the  list  either  just  completed  or  building  are  the  Holland 
House,  the  Waldorf,  the  Savoy  and  the  New  Netherland. 


The   Harbor  and   Rivers     Piers  and  Shipping  —  Fortifications 
and  Quarantine  — Exports   and    Imports     Oceanic  and 
Coastwise   Lines  — The  Ocean  Greyhounds. 


THE  harbor  of  New  York  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting  in  the  world,  for  it 
has  been  the  portal  of  a  new  world  and  a  new  life  for  millions  of  men  and 
women.  It  is  as  beautiful,  furthermore,  as  it  is  interesting,  from  the  hill-girt  gate- 
way of  the  Narrows  up  into  the  broader  spaces  between  Bayonne  and  Gowanus, 
with  the  high  blue  Orange  Mountains  crowning  the  view  to  the  northwest,  the 
rampart-like  Palisades  frowning  down  the  Hudson,  and  verdant  islands  here  and 
there  breaking  the  vivid  blue  of  the  bay.  On  all  sides  the  assembled  cities  encircle 
the  waters  with  their  masses  of  buildings,  the  forests  of  masts  by  the  waterside,  the 
immense  warehouses  and  factories  along  the  pier-heads,  and  the  spires,  domes  and 
towers  of  the  beautiful  residence-quarters  beyond.  At  night,  the  harbor  is  girded 
about  by  myriads  of  yellow  and  colored  lights  and  white  electric  stars,  and  dotted 
with  the  lanterns  of  vessels  in  motion  or  at  anchor. 

The  Lower  Bay  and  its  tributary  Raritan  Bay  and  Sandy- Hook  Bay  are 
formed  by  a  triangular  indentation  of  the  coast,  between  Monmouth  County,  N.  J., 
Staten  Island  and  Long  Island,  partly  protected  from  the  sea  by  Sandy  Hook  and 
Coney  Island,  and  the  long  bar  and  shoals  extending  between  them.  The  channel 
is  devious  and  at  times  difficult,  and  numerous  buoys,  beacons  and  light-houses  mark 
out  the  path  of  the  inbound  ships.  At  the  head  of  the  Lower  Bay  the  maritime 
route  leads  through  the  Narrows,  a  magnificent  water-gate  a  mile  wide,  hemmed  in 
between  the  bold  hills  of  Staten  Island  and  Long  Island,  and  bordered  by  heavy 
batteries.  Beyond  this  remarkable  portal  opens  the  Upper  Bay,  or  New-York  Har- 
bor, an  admirable  land-locked  haven  eight  miles  long  and  five  miles  wide,  the  grand 
focal  point  of  North- American  Atlantic  commerce. 

The  Water-Front  of  Manhattan  Island  available  for  vessels  is  about  25  miles 
long,  13  miles  being  on  the  North  River,  9  on  the  East  River,  and  the  rest  on  the 
Harlem  River.  There  are  seventy-three  piers  on  the  East  River,  below  East  nth 
Street  ;  and  seventy  on  the  North  River,  below  12th  Street. 

On  one  side  of  the  harbor  is  the  mouth  of  the  magnificent  Hudson  River,  flow- 
ing down  for  300  miles,  from  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  navigable  for  148  miles  to 
Albany  and  Troy,  and  the  outlet  of  the  Erie  Canal,  bringing  down  immense  sup- 
plies of  grain  from  the  West.  On  the  other  side  is  the  entrance  to  Long-Island 
Sound,  "The  Mediterranean  of  the  ^Yest,"  giving  an  admirable  marine  route  to  the 
ports  of  New  England  and  the  remote  East.  The  strategic  position  of  the  city,  for 
purposes  of  commerce,  is  one  of  unapproachable  strength  and  excellence,  and  has 
been  skillfully  availed  of  by  the  merchants  and  public  men  of  this  active  community  ; 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


and  the  commerce  of  the  East  and  the  West  converges  here  in  immense  volume,  on 
the  waters  of  one  of  the  finest  American  harbors. 

The  East  River  is  a  deep  and  swift  tidal  strait  twenty  miles  long,  joining 
New- York  harbor,  at  the  Battery,  with  Long-Island  Sound,  at  Willett's  Point. 
Most  of  the  western  shore  is  formed  by  New-York  City  ;  and  the  eastern  shore 
includes  Brooklyn,  and  other  communes  of  Long  Island.  It  is  the  avenue  of  a  vast 
commerce,  and  with  its  many  ferry-boats  and  immense  white  steamboats  flying  to 
and  fro  presents  a  pleasantly  animated  scene.  The  narrow  channel  of  Hell  Gate, 
near  Astoria,  was  for  two  and  a  half  centuries  a  terror  to  mariners,  with  its  swift 
eddies  and  currents,  setting  over  a  reef  of  sharp  rocks.  Between  1870  and  1885  these 
ledges  were  undermined  and  blown  up  with  nitro-glycerine,  by  Gen.  Newton  and  a 
corps  of  engineers,  at  a  cost  of  many  millions  of  dollars  ;  and  since  that  time  navi- 
gation here  has  been  much  less  perilous. 

Harlem  River  is  an  arm  of  East  River,  seven  miles  long,  partly  navigable  for 
small  vessels,  and  connecting  near  its  head  with  the  much-winding  Spuyten-Duyvil 
Creek,  a  shallow  tributary  of  the  Hudson  River.  These  two  streams  separate  Man- 
hattan Island  from  the  mainland,  and  form  the  proposed  route  of  the  ship-canal 
between  them. 

The  North  River,  on  the  western  shore  of  the  great  city,  preserves  a  name 
applied  for  nearly  three  centuries  to  that  stretch  of  the  Hudson  River  extending  in 
front  of  Manhattan.  The  old  Dutch  colonists  named  the  Delaware  the  South  River, 
and  the  Hudson  they  called  the  North  River.  It  is  a  noble  straight-channeled 
reach  of  deep  water,  a  mile  wide  and  a  score  of  miles  long,  and  gave  ample  soundings 
for  the  Great  Eastern,  as  it  does  now  for  the  Campania,  the  Spree  and  the  New  York. 

The  lower  water-side  streets  are  occupied  generally  by  small  irregular  buildings, 
sail-lofts,  the  haunts  of  riggers  and  outfitters,  ship-owners  and  ship-chandlers,  mys- 
terious junk  shops,  and  a  vast  variety  of  drinking-places,  sailors'  boarding-houses, 
and  shops  for  small-wares.  Street-railways  run  along  the  pier-heads  ;  and  a  contin- 
uous crowded  and  noisy  procession  of  drays  and  carts  pours  up  and  down  the  streets, 
or  entangles  itself  in  hopeless  blocks,  overflowed  by  tides  of  objurgations  and  hearty 
profanatory  expletives. 

The  Piers  and  Wharves  are  for  the  most  part  exceedingly  irregular  and 
rather  unsightly,  being  of  various  lengths,  and  constructed  of  wood,  upon  myriads  of 
piles,  around  and  between  which  the  free  tides  swirl  and  eddy.  Though  devoid  of 
the  architectural  symmetry  and  structural  massiveness  of  European  quays,  the  water- 
front of  New  York  is  well-fitted  for  its  uses,  and  has  also  a  singular  picturesqueness 
and  diversity  of  outline  and  character.  Some  years  ago  a  well-considered  plan  was 
devised  and  begun,  to  replace  the  crazy-looking  wharves  with  a  systematic  and 
imposing  line  of  stone  piers  and  docks ;  but  this  transformation  is  a  very  costly 
process,  and  has  made  but  little  advance.  In  1892  the  Legislature  passed  a  bill 
providing  "  for  the  recreation  and  health  of  the  people  of  New  York  by  setting  aside 
certain  piers  along  the  river-front."  The  plan  involves  the  construction  of  very 
large  two-story  pavilions  on  the  pier-ends,  the  lower  stories  being  devoted  to  com- 
mercial purposes,  and  the  high-arched  upper  floors  forming  fresh-air  gardens,  with 
music  and  flowers  and  sea-views,  for  the  pleasure  of  the  people.  The  piers  at  Bar- 
clay and  Perry  Streets,  on  the  North  River,  are  being  fitted  up  for  this  fortunate 
service  ;  and  there  are  to  be  four  similar  roof-gardens  on  the  East -River  front. 

In  going  up  the  North-River  side,  from  the  Battery,  there  is  a  continual  succes- 
sion of  varied  and  busy  scenes,  the  headquarters  of  the  Coney-Island  steamboats;  the 
huge  piers  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  ;  the  trim  vessels  of  the  New-Orleans,  Bos- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  71 

ton,  and  Savannah  steamships  ;  the  huge  white  floating' palaces  of  the  Sound  lines  to 
Fall  River  and  Providence  and  Norwich  ;  the  docks  of  the  Hudson-River  lines  ;  the 
Morgan  and  Old-Dominion  boats  ;  and  the  resting-places  of  the  unrivalled  ocean- 
greyhounds  of  the  American,  Guion,  White  Star,  Cunard  and  French  lines.  Along 
the  East  River  a  great  space  is  given  up  to  the  large  sailing-ships,  bringing  in  cargoes 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  with  their  lofty  masts  and  long  yards  interwoven 
against  the  sky.  Then  come  the  grain-laden  canal-boats  from  the  West,  hundreds 
of  fruiters  from  the  West  Indies,  and  a  line  of  ferries,  above  which  appear  several 
dry-docks,  followed  by  iron-foundries,  lumber-yards,  and  old  steamers  laid  up  in 
ordinary.  Almost  every  variety  of  vessel  is  found  in  these  waters,  the  brilliant 
excursion-steamboats,  melodious  with  band-music,  and  waving  with  flags  and 
streamers ;  ark-like 
canal-boats  from 
the  Great  Lakes, 
distended  with 
wheat  and  corn ; 
the  swift  Norfolk 
schooners,  redolent 
of  fine  tobacco  and 
of  early  vegetables; 
oyster-boats  from 
the  Connecticut 
coast,  small  and 
pert  in  outlines  and 
motion  ;  huge  full- 
rigged  ships  from 
Calcutta,  laden  , 
with  indigo ;  sooty 
steam-barges  from 
the  Pennsylvania 
coal-regions;  Nova- 
Scotia  brigs,  laden 
with  fine  apples  and 
potatoes;  heavy  old 
whalers,  making 

port  after    long  united-states  barge  office,  battery  place. 

Arctic   voyages  ; 

schooners  from  the  West  Indies  and  Honduras,  crammed  with  tropical  fruits ; 
fishermen  from  the  Grand  Banks,  heroes  of  the  saltest  northern  seas  ;  Medi- 
terranean merchantmen,  with  rich  cargoes  from  the  Levant  ;  and  hundreds  of 
other  types,  each  full  of  interest  and  attraction.  The  loom  of  the  great  environ- 
ing cities,  the  breadth  and  life  of  the  confluent  waters,  the  intense  and  joyous 
activity  of  motion,  combine  to  give  this  cosmopolitan  picture  an  unusual  breadth 
and  life. 

Space  fails  to  tell  of  the  Barge  Office  at  the  Battery,  and  its  customs  inspectors 
and  sailors'  dispensary  ;  of  the  natty  flotilla  of  the  Battery  boatmen  ;  of  Ellis  Island 
and  its  great  buildings  for  the  reception  of  immigrants;  of  the  United-States  Navy 
Yard,  at  Brooklyn,  the  chief  naval  station  of  the  Republic  ;  of  the  wonderful  docks 
on  the  Brooklyn  side,  the  home  of  a  universal  commerce  ;  and  of  scores  of  other 
interesting  scenes  which  surround  the  gateway  of  the  New  World. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Military  Defences  of  New- York  City  are  formidable,  as  far  as  the  old 

style  of  warfare  goes.  It  remains  to  be  seen  how  efficient  they  may  be  when  confront- 
ing the  untried  and  uncertain  naval  monsters  of  the  new  era;  and  acting  under  the 
support  of  chains  of  torpedoes,  dynamite  guns,  and  the  battle-ships  of  the  new 
American  navy.  New  mortar-batteries  of  great  power  are  about  to  be  constructed 
on  Sandy  Hook  and  near  Long  Island,  to  command  the  remote  Lower  Bay;  and 
Fort  Lafayette  and  other  points  will  be  occupied  by  immense  steel  turrets. 

Fort  Wadsworth,  the  most  powerful  of  the  military  defences  of  New  York,  is  a 
three-tiered  casemate  work  of  granite,  on  the  Staten-Island  shore  of  the  Narrows. 
On  the  heights  above  stands  the  heavily-armed  Fort  Tompkins;  and  along  the  chan- 
nel-side extends  a  line  of  water-batteries.  From  this  place  a  triple  fire,  water-line 
and  casemate  and  plunging,  could  be  converged  upon  a  hostile  vessel  in  the  narrow 
channel. 

On  the  Long-Island  shore,  at  the  Narrows,  opposite  Fort  Wadsworth,  and  only 
a  mile  distant,  glower  the  heavy  stone  casemates  of  Fort  Hamilton,  on  a  military 
reservation  of  96  acres.  Just  off-shore,  on  an  artificial  island,  stands  Fort  Lafayette, 
built  in  1812-22,  and  celebrated  as  a  prison  for  political  captives  and  disloyal  per- 
sons during  the  civil  war.  The  inflammable  parts  of  the  fort  were  burned  in  1868, 
and  the  remaining  buildings  are  used  now  only  for  storing  ordnance  supplies. 

Fort  Wood,  on  Bedloe's  Island,  is  a  star-shaped  work,  finished  in  J 841,  and 
mounted  then  with  seventy  guns.  The  wonderful  colossal  statue  of  Liberty  Enlight- 
ening the  World  rises  from  a  pedestal  on  the  parade-ground. 

Wiilett's  Point  was  fortified  in  1862,  by  the  National  Government,  to  close  the 
entrance  to  the  East  River  from  Long-Island  Sound.  It  is  the  headquarters  of  the 
Battalion  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.  Across  the  entrance  of  the  East  River  looms  the 
ponderous  casemated  defence  of  Fort  Schuyler,  whose  construction  was  begun 
in  1S33. 

Governor's  Island,  within  1,000  feet  of  the  Battery,  and  six  miles  inside  ot 
the  Narrows,  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Military  Department  of  the  East,  and  the 
usual  residence  of  the  commanding  general.  It  is  a  beautiful  island,  of  65  acres, 
with  a  far-viewing  parade-ground,  surrounded  by  fine  old  trees  and  the  quarters  of 
the  officers ;  an  arsenal  containing  scores  of  heavy  cannon  and  endless  pyramids  of 
cannon-balls  ;  magazines  and  hospitals ;  the  headquarters  of  the  Military  Service 
Institution,  with  its  library  and  picture-gallery  ;  and  the  interesting  Military  Museum, 
rich  in  battle-flags,  weapons  ancient  and  modern,  and  Indian  curiosities.  The 
chief  defence  on  Governor's  Island  is  Fort  Columbus,  a  star-shaped  stone  fort  mount- 
ing 120  guns,  and  with  enclosed  barracks  for  the  artillerists.  On  the  point  toward 
the  Battery  stands  Castle  Williams,  an  old-fashioned  and  picturesque  three-story 
fortress,  circular  in  shape,  built  between  1808  and  18 12. 

The  Quarantine  Station  defends  the  port  of  New  York  (and  with  it  the 
entire  continent)  against  the  entrance  of  dangerous  and  pestiLential  diseases.  The 
danger  of  epidemics  being  brought  in  by  foreign  vessels  was  guarded  against  as  early 
as  1647;  and  in  1 716  the  Council  ordered  that  all  West-Indian  vessels  should  be 
detained  at  Staten  Island.  In  1758  the  Provincial  Legislature  enacted  laws  for  the 
protection  of  the  port  in  this  regard,  and  established  a  quarantine  station  at  Bedloe's 
Island.  One  of  the  first  measures  of  the  State  Legislature,  in  1784,  was  a  re-enact- 
ment of  this  law.  Ten  years  later,  the  station  was  moved  to  Governor's  Island^  but 
the  citizens  of  New  York  were  rather  uneasy  at  having  the  pest-house  so  near  them. 
In  1 801,  therefore,  it  was  again  transferred  to  Tompkinsville,  Staten  Island,  where  it 
remained  for  more  than  sixty  years.     But  in  the  course  of  time,  as  Staten  Island 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


73 


became  thickly  settled,  its  people  made  serious  objections  to  the  continuance  of  so 
undesirable  a  neighbor  ;  and  in  1857  the  State  Legislature  ordered  the  selection  of 
another  site.  This  was  found  at  Sandy  Hook,  but  the  opposition  of  New  Jersey 
rendered  it  impossible.  The  next  move  appeared  in  the  erection  of  buildings  for 
the  purpose  at  Seguin's  Point,  on  the  south  part  of  Staten  Island.  The  neighbor- 
ing residents  were  incensed  at  the  project,  and  attacked  the  establishment  by  night, 
and  set  fire  to  it.  This  summary  process  approved  itself  to  the  people  of  Tompkins- 
ville,  who  also  made  a  night  attack  upon  the  existing  station,  and  thoroughly 
destroyed  it.  Richmond  County  was  forced  to  pay  for  these  nocturnal  raids,  but 
the  result  justified  the  acts,  and  the  State  gave  up  its  attempt  to  establish  the  quar- 
antine here.  In  1859  a  commission  including  Horatio  Seymour,  John  C.  Green, 
and  Gov.  Patterson  adopted  the  idea  of  a  floating  hospital  ;  and  the  old  steamship 
Falcon  entered  upon  the  duty,  with  an  anchorage  below  the  Narrows.  In  1 866- 70 
the  artificial  Swinburne  Island  was  constructed,  on  the  sand-bar  of  West  Bank,  and 
now  has  rows  of  hospital  wards,  a  crematory  and  mortuary,  and  a  dock  and  break  - 


BAY  AND   HARBOR   FROM   BEDLOE'S  ISLAND,  ABOUT  1840. 


water.  Hoffman  Island,  built  in  1868-73,  is  a  quarantine  of  observation  and  isola- 
tion, for  immigrants  who  have  been  exposed  to  dangerous  epidemics.  The  Lower 
Quarantine  is  marked  by  yellow  buoys,  and  has  a  ship  moored  for  a  floating  station, 
where  vessels  from  infected  ports  are  boarded.  Their  arrival  is  signalled  thence  to 
the  main  Quarantine  Station,  six  miles  above,  on  Staten  Island,  from  which  the 
proper  officials  go  down  to  board  them.  The  swift  little  tug-boat  of  the  station 
passes  the  day  in  rushing  from  one  incoming  vessel  to  another,  and  the  health- 
officers  are  kept  busy  in  inspecting  their  passengers  and  crews.  In  a  single  year 
7,600  vessels  and  370,000  passengers  have  been  examined  here.  The  New-York 
quarantine  is  the  most  complete,  thorough  and  efficient  in  the  world. 

The  harbor  is  guarded  from  law-breakers,  and  "wharf-rats,"  mutineers  and  riot- 
ers, river-thieves  and  smugglers,  as  much  as  possible,  by  the  police  of  the  Thirty- 
Sixth  Precinct,  which  has  jurisdiction  over  the  waters  and  wharves  adjoining  the 
city,  along  both  rivers,  and  down  as  far  as  Robin's  Reef.     The  police  headquarters 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


is  on  the  steamboat  Patrol,  and  several  row-boats  are  continually  moving  along  the 
rivers  and  up  into  the  docks,  manned  by  officers  of  the  law,  looking  after  thieves, 
fires,  lost  property,  suicides  and  drowned  persons. 

The  Exports  and  Imports  of  America  find  their  foremost  clearing-houses 
in  this  peerless  harbor,  with  its  rich  adornments  of  Nature,  and  improvements  and 
defences  of  art.  One  hundred  years  ago  the  total  export  and  import  trade  of  the 
United  States  was  below  $50,000,000  annually.  At  present  (including  specie)  it  is 
over  $2,000,000,000,  of  which  the  imports  reach  $900,000,000.  The  exports  of 
cotton  are  over  $290,000,000;  of  grain,  breadstuffs  and  provisions,  $480,000,000; 
and  of  specie,  $80,000,000.  The  foreign  commerce  for  1891  and  1892  was  the 
largest  in  the  history  of  the  Nation.  Nearly  two-fifths  of  the  exports  of  the  Republic 
go  from  New  York,  which  sends  out  $460,000,000  yearly,  to  $107,000,000  from 
New  Orleans,  $74,000,000  from  Baltimore,  $70,000,000  from  Boston,  and  $37,- 
000,000  from  Philadelphia.  Two-thirds  of  the  imports  to  the  United  States  enter 
at  the  port  of  New  York.  Less  than  one-fourth  of  the  trade  is  under  the  American 
flag,  which  has  a  tonnage  of  1,000,000  in  the  foreign  trade,  and  3,700,000  in  the 
coastwise  trade,  besides  87,000  in  the  fisheries.  New  York  owns  2,000  sailing 
vessels,  of  409,000  tons  ;  1,000  steamers,  of  375,000  tons  ;  and  900  canal-boats  and 
lighters,  of  167,000  tons. 

During  a  single  year  over  2,000  grain-laden  steamships  sail  from  New  York, 
which  ships  one-third  of  the  American  grain  and  breadstuffs,  in  spite  of  its  heavy 
port  and  storage  charges.  The  hold  is  filled  with  grain  in  bulk  ;  the  between-decks 
with  grain  in  bags.  The  port  has  a  storage  capacity  of  26,000,000  bushels,  in  22 
stationary  elevators  and  31  floating  elevators  ;  and  grain-ships  can  be  loaded  at  the 
rate  of  458,000  bushels  an  hour. 

New  York  receives  every  year  over  200  tramp  steamships,  136  from  transatlantic 
ports,  and  the  rest  from  other  American  harbors.  Many  of  them  come  to  this  great 
maritime  clearing-house  for  orders,  or  enter  in  ballast,  seeking  cargoes.  These 
wanderers  of  the  seas  have  engines  of  low  power,  with  small  consumption  of  coal, 
and  cross  the  ocean  in  from  fifteen  to  twenty  days,  with  cargoes  of  heavy  character, 
and  including  all  sorts  of  merchandise.  Here  also  are  seen  the  singular  tank-steam- 
ships, partly  owned  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  and  carrying  over  seas  from 
30,000  to  35,000  barrels  of  oil,  pumped  into  the  hold,  which  is  divided  into  half-a- 
dozen  or  more  great  tanks.  One  of  these  singular  floating  reservoirs  can  be  filled  with 
petroleum  in  twelve  hours.  On  their  return-voyages  from  Europe  the  tanks  are 
partly  filled  with  water-ballast.  Vessels  of  somewhat  similar  construction  are 
employed  in  transporting  molasses  from  Cuba. 

There  are  several  score  of  fruit  steamers  plying  between  the  Central-American 
and  West-Indian  ports  and  New  York,  bringing  bananas  and  cocoanuts,  oranges  and 
pineapples,  and  mostly  sailing  under  the  Norwegian  flag.  Between  the  outer  hull 
of  steel  and  the  inner  hull  of  wood  opens  a  considerable  space,  which  is  packed  with 
charcoal,  for  refrigeration.  They  have  triple-expansion  engines,  steam  steering-gear, 
and,  in  many  cases,  twin-screws,  and  are  built  for  the  trade,  with  three  open  decks 
and  separated  deck-planks,  to  ensure  free  circulation  of  air,  and  prevent  the  fruit 
from  becoming  heated.  Their  seasons  are  spring  and  summer,  after  which  most  of 
them  go  into  the  grain  and  general  freighting  business  to  and  around  Europe. 

Before  the  days  of  steam,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  was  traversed  by  several  famous 
packet-lines,  like  the  Black  Star  ships  of  Grimshaw  &  Co.,  the  Black  Ball  line  of  C. 
H.  Marshall  &  Co.,  the  old  Black  Stars  of  Williams  &  Guion,  the  packets  of  the 
Tapscot  Line.   The  largest  accommodations  were  for  30  cabin  and  20  second-cabin, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


75 


and  a  varying  number  of  steerage  passengers  in  a  ship,  the  rates  being  higher  than 
in  the  modern  steamships.  These  ocean  racers  were  built  on  the  finest  and  most 
graceful  lines,  with  vast  expanses  of  canvas  spread  from  their  towering  masts  ;  and 
their  passages  across  were  of  remarkable  swiftness.  The  Red  Jacket  made  the  trans- 
atlantic voyage  in  13  days  and  i||  hour;  and  the  Dread)ianght  in  i860  made  the 
run  from  New  York  to  the  Irish  coast  in  9  days  and  17  hours.  In  1864  the  clipper 
Adelaide  left  New  York  at  the  same  time  as  the  Cunard  steamship  Sidon,  and 
entered  Liverpool  before  her,  in  12^  days.  At  the  present  time  many  sailing  ships 
ply  to  and  from  the  port  of  New  York,  and  among  them  are  enormous  four-masted 
steel  vessels,  with  a  capacity  of  6,000  tons  of  freight. 

The  science  of  steam  navigation,  which  has  revolutioned  modern  commerce, 
changed  the  aspect  of  naval  warfare,  made  travel  by  sea  speedy  and  pleasant,  and 
united  the  remote  places  of  the  earth,  had  its  beginning  in  the  noble  harbor  of  New 
York.    Various  Spanish  and  German,  British  and  American  inventors  claimed  to 


NEW-YORK  HARBOR,  FROM  EAST-RIVER  BRIDGE,  IN  1893. 


have  discovered  tne  principles  of  marine  engines,  at  periods  running  from  the  Middle 
Ages  down  to  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  Robert 
Fulton  to  practically  apply  this  idea,  and  to  perfect  and  develop  it,  so  that  his  fleet 
of  vessels  had  an  immediate  economic  value  for  transporting  passengers  and  freight. 

This  successful  demonstration  of  a  great  new  principle  resulted  in  a  rapid  spread 
of  the  discovered  power  all  over  the  maritime  world.  Fulton's  Clermont  was 
launched  at  Jersey  City,  in  1 807,  and  ascended  the  Hudson  River  to  Albany. 
Almost  at  the  same  time,  John  Stevens,  of  Hoboken,  built  the  Phoenix,  and  sent  her 
around  to  Philadelphia,  the  pioneer  of  all  ocean-going  steamers.  Following  New 
York's  example,  the  St. -Lawrence  River  received  a  steamboat,  in  1809;  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi,  in  181 1  ;  and  the  Scottish  Clyde,  in  181 2.  The  first  steamship  to 
cross  the  ocean  was  the  Savannah,  built  at  New  York,  and  equipped  with  folding 
paddle-wheels,  which  were  taken  out  and  laid  on  the  deck  when  not  in  use.  In 


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ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


1 819  this  little  380-ton  vessel  steamed  from  Savannah  to  Liverpool,  Cronstadt,  and 
Copenhagen.  In  1838  Brunei's  steamship  Great  Western,  of  1,340  tons,  steamed 
from  Bristol,  England,  to  New  York,  in  fifteen  days;  and  the  Sirius  ran  across  from 
London  and  Cork  to  New  York. 

In  1850  the  Collins  Line  began  its  operations,  and  built  up  a  fleet  of  five  mag- 
nificent American  steamships — the  Pacific,  Arctic,  Adriatic,  Baltic,  and  Atlantic, 
built  at  a  cost  of  $4,000,000,  and  operated  under  a  large  subsidy  from  the  United- 
States  Government.  The  first  two  were  lost  at  sea  ;  the  cost  of  the  voyages  far 
exceeded  the  receipts  ;  the  subsidy  was  withdrawn  ;  and  in  1 858  the  Collins  Line 
ceased  to  run. 

There  are  now  thirty  great  transatlantic  steamship  lines  between  New  York 
and  Europe,  some  of  them  with  several  sailings  each  week.  They  have  eighty-five 
passenger  steamships,  bringing  to  New  York  yearly  nearly  100,000  cabin  passengers, 
four-fifths  of  whom  are  returning  Americans.  Their  eastern  ports  are  Liverpool, 
Southampton,  London,  Newcastle,  Hull,  Moville  (Londonderry),  Queenstown,  and 
Glasgow,  in  the  British  Islands  ;  Havre,  Bordeaux,  and  Boulogne,  in  France  ;  Ant- 
werp, Rotterdam,  and  Amsterdam,  in  the  Low  Countries;  Copenhagen,  in  Denmark; 
Hamburg,  Stettin,  and  Bremen,  in  Germany;  Christiama  and  Christiansand,  in 
Scandinavia  ;  and  several  Mediterranean  ports.  The  capital  embarked  in  these 
lines  is  $500,000,000.  The  offices  of  most  of  the  steamship  lines  are  on  lower 
Broadway,  or  at  "Steamship  Row,"  on  Bowling  Green,  where  they  occupy  a  block  of 
ancient  brick  houses  once  dwelt  in  by  the  merchant-princes  of  New  York. 

The  American  Line  is  the  successor  of  the  old  Inman  Line,  which  began 
operations  in  1850,  under  the  title  of  the  Liverpool,  New- York  &  Philadelphia 
Steamship  Company.  The  Inman  Line  was  purchased  in  1886  by  the  International 
Navigation  Company,  of  Philadelphia  ;  but  it  was  not  until  early  in  1893  that  the 
company  was  able  to  naturalize  the  two  steamships  New  York  and  Paris,  and  start 
them  running  under  the  flag  of  the  country  in  which  they  were  actually  owned. 
The  ceremonies  of  transferring  the  ships  to  the  American  flag  on  the  New  York  were 
appropriately  performed  on  "Washington's  Birthday  by  President  Harrison,  in  the 
presence  of  the  members  of  his  cabinet,  and  a  large  gathering  of  distinguished  and 
representative  United-States  citizens,  invited  by  the  International  Navigation  Com- 
pany to  witness  this  most  interesting  ceremony.  The  placing  of  this  most  magnificent 
fleet  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes  has  attracted  an  immense  patronage  from  American 
travellers.  Not  content  with  merely  changing  the  flag  and  name  of  the  line,  the  man- 
agement, recognizing  the  enormous  advantages  of  Southampton  as  a  terminal  point 
in  Great  Britain  over  any  other  available  port,  started  their  newly-named  service  to  a 
new  terminus  in  England.  The  American  Line  ships  Paris,  New  York,  Berlin  and 
Chester  now  sail  every  Saturday  to  Southampton.  It  will  be  noticed  that,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  changes,  the  words  City  of  in  the  names  of  the  ships  have  been 
dropped.  These  steamships  are  so  well  known  to  transatlantic  travellers  that  it 
seems  hardly  necessary  to  describe  them  minutely.  The  Paris  has  made  the  fastest 
westbound  transatlantic  voyage  on  record,  her  time  being  5  days,  14  hours  and  24 
minutes,  while  her  sister-ship,  the  New  York,  has  the  honor  of  holding  the  record 
of  some  of  the  fastest  voyages  made  to  the  eastward.  These  two  American 
steamships  are  provided  with  double  bottoms,  so  that  the  inner  skin  would  keep 
out  the  water  if  the  outer  one  were  broken.  They  have  twenty  water-tight  com- 
partments, separated  by  solid  bulkheads,  and  fronted  by  an  immensely  thick 
collision-bulkhead,  near  the  bow  ;  and  twin  screws,  each  driven  by  an  independent 
triple-expansion  engine,  so  that  if  one  becomes  disabled,  the  ship  can  be  brought 


7* 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


into  port  with  the  other  engine.  The  number  of  cabin  passengers  carried  by  these 
steamships  is  limited  to  the  number  they  can  seat  at  table  at  one  sitting.  All  possi- 
bility of  overcrowding  is  thereby  avoided.  These  steamers  are  each  580  feet  long 
and  59  feet  deep,  and  the  extreme  breadth  is  63^  feet.  They  have  a  displacement 
of  10,500  tons  each,  and  20,000  horse-power.  Each  ship  carries  many  of  its  first- 
cabin  passengers  on  the  promenade  and  saloon  decks,  some  in  suites  of  sitting-room, 
bed-room,  bath-room  and  toilet-room,  and  others  in  rooms  arranged  with  berths  fold- 
ing up  like  those  in  a  Pullman  car,  so  that  by  day  the  place  becomes  a  pleasant  sitting- 
room.  The  other  first-class  cabins,  on  the  main  and  upper  decks,  are  of  greater 
size  than  usual,  and  elegantly  and  comfortably  furnished.  The  dining  saloons  are 
spacious  rooms  of  singular  beauty  and  convenience,  with  high  arched  ceilings  and 
choice  architectural  and  artistic  decorations.  Every  device  calculated  to  increase  the 
comfort  of  passengers  has  been  combined  in  these  splendid  ships,  which  are  at  once 
swift,  secure  and  sumptuous,  as  strong  as  battle-ships  and  as  luxurious  as  Belgravia 
drawing-rooms.      The  kitchens  are  isolated,   and  ventilated   into   the  funnels. 


] 


HELL  GATE,  FROM  GREAT  BARN  ISLAND,  ABOUT  1825. 


Hydraulic  power  is  used  instead  of  steam  for  the  daily  work  of  steering,  hoisting 
out  supplies,  and  many  other  duties  ;  and  its  operation  is  very  nearly  noiseless. 

The  rates  of  first-cabin  passage  are  from  % 60  to  $650,  depending  on  the  ship,  the 
season,  the  number  in  a  state-room,  and  the  location.  All  these  steamers  have  spa- 
cious state-rooms,  ventilated  by  electric-driven  fans  and  other  devices,  and  containing 
scientific  plumbing  and  other  modern  improvements. 

The  International  Navigation  Company  has  contracted  with  The  William  Cramp 
&  Sons  Ship  and  Engine-Building  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  construction 
of  several  new  steamers  of  the  highest  order  known  to  naval  architecture,  and  when 
this  magnificent  fleet  of  modern  steamships  is  afloat,  the  company  will  maintain  a 


KING*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


79 


weekly  service  to  Southampton  and  a  weekly  service  to  Antwerp,  calling  at 
Southampton  and  Boulogne.  It  is  readily  appreciated  that  these  two  ships,  with 
their  promised  sisters,  among  the  largest,  finest  and  fastest  vessels  in  the  world,  are  a 
valuable  acquisition  to  the  United-States  Navy. 

The  American  Line  and  the  Red  Star  Line  (both  of  which  are  owned  by  the  In- 
ternational Navigation  Company)  land  their  passengers  directly  on  the  company's 
piers,  and  thus  save  them  the  inconvenience,  discomfort  and  exposure  of  being 
transferred  by  small  tenders.  American  Line  and  Red  Star  Line  cabin  tickets  are 
interchangeable  ;  the  return  portion  is  available  by  either  line,  as  the  passenger  may 


AMERICAN   LINE,  NEW  PIERS  14  AND  15,  NORTH  RIVER. 


choose.  The  International  Navigation  Company  has  recently  acquired  the  largest 
and  finest  pier  property  in  New-York  harbor,  near  the  Cortlandt-Street  ferry  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  known  as  New  Pier  14,  or  Washington  Pier.  They  also 
own  New  Pier  15.  They  are  rapidly  fitting  up  these  piers  with  a  second  story,  and 
in  the  most  improved  manner  ;  and  New  Pier  14  will  be  in  many  respects  the  most 
commodious  pier  in  the  world,  with  admirable  provision  for  passengers  and  freight. 

The  offices  of  the  company  are  at  6  Bowling  Green,  New  York  ;  307  Walnut 
Street,  Philadelphia ;  32  South  Clark  Street,  Chicago  ;  3  Cockspur  Street,  London  ; 
Canute  Road,  Southampton  ;  and  22  Kammenstrasse,  Antwerp. 

The  Whit~  Star  Line  (or  Oceanic  Steam  Navigation  Company),  founded  in 
1870,  sent  out  in  1875  the  Britannic  and  Germanic,  steamships  of  a  new  type,  of 
great  length  and  equipped  with  powerful  compound  engines.  Fourteen  years  later, 
in  1889,  the  magnificent  Teutonic  and  Majestic  were  launched,  each  of  them  582  feet 
long,  and  of  nearly  10,000  tons  displacement.  In  March,  1891,  the  Majestic  crossed 
from  Queenstown  to  New  York  in  5  days,  18  hours,  and  8  minutes,  and  the  Teutonic 
made  the  same  voyage  in  5  days  and  16^  hours,  the  average  being  20^  knots  an 
hour,  and  the  swiftest  day's  run  reaching  517  knots.  Each  of  these  giants  of  the 
sea  can  carry  1,200  passengers  and  2,500  tons  of  freight;  and  each  of  them  cost 
above  $2,000,000.  They  are  built  of  Siemens-Martin  steel,  and  each  is  propelled 
by  two  independent  sets  of  triple-expansion  engines,  with  manganese  bronze  propel- 
lers. They  are  minutely  divided  by  athwart-ship  and  longitudinal  bulk-heads, 
ensuring  rigidity,  strength  and  security.  There  are  family  and  single-berth  state- 
rooms, ivory-and-gold  Renaissance  saloons,  smoking-rooms  decorated  with  embossed 
leather  and  fine  marine  paintings,  a  library-room  with  well-filled  book-cases  and 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


luxurious  furniture,  and  many  other  very  comfortable  departments.  The  first-cabin 
rates  are  from  $80  to  $600,  depending  on  the  steamship,  the  season,  and  the  loca- 
tion of  the  state-room.  Among  the  other  vessels  of  the  line  are  the  Oceanic,  its 
%  first  boat ;  the  Belgic,  Gaelic  and  Adriatic;  and  the  Coptic,  Doric  and  Ionic.  All 
these  were  built  at  Belfast,  Ireland.  The  company's  dock  is  at  the  foot  of  West 
ioth  Street.  The  twin-screw  steamships  Bovic,  Tauric,  and  Nomadic,  and  the 
Runic  and  Cufic,  are  used  for  freight  exclusively,  and  cross  in  ten  days,  In  a  single 
voyage,  the  Nomadic  has  carried  9,591  tons  of  freight ;  and  the  Cufic  has  brought  to 
New  York  at  one  time  77,000  boxes  of  tin-plate. 

The  Cunard  Line  was  established  by  Samuel  Cunard,  of  Halifax,  David 
Mclver,  of  Liverpool,  and  George  Burns,  of  Glasgow ;  and  began  its  voyages  in  the 
year  1840.  Its  official  title  was  the  British  &  North- American  Royal  Mail  Steam 
Packet  Company.  The  first  Cunarders  were  paddle-wheel  vessels,  of  wood,  and 
bore  the  names  —  Britannia,  Acadia,  Columbia,  and  Caledonia.    Those  four  steam  - 


PECK  SLIP,  EAST  RIVER. 


ships  carried  the  mails  between  Liverpool,  Halifax  and  Boston,  for  which  the  com- 
pany received  $400,000  yearly.  The  mail  service  has  ever  since  been  an  important 
perquisite  of  the  Cunard  Company.  The  fleet  was  increased  by  the  Hibernia,  in 
1843;  tne  Cambria,  in  1845;  tne  America,  Niagara,  Europa  and  Columbia,  in 
1850;  the  Asia  and  Africa;  the  Persia,  in  1855;  and  the  Scotia,  in  1862.  The 
China,  launched  in  1862,  was  the  first  iron  screw  steamship  in  the  Cunard  fleet.  In 
1874,  the  Bothnia  and  Scythia  were  launched  ;  and  in  1 881,  the  Servia.  In  1884-85, 
appeared  the  Etruria  and  Umbria,  each  of  over  8,000  tons,  and  in  their  day  the 
sovereigns  of  the  seas.  The  Campania  and  Lucania  began  to  run  in  1893,  and  are 
each  of  nearly  13,000  tons  and  25,000  horse-power,  with  a  length  of  625  feet.  The 
Cunard  New- York  fleet  includes  the  Campania,  Lucania,  Etruria,  Umbria,  Aurania, 
Gallia,  Servia  and  Bothnia,  sailing  on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays  for  Queenstown 
and  Liverpool.  The  first-cabin  fare  from  New  York  to  Liverpool  is  from  $60  to 
$125.    The  Cunard  dock  is  at.Pier  40,  N.  R.,  at  the  foot  of  Clarkson  Street. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  'NEW  YORK. 


The  Guion  Line  dates  from  1864,  when  its  great  new  steamships  succeeded  its 
line  of  wooden  sailing-packets,  established  in  1842.  The  construction  of  the  Ari- 
zona, in  1879,  inaugurated  the  wonderful  rivalry  which  has  since  stimulated  the 
ocean  lines  to  increase  the  size,  speed  and  comfort  of  their  ships.  The  Arizona 
was  of  5,164  tons,  and  crossed  in  7  days  and  3^  hours;  and  her  sister-ship,  the 
Alaska,  built  in  1 881,  of  6,932  tons,  and  11,000  horse-power,  made  a  still  better 
record.  These  two  enormous  ships  have  accommodations  for  about  1,200 
passengers  and  2,000  tons  of  freight  each.  The  other  vessels  —  the  Nevada,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  Wyoming  were  built  at  Jarrow,  England,  between  1 868  and  1870,  and  are 
smaller.  All  the  Guion  boats  are  of  iron,  with  water-tight  compartments.  The 
cabin  passage  rates  vary  from  $50  to  $100,  and  upward,  according  to  the  ship  or  the 
location  of  the  berth.    The  Guion  dock  is  at  the  foot  of  Grand  Street,  Jersey  City. 

The  Anchor  Line,  founded  in  1852,  by  Thomas  Henderson,  has  on  its  service" 
between  New  York  and  Glasgow,  six  fine  steamships,  with  weekly  sailings.  The 


SOUTH  STREET  AND  HARBOR,  AND  JEANNETTEE  PARK. 


Ethiopia,  Devonia,  Circassia  and  Anihoria  are  each  of  between  4,000  and  5,000  tons. 
The  Furnessia,  of  6, 500  tons,  is  a  fine  vessel,  with  electric  lights,  water-tight  com- 
partments, and  a  rich  furnishing.  The  City  of  Rome,  built  in  188 1,  at  Barrow,  has 
a  gross  tonnage  of  8,415,  with  four  masts,  three  funnels,  and  a  magnificent  equip- 
ment for  passenger  accommodation.  The  Anchor  cabin  fares  from  New  York  to 
Glasgow  are  from  $50  to  $100.  The  Anchor  dock  is  at  Pier  54,  N.  R.,  foot  of 
West  24th  Street.  The  route  is  across  to  the  bold  north  coast. of  Ireland;  up 
Lough  Foyle  to  Moville,  where  passengers  for  Londonderry  get  on  a  tender  ;  across 
the  North  Channel  and  the  Firth  of  Clyde  ;  and  up  the  wonderfully  interesting 
River  Clyde  for  25  miles  to  Glasgow.  This  company  also  has  Mediterranean 
and  Indian  services. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


83 


The  National  Line,  founded  in  1863,  runs  from  New  York  to  Liverpool  and 
London,  and  has  twelve  large  steamships,  once  favorite  passenger-boats,  but  now 
entirely  devoted  to  freighting.  In  a  single  trip  one  of  these  vessels  has  carried  over 
1,000  head  of  cattle. 

The  Atlantic  Transport  Line,  running  every  ten  days  between  New  York 
and  London,  is  also  devoted  to  freight. 

The  Bristol  City  Line,  at  the  foot  of  West  26th  Street,  and  the  Manhanset 

Line,  for  Avonmouth,  whose  pier  is  at  Jersey  City,  have  a  large  freight  business 
with  Bristol  and  South  Wales,  served  by  weekly  steamships  on  each  route.  The 
English  coast  is  also  reached  by  the  Hamburg-American  and  North  German  Lloyd 
steamships,  calling  at  Southampton,  from  or  for  New  York  every  day  or  two. 

The  Allan-State  Line,  between  New  York,  Londonderry,  and  Glasgow,  was 
founded  in  1S72  by  a  Glasgow  company,  under  the  name  of  the  State  Line.  The 
New- York  fleet  includes  the  Clyde-built  steamships  State  of  California,  State  of 
Nebraska,  and  State  of  Xevada,  strong  and  comfortable  vessels  of  iron  or  steel,  with 
saloons  amidships,  and  electric-lighted  parlors  and  sitting-rooms  and  state-rooms  on 
the  main  deck.  The  California  was  built  on  the  Clyde,  in  1 89 1,  and  is  400  feet 
long,  with  a  tonnage  of  4,500,  eight  water-tight  compartments,  triple-expansion 
engines,  steel  boilers,  and  accommodations  for  1,000  passengers.  This  line  carries 
large  quantities  of  freight,  and  is  thus  able  to  make  very  low  rates  for  passengers 
who  are  not  in  a  hurry  to  get  across.  Its  first-cabin  rates  are  $40,  or  $75  for  the 
trip  over  and  back.  The  steamships  leave  the  foot  of  West  2 1st  Street  Thursdays. 
The  Allan  Line  also  sends  out  freight  steamships,  which  bring  back  passengers. 

The  Wilson  Line  owns  thirty  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  114,000,  mainly 
devoted  to  freighting.  There  are  four  services  from  New  York,  running  to  Hull, 
London,  Newcastle.and  Antwerp.  The  Hull  steamships  sail  from  Hoboken  (cabin 
fare,  $45),  and  carry  no  steerage  passengers.  The  London  steamships  include 
several  4, 500-ton  vessels.  They  are  largely  devoted  to  carrying  cattle,  and  make 
long  and  leisurely  passages. 

The  Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique,  usually  known  as  the  "  French 
Line,"  serves  the  route  between  New  York  and  Havre  with  six  fine  express  mail 
steamships,  La  Touraine,  La  Bourgogne,  La  iVormandie,  La  Champagtie,  La  Bre- 
tag/wand  La  Gascogfie.  Each  of  these  vessels  can  accommodate  1,300  passengers,  and 
carries  2,500  tons  of  freight.  Several  of  them  were  built  at  St.  Nazaire,  France, 
by  the  company  ;  and  so  also  was  La  Touraine,  with  a  tonnage  of  10,000,  and 


NEW-YORK  CENTRAL  A   HUOSON-RIVER  RAILROAD  COMPANY'S  ELEVATOR. 


84 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


12,000  horse-power,  and  costing  % 2, 000, 000.  She  has  made  the  run  from  Havre  to 
New  York  in  six  days  and  8^  hours.  The  French  Line  ships  are  of  steel,  with 
water-tight  compartments  and  cellular  bottoms.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  voyage 
the  vessels  command  pleasant  views  of  the  Channel  Islands  and  the  great  naval  city 
of  Cherbourg,  and  then  swing  around  the  French  coast  to  Havre  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Seine.  The  pier  is  No.  42,  N.  R.,  at  the  foot  of  Morton  Street.  The  office  is 
at  3  Bowling  Green,  Augustin  Forgt-t  being  the  general  agent  for  the  United  States. 

The  Bordeaux  Line,  originating  in  1880,  runs  three  British-built  steamships, 
the  Chateau  Lafite,  Panama  and  Tancarville,  making  the  voyage  in  nine  days. 

The  Netherlands-American  Line  calls  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer. 

The  North  German  Lloyd  (Norddeutscher  Lloyd)  is  one  of  the  greatest 
steamship  companies  the  world  has  ever  seen,  and  its  flag  floats  proudly  on  every 
sea.  It  was  formed  in  1856,  by  Herr  H.  H.  Meier,  who  amalgamated  the  shipping 
interests  of  Bremen,  and  its  five  maritime  companies,  into  one  powerful  union. 
The  steamships  Bremen,  New  York,  Hudson  (afterwards  burnt),  and  Weser  (after- 
wards sold)  were  built  at  Greenock,  and  began  running  in  1858  ;  the  Hansa  came  on 
in  1861  ;  the  America,  in  1862;  the  Hermann,  in  1865,  and  other  steamers  in  the 
fifteen  following  years,  until  a  great  sea  fleet  was  created.  In  1881,  the  splendid 
express  steamer  Elbe  began  running;  in  1882,  the  Werra  and  Fulda;  in  1883,  the 


Eider  and  Ems ;  in  1885,  the  A  Her ;  in  1886,  the  Trave  and  Saale ;  and  in  1888, 
the  Lahn.  All  these  vessels  were  built  at  Glasgow.  The  later  additions  to  the 
fleet,  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II,  Spree  and  Havel  were  built  at  Stettin,  Germany. 
The  twelve  Lloyd  express  steamers  are  of  about  from  4,500  to  7,000  tons  each, 
and  carry  1,150  passengers  and  2,000  tons  of  freight.  They  leave  New  York 
(Hoboken)  semi-weekly,  crossing  in  about  seven  days  to  Southampton,  within  two 
hours'  ride  of  London  ;  and  thence  running  along  the  English  Channel  and  the 
North  Sea  to  Bremerhaven,  which  is  I  y%  hours  by  railway  from  Bremen. 

The  comforts  of  the  Lloyd  ships  are  unexcelled.  The  promenade-deck  is  200 
feet  long,  and  the  whole  width  of  the  ship,  sheltered  by  awnings,  lit  by  electricity, 
and  made  melodious  by  the  orchestra  daily.  A  broad  stairway  leads  to  the  saloon, 
of  great  size,  and  superbly  furnished,  with  rare  carvings,  paintings,  mirrors,  book- 
cases, and  plush  curtains,  and  perfectly  lighted  and  ventilated.  The  saloon  is 
amidships,  and  occupies  the  entire  width  of  the  vessel,  the  sides  being  taken  up  by 


HOBOKEN  FERRY  PIER,  NORTH  RIVER,  FOOT  OF  CHRISTOPHER  STREET. 


86 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


cozy  alcoves,  with  lounges  and  small  tables.  The  ladies'  cabin,  in  the  gallery 
above,  on  the  upper  deck,  is  richly  adorned  with  paintings,  and  has  many  divans 
and  easy  chairs.  The  state-rooms  are  on  the  saloon-deck,  nearly  all  outside,  of 
large  dimensions,  white,  airy  and  comfortable. 

The  North  German  Lloyd  has  59  ocean  steamships,  including  lines  from  Bremen 
to  Baltimore,  weekly ;  to  Antwerp,  Lisbon  and  Brazil,  monthly  ;  to  Buenos  Ayres 
and  Montevideo,  every  ten  days ;  to  India  and  China,  monthly ;  to  the  Aus- 
tralian ports,  monthly;  and  branch  lines  from  Hong  Kong  to  Japan  ;  and  from  Singa- 
pore to  Java  and  Sumatra  and  the  German  colony  of  New  Guinea.  No  other 
steamship  company  has  so  great  a  tonnage.  The  general  agents  are  Oelrichs  & 
Co.,  2  Bowling  Green,  New  York,  —  a  firm  that  has  existed  for  almost  a  century. 

The  Hamburg-American  Packet  Company  is  the  oldest  German  trans- 
atlantic line,  having  been  founded  as  early  as  the  year  1847.  Nine  years  later  it 
sent  out  its  first  steam  vessel,  the  predecessor  of  a  magnificent  fleet  of  54  steamships 
now  owned  by  the  company,  and  running  on  sixteen  lines,  reaching  Boston,  Balti- 
more, and  Philadelphia,  as  well  as  New  York,  and  also  plying  to  the  West  Indies 
and  the  Spanish  Main.  Safety,  speed  and  comfort  are  the  three  prime  objects  of 
the  line,  and  it  has  already  forwarded  over  two  million  passengers,  between  the  Old 
World  and  the  New.  The  Express  Service,  from  New  York  to  Southampton  and 
Hamburg,  is  served  by  four  of  the  noblest  and  most  magnificent  of  the  great 
ocean  steamships,  the  Fiirst  Bismarck,  Augusta  Victoria,  iVormannia,  and  Columbia. 
The  two  first-named  were  built  at  the  Vulcan  Works,  at  Stettin,  and  the  others  at 
Govan  (Scotland)  and  Birkenhead.  These  greyhounds  of  the  sea  are  constructed  of 
steel  and  teakwood,  with  double  bottoms  and  numerous  water-tight  compartments. 
They  are  from  10,000  to  12,000  tons  each,  with  a  horse-power  of  from  13,000  to 
16,000,  and  a  speed  of  from  19  to  2of  knots  an  hour.  The  Fiirst  Bismarck  has 
made  the  run  between  New  York  and  Southampton  in  6  days  and  uf  hours,  the 
fastest  time  between  those  ports,  and  the  transit  between  New  York  and  London  is 
made  regularly  in  less  than  a  week  by  this  route.  After  leaving  Southampton,  the 
Express  steamships  in  24  hours  run  across  the  North  Sea  to  Cuxhaven,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Elbe,  whence  the  passengers  are  transported  to  Hamburg  by  railway. 
These  majestic  vessels  are  among  the  swiftest  plying  between  America  and  the 
Continent  of  Europe,  and  their  passengers  are  landed  almost  in  the  heart  of  the  Old 
World.  Their  safety  is  increased  by  powerful  turtle-backs  at  stem  and  stern,  and 
also  by  complete  twin-screw  systems,  so  that  if  one  engine,  boiler,  shaft,  or  screw 
should  be  disabled,  the  ship  could  be  propelled  by  the  other  set. 

The  furnishing  of  the  Hamburg  steamships  is  sumptuous,  the  saloons  having 
been  decorated  by  eminent  European  artists.  The  white  and  gold  furniture  of  the 
music-room,  the  rich  damask  hangings  of  the  ladies'  saloon,  the  carved  dark-wood 
panels  of  the  main  saloon,  the  great  glass  cupola,  all  give  the  impression  of  the 
state  apartments  in  some  Old- World  palace.  The  state-rooms  are  unusually  large 
and  airy,  some  of  them  arranged  in  suites,  for  families. 

Besides  the  Express  Service,  there  is  the  Regular  Service  of  the  Hamburg-Ameri- 
can Company,  from  New  York  to  Hamburg  direct,  touching  at  Havre  on  the  return. 
Its  first-cabin  fares  are  from  $45  upward.  It  employs  the  iron  and  steel  steamships 
Bohemia,  Dania,  Gellert,  Gothia,  Moravia,  Rhcetia,  Rugia,.  Russia,  Scandia,  Sla- 
vonia,  Suevia,  Venetia,  Virginia,  Wieland,  etc.  These  great  ships  are  divided  into 
water-tight  compartments,  and  heated  by  steam,  lighted  by  electricity,  and  have  their 
state-rooms  on  the  main  deck,  with  abundant  light  and  air.  This  is  a  route  by 
which  the  traveller  gets  many  comforts  for  comparatively  little  money. 


HAMBURG-AMERICAN  PACKET  COMPANY. 

PIERS  AT  HOBOKEN.     OFFICES  A7  3  7  BROADWAY,   NEW  YORK. 


88 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  general  office  of  the  Hamburg- American  Line  is  at  37  Broadway,  New 
York,  and  the  docks  of  the  steamships  are  at  Hoboken,  with  good  accommodations 
for  their  varied  traffic. 

The  Union  Line  is  operated  by  the  Hamburg-American  Packet  Company,  and 
maintains  the  steamships  Sorrento,  Marsala,  Amalfi,  and  Taormina  on  the  direct 
route  between  New  York  and  Hamburg,  taking  steerage  passengers  only. 

The  Red  Star  Line  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  Atlantic  steamship 
lines,  running  weekly  from  New  York  to  Antwerp  and  from  Philadelphia  to  Ant- 
werp, and  is  owned  by  the  International  Navigation  Company,  the  proprietors  of 
the  American  Line.  Although  the  steamers  of  this  line  do  not  enjoy  the  reputation 
of  being  "ocean  greyhounds,"  they  make  the  voyage  between  ports  in  nine  or  ten 
days,  and  compare  favorably  in  this  respect  with  other  Continental  lines.  The 
steamships  Friesland,  Westemland,  Noordland,  Waesland,  Pennland,  Rhymland. 
Belgenland,  S-vitzerland,  etc.,  are  magnificent  specimens  of  naval  architecture,  and 
especially  constructed  for  the  Atlantic  trade.  They  are  not  excelled  in  comfort  and 
safety  by  any  steamers  afloat.  Their  construction  is  in  excess  of  the  rigid  require- 
ments of  the  British  Lloyds  and  Bureau  Veritas,  under  whose  inspection  they  were 
built.  They  are  very  comfortably  arranged,  with  family  rooms,  dining-rooms  on 
saloon-deck,  electric  lights,  isolated  kitchens,  saloons  artistically  decorated  with 
rare  woodwork  and  paintings,  perfect  ventilating  apparatus,  and  smoking-rooms 
with  tiled  floors  and  mahogany  walls.  The  voyage  eastward  leads  past  the  Scilly 
Islands  and  the  Lizard,  whence  the  course  is  laid  up  the  Lnglish  Channel,  in  sight 


HHBGHBHii^HHBHHHHHHks..  —   -      —  - 

RED  STAR  LINE  STEAMSHIP  "FRIESLAND."    OFFICES,  6  BOWLING  GREEN. 

of  Eddystone  Rock,  the  Bill  of  Portland,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Hastings  and  Dover, 
with  the  French  coast  on  the  starboard  side.  Then  the  steamship  heads  across  the 
North  Sea,  passing  Dunkirk  and  Ostend,  entering  the  Scheldt  River  at  Flushing, 
47  miles  from  Antwerp.  This  port  was  chosen  as  the  Continental  terminal  on 
account  of  its  central  geographical  position,  within  a  few  hours'  railway  ride  of 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  89 

Paris,  Strasburg  or  Frankfort,  and  in  the  very  heart  of  the  quaint  and  fascinating 
Low  Countries,  and  because  it  avoided  the  extremely  disagreeable  "Channel  cross- 
ing" which  is  so  dreaded  by  many  experienced  travellers.  The  rates  by  this  line 
vary  from  about  $50  to  $  135,  according  to  the  season,  steamer  and  location  of 


OFFICES,  6  BOW 


room.  The  offices  of  the  company  are  at  6  Bowling  Green,  New  York  ;  307  Wal- 
nut Street,  Philadelphia ;  and  32  South  Clark  Street,  Chicago;  the  General  Euro- 
pean Agents  are  von  der  Becke  &  Marsily,  22  Kammenstrasse,  Antwerp. 

The  White  Cross  Line  runs  between  New  York  and  Antwerp,  with  the 
steamships  Hermann  and  De  Ruyter. 

The  Insular  Navigation  Company  (Empreza  Insulana  Navegacao)  runs  every 
three  weeks  from  New  York  to  the  Azore  Islands  in  nine  days  (fare,  $60),  to  Madeira 
(by  transfer)  in  eleven  days  ($75),  and  to  Lisbon  in  fifteen  days  ($90).  It  is  a 
Portuguese  line.    The  Vega  and  Peninsular  are  finely  equipped  4,000-ton  steamships. 

The  Mediterranean  Trade  is  accommodated  by  several  lines,  and  by  many 
"ocean  tramps,"  bringing  to  New  York  yearly  1,500,000  boxes  of  Sicily  oranges  and 
lemons,  600,000  barrels  of  Spanish  grapes,  and  vast  quantities  of  nuts  and  dried 
fruits.  Many  passengers  for  Southern  Europe  and  the  Levant  avail  themselves  of 
these  routes,  which  lie  far  south  of  the  storms  and  ice  of  the  North  Atlantic. 
There  are  lines  of  steamships  running  monthly  from  New  York  by  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  and  Suez  Canal  to  the  ports  of  India,  China  and  Japan.  They  are  usually 
laden  with  heavy  freights,  and  bring  back  valuable  cargoes  of  tea. 

The  Mediterranean  traffic  has  of  late  years  assumed  important  proportions,  and 
employs  extensive  fleets.  The  recent  enterprise  of  the  North  German  Lloyd  and 
Hamburg-American  lines  in  placing  some  of  their  finest  vessels  on  the  route  from 
New  York  to  Genoa  has  been  rewarded  by  large  passenger-lists,  and  this  method 
of  entering  upon  European  travel  is  destined  to  be  increasingly  popular.  Thus  the 
tourist's  land  journey  begins  in  the  innermost  centres  of  ancient  art  and  civilization. 


go 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Netherlands-American  Steam-Navigation  Company  was  founded  in 
1872,  and  runs  semi-weekly  steamers  from  New  York  (Hoboken)  to  Rotterdam  or 
Amsterdam,  touching  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer  to  land  passengers  for  Paris,  four  hours' 
distant  by  railway.  The  fleet  includes  the  steamships  Spaarndam,  Maasdam,  Veen- 
dam,  IVerkcndam,  Amsterdam,  Obdam,  Rotterdam,  Didam,  Dubbelda?n,  Edam,  Schie- 
dam, and  P.  Caland,  the  first  seven  having  been  built  at  Belfast,  and  the  next  two  at 
Rotterdam  (in  1 891).  The  Netherlands  steamers  are  four-masters,  with  four  decks 
and  eight  water-tight  compartments,  and  very  commodious  equipments.  They  are 
lighted  by  electricity  and  heated  by  steam,  and  have  commodious  and  comfort- 
able state-rooms,  saloons,  smoking-rooms,  and  other  advantages,  together  with 
unusually  low  rates  of  fare,  making  this  the  cheapest  of  all  the  Continental  lines. 
The  first-cabin  rates  are  from  $55  to  $70.    The  route  traverses  the  Atlantic  Ocean 


NETHERLANDS-AMERICAN  LINE  STEAMSHIP  "  SPAARNDAM, "  OFFICE  39  BROADWAY 


and  the  English  Channel,  with  pleasant  views  of  the  coasts  of  England  and  France 
and  the  port  of  Boulogne,  and  ascends  the  River  Maas,  an  arm  of  the  Rhine,  four- 
teen miles,  by  Vlaardingen  and  Delfthaven,  to  Rotterdam.  The  steamships  sailing 
on  Wednesday  do  not  call  at  this  port,  but  go  on  to  Amsterdam,  traversing  the 
costly  North-Sea  Canal  from  Ymuiden,  about  fifteen  miles.  Either  of  these  great 
ports  has  favorable  railway  communication  with  Parfs,  Vienna,  Berlin  and  all  other 
cities  of  Continental  Europe.  The  magnificent  Rhine  steamboats  start  directly  from 
Rotterdam,  running  to  Diisseldorf,  Cologne,  Bonn,  Coblenz,  Mayence  and  Mannheim, 
which  is  close  to  beautiful  Heidelberg  and  the  grand  old  cathedral-cities  of  Worms 
and  Spires,  and  within  six  hours  of  Switzerland.  The  Netherlands- American  piers 
are  at  the  foot  of  5th  Street,  in  Hoboken  ;  and  the  offices  are  at  39  Broadway, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Bowling  Green,  New  York. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


91 


The  Netherlands-American  Line  is  preferred  by  many  travellers  who  wish  to 
avoid  the  discomforts  of  the  Channel  passage,  and  to  be  landed  directly  on  the 
Continent,  where  a  comfortable  journey  by  railway  will  lead  them  to  the  great 
metropolitan  cities  of  Germany,  France  and  Italy,  or  to  the  mountain-glories  of 
Switzerland.  Although  the  Netherlands  steamships  are  large  and  well-equipped, 
the  rates  of  passage  are  relatively  very  moderate,  and  purchase  a  high  value  in  good 
and  comfortable  accommodations.  This  is  therefore  one  of  the  most  popular  of  the 
prominent  Continental  lines,  and  is  fully  patronized  during  the  seasons  of  travel  by 
many  well-known  American  and  European  families. 

The  Thingvalla  Line  in  1879  began  its  voyages  from  New  York  to  Norway 
and  Sweden,  with  Scandinavian  officers  and  crews  and  flag,  and  bearing  the  mails. 
The  run  takes  from  eleven  to  twelve  days  ;  and  the  first-cabin  fares  are  $50  and  $60. 
The  Hekla,  Thingvalla,  Norge  and  Island,  make  fortnightly  sailings  from  Hoboken 
to  Christiania  and  Christiansand,  in  Norway,  and  Copenhagen,  in  Denmark. 

The  North  German  Lloyd  Mediterranean  Service,  inaugurated  in  1891, 
runs  about  weekly  the  fast  express  steamships  Fulda,  Wert  a  y  Ems  and  Kaiser  Wil- 
helm  II.  They  reach  Gibraltar  in  eight  days,  and  thence  in  less  than  three  days 
arrive  at  Genoa,  in  some  cases  proceeding  to  Naples,  where  connections  are  made 
by  Lloyd  steamers  running  to  Palermo,  and  also,  during  the  winter  season,  with 
special  North  German  Lloyd  steamers  between  Genoa  and  Alexandria,  Egypt. 
Travellers  desiring  to  reach  Italy,  Switzerland,  the  Riviera,  Southern  France,  Sicily, 
Egypt  and  the  Nile  can  do  so  in  the  shortest  possible  time,  and  in  the  most  con- 
venient manner,  by  these  Mediterranean  lines  of  the  North  German  Lloyd  Steamship 
Co.  The  route  from  New  York  to  the  Mediterranean  is  on  southern  latitudes,  ensur- 
ing comparatively  smooth  trips  and  pleasant  passages  during  the  winter  months,  and 
a  corresponding  degree  of  comfort  for  travellers. 

The  Hamburg-American  Packet  Company's  Mediterranean  Express 
Line  runs  a  fine  winter-service  of  twin-screw  express  steamers  from  New  York. 
They  cross  the  Atlantic  in  less  than  seven  days,  and  make  their  first  call  at  Algiers, 
thus  offering  a  direct  means  of  communication  between  New  York  and  that  cele- 
brated winter-resort.  From  there  they  go  to  the  superb  bay  of  Naples,  where 
connection  is  made  for  Sicily,  Rome  and  the  East.  Leaving  this  port,  the  Ham- 
burg-American steamship  the  next  day  reaches  Genoa,  convenient  to  the  Riviera, 
the  Italian  Lakes,  and  Switzerland.  The  Hamburg- American  Packet  Company 
also  once  a  year,  generally  at  the  beginning  of  February,  sends  one  of  its  magnificent 
twin-screw  express  steamers  from  New  York  on  a  cruise  to  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  Orient,  touching  at  Gibraltar,  Genoa,  Ajaccio,  Alexandria  (for  Cairo  and  the 
Pyramids),  Jaffa  (for  Jerusalem),  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  Athens,  Malta,  Syracuse, 
Palermo,  Naples  and  Algiers.  The  excursion  lasts  about  ten  weeks,  and  embraces 
the  principal  places  of  a  region  whose  every  inch  of  soil  abounds  with  stirring 
reminiscences  of  ancient  lore  and  history,  in  the  regions  rich  with  countless  treasures 
of  art  which  surround  "the  Storied  Sea." 

The  Anchor  Line  also  sends  steamships  every  ten  days  from  New  York  to 
Gibraltar,  Naples,  Genoa,  Leghorn,  Messina  and  Palermo. 

The  Florio  Italian  Line  sails  fortnightly  from  New  York  for  Gibraltar,  Mar- 
seilles, Genoa,  Naples,  Messina  and  Palermo,  connecting  with  steamships  for  Egypt, 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  West  Indies.  They  take  a  far  southerly  course,  below  the 
range  of  ice,  fogs  and  gales. 

The  Fabre  Line  sends  the  Neustria,  Massilia,  and  other  steamships  from 
Brooklyn  to  Naples  and  Marseilles  every  two  or  three  weeks. 


9 2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Peabody's  Australasian  Line  is  owned  and  operated  by  Henry  W.  Peabody 

&  Co.,  of  58  New  Street,  New  York,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  large 
mercantile  houses  engaged  in  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  port  of  New  York.  The 
business  of  this  firm  extends  to  nearly  all  parts  of  the  globe,  but  is  more  especially 
with  Great  Britain,  Australasia,  India,  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  Yucatan,  in  all 
of  which  countries  they  have  either  their  own  branch  houses  or  regularly  established 
■  agents.  They  are  also  well  known,  and  have  extensive  dealings  in  Mexico,  Central 
and  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  Africa.  It  is,  however,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Australian  shipping  and  commission  business,  which  has  for  a  long 

time  been  one  of  the  most  important  mer- 
cantile interests  of  the  port  of  New  York, 
that  the  firm  of  Henry  \V.  Peabody  &  Co. 
is  perhaps  best  known.  In  this  business, 
which  comprises  the  purchasing  and  ship- 
ping to  the  British  colonies  of  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  of  the  products  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada  of  every  description, 
Henry  W.  Peabody  &  Co.  have  taken  a 
foremost  place  since  1 859.  They  established 
between  the  United  States  and  Australia  the 
regular  line  of  sailing  vessels  known  as  Pea- 
body's  Australasian  Line,  of  which  the  pres- 
ent firm  are  still  the  proprietors.  In  this  ser- 
vice Henry  W.  Peabody  &  Co.  have  constantly 
under  charter  or  loading,  in  New  York,  first- 
class  ships,  in  which  they  take  all  freight 
offering  for  the  various  Australian  ports. 

The  Western  Seas,  to  their  utter- 
most ends,  are  traversed  by  steamships  and 
sailing  vessels,  loaded  by  or  for  the  Empire 
City. 

To  the  Southern  and  Gulf  coasts,  the 
West  Indies,  and  the  Central -American  and 
South-American  ports,   there   are  several 
first-class  sea-routes,  served  by  fine  vessels, 
and  much  used  for  winter  excursions,  as 
well  as  for  freighting.    An  inexpensive  voy- 
age of  two  or  three  days  conducts  the  trav- 
eller from  the  snow-bound  northern  coasts 
to  lands  of  perennial  summer,  the  lovely 
semi-tropical   Bermudas,  the  ever-popular 
Bahamas,  the  Lesser  Antilles,  the  summer- 
lands  of  Cuba,  Hayti  and  Jamaica,  and  the 
coasts  of  Mexico  and  the  Spanish  Main. 
The  Red-Cross  Steamships  Miranda  and  Portia  visit  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  St.  John's,  Newfoundland  (fare,  $34  ;  or  $60  for  the  round  trip  of  twelve 
days).    The  route  lies  through  Long-Island  Sound,  and  requires  fifty  hours  from 
New  York  to  Halifax,  and  an  equal  time  thence  to  St.  John:s. 

The  Mallory  Line's  Maine  and  Maritime  Provinces  Service  is  main- 
tained by  a  steamer  sailing  from  Pier  21,  E.  R.,  every  Saturday  afternoon  and  reach- 


1ENRY  W.  PEABODY  &  CO. '8  OFFICES,  58  NEW  ST. 


A'/.VG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  93 

ing  Bar  Harbor  Monday  morning,  Eastport  Monday  afternoon,  and  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick,  Monday  evening.    C.  H.  Mallory  &  Co.,  at  Pier  20,  are  the  agents. 

The  Maine  Steamship  Company  sends  out  its  swift  new  2,000-ton  steam- 
ships Manhattan  and  Cottage  City  thrice  weekly,  at  5  P.  M.,  from  Pier  38,  E.  R. 
(foot  of  Market  Street).  During  the  same  night  they  traverse  Long-Island  Sound, 
and  the  next  morning  they  stop  at  Cottage  City,  Martha's  Vineyard.  Sailing  thence 
eastward  through  Vineyard  Sound,  and  past  lone  Nantucket,  and  up  along  sandy 
Cape  Cod,  the  boat  reaches  Portland  at  nightfall,  27  hours  from  New  York. 

The  Metropolitan  Line  sends  its  large  and  powerful  freight-steamships  thrice 
weekly,  from  Pier  1 1,  N.  R.,  to  Boston,  by  the  outside  passage  around  Cape  Cod. 

The  Clyde  Steamship  Company  has  lines  of  steamers  running  between  Bos- 
ton, New  York, 
Philadelphia,  Bal- 
timore, Washing- 
ton, Norfolk, 
New  Berne,  Rich- 
mond, Troy,  Al- 
bany, Wilmington, 
N.  C. ;  George- 
town, S.  C .  ; 
Charleston,  S.  C, 
and  Jacksonville, 
Fla. ;  and  on  the 
St. -John's  River 
between  Jackson 
ville,  Palatka  and 

Sanford  and  inter-    HH^I^I^UHE  —   ..j 

mediate  landings;       '  vessel  of  henry  w.  peabody  &  co.  s  Australasian  line. 

also  between  New 

York  and  Turks  Island,  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo,  and  other  West-India  ports. 
Their  line  between  New  York,  Charleston,  and  Jacksonville,  comprises  the  steamers  : 
Iroquois,  Cherokee,  Algonquin,  Seminole,  Yemcssee  and  Delaware,  which  sail  from  the 
company's  wharf,  Pier  29,  E.  R.,  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays  and  Fridays. 

The  Clyde  steamships  for  the  far  South  pass  down  the  beautiful  harbor  of  New 
York  in  the  glory  of  the  late  afternoon,  traversing  the  Narrows,  and  rounding  the 
lonely  Sandy  Hook.  In  about  fifty  hours  they  reach  the  historic  city  of  Charleston, 
the  pride  of  South  Carolina,  passing  into  the  harbor  by  the  famous  Fort  Sumter  and 
Fort  Moultrie.  Here  the  vessel  sojourns  for  about  eight  hours,  giving  ample 
opportunity  for  an  inspection  of  the  city,  rising  undaunted  from  the  ruins  of  bombard- 
ments and  earthquakes.  From  Charleston  a  short  and  pleasant  voyage  outside  of 
the  Sea  Islands  of  Carolina  leads  down  to  the  low  semi-tropical  coast  of  Florida,  the 
land  of  flowers  and  oranges.  The  great  steamship  enters  the  St. -John's  River,  and 
runs  up  its  broad  course  for  25  miles,  to  the  city  of  Jacksonville,  from  which  railway 
or  river  routes  reach  all  parts  of  the  State.  Clyde's  St. -John's  River  Line  runs 
thence  southward  up  this  famous  river  for  193  miles,  by  Green  Cove  Springs, 
Palatka,  Astor,  Blue  Springs,  and  many  other  landings,  to  Sanford,  the  terminal 
point  of  seven  railways,  and  the  main  distributing  point  for  South  Florida.  The 
general  office  of  the  Clyde  Line  is  at  5  Bowling  Green  ;  and  its  dock  is  at  Pier 
29,  E.  R.,  at  the  foot  of  Roosevelt  Street,  under  the  great  Brooklyn  Bridge.  The 
steamers  of  the  West-India  Line  leave  from  Pier  15,  E.  R.,  as  advertised. 


94 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OK  NEW  YORK. 


The  Clydes  have  been  active  in  the  building  and  management  of  steamships  for 
more  than  half  a  century.  Thomas  Clyde,  the  founder  of  the  house,  was  a  co-laborer 
with  John  Ericsson,  as  early  as  1 837,  in  introducing  the  screw-propeffer.  He  built 
the  steamship  John  S.  McKim,  the  first  screw-steamer  ever  constructed  in  the 
United  States  for  commercial  purposes,  and  was  one  of  the  originators  and  owners 
of  the  first  line  of  propellers  —  the  Ericsson  Line,  which  to-day  has  a  service  between 


CLYDE'S  STEAMSHIP  PIER,  AT  FOOT  OF  ROOSEVELT  STREET,   NEW  YORK. 


Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.  The  John  S.  McKim,  by  the  way,  was  a  twin-screw 
ship.  This  steamer  conveyed  Col.  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  regiment  of  Mississippi 
troops  from  New  Orleans  to  one  of  the  Mexican  ports  during  the  Mexican  War. 
Strange  to  say,  it  was  a  Clyde  steamship,  the  Rebecca  Clyde,  which  brought  President 
Jefferson  Davis,  of  the  Confederacy,  a  prisoner  from  Savannah  to  Fort  Monroe, 
in  1865.  In  1871  the  Clydes  built  for  their  ship  George  W.  Clyde,  the  first  compound 
engine  ever  set  up  in  this  country,  and  in  1 886  built  the  first  large  triple-expansion 
engines  in  America.  They  were  placed  in  their  ship  Cherokee.  In  1888  the  Clydes 
also  built  the  steamer  Iroquois,  the  first  steel  steamship  ever  built  for  commercial 
purposes  in  this  country. 

The  Old  Dominion  Steamship  Company  has  a  fleet  of  eight  large  steam- 
ships, the  Seneca,  3,000  tons,  Guyandotte  and  Roanoke,  2,354  tons  each,  the  Old 
Dominion,  Wyanoke,  Richmond,  and  City  of  Columbia.  Their  sailings  are  from  the 
foot  of  Beach  Street,  Pier  26,  N.  R.,  New  York,  at  3  P.  M.,  four  times  a  week  to 
Norfolk,  Old  Point  Comfort  and  Newport  News,  Va.,  in  24  hours  (fare,  $8,  includ- 
ing meals  and  state-room  berth) ;  three  times  a  week  to  Richmond  in  36  hours 
(fare,  $9)  ;  and  thrice  a  week  to  West  Point,  Va.  At  Norfolk  connection  is  made 
with  the  company's  auxiliary  steamboat,  New  Berne,  running  through  the  sounds. 


KIN^S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  95 

The  Ocean  Steamship  Company  is  a  favorite  route  between  New  York 
and  Georgia^Klorida  and  the  Gulf  States.  Its  splendid  steamships,  Kansas  City, 
NacoochZ  &ty  of  Augusta,  City  of  Birmingham,  Chattahoochee  and  Tallahassee 
leave  New  York  everv  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday,  at  mid-afternoon,  reaching 
Savannah  in  from  44  to  55  hours,  and  connecting  there  with  the  Waycross  Short 
Line  the  Central  Railroad  of  Georgia,  and  other  routes  to  the  chief  points  of  the 
Southeastern  States.  The  voyage  is  full  of  interest  and  refreshment,  and  gives  a 
delightful  rest  to  a  tired  man  or  woman,  and  a  marvellous  change  of  climate,  from 
the  blue  winter  ice  of  the  North  to  the  orange-groves  and  perennial  gentleness  of 
the  South,  or,  in  summer,  from  the  blazing  heats  of  the  Gulf  States  to  the  bracing 
breezes  of  Yankeeland.  The  first  few  hours  of  the  voyage  are  made  charming  by 
the  vast  and  impressive  panorama  of  New- York  Bay  and  the  Navesink  Highlands, 
and  the  last  two  hours  by  the  ascent  of  the  Savannah  River,  with  its  historic  for- 
tresses, tropical  jungles  and  ancient  rice  and  cotton  plantations.  Between  these  two 
landward  episodes  are  forty  hours  on  the  open  sea,  with. all  its  mystery,  its  rest- 


OCEAN  STEAMSHIP  CO.  OF  SAVANNAH  CSAVAN N AH  LINE),  PIERS  34  AND  35,  NORTH  RIVER, 
FOOT  OF  SPRING  AND  CANAL  STREETS. 

fulness,  and  its  invigoration.  The  Ocean  Steamship  Line  also  runs  steamships 
between  Boston  and  Philadelphia  and  Savannah.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  covered 
piers  in  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Canal  and  Spring  Streets,  with  a  handsome  and 
capacious  building  containing  its  general  offices.  The  steamships  were  built  on  the 
Delaware  River,  under  the  inspection  of  the  highest  boards  of  survey,  and  are  of 
iron  and  steel,  with  triple-expansion  engines,  and  divided  into  water-tight  compart- 
ments. Among  the  fleet  are  the  fastest  merchant  vessels  on  the  American  coasts. 
The  state-rooms  are  larger  than  those  on  the  transatlantic  steamships,  and  each  has 
two  roomy  berths,  and  is  lighted  by  electric  lights.    The  saloons  are  finished  in 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  %OA'K. 


polished  sat  in  wood  and  white  mahogany,  with  rich  upholstery,  curtains  and  car- 
pets to  match.  There  are  well-appointed  smoking  -rooms  for  the  men^  on  the  hur- 
ricane-deck. The  promenade-deck  is  spacious  and  secure,  and  affords  a  capital 
place  for  health-giving  walks.  R.  L.  Walker  is  the  New- York  agent  of  the  Ocean 
Steamship  Company,  at  New  Pier  35,  N.  R.  The  business  of  the  Savannah  Line 
is  so  immense  that  it  is  necessary  to  utilize  the  adjoining  pier. 

The  St. -Augustine  Steamship  Company  sends  the  City  of  St.  Augustine,  a 
freight-steamer,  every  three  weeks  from  the  foot  of  Clinton  Street  to  St.  Augustine, 
Florida. 

The  Cromwell  Steamship  Company  dispatches  a  steamer  every  Wednesday 
and  Saturday  "from  Pier  9,  N.  R.,  New  York,  to  New  Orleans  direct.  The  fleet 
includes  the  largest  and  finest  vessels  in  this  coastwise  trade,  built  of  iron,  exclu- 
sively for  this  route,  and  first-class  in  every  respect.  The  cabin  fare  is  $35  ;  and 
return  tickets  good  for  six  months  cost  $60.  This  is  a  six  days'  voyage,  the  round 
trip,  with  four  days  at  New  Orleans,  taking  sixteen  days. 

The  Morgan  Steamship  Line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Company,  dis- 
patches every  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday  from  New  Pier  25,  N.  R.,  one  of  its 
steamships  El  Norte,  El  Monte,  El  Sol,  El  Rio,  El  Mar,  El  Sud,  El  Paso,  Excelsior 
and  El  Dorado,  bound  for  New  Orleans.  They  are  devoted  entirely  to  freighting, 
and  carry  out  vast  cargoes  destined  to  the  Mississippi  and  Red-River  points  and  to 


SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  CO.'S  STEAMSHIP 


Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Texas,  New  and  Old  Mexico,  Arizona  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 
The  Morgan  Line  steamers  also  run  regularly  from  New  Orleans  weekly  to  Port 
Tampa,  Punta  Gorda,  Key  West  and  Havana  (for  passengers  and  freight)  ;  and  also 
to  Bluefields,  Nicaragua  (passengers  and  freight)  ;  with  frequent  freight-boats  to 
Brazos  de  Santiago,  Texas.  The  Southern  Pacific  is  also  interested  in  the  Occi- 
dental and  Oriental  Steamship  Company,  running  the  steamers  Oceanic,  Gaelic,  and 
Belgic  from  San  Francisco  to  Honolulu  (7  days),  Yokohama  (17  days  ;   fare,  % 200), 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


97 


and  Hong  Kong  (25  days;  fare,  $225).  At  Yokohama  they  connect  with  the 
Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha  steamers  for  Hiogo,  Nagasaki,  and  Chinese,  Corean  and 
Siberian  ports  ;  and  at  Hong  Kong  with  lines  for  Chinese  ports,  Formosa,  the 
Philippines,  Java,  Australia,  Calcutta  and  Bombay.  The  New-York  offices  are 
at  343  Broadway  and  I  Battery  Place  (Washington  Building). 

The  Mallory  Steamship  Lines  (New- York  &  Texas  Steamship  Co.)  with 
their  own  steamships  and  connections  carry  freight  and  passengers  to  all  points  in 


EW- YORK  &  TEXAS  S.  S.  CO.  ,  PIERS  20  AND  21  EAST  RIVER. 


Texas,  Colorado,  Arizona,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  California,  Mexico,  Georgia,  Florida, 
Alabama,  etc.,  and  the  South  and  Southwest;  and  also  to  Eastport  and  Bar  Har- 
bor, Maine,  St.  John,  N.  B.,  and  all  points  in  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  etc. 
These  lines  were  established  in  1866,  and  are  the  only  lines  of  freight  and  passen- 
ger-steamships running  "  from  Maine  to  Texas."  There  are  three  distinct  routes  — 
the  Texas  Route,  the  Georgia-Florida  Route,  and  the  Maine  and  Maritime  Provinces 
Route.  The  fleet  comprises  eleven  iron  steamships,  aggregating  30,772  tons.  The 
most  modern  of  these  ships  are  lighted  by  electricity,  steered  by  steam-power,  and 
equipped  with  the  most  approved  appliances  for  safety  and  comfort.  The  saloons 
are  on  the  hurricane  deck,  and  are  lighted  from  large  domes  above,  as  well  as  from 
wide  windows  in  the  sides.  The  promenade  decks  are  protected  by  awnings,  and 
afford  a  pleasant  exercising  ground.  The  state-rooms  are  large  and  airy,  and  eligibly 
situated  on  the  main  and  hurricane  decks.  There  are  also  comfortable  and  attractive 
smoking-rooms,  and  many  other  conveniences  for  the  sea  traveller. 

The  Texas  Service  is  maintained  by  semi-weekly  sailings  every  Wednesday 
and  Saturday  at  3  P.  M.,  from  Pier  20,  E.  R.,  to  Galveston,  Texas,  which  is  reached 
in  six  or  seven  days.  During  the  cotton  season  in  Texas  the  service  is  tri-weekly 
7 


98 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


—  Tuesdays,  Thursdays  and  Saturdays.  The  Saturday  boats  stop  at  Key  West, 
Florida,  making  connection  there  with  the  Plant  Steamship  Line  for  Havana,  which 
is  only  ninety  miles  distant.  From  Galveston,  the  chief  sea-port  of  Texas,  all  parts 
of  the  Lone  Star  State  may  be  visited  by  railway.  There  is  also  a  large  passenger- 
travel  by  the  Mallory  Line  from  New  York  to  Galveston,  and  thence  into  Colorado 
and  on  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  or  down  into  Old  Mexico. 

The  Georgia-Florida  service  is  maintained  by  weekly  sailings  at  3  P.  M.  every 
Friday  from  Pier  21,  E.  R.,  New  York,  reaching  Brunswick,  Georgia,  in  about  62 
hours.  Brunswick  is  a  fast-growing  and  very  charming  city,  half  buried  in  live-oak 
and  palmetto  groves  and  Spanish  moss,  and  the  coast  terminus  of  the  Brunswick  & 
Western  Railroad  and  the  East-Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  system.  Thence  the 
steamers  continue  on  to  Fernandina,  on  a  land-locked  harbor  inside  of  Amelia  Island, 
and  giving  access  to  all  parts  of  Florida  by  the  Florida  Central  &  Peninsular  Railroad. 

The  Mallory  steamships  lie  at  Piers  20  and  21,  E.  R.,  close  to  the  Fulton  Ferry, 
where  also  are  the  offices  of  C.  H.  Mallory  &  Co.,  the  general  agents. 

The  New-York  &  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Company  (Ward  Line)  owns  the 
Niagara,  Saratoga,  and  City  of  Washington,  etc.,  running  from  Piers  16  and  17,  E.  R. 
(foot  of  Wall  Street),  New  York,  every  Wednesday.  They  reach  Havana  in  from 
four  to  five  days,  connecting  with  steamers  for  all  parts  of  the  West  Indies,  and  for 
Mexico  and  the  Spanish  Main,  England,  France  and  Spain.  Ward's  Wednesday 
steamers  from  New  York  go  to  Havana  and  Matanzas. 

Ward's  Mexican  Line,  including  the  Yumuri,  Yucatan,  Orizaba,  City  of  Alex- 
andria, etc.,  leaves  New  York  every  Saturday,  and  goes  on  from  Havana  to  Progrcso 
(the  port  for  Merida,  in  Yucatan),  Vera  Cruz  (263  miles  by  rail  from  Mexico), 
Tuxpam  and  Tampico,  returning  by  Campeche,  Progrcso  and  Havana.  The  com- 
pany's steamer  Manteo  runs  between  Campeche,  Laguna  and  Frontera.  The  Wards 
also  send  fortnightly  the  steamships  Cieufuegos  and  Santiago  to  Nassau,  arriving  in 
three  days,  and  thence  running  through  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  around  to  beautiful 
old  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  325  miles  further  to  bright  modern  Cienfucgos.  This  is  a 
favorite  excursion-route  in  winter,  and  affords  various  interesting  combination  and 
round  tours.  The  single  cabin  fares  are  :  From  New  York  to  Havana,  $35  ;  to 
Nassau,  $40;  to  Progreso  or  Vera  Cruz,  $55  ;  to  Santiago,  Cienfuegos,  Tuxpam  or 
Tampico,  $60;  to  Campeche,  $70;  to  Frontera  or  Laguna,  $75  ;  with  steerage  at 
about  half  these  rates.  The  Ward  fleet  includes  several  very  handsome  and  com- 
modious vessels,  efficiently  managed. 

The  Compania  Trasatlantica  is  a  Spanish  mail  line,  sending  steamships 
every  ten  days  from  Pier  10,  E.  R.,  New  York,  to  Havana,  the  voyage  taking  four 
days.  The  steamer  sailing  on  the  20th  of  each  month  also  goes  on  to  Progreso  and 
Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico  ;  and  the  steamer  on  the  30th  goes  from  Havana  to  Santiago 
de  Cuba ;  La  Guayra  and  Puerto  Cabello,  in  Venezuela  ;  Sabanilla,  Cartagena,  and 
Colon,  in  Colombia  ;  and  Puerto  Limon.  At  Havana,  close  connections  are  made 
for  Spanish  ports.  The  passage-rates  (from  which  25  per  cent,  is  discounted  for 
excursion-tickets)  are  :  From  New  York  to  Havana,  first-cabin,  $37,  second-cabin, 
$25,  steerage,  $17  ;  to  Progreso,  $55,  $35  and  $20  ;  Vera  Cruz,  $60,  $40  and  $25  ; 
to  Santiago  de  Cuba,  $65,  $45  and  $30  ;  to  La  Guayra,  $80,  $60  and  $45  ;  to 
Cartagena,  $93,  $72  and  $54  ;  to  Cadiz,  Spain,  #190,  $145  and  $50. 

The  Quebec  Steamship  Company  has  weekly  sailings  from  January  to  June, 
and  fortnightly  the  rest  of  the  year,  between  New  York  and  Bermuda,  the  fine 
2,500-ton  iron  steamship  Trinidad,  making  the  voyage  in  about  50  hours.  The 
fares  are  $30  for  the  first  cabin,  and  $20  for  the  second  cabin.    The  dock  is  at 


IOO 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


New  Pier  47,  N.  R.,  at  the  foot  of  West  10th  Street.  The  Quebec  Line  also  sends 
steamers  every  ten  days  from  New  York  to  St.  Croix,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua,  Montser- 
rat,  Guadaloupe,  Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia  and  Barbadoes,  at  fares  varying 
at  from  $50  to  $60.  These  vessels  connect  jn  the  Windward  Islands  with  steam- 
ships for  the  other  West  Indies,  and  for  England  and  France.  The  Bermuda  Line 
is  much  patronized  in  spring  and  fall  by  persons  in  search  of  healtn  or  respite  from 
bad  weather,  who  find  delight  in  the  serene  climate  of  these  beautiful  coral  islands, 
abounding  in  flowers  and  fruits,  and  one  of  the  impregnable  and  strongly  garrisoned 
naval  stations  of  the  British  Empire. 

The  Atlas  Steamship  Company  owns  a  favorite  line  of  steamers  sailing  to 
the  West  Indies  from  Pier  55,  N.  R.,  carrying  the  United-States  mails,  and  offer- 
ing great  inducements  to  passengers  visiting,  the  many  interesting  ports  in  the 
West  Indies.  Chief  among  the  health-resorts  is  the  British  island  of  Jamaica, 
renowned  for  its  luxuriant  foliage  and  unequalled  facilities  for  the  tourist  in  the 
shape  of  magnificent  roads,  with  good  hotels  and  liveries  in  every  town.  The 
company  also  has  a  coastal  service  sailing  regularly  around  the  island,  and  a  trip 
in  one  of  these  steamers,  visiting  all  the  ports,  cannot  be  equalled  as  a  yachting 
voyage  in  these  summer  seas.     For  invalids  desiring  a  winter-resort  where  they  can 


ATLAS  MAIL  LINE  TO  THE  WEST  INDIES,  PIER  55,  NORTH  RIVER. 


obtain  abundant  sunlight  and  an  equable  temperature,  Jamaica  offers  what  cannot 
be  obtained  in  any  other  island  near  the  United  States.  The  many  mineral  springs 
are  wonderful  in  their  cures  of  neuralgia,  gout,  rheumatism,  etc.,  and  buildings 
have  been  erected  for  the  use  of  invalids  visiting  the  springs.  The  coffee,  tobacco, 
sugar  and  banana  plantations  are  well  worth  a  visit,  and  the  fact  that  many  are  con- 
ducted by  American  capital  renders  them  doubly  attractive.     Making  Jamaica  his 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


101 


headquarters,  the  tourist  can  at  regular  dates  embark  on  the  Atlas  steamers,  and 
visit  Hayti,  Costa  Rica,  and  the  Spanish  Main,  whose  old  towns  (bearing  the  marks 
and  carrying  the  reminiscences  of  their  Spanish  rulers  and  privateering  captains) 
are  full  of  interest.  The  spacious  and  luxurious  passenger  accommodations  offered 
on  these  steamers  are  worthy  of  note.  The  saloons  and  state-rooms  are  above  the 
main  deck,  which  insures  the  minimum  of  motion,  perfect  ventilation,  and  freedom 
from  unpleasant  smells  from  holds  or  engines.  The  state-rooms  are  large,  well 
lighted  and  comfortably  furnished  ;  each  room  having  two  berths  and  a  sofa,  and 
electric  lights.  The  company  since  its  formation,  twenty  years  ago,  has  never  lost 
a  life  by  shipwreck  —  and  being  its  own  insurer  offers  the  best  guarantee  that  every 
precaution  is  taken  for  safe  navigation.  The  company's  fleet  includes  the  steam- 
ships Adirondack,  Alene,  Athos,  Alvo,  Ailsa,  Andes,  Alps,  A /vena,  Claribel,  Adula 
and  Arden.  These  steamers,  of  from  2,200  to  2,500  tons  each,  were  built  on  the 
Clyde  and  at  Belfast,  and  61]  the  necessary  requirements  of  the  British  and  Ameri- 
can Passenger  Acts.  The  agents  of  the  Atlas  Line  are  Pirn,  Forwood  &  Co.,  at  24 
State  Street,  New  York. 

The  New-York  &  Porto-Rico  Line  sails  from  the  Atlantic  Dock,  Brooklyn, 
every  fortnight,  for  the  famous  Spanish  island  of  sugar,  coffee,  and  cotton. 

The  Trinidad  Line  has  its  pier  at  the  Union  Stores,  Brooklyn,  and  brings 
from  the  far-away  British  island,  under  the  Venezuelan  Andes,  large  cargoes  of  tropi- 
cal products.     Its  steamboats  sail  every  ten  days,  carrying  cabin  passengers. 

The  Central-American  Company  sends  its  steamships  Jason  and  Argonaut 
from  Atlantic  Dock,  Brooklyn,  fortnightly,  to  Kingston  (Jamaica),  Greytown 
(Nicaragua),  Belize,  Livingston,  Truxillo,  and  other  tropical  ports. 

The  Pacific  Mail  Steamships  sail  from  the  foot  of  Canal  Street,  Pier  34, 
N.  R.,  every  ten  days,  for  Colon,  connecting  there  with  the  Panama  Railway  for  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  distance  by  this  route  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco  is  5,220 
miles ;  and  the  fare  is  $90,  or  $40  for  forward-cabin  passengers.  The  time  is  about 
25  days.     The  steamships  are  the  Columbia,  City  0/ Para,  Newport  and  Colon. 

The  Red  "  D  "  Line,  at  Harbeck  Stores,  sends  out  the  large  American-built 
iron  steamships  Venezuela,  Caracas,  and  Philadelphia  every  ten  days  to  the  chief 
ports  of  Venezuela.  The  fare  is  $80  ;  or  $50  for  second-class.  The  steamships  are 
of  2, 500  tons  burden  or  more  ;  and  have  water-tight  compartments,  electric  lights 
and  bells,  large  smoking-rooms  and  social  halls,  and  other  comforts.  The  route 
leads  from  New  York  through  the  Mona  Passage,  between  San  Domingo  and  Porto 
Rico  ;  and  at  six  days  out  reaches  the  quaint  Dutch  island-colony  of  Curacoa,  1,763 
miles  from  Bandy  Hook.  Thence  a  night's  run  of  111  miles  leads  to  Puerto  Cabello, 
a  busy  coffee-port,  thirty  miles  by  railway  from  beautiful  Valencia.  Another  night 
voyage  of  seventy  miles  takes  one  to  La  Guayra,  celebrated  in  Kingsley's  Westward 
Ho,  and  twenty-seven  miles  by  an  Andes-climbing  railway  from  Caracas,  the 
mountain-girt  capital  of  Venezuela.  The  smaller  Red  "  D"  steamer  Merida  runs 
regularly  over  the  214  miles  from  Curacoa  to  Maracaibo,  a  city  of  35, coo  Ven- 
ezuelans, exporting  hides,  coffee  and  cocoa,  and  standing  near  a  great  inland  sea. 

The  Red  "  D-"  steamers  are  very  comfortable,  and  well-appointed  for  travellers; 
and  they  run  through  seas  of  remarkable  historic  interest  and  picturesque  beauty' 
The  legends  and  traditions  of  the  Spanish  Main  are  of  wonderful  charm,  and  when 
they  are  studied  in  connection  with  the  rich  tropical  scenery  of  these  regions,  they 
acquire  a  new  value. 

The  general  managers  of  the  Red  "D  "  Line  are  Boulton,  Bliss  &  Dallett,  at  135 
Front  Street,  New  York,  where  passages  may  be  obtained,  and  state-rooms  selected. 


102 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Clyde  West-India  Line  sends  steamships  to  Turks  Island,  Hayti,  Puerto 
Plata,  Samana,  Sanchez  and  San-Domingo  City. 

The  Royal  Dutch  West-Indian  Mail  Line  (Koninklijke  West-Indische 
Maildienst)  has  the  Prins  WiUetn  I.  and  five  other  steamships,  leaving  New  York 
every  three  weeks,  and  running  to  Port  au  Prince,  $60  ;  Aux  -Cayes,  Jacmel,  and 
Curacoa,  $75;  Puerto  Cabello,  La  Guayra,  Cumana,  and  Carupano,  $80;  Trinidad 
and  Demerara,  $90;  and  Paramaribo,  $100.  From  the  last  port  the  ships  cross 
the  Atlantic  to  Havre,  France,  and  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

The  Sloman  Line  runs  freight-boats  between  New  York  and  the  Brazilian  ports. 

Norton's  Freighting  Vessels  sail  to  the  ports  of  the  River  Plate. 

Busk  &  Jevons  send  occasional  vessels  down  the  South-American  coast. 

The  Booth  Line  sends  a  monthly  steamship  to  Para  and  Manaos  (on  the 
Amazon  River),  and  another  to  Para,  Maranham  and  Ceara,  with  passenger  accom- 
modation at  from  $75  to  $125. 

The  Bays,  Rivers  and  Sounds  for  more  than  a  hundred  miles  about  New 
York  are  traversed  by  great  fleets  of  passenger-steamers,  varying  in  size  from  the  tiny 
craft  which  visit  the  nearer  islands  to  the  immense  and  magnificent  vessels  which  trav- 
erse Long-Island  Sound  and  the  Hudson  River.  No  other  port  in  the  world  has  such 
noble  boats  as  these  last  mentioned,  which,  with  their  superb  halls,  grand  staircases, 
and  spacious  dining-rooms,  resemble  floating  hotels  of  the  first-class.  In  summer 
an  immense  passenger  and  excursion  business  is  done  by  the  suburban  steamboats, 
especially  by  those  running  to  Coney  Island  and  Rockaway  Beach,  to  Sandy  Hook 
and  the  coast  toward  Long  Branch,  and  to  the  Fishing  Banks  outside. 

The  Fall-River  Line  has  its  headquarters  at  the  foot  of  Murray  Street, 
whence  in  the  pleasant  season  it  dispatches  at  late  afternoon  two  of  the  vessels  of 
its  fleet,  the  Puritan,  Pilgrim,  Plymouth,  or  Providence.  They  arrive  early  the  next 
morning  at  the  Massachusetts  port  and  cotton-manufacturing  city  of  Fall  River, 
whence  connecting  trains  run  to  Boston  in  eighty  minutes.  These  are  undoubtedly 
the  largest,  most  magnificent,  and  most  perfectly-equipped  vessels  in  the  world,  used 
for  interior  navigation.  They  are  lighted  by  electricity,  steered  by  steam,  enlivened 
by  orchestral  music,  and  provided  with  meals  a  la  carte.  In  spring,  autumn  and 
winter  the  Fall-River  line  sends  out  but  one  boat  daily. 

The  Providence  Line  steamboats  leave  from  Pier  29,  N.  R.,  at  late  afternoon 
daily  (except  Sunday),  from  May  to  November,  and  traverse  the  entire  length  of  the 
East  River,  Long-Island  Sound,  and  Narragansett  Bay,  arriving  at  six  o'clock  the 
next  morning  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  Parlor-car  trains  connecting  run  to 
Boston,  42  miles,  in  75  minutes  ;  and  to  Worcester.  The  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts are  beautiful  vessels,  decorated  in  white  and  gold,  with  dining-rooms  on  the 
main  decks,  and  fine  orchestras. 

The  Norwich  Line  steamships  City  of  Worcester  and  City  of  Boston  leave  Pier 
40,  N.  R.,  New  York,  at  5  o'clock,  P.  M.,  and  run  eastward  up  the  Sound  to  New 
London,  where  passengers  take  the  trains  at  early  morning  for  Boston,  Worcester 
and  other  New-England  cities.  This  is  a  very  commodious  route,  served  by  large 
and  handsome  first-class  steamboats,  and  giving  easy  access  to  Yankee-land. 

The  Stonington  Line  sends  a  fine  steamboat  at  5.30  o'clock  every  afternoon 
from  New  Pier  36,  N.  R.,  up  Long-Island  Sound  to  the  quaint  little  Connecticut 
port  of  Stonington,  where  it  connects  with  swift  trains  to  Boston  and  other  New- 
England  cities.  This  route  is  served  by  the  new  steel  steamers  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire  and  other  fine  boats ;  and  is  especially  desirable  in  winter,  or  when  rough 
sea-winds  make  the  longer  Sound  routes  uncomfortable. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Other  Eastern  Lines  are  those  to  Saybrook  and  Hartford,  daily,  ascending 
the  picturesque  Connecticut  River  ;  to  Bridgeport,  the  busy  manufacturing  city  on 
the  Connecticut  shore  ;  to  New  Haven,  the  seat  of  Yale  University  ;  to  Stamford, 
South  Norwalk,  New  Rochelle  and  Port  Chester  ;  and  to  the  towns  on  the  north 
shore  of  Long  Island,  like  Sea  Cliff  and  Sands  Point,  Roslyn  and  Glen  Cove,  Sag 
Harbor  and  Shelter  Island,  Southold  and  Whitestone. 

The  Hudson-River  Day-Line  Steamers  traverse  the  most  beautiful  and 
interesting  river-scenery  in  the  world.  Not  the  Rhine,  the  Danube,  or  the  Rhone  can 
claim  superi- 
ority to  this 
glorious 
stream  of  the 
New  World, 
with  its  cliffs 
and  moun- 
tain-guards, 
its  legends 
of  centur- 
ies, and  its 
thronging 
poetic,  liter- 
ary and  artis- 
tic e  n  r  i  c  1 


still  more 
famous  in 
the  Colum- 
bian year 
of  1893 
by  having 
peaceful- 
ly floated 
the  great- 
est aggre- 
gated naval 
power  ever 
brought 
together  at 
any  one 

point  in  the  history  of  the  world.  During  the  pleasant  season  the  great  iron  steam- 
boats Albany  and  New  York  leave  Desbrosses-Street  Pier  and  22d  Street  Pier, 
N.  R.,  every  day  (except  Sunday)  at  early  morning,  and  reach  Albany  at  about 
6  P.  M.  They  are  of  about  1,500  tons  each,  built  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  with 
over  3,000  horse-power,  and  a  speed  of  nearly  25  miles  an  hour.  Since  these  boats 
are  for  tourists  only,  they  carry  no  freight,  and  are  therefore  far  more  comfortable, 


WOSON-RIVER  DAY  LINE  STEAMERS,  "NEW  YORK"  AND  "ALBANY,  "  DESBROSSES-STREET  PIER 


io4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


with  broad  open  spaces,  dining-rooms  on  the  main  decks,  private  parlors  with  hay- 
windows,  and  immense  grand  saloons  on  the  promenade-deck,  with  almost  contin- 
uous windows.  They  are  finished  in  hard-wood,  furnished  with  mahogany,  carpeted 
with  Axminster,  and  decorated  with  choice  paintings  by  Cropsey,  Satterlee,  Bierstadt 
and  other  masters.  These  are  in  every  respect  the  finest  vessels  of  their  class  afloat. 
The  boat  touches  first  at  the  attractive  suburban  city  of  Yonkers.  About  noon  it 
reaches  West  Point,  amid  the  magnificent  Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  where  Grant 
and  Sherman,  Sheridan  and  Lee,  learned  the  art  of  war,  and  where  Scott,  Custer 
and  Kilpatrick  are  buried.  A  little  later,  and  Newburgh  is  reached,  with  its  great 
Washington  triumphal  arch  towering  on  the  hill.  Next  comes  Poughkeepsic,  with 
its  famous  bridge  far  overhead.  The  Catskill  Mountains  loom  grandly  in  the  west, 
as  the  steamer  goes  on,  passing  innumerable  other  vessels,  of  all  degrees,  and  view- 
ing along^the  shore  scores  of  quaint  old  villages  and  historic  country-seats.  It  is  a 
voyage  in  Paradise  ;  and  the  huge  iron  steamer  itself,  being  used  only  as  a  pleasure- 
boat,  has  the  lightness,  grace  and  beauty  of  a  royal  yacht.  A  trip  on  these  Hudson- 
River  Day-Line  steamers,  on  a  pleasant  day,  is  a  joy  never  to  be  forgotten  after- 
wards.   The  general  offices  are  at  the  Desbrosses-Street  Pier,  in  New- York  City. 

The  Homer  Ramsdell  Transportation  Company's  magnificent  iron 
steamers,  running  between  New  York  and  Newburgh,  leave  New  York  on  week 


RAMSDELL  LINE  TO  NEWBURGH  \   HOMER   RAMSDELL  TRANSPORTATION  CO.,  FOOT  OF  FRANKLIN  ST.,  NORTH  RIVER. 


days  at  5  P.  M.  and  on  Sundays  at  9  A.  M.,  and  leave  Newburgh  every  evening  in 
the  week  at  7  P.  M.  They  stop  both  ways  at  Fishkill,  Cornwall,  Cold  Spring,  West 
Point  and  Cranston's,  and  on  the  down  trip  also  at  129th  Street.  The  trip  covers  the 
grandest  part  of  the  Hudson  River.  The  fare  is  fifty  cents.  Besides  furnishing  the 
usual  accommodations  for  passengers  and  freight,  special  accommodations  are  pro- 
vided for  horses  and  perishable  freight. 

This  company  is  the  successor  of  the  firm  of  J.  &  T.  Powell,  who  established  a 
line  of  sloops  in  1802.  The  freighting  business  was  continued  by  means  of  sailing 
vessels  until  about  1830,  when  steamboats  were  first  employed.  In  1835  Thomas 
Powell  built  the  steamer  Highlander,  and  she  was  run  on  the  route  until  1848, 
when  the  barge  Newburgh,  built  by  Powell,  Ramsdell  &  Co.,  replaced  her;  in  1851 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  barge  Susquehanna  was  built,  and  ran  in  connection  with  the  Newburgh  ;  and 
in  1870  the  barge  Charles  Spear  was  purchased,  and  with  the  Susquehanna  and 
Minisink  formed  a  daily  line,  each  of  the  boats  making  two  trips  a  week. 

Powell,  Ramsdell  &  Co.  were  succeeded  by  Homer  Ramsdell  &  Co.  in  1865,  and 
the  business  was  carried  on  under  that  name  until  1880,  when  Mr.  Ramsdell  and  his 
sons  (the  grandsons  of  Thomas  Powell)  formed  the  present  company.  In  1886-7 
a  return  was  made  to  the  use  of  steam  in  the  forwarding  business,  and  the  barges 
were  replaced  by  the  handsome  steel  propellers  Newburgh  and  Homer  Ramsdell, 
which  afford  to  the  public  express  freight  accommodations  unsurpassed  by  any  other 
water  or  railroad  line  in  the  country. 

The  distance  between  New  York  and  Newburgh  is  sixty  miles,  and  the  wonder- 
ful expanse  of  the  Hudson  River  between  the  two  cities  include  some  of  the  finest 
scenery  in  the  world,  the  tremendous  rocky  walls  of  the  Palisades,  the  broad  expanses 
of  the  Tappan  Zee,  the  legend-crowned  villages  of  Tarrytown  and  Peekskill,  the 
busy  scenes  around  Haverstraw  and  Nyack,  the  palaces  of  the  millionaires  about 
Vonkers  and  Dobbs  Ferry,  the  magnificent  gateway  of  the  Highlands,  the  State 
National  Guard's  camp-ground  at  Peekskill,  the  gray  old  United-States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  the  far-viewing  summer-hotels  of  Cornwall,  and  then  the 
venerable  and  beautiful  city  of  Newburgh,  the  home-port  of  the  Ramsdell  boats. 
Nearly  two  centuries  ago  a  band  of  Lutheran  exiles  from  the  devastated  Palatinate 
of  the  Rhine  settled  here,  under  the  patronage  of  Queen  Anne  ;  and  since  that  far- 
•past  day  the  present  great,  flourishing  and  enterprising  city  has  grown  up  on  these 
pleasant  hills.  The  New-York  pier  of  the  Homer  Ramsdell  Transportation  Co.  is 
at  the  foot  of  Franklin  Street,  North  River. 

Other  Hudson-River  Lines  lead  to  Yonkers,  Tivoli,  Nyack,  Peekskill,  Fish- 
kill,  Fort  Lee,  Sing  Sjng,  Tarrytown,  etc. 

New-Jersey  Ports  are  reached  by  a  fleet  of  white  steamers  ploughing  the 


CENTRAL  PARK.  THE  NEW  NETHERLANG  THE  SAVOY.      THE  PLAZA.  THE  DALHOUSIE. 


58TH  STREET,    LOOKING  EAST   FROM  SIXTH  AVENUE. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


waves  daily  to  Elizabethport  and  Keyport,  New  Brunswick  and  Bergen  Point, 
Sandy  I  look  and  Red  Bank,  South  Amboy,  Perth  Amboy,  Atlantic  Highlands,  etc. 

The  Ferry  Boat,  as  now  in  use  around  New  York,  was  designed  by  Fulton 
and  Stevens,  and  is  remarkably  well  adapted  to  its  uses,  especially  with  regard  to 
the  terminal  floating  bridges  and  the  spring  piles  along  the  slips.  The  first  ferry 
was  established  in  1642,  by  Cornelius  Dircksen,  from  near  Peck  Slip  to  Fulton 
Street,  Brooklyn  ;  and  for  nearly  two  centuries  the  transits  were  made  in  barges, 
row-boats  or  pirogues.  From  1814  to  1824  horse-boats  were  used,  being  propelled 
by  horses  working  a  wheel  by  means  of  a  treadmill  between  twin-boats  ;  and  these 
in  turn  were  succeeded  by  steam  ferry-boats.  Scores  of  these  vessels  now  traverse 
the  waters  around  the  city,  carrying  the  suburbans  to  and  from  their  work,  and  are 
well  crowded  morning  and  evening.  They  are  swift,  staunch  and  powerful  craft, 
much  more  serviceable  than  they  appear  ;  and  they  make  quick  and  frequent  pas- 
sages, when  the  fogs  and  floating  ice  of  winter  do  not  hinder.  There  are  dozens 
of  these  routes  to  Brooklyn  and  Long-Island  City,  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken  and 
many  other  localities,  the  fare  being  from  one  cent  upward.  On  account  of  their 
light  draft,  good  speed  and  great  strength,  armed  New- York  ferry-boats  were  found 
useful  as  gun-boats  on  the  Southern  rivers,  during  the  civil  war  ;  and  Capt.  Zalinski 
thinks  that  they  would  be  valuable  adjuncts  in  the  naval  defence  of  the  Empire  City 
when  armed  with  pneumatic  dynamite  guns.  Staten  Island  is  reached  by  large 
ferryboats  running  in  twenty-five  minutes  from  the  Battery  to  St.  George. 


vania  Railroad  twin-screw  tugs  Amboy  and  Raritan,  the  ocean-tug  Luckenback,  and 
the  mighty  drawers  of  canal-boats  —  the  Vanderbilt  and  the  Oswego  —  reach  above 
250  tons  each.     Some  of  these  tow-boats  have  engines  of  900  horse-power. 

Yachts  and  Yachting,  with  an  endless  number  of  yachting  and  boat-clubs, 
are  conspicuous  features  hereabouts.  Nowhere  else  in  the  world  are  there  such  fleets 
of  white-winged  racing  boats,  flying  like  huge  birds  over  the  harbor  and  rivers,  and 
swooping  away  in  great  bevies  up  the  Sound  eastward  to  Newport.  The  regattas 
and  cruises  of  the  many  local  yacht-clubs  are  events  of  the  liveliest  interest,  and 
eager  tens  of  thousands  follow  them  far  out  to  sea,  beyond  the  Scotland  Lightship. 
The  patriarch  of  all  these  noble  maritime  amusements  is  the  New-York  Yacht  Club, 
the  oldest  in  the  United  State  (founded  in  1844),  which  has  in  its  fleet  200  boats. 
Many  steam-yachts  also  cruise  about  Manhattan,  varying  in  magnitude  from  the 
puffy  little  naphtha-launch  up  to  the  superb  sea-going  private  steamships  of  the 
Vanderbilts,  Bennetts,  and  other  rich  families. 


FULTON  FERRY,  FOOT  OF  FULTON  STREET,  EAST  RIVER. 


The  waters 
about  New  York 
are  traversed  by 
about  400  tow- 
boat  s  or  tugs, 
equipped  with 
very  powerful  en- 
gines, and  com- 
petent to  pull  the 
heaviest  ships,  or 
strings  of  laden 
canal-boats.  Most 
of  them  are  below 
100  tons  each  ; 
but  the  Pennsyl- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


107 


JEANETTE  PARK,  COENTIES  SLIP,  EA8T  RIVER,  LOOKING  TOWARD  BROOKLYN,  SHOWING  THE  CANAL-BOAT  FLEET. 


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XING' S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW   FROM   WASHINGTON   BUILDING   LOOKING  SOUTHEAST. 


Railroads  —  Steam,  Elevated,  Cable,  Horse  and  Electric  — 
Stages,   Subterranean    Transit,  Etc. 


THE  need  of  opening  communication  between  New  York  and  the  West  was 
recognized  as  early  as  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  when  the  first  attempt  was 
made  in  this  direction.  The  Colony  appropriated  ^"500  to  certain  men  to  open 
a  route  from  the  Hudson  River  westward,  the  first  section  being  from  Nyack  to 
Sterling  Iron-works,  over  which  a  road  was  ordered  wide  enough  for  two  carriages, 
with  the  overhanging  boughs  of  the  trees  cut  away.  In  1673  Col.  Francis  Lovelace, 
the  second  British  Governor  of  New  York,  established  a  mail-route  between  New 
York  and  Boston.  This  primitive  establishment  consisted  of  a  single  messenger, 
who,  for  the  "more  speedy  intelligence  and  dispatch  of  affairs,"  was  ordered  to 
.make  one  round  trip  each  month,  with  letters  and  packages.  The  Puritan  town  to 
the  eastward  having  thus  been  accommodated,  in  1729  certain  enterprising  spirits 
established  a  fortnightly  line  of  stages  to  Philadelphia,  the  Quaker  town  to  the 
southward.  In  the  same  year  (so  sure  was  the  march  of  progress),  proposals  were 
issued  for  a  foot  post  to  Albany.  In  1793  the  running  time  of  the  "small,  genteel, 
and  easy  stage  carriages"  between  New  York  and  Boston  was  between  three  and 
four  days,  and  three  trips  were  made  weekly  each  way.  The  fare  was  four-pence 
a  mile. 

The  subject  of  intercommunication  between  the  little  fringe  of  settlements  along 
the  Atlantic  Coast  and  the  great  Mississippi-Ohio  Yalley  was  one  of  the  most  cher- 
ished projects  of  George  Washington.  As  a  Provincial  military  officer,  or  member 
of  the  Virginian  House  of  Delegates,  or  commander-in-chief  of  the  American  armies, 
or  President  of  the  United  States,  he  always  kept  this  theme  in  view,  and  in  person 
crossed  the  Virginian  mountains,  and  examined  the  valleys  of  the  Potomac  and  the 
Mohawk,  to  find  the  best  route  for  a  canal.  He  regarded  the  West  ("  the  flank  and 
rear  of  the  Un:on,"  as  he  called  it)  as  likely  to  be  lured  away  from  the  Republic  by 
Great  Britain,  on  the  north,  or  by  Spain,  on  the  south.  As  he  remarked  :  "The 
Western  States  hang  upon  a  pivot.  The  touch  of  a  feather  would  turn  them  any 
way."  The  crops  of  the  West  could  not  be  moved  to  market,  so  great  was  the 
expense  of  transportation.  To  carry  a  ton  of  wheat  from  Buffalo  to  New  York  cost 
$100,  where  it  now  costs  $1.50.  Great  arks  floated  down  the  Delaware,  Susque- 
hanna and  Ohio  Rivers,  laden  with  produce  ;  but  the  voyage  was  very  long,  and  the 
returns  were  uncertain.  The  first  attempt  to  relieve  this  blockade  was  made  by  build- 
ing canals,  beginning  with  the  one  opened  in  1802  from  the  lower  Mohawk  to  Oneida 
Lake  and  Lake  Ontario.  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  in  1825,  revolutionized 
the  commerce  of  America,  and  gave  New-York  City  the  place  of  commercial 
metropolis  of  the  continent.     Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia  attempted  to 


I  10 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


win  the  West  by  similar  constructions,  but  their  canals  reached  only  to  the  foot  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois  built  canals  connecting  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers  with  the  Great  Lakes,  at  Cleveland,  Toledo  and  Chi- 
cago;  and  by  the  year  1840,  8,500  miles  of  canal  were  in  operation. 

But  a  new  unifying  and  civilizing  agency  was  about  to  enter  the  world's  service. 
In  1826  the  Stockton  &  Darlington  Railway,  in  England,  showed  the  feasibility  of 
moving  trains  by  steam-power.  In  1827  a  tramway  of  three  miles  was  built  near 
Quincy,  in  Massachusetts,  to  transport  granite  from  the  quarries  to  tide-water.  New 
York  had  cut  off  the  Western  trade  of  the  other  Atlantic  ports,  by  its  Erie  Canal ; 
and  Baltimore  hastened  to  avail  itself  of  the  newly  discovered  mechanism  of  ihe  rail* 


\ 
t 


NEW-YORK  CENTRAL  &  HUDSON-RIVER  RAILROAD  TRACKS  ABOVE  98TH  STREET. 


way,  to  offset  the  canal.  Accordingly,  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  was  char- 
tered in  1827,  and  began  grading  in  1828.  The  first  locomotive  used  in  America 
was  the  Stourbridge  Lion,  imported  from  England,  and  started  on  the  Carbondalc& 
Honesdale  Railroad,  in  1829.  It  was  too  heavy  for  the  unsubstantial  rails  then  in 
use,  and  had  to  be  given  up.  The  second  locomotive  to  run  in  America  was  called 
The  Best  Friend  of  Charleston,  and  was  built  at  the  West-Point  Foundry  Works,  on 
the  Hudson,  in  1830.  It  belonged  to  the  South-Carolina  Railroad,  which  for  some 
years  was  the  longest  continuous  line  in  the  world.  Another  locomotive  from  the 
same  works  was  placed  on  the  Mohawk  &  Hudson  Railroad,  in  1 83 1.  In  the  mean- 
time, the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  line  had  been  using  horses  to  draw  the  trains  between 
Baltimore  and  Frederick  ;  and  had  made  elaborate  experiments  to  see  if  the  cars 
could  not  be  propelled  by  sails. 

With  all  the  Atlantic  States  reaching  inland  by  lines  of  iron  rails,  New  York  also 
advanced  in  the  same  direction,  and  the  result  appears  in  a  remarkable  system  of 
railways,  excelled  by  none  in  the  world  outside. 

The  New-York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad  is  the  only  route  which 
runs  from  New- York  harbor  to  the  Great  Lakes  over  the  territory  of  a  single  State. 
Its  main  line,  from  New  York  to  Buffalo,  441I  miles,  is  one  of  the  most  perfectly 
appointed  and  equipped  railways  in  the  world,  and  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1 1 1 


I  12 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


has  four  parallel  tracks,  of 
which  two  are  reserved  for 
passenger  trains  exclusively. 
The  company  controls  nearly 
5,000  miles  of  steel-rail 
track,  and  has  1,169  loco- 
motives, 1,300  passenger 
cars,  40, 500  freight  and  other 
cars,  and  136  steamboats  and 
other  craft.  The  sum  of 
$17,000,000  is  paid  yearly 
to  the  27,000  employees  of 
the  company,  being  more 
than  half  of  the  working  expenses  of  the  road.  The  cost  of  the  road  and  equip- 
ment has  exceeded  $165,000,000,  which  is  mainly  represented  by  capital  stock 
of  $100,000,000,  and  a  funded  debt  of  $65,000,000.  In  a  single  year  the  New- 
York  Central  company  has  carried  more  than  20,000,000  tons  of  freight,  equal- 
ling the  movement  of  nearly  4,000,000,000  tons  for  one  mile  ;  and  22,000,000 
passengers.  The  Grand  Central  Station  on  42d  Street,  enormous,  well-placed  and 
commodious,  covers  257,312  square  feet,  and  contains  19  tracks,  and  the  general 
offices  of  several  railways.    Daily  50,000  persons  arrive  at  or  depart  from  this 


RIVERDALE  STATIO 


MOTT-HAVEN  STATION 


ER  RAILROAD. 


station,  on  245  trains,  of  800  cars.  The  stations  at'Mott  Haven,  at  Riverdale, 
and  elsewhere  are  very  commodious  and  highly  available.  The  Central  trains  (and 
also  those  of  the  routes  to  New  England)  traverse  Manhattan  Island,  from  the  Grand 
Central  Station  to  the  Harlem  River,  by  a  series  of  sunken  tracks  and  viaducts  whose 
construction  cost  many  millions  of  dollars.  Then  they  follow  for  over  100  miles  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Hudson  River,  "the  Rhine  of  America,"  crossing  the  inflowing 
streams  on  massive  bridges,  and  passing  the  mountain-promontories  by  rock  tunnels 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


or  broad  artificial  terraces.  Scores  of  famous  villages  and  cities  and  historic  locali- 
ties are  passed  ;  and  along  the  route  the  magnificent  panorama  of  the  Hudson  River 
and  its  enwalling  mountains  and  fruitful  plains  is  unrolled  before  the  delighted  vision. 
Here  is  the  dark  line  of  the  Palisades,  frowning  across  the  placid  Tappan  Zee  ;  the 
classic  region  where  the  names  of  Major  Andre,  Benedict  Arnold,  Mad  Anthony 
Wayne,  Hendrick  Hudson,  Captain  Kidd  and  George  Washington  are  oddly  com- 
bined with  those  of  the  Livingstons  and  Philipses,  with  the  valorous  trumpeter 
Anthony  Van  Corlaer  and  Jan  Peek,  and  Rambout  Van  Dam  ;  the  noble  Highlands 
of  the  Hudson,  the  Dunderberg  and  Anthony's  Nose,  Storm  King  and  Cro'  Nest  ; 
the  historic  batteries  of  West  Point,  where  the  art  of  war  was  studied  for  years  by 
Grant  and  Sherman,  Sheridan  and  McClellan,  Lee  and  Longstreet ;  Newburgh,  with 
its  triumphal  arch  and  Washington's  headquarters  ;  Poughkeepsie,  the  seat  of  Vassar 
College  ;  and  noble  views  of  the  Catskill  Mountains,  the  home  of  Rip  Van  Winkle. 
At  Albany  the  New- York  Central  line  turns  up  the  great  natural  highway  which 
the  Mohawk  River  cut  through  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ;  and  for  nearly  300  miles 


"EMPIRE-STATE  EXPRESS,"  NEW-YORK  CENTRAL  4  HUDSON-RIVER  RAILROAD. 
FASTEST   L0NG-0I8TANCE   TRAIN    IN   THE   WORLD.       PHOTO.    BY  A.  P.  YATES,  OF  SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 


traverses  the  grandest  railway  route  in  the  world,  with  its  continuous  four  tracks, 
side  by  side.  On  this  rosary-chain  are  strung  numerous  important  cities,  like  Schenec- 
tady and  Amsterdam,  Utica  and  Rome,  Syracuse  and  Rochester,  closing  at  thronged 
and  busy  Buffalo,  "  The  Queen  City  of  the  Lakes."  On  the  great  highway  of  nature 
between  New  York  and  Buffalo,  some  of  the  most  remarkable  of  railway  runs  have 
been  made,  crowning  the  world's  record  for  long-distance  rapid  transit.  September 
14,  1 891,  a  train  traversed  the  stretch  of  436  miles  between  New  York  and  East  Buffalo 
in  425!  minutes,  making  on  some  sections  a  speed  of  78  miles  an  hour.  As  a  result 
of  this  experimental  trip,  the  New- York  Central  established  its  Empire-State 
Express,  which  daily  makes  the  run  between  New  York  and  Buffalo  in  8  hours  and 
40  minutes,  an  average  of  over  52  miles  an  hour.  This  is  the  fastest  long-distance 
train  in  the  world. 
8 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


At  Buffalo  the  through  trains  of  the  New-York  Central  pass  on  to  the  rails  of  the 
lines  for  the  farther  West,  the  Lake-Shore,  or  the  Michigan  Central.  Some  of  the 
finest  trains  in  the  world  serve  this  magnificent  route  to  the  West,  with  Wagner 
drawing-room  cars,  buffet,  smoking,  dining,  cafe  and  library  cars,  and  standard, 


MORRISAMA  STATION,  NEW-YORK  CENTRAL  A  HUDSON-RIVER  RAILROAD. 


buffet  and  private-compartment  sleeping-cars.  The  New- York  and  Chicago  Limited, 
the  Southwestern  Limited,  the  North-Shore  Limited,  and  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and 
Cincinnati  Express-trains  are  marvels  of  comfort  and  luxury. 

The  old  terminal  station  of  the  Hudson-River  Railroad,  at  30th  Street  and  Tenth 
Avenue,  New  York,  is  mainly  used  as  a  freight  depot,  although  passenger  trains  for 
all  stations  on  the  western  side  of  Manhattan  Island,  up  to  Spuyten  Duyvil,  are  still 
despatched  thence. 

The  northern  connections  of  the  Central  lines  are  made  mainly  at  Albany,  Troy, 
Herkimer  and  Utica,  and  reach  Saratoga  and  the  Adirondacks,  both  shores  of  Lake 
Champlain,  Montreal  and  Ottawa,  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  and  the  Thou- 
sand Islands  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Myriads  of  metropolitans  every  year  seek  these 
scenes  of  vernal  beauty  for  their  season  of  summer  rest. 

The  history  of  the  New-York  Central  Railroad  dates  back  to  the  earliest  days  of 
the  railroad  in  America.  Its  first  link  was  the  Mohawk  &  Hudson,  chartered  in 
1826,  and  completed  in  1 83 1,  and  afterward  re-named  the  Albany  &  Schenectady. 
This  was  the  first  railroad  in  New-York  State,  and  for  a  long  time  stationary  engines 
were  used  on  parts  of  its  line.  Another  route  westward  from  the  Hudson,  the 
Schenectady  &  Troy,  received  its  charter  in  1836,  and  began  operations  in  1842. 
Meanwhile,  the  Utica  &  Schenectady  had  been  opened  in  1836,  and  the  Syracuse  & 
Utica  in  1839;  ^e  Auburn  &  Syracuse  in  1838,  and  the  Auburn  &  Rochester  in 
1841  ;  the  Lockport  &  Niagara-Falls  in  1838,  and  the  Attica  &  Batavia  and  Tona- 
wanda  lines  (afterward  united  as  the  Buffalo  &  Rochester)  in  1842.  All  these  and 
other  roads  were  consolidated  under  the  special  law  of  1853  into  the  New- York 
Central  Railroad  Company,  giving  a  through  route  between  Albany  and  Buffalo. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Several  other  connecting  lines  were  subsequently  leased,  and  then  merged  into  the 
New-York  Central  system.  The  Hudson-River  Railroad  was  chartered  in  1846,  and 
opened  from  New  York  to  East  Albany  in  185 1.  In  1869  occurred  the  consolida- 
tion which  made  up  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad. 

The  New-York  &  Harlem  Railway,  operated  by  the  New-York  Central, 
was  chartered  in  1831.  It  reached  14th  Street  in  1832  ;  32d  Street  in  1833  ;  York- 
ville  in  1834;  Harlem  in  1837;  Williamsbridge  in  1842;  White  Plains  in  1844; 
Dover  Plains  in  1848;  and  Chatham  Four  Corners  in  1852.  The  line  cost  $23,- 
500,000  to  build  and  equip,  and  is  127  miles  long,  from  New  York  to  Chatham, 
where  it  connects  with  the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad.  It  was  leased  in  1873  f°r 
401  years  to  the  New- York  Central  Company,  which  pays  eight  per  cent,  on  the 
capital  stock,  and  interest  on  the  funded  debt.  This  picturesque  route  to  the  north 
follows  the  Bronx,  Neperhan  and  Croton  Valleys  for  many  miles,  through  the  pleas- 
ant farming  lands  of  Westchester,  Putnam  and  Dutchess  Counties,  and  near  the 


SWITCH  TOWER  CONTROLLING  ALL  TRAINS  ENTERING  THE  GRAND  CENTRAL  DEP 


Taconic  Mountains.  Among  the  charming  summer-resorts  near  the  line  are  Lake 
Mahopac  and  the  Berkshire  Hills,  and  farther  connections  lead  to  the  finest  scenery 
of  the  Green  Mountains. 

The  West-Shore  Railroad  was  organized  in  1880,  and  the  following  year 
became  possessed  of  the  Jersey-City  &  Albany  line,  from  Weehawken  to  Fort  Mont- 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


gomery.  The  first  through-train  between  Weehawken  and  Buffalo  was  run  in  1884, 
but  the  road  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver  during  the  same  year,  and  in  1885 
was  sold  to  a  new  company,  which  leased  it  to  the  New-York  Central  &  Hudson-River 
Railroad  for  475  years.  The  West-Shore  route  thus  became  an  important  and  inter- 
esting division  of  the  Central  system.  It  follows  the  western  bank  of  the  Hudson 
River  nearly  to  Albany,  and  thence  crosses  the  rich  midland  counties  to  Buffalo  on 
a  route  nearly  parallel  with  that  of  the  New-York  Central  line.  The  West-Shore 
trains  may  be  reached  at  the  Pennsylvania  depot  in  Jersey  City,  or  at  Weehawken 
(by  ferry  from  Jay  Street  or  West  42d  Street). 

The  Rome,  Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  Railroad  Co.  was  organized  in 
i860  by  the  amalgamation  of  the  Watertown  &  Rome  Railroad  Co.  and  the  Potsdam 
&  Watertown  Railroad  Co.,  and  has  since  acquired  by  consolidation  numerous 
small  lines  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  also,  on  April  14,  1886,  the  Utica 
&  Black-River  Railroad,  which,  up  to  that  time,  was  its  chief  competitor.  The 
Rome,  Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  Railroad  and  its  leased  lines  were  leased  in  perpe- 
tuity to  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Company  March  14,  1891.  The 
New-York  Central,  appreciating  the  value  of  this  new  acquisition,  and  its  capabilities 
of  becoming  the  largest  and  most  important  tourist  traffic  route  in  America,  proceeded 
at  once,  with  its  usual  enterprise,  to  raise  to  Trunk-Line  standard  that  portion  of 
the  newly  acquired  property  patronized  by  summer-travel.  This  "has  been  accom- 
plished by  hard  work  and  the  outlay  of  a  very  large  sum  of  money, —  nearly  $1,000,- 
000, —  in  permanent  improvements,  and  relaying  the  road  with  heavy  steel  rails, 
renewing  and  reballasting  the  road-bed,  replacing  wooden  bridges  with  strong  new 
ones  of  stone  and  iron,  etc.,  all  of  which  enables  the  company  to  inaugurate  a  new 
era  in  Northern  New- York  passenger  service.  The  improvement  of  the  equipment 
and  service  has  kept  pace  with  the  road-bed.  Standard  locomotives,  capable  of 
hauling  the  heaviest  passenger  trains  at  high  speed,  have  been  added  to  the  motive 
power.  In  carrying  out  the  policy  of  developing  summer-travel,  by  offering  every 
facility,  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson- River  Railroad  has  placed  in  service  new 
fast  trains,  through  from  New  York  and  from  Buffalo  to  points  on  the  Rome,  Water- 
town  &  Ogdensburg  Railroad,  equipped  with  new  coaches,  new  Wagner  sleeping 
and  drawing-room  cars,  and  buffet  smoking  and  library  cars. 

The  Dunkirk,  Allegheny-Yalley  &  Pittsburgh  Railroad,  from  Dunkirk  to  Titus- 
ville,  was  recently  leased  by  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad. 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was  incorporated  in  1846,  and  chartered  in 
1847,  to  build  a  line  from  the  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  route  to  Pittsburgh  or  Erie. 
The  State  system  of  transportation,  built  between  i82Sand  1834,  at  a  cost  exceeding 
$14,000,000,  consisted  of  a  railway  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  82  miles;  a 
canal  thence  to  Hollidaysburg,  172  miles;  the  Portage  Railway,  across  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  to  Johnstown,  36  miles  ;  and  the  railway  thence  to  Pittsburgh,  104 
miles.  This  route  resulted  in  great  benefit  to  the  sections  through  which  it  passed, 
but  it  was  a  slow,  costly  and  complicated  system,  and  proved  unremunerative  to  the 
State.  For  years  the  route  between  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  was  served  only  by 
horse-cars,  making  the  transit  in  nine  hours,  with  relays  every  twelve  miles.  The 
superior  facilities  offered  by  New  York  and  Baltimore  threatened  to  leave  Pennsyl- 
vania out  of  the  race,  as  a  competitor  for  Western  trade,  and  therefore  local  patriotism 
was  highly  stimulated  to  construct  a  new  and  first-class  route  across  the  State.  The 
project  was  advocated  by  the  press  and  in  public  meetings ;  and  committees  went 
from  house  to  house  asking  subscriptions  to  stock.  With  the  funds  thus  raised,  and 
under  the  wise  direction  of  Chief  Engineer  J.  Edgar  Thompson,  the  Pennsylvania 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Railroad  began  its  construction  works  in  1847,  between  Harrisburg  and  LewistoWB  ; 
and  in  1854  the  entire  route,  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburgh,  went  into  operation. 
In  1 86 1,  after  a  contest  of  six  years,  the  company  bought  the  State  lines,  for 
%  1 3, 570,000.  Mr.  Thompson  held  the  presidency  of  the  company  from  1852  until  his 
death,  in  1874,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Thomas  A.  Scott,  who  had  been  for 
twenty-four  years  connected  with  the  company,  and  had  been  vice-president  since 
1S60.  After  constructing  its  magnificent  trunk  line  across  the  Keystone  State,  the 
company  prolonged  its  routes  farther  westward  by  securing  control  of  several  lines 
to  the  great  trade-centres  of  the  West ;  gained  an  admirable  entrance  to  New  York 
by  acquiring  the  United  New-Jersey  lines  ;  found  an  outlet  at  Baltimore  by  getting 
control  of  the  Northern  Central  Railroad  ;  completed  and  opened  the  Baltimore  & 
Potomac  line,  to  Washington  ;  and  came  into  possession  of  numerous  minor  routes. 

The  New-Jersey  part  of  the  Pennsylvania  system  includes  the  plant  of  the 
United  New- Jersey  Railroad  and  Canal  Companies,  leased  in  187 1,  for  999  years, 


PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  DEPOT,  JERSEY  CITY,  INTERIOR  OF  TRAIN-HOUSE. 


at  a  deservedly  high  rental.  This  confederacy  was  formed  in  1831,  by  the  practical 
unification  of  two  companies  chartered  a  year  before  —  the  Delaware  &  Rantan 
Canal  and  the  Camden  &  Amboy  Railroad,  both  of  which  were  finished  in  1834. 
Two  years  later  the  United  Companies  got  control  of  the  Philadelphia  &  Trenton 
line  (opened  in  1834),  and  in  1S67  they  consolidated  interests  with  the  line  of  the  New- 
Jersey  Railroad  &  Transportation  Company  from  New  Brunswick  to  Jersey  City. 
The  section  from  Jersey  City  to  Newark  was  opened  in  1834,  and  for  some  years 
was  used  only  by  horse-cars.  In  1836  it  reached  Rahway  ;  and  in  1839  its  trains 
arrived  at  Philadelphia. 

The  new  passenger  station  at  Jersey  City  is  larger  than  the  Grand  Central  Depot 
in  New  York,  and  has  a  length  of  653^  feet,  with  a  width  of  256  feet,  and  a  height 
of  112  feet.     It  is  reached  from  New  York  by  the  steam  ferry-boats  of  the  com- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  J  'OKA'. 


119 


PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  :    FREIGHT  DEPOT.  WEST  STSEET. 


pany,  running  from  Cortlandt  Street  and  Desbrosses  Street.  The  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  has  already  bridged  West  Street  at  their  Cortlandt-Street  ferry,  and  is 
rapidly  putting  into  service  a  fleet  of  double-deck  ferry-boats,  so  that  eventually 
passengers  will  be  able  to  pass  from  Cortlandt  or  Desbrosses  Streets  to  the  upper 
decks  of  the  ferry-boats,  above  the  confusion  of  West  Street,  and  thence  on  the 
same  level  to  their  trains  in  the  Jersey-City  station; 

The  Southern  Pacific  Company,  one  of  the  greatest  transportation  systems 
in  the  world,  has  spacious  offices  in  New-York  City,  whence  sails  its  importart 


MOTT-HAVEN  CANAL. 


I  20 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Morgan  Line  of  steamships  for  New  Orleans.  This  efficient  link  by  sea  unites 
New  York  with  the  eastern  end  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway  system,  at  New 
Orleans,  for  purposes  of  freighting  goods.  Passengers  from  New  York  may  go 
to  New  Orleans  by  the  New-York  Central  or  Erie,  the  Pennsylvania  or  Baltimore  & 
Ohio,  the  Piedmont  Air  Line  or  Chesapeake  &  Ohio,  or  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line  ; 
or  by  the  Cromwell  steamships  every  Saturday  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans. 
At  New  Orleans,  the  quaint  old  French  capital  of  the  Gulf  States,  begins  the  re- 
nowned Sunset  Route,  through  the  lowlands  of  Louisiana,  across  the  richest  and 
most  populous  sections  of  imperial  Texas,  up  the  weird  Rio-Grande  valley,  across 
the  New- Mexican  Sierra  Madre,  and  over  the  mysterious  tropical  plateaus  of  Arizona 


and  Southern  California.  Northward,  along  the  coast,  the  line  runs  by  San  Fran- 
cisco, past  the  wonderful  scenery  of  the  Mount- Shasta  Alps,  to  Portland,  on  the 
mighty  Columbia  River  ;  and  its  rails  run  eastward  across  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
Ogden,  on  the  Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah.  At  San  Francisco  the  line  connects  with 
the  sea-route,  which  penetrate  still  deeper  into  the  sunset,  the  Occidental  and 
Oriental  and  the  Oceanic  lines  for  Hawaii  and  Japan,  New  Zealand  and  Australia, 
China  and  India.  Many  travellers  also  visit  Mexico  by  the  Sunset  Route,  crossing 
the  Rio  Grande  at  Eagle  Pass,  or  at  Laredo  or  El  Paso. 

The  Southern  Pacific  Line  enjoys  peculiar  advantages  from  its  connection  with 
such  amazingly  rich  States  as  Texas  and  California,  and  its  close  relations  with 
Mexico  and  Louisiana.  It  is  an  important  and  impressive  trans-continental  route, 
first-class  in  equipment  and  service,  traversing  many  great  cities,  and  scenery  often- 
times unspeakably  grand,  and  for  many  years  a  favorite  line  with  veteran  travellers 
and  experts  in  journeying.  The  New-York  offices  are  at  343  Broadway,  and  at  I 
Battery  Place,  in  the  Washington  Building. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


121 


The  Reading  Railroad  System — Lehigh  Valley  Division  —  is  one  of  the 

great  lines  of  travel  of  America,  and  well  entitled  to  the  appellation,  "The  Scenic 
Route."  For  more  than  four  hundred  miles  the  tracks  of  its  main  line,  extending 
from  New  York  to  Buffalo,  traverse  a  region  rich  in  natural  beauty  and  in  human 
interest,  while  the  remaining  portions  of  the  thousand  miles  of  track,  which  consti- 
tute this  single  division,  penetrate  the  great  mountain  ranges  and  lovely  valleys  of 
Pennsylvania,  with  their  wealth  of  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  and  their 
picturesque  scenery.  The  eastern  termini  of  the  Scenic  Lehigh  Valley  Route  are  at 
New  York  and  at  Philadelphia.  In  New  York  the  passenger-station  is  at  the  foot 
of  Liberty  Street,  North  River,  occupied  jointly  by  the  Central  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey  and  the  Reading  System.  In  the  new  depot  in  Jersey  City,  a  structure  remark- 
able for  its  spaciousness  and  for  the  convenience  and  tastefulness  of  its  interior,  the 
tourist  may  pause  to  admire  the  train  which  is  to  bear  him  westward.  A  feature 
which  strikes  him  most  favorably,  and  which  he  will  observe  wherever  he  may  journey 
upon  the  lines  of  the  Reading  System,  is  the  complete  absence  of  the  smoke,  soot  and 
cinders  which  are  attendant  upon  the  use  of  soft  coal,  all  locomotives  being  fueled 
exclusively  with  clean,  hard  Pennsylvania  anthracite.  The  coaches  are  handsome 
and  comfortable,  being  furnished  with  the  most  approved  devices  for  heating,  venti- 
lation and  lighting.  Luxurious  drawing-room,  dining  and  sleeping  cars  complete 
the  equipment  of  rolling  stock.  The  road  is  double-tracked,  of  the  most  substantial 
construction,  and  the  track  an  1  trains  are  protected  by  an  improved  block  system  and 
automatic  signals. 

Westward  from  New  York  the  line  traverses  the  most  attractive  portion  of 
New  Jersey,  entering  the  Keystone  State  and  the  gateway  of  the  world-famed 
Lehigh  Yalley  at  the  city  of  Easton,  picturesquely  perched  on  a  group  of  hills  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware  Rivers.  At  the  historic  town  of  Beth- 
lehem, 89  miles  from  New  York,  the  line  from  the  latter  city  forms  a  junction  with 
a  branch  from  Philadelphia,  which  is  56  miles  to  the  southward.    The  Reading's 


k  „ 

READING  RAILROAD  SYS  I  EM  —  LEHIGH  VALLEY   DIVISION.      DEPOT  IN  JERSEY  CITY. 


122 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


main  passenger-station  in  Philadelphia  is  at  Market  and  12th  Streets,  in  the  very 
centre  of  the  city,  almost  adjoining  the  City  Hall,  and  in  close  proximity  to  all  the 
chief  hotels  and  places  of  interest.  It  is  a  magnificent  new  structure,  impressively 
beautiful  in  its  architectural  aspect,  and  of  great  size  and  convenience  of  arrange- 
ment. The  road  is  elevated  through  the  central  portion  of  the  city,  and  its  course 
hence  to  Bethlehem  lies  through  a  diversified  and  interesting  region  of  suburban 
villages  and  fertile  farms.  Beyond  Bethlehem  there  is  a  chain  of  thriving  industrial 
towns  to  interest  the  man  of  business,  while  the  aesthetic  taste  is  gratified  by  a 
swiftly  changing  panorama  of  beautiful  scenery.  At  Allentown  connection  is  made 
with  another  division  of  the  Reading  System,  reaching  Reading,  Harrisburg,  Gettys- 
burg and  other  points  in  the  Schuylkill,  Lebanon  and  Cumberland  valleys.  As 
the  track  follows  the  graceful  curves  of  the  Lehigh  River,  there  flashes  into  view 
many  a  beautiful  vista  of  mountain  and  valley  and  stream.  Mauch  Chunk,  with  its 
encircling  peaks,  the  famous  "Switchback"  and  Glen  Onoko  require  no  extended 
mention.  Glen  Summit  is  a  noted  summer-resort  on  the  crown  of  Nescopec  Moun- 
tain, overlooking  the  romantic  vale  of  Wyoming.  The  cities  of  Wilkes-Barre, 
Scranton  and  Pittston  are  centres  of  the  coal-producing  industry  reached  by  this 
line.  At  Waverly  it  crosses  the  line  dividing  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  and 
runs  through  the  picturesque  lake  region,  reaching  Ithaca,  Sheldrake,  Cayuga, 
Geneva  and  other  favorite  resorts  on  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes,  and  also  Clifton 
Springs.  Rochester  is  reached  by  a  short  branch  road  diverging  from  the  main 
line.  At  Batavia  the  trains  are  divided,  some  of  the  cars  going  to  Buffalo  and  others 
to  Niagara  Falls.  Through  coaches,  parlor,  dining  and  sleeping  cars  are  run  to 
Chicago  from  New  York  and  from  Philadelphia,  by  way  of  Buffalo,  and  also  by  way 
of  Niagara  Falls.  To  the  latter  Mecca  of  the  tourist  the  "Scenic  Lehigh  Valley" 
is  a  very  attractive  route,  by  reason  of  its  picturesque  scenery ;  and  to  all  classes  of 
travellers  the  line  commends  itself  by  its  directness,  its  promptness,  and  its  general 
excellence  of  service.    The  principal  New-York  City  ticket  office  is  at  235  Broadway. 


WEST  STREET,  FOOT  OF  LIBERTY  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


123 


The  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  provides  transit  to  many  charming 
residential  places  in  New  Jersey. 

The  commodious  depot  at  Communipaw  is  reached  by  ferry  from  the  foot  of 
Liberty  Street,  North  River.  In  conjunction  with  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading 
Railroad  this  line  forms  a  part  of  the  famous  Royal  Blue  Line  from  New  York  to 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  and  the  South  and  West.  It  traverses  the 
entire  length  of  the  garden-like  little  State,  bringing  to  the  New-York  market  the 
products  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  Running  westward,  it  passes  through 
Elizabeth  and  Easton,  Allentown  and  Mauch  Chunk,  and  the  marvellous  anthracite 
coal  region  between  Tamaqua  and  Scranton,  including  the  whole  length  of  the 
Valley  of  Wyoming  and  the  Lehigh  Valley.  Its  suburban  service  every  evening 
conducts  a  vast  peaceful  army  of  business  men  from  the  rush  and  roar  of  the 
metropolis  to  the  flourishing  towns  and  villages  of  Central  New  Jersey, —  to  many 
towns  such  as  Greenville,  Bayonne  City,  Newark,  Elizabethport,  Elizabeth,  Roselle, 
Cranford,  Westfield,  Fanwood,  Netherwood,  Plainfield,  Dunellen,  Bound  Brook 
and  Somerville. 

The  three  steamers  of  the  Sandy-Hook  Route,  owned  and  operated  by  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company,  include  the  Monmouth,  Sandy  Hook  and  St.  Johns,  leaving 
Pier  8,  North  River,  foot  of  Rector  Street,  daily  and  Sunday  during  the  summer 
season,  at  frequent  intervals,  for  Atlantic  Highlands,  connecting  there  for  Highland 
Beach,  Navesink  Beach,  Normandie,  Rumson  Beach,  Seabright,  Low  Moor, 
Galilee,  Monmouth  Beach,  Long  Branch,  Elberon,  Deal  Beach,  Asbury  Park, 
Ocean  Grove,  Avon,  Bel  Mar,  Como,  Spring  Lake,  Sea  Girt,  Manasquan,  Brielle 
and  Point  Pleasant.     This  route  is  one  of  the  most  popular  in  America  during  the 


TRAIN-HOU8E  OF  THE  GRAND  CENTRAL  STATION,  ON  420  STREET. 


24 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


summer  season,  when  every  one  tries  to  escape  from  the  arid  streets  of  the  great 
metropolis,  and  find  the  cool  breezes  which  enliven  the  ocean-shore. 

There  is  also  an  all-rail  route  from  the  foot  of  Liberty  Street,  New  York,  to  the 
above-named  coast-resorts,  and  also  to  Red  Bank,  Lakewood,  Atlantic  City,  Tom's 
River,  Bay  Side,  Barnegat  Park,  forked  River,  Waretown  and  Barnegat  Bay. 

The  entire  coast-line,  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Barnegat  Inlet,  is  an  almost  con- 
tinuous summer-resort,  with  enormous  hotels,  colonies  of  handsome  cottages,  camp- 
meeting  grounds,  and  all  the  other  accessories  of  modern  watering- place  life.  The 
memories  of  Grant  and  Garfield  still  haunt  the  bluff  of  Long  Branch  ;  the  State 
troops  of  New  Jersey  encamp  along  the  plains  of  Sea  Girt  ;  the  light-houses  Hash 
across  the  sea  from  the  Navesink  Highlands  and  Barnegat  ;.the  Methodists  assemble 
their  devout  classes  at  Asbury  Park  and  Ocean  Grove ;  and  the  perfume  of  the  pines 


ft 

8-P- 


\4 


U  llirrrrrr 

i  i  f  if  m 


CENTRAL  BUILDING  !    CENTRAL   RAILROAD  OF  NEW  JERSEY.   LIBERTY  AND  WEST  STREETS,  NEW  YOhK. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


overflows  the  sands  of  Key  East.  In  a  way,  this  strip  of  wave-beaten  coast,  in  win- 
ter "The  Graveyard  of  the  Sea,"  in  summer  becomes  the  most  popular  and  delight- 
ful suburb  of  the  great  city,  abounding  in  piquant  varieties  of  scenery  and  of  humanity. 

The  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  had  its  inception  in 
the  little  Ligett's-Gap  Railroad,  down  in  Pennsylvania,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1832,  and  19  years  later  became  the  Lackawanna  &  Western,  running  from  Scran- 
ton  northwest  to  Great  Bend.  Two  years  later,  upon  consolidating  with  the  Dela- 
ware &  Cobb's-Gap  Railroad,  it  took  its  present  title,  although  the  line  did  not 
reach  the  Delaware  River  until  1856.  A  year  later,  the  company  leased  the  War- 
ren Railroad,  then  just  opened  from  the  Delaware  River  to  New  Hampton  Junc- 
tion, N.  J.  Meantime,  the  Morris  &  Essex  Railroad,  chartered  in  1835,  nac*  been 
built  from  Iloboken  across  the  hill-country  of  northern  New  Jersey  to  Phillipsburg, 
which  it  reached  in  1866;  and  two  years  later  it  was  favorably  leased  to  the  Dela- 
ware, Lackawanna  &  Western,  which  thus  secured  a  terminal  on  New-York  harbor. 
While  thus  triumphantly  planning  its  route  to  the  seaboard,  the  company  also 
turned  its  attention  northward  and  westward,  securing  the  line  to  Owego  and 
Ithaca  in  1855;  tnat  to  Syracuse  and  Oswego,  in  1869  ;  that  to  Utica  and  Richfield 
Springs  in  1870 ;  and  that  from  Binghamton  to  Buffalo,  in  1882.  These  and  other 
annexed  routes  and  new  sections  constructed,  gave  the  company  its  present  splendid 
system,  reaching  from  opposite  New  York  to  Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie  and 
down  through  the  coal-regions  of  Pennsylvania  to  Wilkes-Barre,  Scranton  and  North- 
umberland. These  routes  are  served  by  550  locomotives  and  36,000  cars  of  all 
kinds.    The  eastern  terminal  of  the  Lackawanna  system,  at  Iloboken,  is  reached 


DELAWARE,    LACKAWANNA  <t  WESTERN  RAILROAO  :    DEPOT  IN  HOBOKEN. 


by  ferries  from  Barclay  Street  and  Christopher  Street,  New  York.  The  through 
main  line  from  New  York  to  Scranton,  Elmira  and  Buffalo,  409  miles  long,  is  trav- 
ersed daily  by  several  express-trains,  connecting  at  Buffalo  with  the  routes  for  the 
farther  West.  This  Lackawanna  route  leads  to  some  of  the  most  charming  sum- 
mer-resorts in  northern  New  Jersey,  like  Lake  Hopatcong,  Budd's  Lake,  and 
Schooley  Mountain,  and  the  noble  scenery  of  the  Delaware  Water  Gap  and  Pocono 


1  26 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Mountains.  The  Morris  &  Essex  Division  gives  access  to  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
the  suburbs  of  New  York,  the  villages  around  the  Orange  Mountains,  the  Oranges, 
Montclair,  Summit,  Short  Hills,  Madison  and  Morristown,  whose  pure  highland  air 
and  pleasant  scenery  are  widely  celebrated.  The  suburban  traffic  on  this  division 
has  assumed  great  proportions,  and  is  yearly  increasing,  on  account  of  the  desire  of 
New- York  business  men  to  keep  their  families  and  to  spend  their  own  leisure  days 


ELEVATED  RAILROAD  NEAR  COENT1ES  SLIP,  EAST  RIVER. 


in  the  beautiful  region  of  New  Jersey,  where  the  climate  is  of  such  sovereign  salu- 
brity that  people  are  sent  hither,  even  by  physicians  in  Europe,  as  to  a  sanitarium. 
The  suburban  train-service  is  kept  up  to  the  highest  point  of  efficiency,  and  affords 
the  best  of  facilities,  whether  one  goes  northward  on  the  route  by  Passaic  and 
Mountain  Yiew,  or  westward  by  Newark  and  Orange,  Summit  and  Madison. 
Largely  on  this  account,  the  region  of  the  Orange  Mountains,  so  richly  endowed 
with  landscape-beauty  and  pastoral  charm,  has  become  perhaps  the  favorite  resi- 
dence-district in  the  outer  suburbs  of  New  York,  and  presents  the  aspect  of  a  great 
park,  adorned  with  hundreds  of  pleasant  country-seats  and  dozens  of  dainty  hamlets. 

The  Delaware.  Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  Building,  at  William  Street  and 
Exchange  Place,  completed  and  opened  in  1892,  is  one  of  the  notable  structures  of 
the  financial  district.  It  measures  85  feet  on  William  Street,  and  60  on  Exchange 
Place,  is  ten  stories  in  height,  and  is  in  the  Italian  Renaissance  style  of  architecture. 
The  materials  of  construction  are  granite  for  the  foundation  and  basement,  and 
Indiana  limestone  above.  The  imposing  entrance-arch  on  Exchange  Place  is  sup- 
ported on  piers  of  polished  granite.  A  pleasing  effect  has  been  gained  by  facing  the 
masonry  of  the  lower  two  stories,  and  leaving  that  of  the  upper  stories  rough,  as  the 
blocks  of  stone  came  from  the  quarry.    The  building  is  first-class  in  all  respects. 

The  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  has  a  large  interest  in  the  Staten-Island 
Rapid  Transit  Railroad  and  its  warehouse  and  shipping  piers  on  the  Bay  of  New 


KINCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


127 


DELAWARE,  LACKAWANNA  &  WESTERN   RAILROAD  COMPANY. 

GENERAL  OFFICES  :    EXCHANGE   PLACE  AND  WILLIAM  STREET. 


128 


AVXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


York,  and  turns  its  freight  traffic  to  this  terminal,  reaching  the  Arthur-Kill  Bridge 
to  Staten  Island  by  its  New- York  Division,  from  Cranford,  N.  J.  From  the  bridge 
the  cars  run  over  the  Staten-Island  Rapid  Transit  Railroad  to  St.  George,  whence 
they  are  conveyed  on  floats  to  the  pier  at  New  York.  Passengers  for  the  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  routes  to  the  South  and  West  cross  the  ferry  from  Liberty  Street  to 
the  station  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  at  Communipaw,  and  take  the 
vestibuled  Pullman  trains  of  the  Royal  Blue  Line  for  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore, 
Pittsburgh  and  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 

The  New-York,  Ontario  &  Western  Railway  was  organized  in  1866, 
under  the  name  of  the  New- York  &  Oswego  Midland  Railroad,  and  opened  its  entire 
line  in  1873,  Dut  passed  into  the  hands  of  receivers  the  same  year,  and  was  after- 
wards sold  and  reorganized.  The  Ontario  &  Western  owns  and  leases  500  miles  of 
track,  and  runs  from  New  York  to  Oswego,  having  branches  to  Scranton,  Kllenville, 
Edmeston,  Delhi,  Rome  and  Utica,  and  a  trackage  right  over  the  West-Shore  road 
from  Cornwall  to  Weehawken.  Ferries  run  from  Jay  Street  and  West  42d  Street  to 
the  terminal  station  at  Weehawken,  whence  for  over  fifty  miles  the  line  follows  the 
Hudson  River,  with  many  beautiful  episodes  of  scenery.  From  Cornwall  it  turns 
westward  through  the  rugged  spurs  of  the  Highlands,  and  beyond  Miduletown  it 
crosses  the  Shawangunk  Mountains.  After  passing  Summitville,  the  line  ascends 
the  Delaware  Mountains,  which  are  surmounted  at  Young's  Cap,  1,800  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  Middle  Division  of  the  route  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery 
and  for  its  many  trout-streams,  and  great  forests  abounding  in  game.      Next  come 


ELEVATED  RAILROAD.  AT  COENTIES  SLIP.      PRODUCE  EXCHANGE  TOWER. 


the  picturesque  counties  of  Sullivan  and  Delaware,  in  the  outer  ranges  of  the  Cats- 
kill  Mountains,  and  abounding  in  bright  lakes.  After  a  long  run  across  the  hilly 
farm-lands  of  Chenango  and  Madison,  the  road  bends  around  the  broad  Oneida 
Lake  for  more  than  a  score  of  miles,  and  descends  the  valley  to  Oswego,  one  of  the 
chief  ports  of  Lake  Ontario.  Connections  thence  to  the  northward  and  westward 
are  offered  by  the  Rome,  Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  line,  reaching  from  the  St. - 
Lawrence  Valley  to  Niagara  Falls. 


AVXG'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


I  29 


The  New-York,  Lake-Erie  &  Western  Railroad  forms  one  of  the  grand 
routes  between  the  Empire  City  and  the  West,  and,  in  spite  of  its  many  financial 
vicissitudes,  has  an  enormous  business,  and  controls  dozens  of  tributary  lines.  The 
Legislature  in  1825  ordered  the  surveying  of  a  State  road  through  the  southern  tier 
of  counties,  from  the  Hudson  River  to  Lake  Erie  ;  but  the  project  was  soon  aban- 
doned as  impracticable.  In  1S32  the  New- York  &  Erie  Railroad  Company  received 
incorporation,  and  Col.  De  Witt  Clinton,  Jr.,  reconnoitred  its  projected  route.  The 
company  was  organized  in  1S33,  and  the  route  was  surveyed  the  next  year,  by  Ben- 
jamin Wright,  at  the  cost  of  the  State.  New  surveys  occurred  in  1836,  and  parts  of 
the  line  were  begun.  The  credit  of  the  State  was  granted  to  the  amount  of  several 
million  dollars  ;  and  in  1S41  a  section  of  track  between  Goshen  and  Piermont  went 
into  operation.  Nevertheless,  a  year  later  the  road  passed  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver  ;  and  it  required  subscriptions  of  $3,000,000  to  the  stock,  by  the  merchants 
of  New  York,  to  energize  the  work.  At  last,  on  May  14,  1851,  the  great  task  was 
completed,  and  two  trains  ran  over  the  entire  line,  from  the  Hudson  River  to  Lake 
Erie,  bearing  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  Daniel  Webster,  and  a  great 
company  of  notables.  It  was  intended  that  the  Erie  line  should  end  at  Piermont, 
on  the  Hudson,  but  the  directors  soon  saw  that  their  terminal  should  be  at  New 
York,  and  therefore  they  arranged  with  the  Union,  Ramapo  &  Paterson,  and  Pater- 
son  &  Jersey-City  Railroads,  to  run  trains  over  their  lines  from  Suffern  to  Jersey 
City.  The  Erie  Company  owns  or  leases  800  locomotives,  450  passenger  cars,  and 
42,000  freight  and  other  cars  and  controls  3,000  miles  of  track.  The  Erie  station 
at  Pavonia  Avenue,  Jersey  City,  is  reached  by  ferries  from  the  foot  of  Chambers 
Street  and  West  23d  Street.  The  line  runs  out  across  northern  New  Jersey  to  the 
Delaware  Yalley,  which  it  follows  for  nearly  100  miles  through  a  country  of  great 
landscape  beauty.  Then  it  crosses  the  mountains  to  the  Susquehanna  Yalley,  and 
so  reaches  the  cities  of  the  southern  tier,  and  passes  on  to  Dunkirk  or  Buffalo. 
There  it  connects  with  the  main  routes  to  the  West  and  Southwest,  the  Chicago 
Express  and  the  S^t. -Louis  Express  running  through  with  wonderful  speed  and 
security.     The  Erie  also  has  vestibule.!  trains  to  the  Pennsylvania  coal  regions. 


13° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Company  is  a  corporation  chartered  by 
the  State  of  New  York  in  1823,  mainly  to  transport  coal  from  the  Pennsylvania  coal- 
fields to  New  York.  The  canal  was  begun  in  1825  and  finished  in  1828,  and  was 
twice  enlarged,  first  in  1844  and  again  in  1862,  to  admit  vessels  of  150  tons  capacity. 
It  extends  from  Rondout,  on  the  Hudson,  to  Port  Jervis,  on  the  Delaware,  59 
miles  ;  thence  24  miles  up  the  Delaware  Valley,  to  Lackawaxen  ;  ancV  thence  26 
miles  to  the  coal-region  at  Honesdale.  This  was  one  of  the  most  important  works 
of  the  great  era  of  canal-building,  which  just  preceded  the  rise  of  the  railways.  The 
capacity  of  the  canal,  with  its  equipments,  is  about  2,500,000  tons  per  annum. 

The  celebrated  Gravity  Road  from  Carbondale  to  Honesdale,  over  which  millions 
of  tons  of  coal  are  carried,  was  begun  in  1827  and  finished  in  1829. 

Between  1827  and  1829  the  Canal  Company  built  a  railway  from  Honesdale  to 
the  coal-mines,  and  placed  thereon  the  first  locomotive  that  ever  ran  upon  a  railroad 
in  the  Western  hemisphere.  This  pioneer  engine,  the  Stourbridge  Lion,  was  brought 
across  from  Liverpool  on  the  packet-ship  John  Jay,  in  1829,  and  passed  to  Hones- 
dale, by  river  to  Rondout,  and  thence  by  canal.  In  i860  the  company  owned  108 
miles  of  canal  and  23  miles  of  railroad  ;  in  1870  it  leased  in  perpetuity  the  Albany 
&  Susquehanna  line  ;  and  in  187 1  it  leased  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  line  and  its 
branches.  Subsequently  it  built  a  new  line  along  the  west  side  of  Lake  Champlain, 
from  Whitehall  nearly  to  Montreal,  giving  a  straight  route  from  Albany  to  the 
metropolis  of  Canada  and  traversing  a  country  of  rare  beauty  and  diversity  of 
scenery.  Trains  run  from  New- York  City  to  Montreal,  384  miles,  without  change, 
in  less  than  12  hours,  reaching  Albany  over  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson-River 
Railroad.  The  world-renowned  Ausable  Chasm  is  reached  from  Port  Kent,  on  the 
Champlain  Division. 

Apart  from  its  enormous  freighting  business,  in  coal  and  other  commodities,  the 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Railroad  system  has  a  very  large  and  lucrative  tourist  and 
summer-travel  business.  It  affords  the  best  route  between  New  York  and  other 
southern  points,  and  Montreal,  Ottawa  or  Quebec,  the  historic  old  Canadian  capi- 
tals ;  and  also  to  Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain,  with  their  exquisite  scenery  of 
land  and  water,  mountain,  island  and  beach,  and  the  famous  Hotel  Champlain,  at 
the  station  of  the  same  name,  three  miles  south  of  Plattsburg  ;  to  the  heart  of  the 
Adirondacks,  with  stages  running  from  its  stations  to  Blue  Mountain-Lake,  Long 
Lake,  Schroon  Lake,  and  Keene  Valley,  and  by  connecting  line  to  Saranac  Lake  to 
the  remote  interior  of  the  Adirondack  wilderness,  by  the  Chateaugay  Railroad  from 
Plattsburg  ;  to  Ticonderoga,  Crown  Point,  and  Plattsburg  ;  to  Saratoga,  the  queen 
of  summer-resorts;  and  to  Rutland  and  other  interesting  points  in  southern  Ver- 
mont. The  Delaware  &  Hudson  lines  south  westward  from  Albany  reach  the  famous 
resorts  of  Howe's  Cave,  Sharon  Springs,  and  Cooperstown,  on  Otsego  Lake  ;  and 
pass  downward  to  Binghamton,  and  southward  into  the  valley  of  Wyoming. 

The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Company's  building  is  an  immense  and  imposing 
fire-proof  structure,  generally  known  as  the  Coal  and  Iron  Exchange.  It  is  on  Cort- 
landt  Street,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Church  Street.  It  is  not  an  "  Exchange  " 
building,  excepting  in  name  ;  but  it  is  the  property  of  the  Delaware  &  Hudson 
Canal  Company,  for  whom  it  was  built  in  1874-76,  and  whose  main  offices  are 
located  therein.  Here  centres  the  executive  administration  of  the  line,  and  here  is 
the  focal  point  of  its  enormous  and  lucrative  coal-trade.  The  great  building  was 
designed  by  Richard  M.  Hunt,  and  to-day  is  one  of  the  finest  office-buildings  in  the 
city,  having  all  the  modern  appliances  and  conveniences,  and  being  occupied  by  an 
interesting  group  of  administrative  and  executive  headquarters. 


AVXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


DELAWARE  &  HUDSON  CANAL  COMPANY. 

COMPANY'S  BUILDING,  CALLED  "THE  COAL  AND  IRON  EXCHANGE,"  CORTLANDT  AND  CHURCH  STREETS. 


132 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


DESBROSSES-STREET  FERRY  AND  PASSENGER -STATION ,  WEST  STREET,  NORTH  RIVER. 


The  New- York,  New-Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad  was  formed  in  1872 
by  a  consolidation  of  the  New- York  &  New-Haven  and  the  Hartford  &  New-Haven 
Companies.  The  line  begins  at  Woodlawn,  N.  Y.,  and  runs  to  Springfield,  Mass., 
122^  miles,  its  total  trackage,  owned  and  leased,  exceeding  900  miles.    The  com- 


ERRY  BOAT. 


pany  runs  its  trains  from  Woodlawn  to  New  York  over  the  Harlem  Railroad,  by 
virtue  of  an  agreement  made  in  1848,  the  tolls  paid  to  the  Harlem  being  about  1,000 
a  day.  The  company  owns  200  locomotives  and  5,000  cars,  and  has  a  first-class 
road-bed  and  equipment.  The  entrance  to  the  great  gate-way  of  land-travel  from 
New- York  to  New  England  and  the  remoter  East  is  the  Grand  Central  Depot,  and 
the  only  route  leads  over  the  rails  of  the  New- York,  New-Haven  &  Hartford  line. 

All  the  railway  trains  between  New  York  and  Boston  pass  over  this  route,  at 
least  as  far  as  New  Haven,  beyond  which  they  may  follow  the  Springfield  Route, 
the  Air  Line  or  the  Shore  Line.     This  company  also  controls  the  New-Haven  & 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


!33 


Northampton  line;  the  Hartford  &  Connecticut-Valley  Railroad;  the  Naugatuck 
Railroad,  from  Stratford  Junction  to  Winsted,  Conn.  ;  the  Shore  Line,  from  New 
Haven  to  New  London,  Conn.  ;  and  several  other  minor  lines. 

The  New-York  &  New-England  Railroad  runs  from  Boston  to  Fishkill- 
on- Hudson,  N.  Y.,  with  branches  to  Providence,  Worcester,  Springfield,  Norwich, 
Woonsocket,  Pascoag,  Rockville,  and  other  Eastern  cities  Its  trains  enter  the 
Grand  Central  Depot  in  New-York  City  by  passing  over  the  New-York,  New-Haven 
&  Hartford  line  from  Willimantic,  or  Hartford,  Conn.  Every  day  the  famous 
"White  Train"  leaves  New  York  and  Boston  at  3  P.  M.,  always  making  the  run 
between  the  two  cities  in  exactly  55  hours,  with  only  four  stops  in  the  213  miles. 
They  run  between  Willimantic  and  Boston,  86  miles,  without  a  stop.  This  route  is 
shorter  by  twenty  miles  than  any  other  between  Boston  and  New  York  ;  and  is  served 
by  parlor-cars,  dining-cars,  royal  buffet  smoking-cars,  and  other  fine  coaches,  whose 
colors  of  white  and  gold  are  very  unusual  and  attractive.  The  White  Train  runs  by 
way  of  Willimantic  and  the  Air  Line;  and  there  is  also  a  train  leaving  New  York 
and  Boston  at  noon,  and  running  by  way  of  Hartford.    The  New-York  and  New- 


NEW-YORK  4  NEW  ENGLAND  RAILROAD:     "THE  WHITE  TRAIN,  "   BETWEEN   NEW-YORK  AND  BOSTON. 


England  Company  also  owns  the  famous  Norwich  Line  of  steamboats,  between  New 
York  and  New  London,  Conn.,  where  it  connects  with  trains  for  Boston.  The 
route  of  these  lines  is  so  favorable,  that  it  receives  a  great  amount  of  travel,  and 
will  always  be  a  favorite  avenue  to  the  eastward.  The  Washington  Night  Express 
runs  between  Boston  and  Philadelphia,  Baltimore  and  Washington,  by  way  of  the 
Poughkeepsie  Bridge,  the  Reading  system  and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  giving 
very  good  and  comfortable  facilities  for  transit  between  the  metropolis  of  New 
England  and  the  capital  of  the  Republic. 

The  New- York  &  New-England  Railroad  gives  convenient  access  to  many  of  the 
most  famous  cities  and  towns  of  Connecticut  and  the  adjacent  States,  like  Danbury, 
famous  for  its  hats ;  Waterbury,  whose  watehes  are  not  unknown ;  Willimantic, 
where  1,500  operatives  make  the  famous  six-cord  sewing  cotton  ;  Putnam,  with  its 
score  of  busy  mills  ;  Norwich,  on  the  pleasant  hills  at  the  head  of  the  Thames  ;  New 
London,  always  charming  as  a  summer-resort ;  and  busy  groups  of  manufacturing 
communities  in  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts.    The  first-class  equipment  of  the 


i34 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


railway  and  its  efficient  and  vigilant  management  give  it  great  value  as  one  of  the 
foremost  avenues  leading  eastward  from  New  York,  and  ensure  its  increasing  success 
and  popularity  in  the  future. 

The  New-York  &  Northern  Railway  has  its  station  at  155th  Street  and 
Eighth  Avenue,  on  the  upper  part  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  runs  thence  northward 
54  miles,  between  the  main  line  and  Harlem  route  of  the  New- York  Central  Railroad, 
to  Brewster,  on  the  Harlem  line.  It  follows  the  valley  of  the  Harlem  River  as  far 
as  Kingsbridge,  and  thence  strikes  across  Van  Cortlandt  Park  and  into  Yonkers,  to 
which  it  runs  many  rapid-transit  trains  daily  for  the  convenience  of  suburban  resi- 
dents. Beyond  this  point  it  reaches  Tarrytown,  Sleepy  Hollow  and  Pocantico 
Hills,  in  the  region  made  classic  by  the  genius  of  Washington  Irving.  Farther 
north,  the  line  passes  near  Croton  Lake,  the  great  reservoir  of  the  New-York  water- 
supply  ;  and  Lake  Mahopac,  a  favorite  summer-resort  among  the  wooded  hills  of 
Carmel.  At  Brewster  the  route  meets  the  tracks  of  the  Harlem  Railroad  and  the 
New- York  &  New-England  Railroad,  crossing  the  latter  on  its  way  from  Boston  to 
the  Hudson  River.  The  stretch  of  51  miles  from  High  Bridge  to  Brewster,  oper- 
ated by  the  Northern  Line,  belongs  to  the  New- York*,  Westchester  &  Putnam  Rail- 
way, the  successor  of  the  New- York  &  Boston  Railroad.  It  was  opened  in  1880, 
and  is  under  a  fifty  years'  lease  to  the  Northern  line.  Various  plans  have  been 
suggested  to  run  through  trains  from  Boston  to  New  York  by  way  of  Brewster  and 
the  New-York  &  Northern,  and  thus  to  secure  for  the  New-York  &  New-England 
Company  an  independent  entrance  to  the  metropolis.  The  terminal  station  of  the 
Northern  line  is  easily  reached  from  lower  New  York  by  the  Elevated  Railroad,  on 
Sixth  Avenue  or  Ninth  Avenue. 

The  Long  Island  Railroad  for  a  long  time  had  its  eastern  terminus  at 
Hicksville,  but  in  1844  it  reached  Greenport ;  and  the  mails  between  New  York  and 


SOUTH-FERRY  STATION --ELEVATED  RAILROAD. 


Boston  were  then  carried  by  this  route,  being  transferred  by  steamboats  from  Green- 
port  to  the  Connecticut  shore.  The  company  was  chartered  in  1 834.  By  succes- 
sive consolidations  and  leases  the  company  now  controls  more  than  500  miles  of  track 
on  Long  Island,  including  two  nearly  parallel  lines,  each  about  100  miles  long,  from 
Brooklyn  and  Long-Island  City  to  Sag  Harbor  and  Greenport.  Branches  lead  to 
Long  Beach,  Rockaway  and  Manhattan  Beach,  on  the  ocean  front ;  and  to  Flushing, 
Whitestone,  Great  Neck,  Oyster  Bay,  Northport  and  Port  Jefferson,  on  Long-Island 
Sound.    This  capital  system  of  railways  brings  to  the  metropolis  the  abounding 


KING'S  HANDBOOK:  OF  NEW  YORK. 


*35 


farm-products  of  the  island,  and  gives  access  to  the  scores  of  suburban  villages  and 
famous  seaside  resorts.  The  Hunter's-Point  station  of  the  Long-Island  Railroad 
is  reached  from  New  York  by  the  ferries  from  James  Slip  and  East  34th  Street. 

The  New-York  and  Sea-Beach  Railroad  connects  at  Bay  Ridge  with  the 
boats  of  the  Staten-Island  Rapid  Transit  Company,  from  the  foot  of  Whitehall  Street, 
the  terminus  of  the  elevated  roads  and  the  Broadway  and  BeK-Line  surface  roads. 


ELEVATED   RAILROAD  AT   110TH  STREET   AND   NINTH  AVENUE. 


From  Bay  Ridge  it  runs  down  to  West  Brighton,  Coney  Island.  In  15  minute?, 
Brooklyn  passengers  connect  with  it  by  the  Brooklyn  City  Elevated  Railroad.  It  is 
a  double-track  standard-gauge  line,  six  miles  long,  opened  in  1879. 

The  Brooklyn,  Bath  &  West-End  Railroad,  reached  by  ferry  from  White- 
hall to  39th  Street,  Brooklyn,  leads  in  6|  miles  to  Coney  Island.  It  was  built  in 
1864;  and  in  1892  began  running  to  the  tide-water  ferry-house,  by  the  South-Brook- 
lyn Railroad  &  Terminal  Company's  costly  new  roadway. 

The  Brooklyn  &  Brighton-Beach  Railroad  is  a  double-track  line,  7^  miles 
long,  running  from  Atlantic  Avenue,  Brooklyn,  to  Brighton  Beach,  across  Flatbush. 

The  Staten-Island  Rapid-Transit  Railroad  is  reached  by  ferry  from  the 
foot  of  Whitehall  Street;  and  gives  access  to  all  the  important  villages  on  "the 
American  IsIj  of  Wight."  The  Rapid-Transit  Company  was  chartered  in  1880,  and 
in  1886  opened  its  line  from  Arrochar  to  Bowman's  Point,  opposite  Elizabethport. 
In  1884  it  effected  a  ninety-nine  years'  lease  of  the  Staten-Island  Railroad,  chartered 
in  185 1,  and  seven  years  later  completed  from  Clifton  to  Tottenville.  The  lines  of 
this  company  have  a  considerable  value  as  leading  from  the  metropolis  to  the  rising 
suburban  villages  on  the  island.  Their  chief  service,  however,  is  in  handling  the 
enormous  freight  brought  by  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  hither,  across  the 
Arthur-Kill  Bridge,  and  down  to  tide-water  at  St.  George  and  other  points. 

Local  Transit.— The  immense  population  of  the  metropolis  of  the  New  World 
and  the  necessity  of  moving  myriads  of  men  daily  to  and  from  their  place  of  business, 
have  given  rise  to  many  successive  problems  as  to  transportation,  whose  solutions  have 
been  of  an  interesting  and  ingenious  character.    The  great  length  of  the  island,  and 


136 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


FIFTH-AVENUE  STAGE  AT  THE  CATHEDRAL. 


its  separation  from  the  shores  on  either  side  by  bro.ad  and  deep  tidal  estuaries  have 
given  the  necessary  travel  thereon  a  unique  character,  compelling  successive  devel- 
opments of  the  modes  of  locomotion. 

Stage  Coaches  were  the  first  means  employed  for  local  transits.  Departing 
at  stated  and  infrequent  intervals,  and  with  much  fanfare  of  horns,  they  ran  from  the 
taverns  on  the  lower  part  of  the  island,  over  the  Old  Boston  Post  Road  and  the 

Bloom ingdale  Road,  to  the 
little  embowered  hamlets  on 
the  north.  These  vehicles 
went  through  many  evolu- 
tions, and  increased  amaz- 
ingly in  numbers,  until  lower 
Broadway  at  times  was  al- 
most blockaded  with  their 
huge  and  swaying  forms. 
This  main  artery  of  the  city 
retained  its  omnibuses  for 
many  years  after  they  had 
disappeared  from  the  other 
avenues,  and  only  relin- 
quished them  when  the  vast- 
ly more  comfortable  street- 
car system  came  into  use. 
The  modern  development  of 
the  old-fashioned  stage-coach  is  now  seen  on  Fifth  Avenue,  which  is  traversed  every 
few  minutes  by  low-hung  stages,  beginning  their  courses  at  Bleecker  Street  and  run- 
ning north  along  the  elegant  patrician  thoroughfare  to  86th  Street,  at  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  the  last  mile  or  more  being  alongside  Central  Park.  Some  of 
these  conveyances  used  in  pleasant  weather  have  seats  on  their  roofs,  and  it  is  a  favo- 
rite diversion  to  ride  up  the  Avenue  thereupon,  especially  in  the  late  afternoon, 
observing  the  splendid  panorama  of  architecture  and  metropolitan  life. 

Street-Cars. —  In  the  course  of  time  the  rattling  omnibuses  of  the  provincial 
era  were  found  ill-adapted  to  the  transportation  of  the  ever-increasing  thousands  of 
urban  travellers,  and  ingenious  inventors  set  to  work  to  discover  some  new  method 
of  transit,  at  once  more  competent  and  more  comfortable.  This  was  found  in  the 
horse-car,  whose  idea  is  a  gift  from  the  city  of  New  York  to  the  civilized  world,  and 
has  been  of  inestimable  benefit  to  mankind.  Nearly  thirty  years  after  their  adop- 
tion here  they  were  first  introduced  in  Europe  by  George  Francis  Train,  a  citizen 
of  New  York,  and  now  they  are  in  constant  use 
in  hundreds  of  cities  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Oceania, 
besides  American  cities  and  villages  from  Seattle 
to  Key  West. 

The  New-York  &  Harlem,  the  first  street- 
railway  in  the  world,  was  chartered  in  183 1,  and  in 
1832  opened  its  entire  line  from  Prince  Street  to 
Harlem  Bridge.    The  cars  were  like  stage-coaches, 

balanced  on  leather  springs,  and  each  having  three  compartments,  with  side-doors  ; 
while  overhead  sat  the  driver,  moving  the  brake  with  his  feet.  From  this  germ 
has  grown  up  the  present  immense  and  efficient  street-car  system  of  the  Empire 
City,  which  is  used  by  millions  of  passengers  and  reaches  almost  every  part  of 


ORIGINAL  ' 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


137 


the  island,  with  its  lines  along  both  water-fronts  and  up  nearly  all  the  north  and 
south  avenues  and  across  town  at  a  score  of  points.  It  was  for  a  time  thought 
that  the  introduction  of  the  elevated  railways  would  ruin  the  business  of  the  street- 
cars, but  this  result  has  not  followed,  and  the  surface  lines  are  still  as  fully  employed 
as  ever. 

The  First  &  Second  Avenue  Line  runs  from  Fulton  Ferry  to  the  Harlem 
River,  with  branches  to  Worth  Street  and  Broadway  and  to  Astor  Place  and  Broad- 
way, and  to  the  Astoria  Ferry. 

The  Third-Avenue  Railroad  is  one  of  the  ancient  street-car  lines,  its  charter 
dating  from  1S53.  The  company  has  28  miles  of  track,  from  the  City  Hall  to 
Harlem  (130th  Street),  with  branches  from  Manhattan  Street  to  125th  Street,  E.  R., 
and  on  Tenth  Avenue  from  125th  Street,  near  Manhattanville,  to  186th  Street. 

The  Fourth-Avenue  Line  runs  from  the  Post  Office  to  the  Grand  Central 
Depot,  with  a  branch  to  the  Hunter's-Point  Ferry.  The  Madison- Avenue  line  runs 
from  the  Post  Office  to  Mott  Haven. 

The  Sixth-Avenue  Railroad  was  chartered  away  back  in  1851,  and  runs  from 
the  Astor  House  (Vesey  Street  and  Broadway)  to  Central  Park.  The  line  properly 
begins  at  Canal  and  Varick  Streets,  but  the  track  thence  to  Vesey  Street  and  the 
branch  along  Canal  Street  are  owned  in  common  with  the  Eighth- Avenue  Company. 
The  company  owns  120  cars  and  1,100  horses. 

The  Seventh-Avenue  Line  runs  from  Whitehall  to  Central  Park,  and  beyond 
to  Washington  Heights.  It  owns  420  cars  and  1,200  horses.  The  cost  of  construc- 
tion was  $4, 500,000. 

The  Eighth-Avenue  Railroad  controls  20  miles  of  track,  from  Broadway  and 
Vesey  Street  to  the  upper  part  of  the  island.     It  was  chartered  in  1855. 

The  Ninth-Avenue  Line  has  16  miles  of  track,  extending  from  Broadway  and 
Fulton  Street  to  Manhattanville  (125th  Street).     It  was  chartered  in  1859. 

The  Cross-Town  Lines  include  those  on  Charlton,  Prince  and  Stanton 
Streets  ;  from  the  Hoboken  Ferry  by  Christopher,  8th  and  10th  Streets  to  the 
Greenpoint  Ferry  ;  from  the  23d- Street  Ferry  by  Grand  and  Vestry  Streets,  to  the 
Desbrosses-Street  Ferry  (to  Jersey  City)  ;  from  the  Grand-Street  Ferry  to  the  Cort- 
iandt-Street  Ferry  ;  along  23d  Street,  from  the  Erie  Ferry  to  the  Greenpoint  Ferry  ; 
and  many  others. 

The  Northern  Wards  also  have  numerous  street-car  lines,  reaching  Morris- 
ania,  Tremont,  Fordham,  West  Farms,  Port  Morris  and  other  villages  north  of  the 
Harlem  River. 

The  Broadway  Line  is  one  of  the  latest-built  of  the  street-car  routes.  It 
traverses  Broadway,  from  the  South  Ferry  to  Central  Park,  giving  admirable  facili- 
ties for  reaching  all  parts  of  this  grandest  thoroughfare  of  the  world.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  line  met  with  a  most  determined  opposition  from  a  great  number  of  citi- 
zens, who  feared  that  their  favorite  commercial  avenue  would  be  ruined  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  rails;  and  a  charter  was  obtained  only  after  protracted  controversies,  and 
resulted  in  grave  municipal  complications.  But  the  anticipated  annoyances  have  not 
been  realized,  and  the  line  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  and  useful  in  the  city  ; 
and  happy  was  the  day  for  New-Yorkers  when  the  old-fashioned,  slow,  cumbersome 
and  noisy  omnibuses  gave  way  to  the  swift,  quiet  and  neat  horse-cars. 

Cable-Cars,  so  successfully  used  in  many  American  cities,  are  about  to  be  io- 
troducedinNew  York  on  several  of  the  main  lines  of  tramway,  and  notably  on  Broad- 
way and  Third  Avenue,  whose  routes  have  been  constructed  with  this  modern  system 
of  propulsion,  so  that  passengers  may  be,  and  are,  carried  by  them  for  marvelously 


138 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


low  fares.  The  trolley  system  of  electric  railways  will  probably  get  an  entrance 
into  New  York  in  time,  although  it  has  been  unable  to  overcome  a  certain  singular 
prejudice  felt  here  against  it,  in  spite  of  the  success  of  the  trolleys  in  so  many  other 
cities. 

The  Elevated  Railroad  is  the  crowning  achievement  in  solving  the  problems 
of  rapid  transit.  By  its  aid  the  New-Yorkers  fly  through  the  air  from  end  to  end  of 
their  teeming  island  at  railway  speed  and  in  comfortable  and  well-appointed  cars. 
The  simplicity  of  their  structure  and  the  free  gift  to  the  companies  of  the  right  of 
way  enable  these  routes  to  be  built  at  a  fraction  of  the  cost  of  the  urban  rapid- 
transit  lines  in  other  great  cities.  Instead  of  being  whirled  through  the  darkness 
and  monotony  and  poisonous  air  of  almost  continuous  tunnels  (as  in  London), 
the  New-Yorkers  are  borne  along,  swiftly  and  comfortably,  high  up  above  the 
streets,  in  view  of  the  wonderful  changing  panorama  of  the  Empire  City,  and  in 
a  fresh  and  wholesome  atmosphere.  A  ride  on  the  London  Metropolitan  Railway 
is  a  depressing  necessity  ;  but  a  flight  along  the  New-York  elevated  rails  is  a 
refreshment. 

The  movement  for  elevated  railways  grew  very  strong  in  1866,  and  during  the 
following  year  more  than  forty  plans  were  submitted  to  the  Legislature.  The  sys- 
tem of  Charles  C.  Harvey  was  accepted,  and  the  inventor  was  allowed  to  build  an 
experimental  track  along  Greenwich  Street  from  the  Battery  to  29th  Street.  If  it 
succeeded  Harvey  was  to  have  permission  to  extend  the  line  to  the  Harlem  River, 

but  if  it  failed  it  must  be  taken 
down.  The  system  was  commenced 
in  1867,  but  the  means  of  locomo- 
tion then  used  was  a  wire  rope 
drawn  by  a  stationary  engine. 
This  method  was  unsuccessful, 
and  the  matter  lay  in  abeyance 
for  several  years.  The  company 
failed  in  1870,  and  was  succeeded 
by  the  New- York  Elevated  Rail- 
road Company,  which  began  the 
use  of  small  locomotives  on  the 
tracks.  The  Manhattan  Railway 
Company  was  formed  in  1875,  anc^ 
in  1879  it  leased,  for  a  term  of 
999  years,  the  New-York  Elevated 
Railroad  and  the  Metropolitan 
Elevated  Railway,  both  of  which 
were  chartered  in  1872  and  opened 
in  1878.  The  lease  was  modified 
in  1884.  The  New- York  line  cost 
$20,500,000  for  construction  and 
equipment,  and  the  Metropolitan 
cost  $23,300,000.  The  Manhattan 
OOO  cars,  and  carries  215,000,000 


PASSENGER  ELEVATOR  AND  STATION,  ELEVATED  RAILROAD, 
EIGHTH  AVENUE  AND  116th  STREET. 


Company  has  about  300  locomotives  and 
passengers  yearly. 

In  1 89 1  the  Manhattan  Company  secured  control  of  the  Suburban  Rapid-Transit 
Railroad,  running  from  129th  Street  and  Third  Avenue,  in  Harlem,  and  through 
Mott  Haven  and  Melrose  to  Central  Morrisania  (171st  Street  and  Third  Avenue). 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


139 


This  system  is  in  process  of  extension  to  West  Farms,  Bronx  Park,  Fordham  and 
other  localities. 

The  main  elevated  railway  lines  are  along  the  East  Side,  on  Second  and 
Third  Avenues,  two  parallel  routes  from  the  lower  part  of  Manhattan  Island  to 
Harlem  ;  the  Sixth-Avenue  line,  along  the  middle  of  the  island  ;  and  the  Ninth- 
Avenue  line,  nearer  the  Hudson  River,  from  South  Ferry  to  Central  Park  and  the 
Harlem  River,  at  West  155th  Street.  The  railways  are  carried  on  girders  resting  upon 
wrought-iron  lattice  columns,  usually  along  the  line  of  the  curb-stones,  and  from  37 
to  44  feet  apart.  In  some  cases  each  side  of  the  avenue  has  its  elevated  track,  one  for 
the  up-trains,  the  other  for  the  down-trains.  Elsewhere  the  girders  run  clear  across 
the  narrower  streets,  and  the  two  tracks  are  brought  close  together  over  the  middle 


CABLE-CARS  ON  THE  EAST-RIVER  BRIDGE,  NEW-YORK  END. 


of  the  street.  On  some  of  the  wider  and  less  crowded  avenues,  the  columns  and 
tracks  are  placed  in  the  middle.  The  stations  are  about  one-third  of  a  mile  apart ; 
and  in  the  bus  -  hours  of  the  day  trains  pass  them  about  every  minute,  drawn  by 
powerful  locomotive  engines.  The  crowded  junction  points  of  the  lines,  the  stations 
in  mid-air,  the  swallow-flight  of  the  light  trains,  the  perfect  system  and  discipline 
of  the  arrangements,  command  admiring  wonder,  and  make  an  especially  vivid 
impression  upon  foreign  visitors.  The  lofty  curving  trestles  of  iron  near  110th 
Street  were  justly  characterized  by  De  Lesseps  as  one  of  the  most  audacious  of 
engineering  feats. 

Projected  Subterranean  Transit. —  However  rapidly  the  facilities  are  in- 
creased, the  needs  of  the  city  seem  to  increase  even  more  rapidly,  and  the  capacity 
of  the  elevated  lines  is  already  overstrained,  especially  at  certain  hours  of  the  day. 
Consequently,  new  methods  are  in  process  of  being  worked  out,  and  all  possible 
routes  between  the  Battery  and  Harlem  are  being  studied  by  competent  engineers. 


T40 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


In  the  belief  that  the  existing  surface  and  elevated  railways  occupy  as  much  of  the 
land  and  air  of  the  city  as  can  properly  be  used,  attention  has  been  directed  to  sub- 
terranean routes,  to  be  bored  under  Broadway  for  its  entire  length.  The  Rapid- 
Transit  System  proposed  in  1891  by  William  E.  Worthen,  the  chief  engineer  of  the 
commission,  provided  for  a  tunnel  under  Broadway  and  the  Boulevard,  from  the 
Battery  to  Spuyten  Duyvil,  containing  four  railway  tracks,  the  outside  ones  for 
local  trains  and  the  inside  ones  for  express  trains,  running  at  forty  miles  an  hour. 
From  14th  Street  the  East-Side  branch  diverges  up  Fourth  and  Madison  Avenues  to 
the  Grand  Central  Depot.  The  trains  were  to  be  run  by  electric  power,  and  the 
stations  and  tunnels  ventilated  by  powerful  fans  and  brightly  lighted  by  electricity. 
The  lines  and  plan  of  construction  were  approved  by  the  Mayor  and  Common 
Council.  Vet  this  system  failed  to  be  realized,  and  many  new  schemes  for  other 
routes  and  methods  have  since  been  brought  before  the  Rapid-Transit  Commis- 
sioners. The  tendency  seems  to  be  towards  more  extensive  elevated  railway  ser- 
vices, especially  between  the  Battery  and  Fort  George. 

America  is  the  Temple  of  Liberty,  and  New  York  is  its  Beautiful  Gate.  Other 
portals  there  are  :  Boston  and  Baltimore,  New  Orleans  and  San  Francisco,  and 
many  more,  but  their  aggregate  of  travel  and  traffic  falls  below  that  of  this  imperial 
city.  In  the  days  of  the  Carsars  all  roads  led  to  Rome  ;  but  in  this  happier  century 
all  routes,  by  sea  or  land,  converge  upon  this  wonderful  harbor.  Millions  of 
European  immigrants  have  first  touched  the  land  of  peace  and  freedom  here  ;  and 
armies  of  travellers  in  search  of  pleasure  or  variety,  or  along  the  lines  of  trade  and 
commerce.  Here  centre  the  routes  of  travel  between  the  rich  and  prosperous  North 
and  the  happy  and  beautiful  South,  and  between  earnest  New  England  and  her 
daughter  States  of  the  West.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  from  all  parts  of 
the  Republic  visit  the  great  city  every  year  for  its  own  sake,  because  nowhere  else 
are  there  such  abundant  facilities  for  pleasure,  for  enlightenment,  for  business. 
Here,  therefore,  is  the  supreme  clearing-house  for  travellers  of  all  kinds,  and  on  all 
errands. 

Along  these  close  converging  tracks  of  steel,  each  more  noble  than  the  Appian 
Way,  hundreds  of  trains  arrive  and  depart  daily,  with  every  variety  of  traveller, 
from  the  Westchester  suburban  to  the  New-Zealand  globe-trotter.  The  White  Train 
and  other  famous  convoys  fly  thence  to  New  England  and  the  remoter  East ;  the 
Empire-State  Limited  and  the  Erie  Flyer  to  the  North  and  West;  the  Royal  Blue 
and  the  powerful  Pennsylvania  trains  to  the  West  and  South  ;  and  scores  of  other 
routes  have  their  almost  continuous  processions  of  cars,  bound  for  innumerable 
destinations.     Nowhere  else  in  the  world  is  there  such  a  focal  point  of  travel  as  this. 

Another  interesting  feature  in  the  relation  of  New-York  City  to  the  railway 
systems  of  America  appears  in  its  overmastering  financial  control  of  many  of  their 
chief  lines.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  construct  and  equip  a  new  route  anywhere 
without  securing  some  part  of  the  needed  capital  from  this  treasure  city  ;  and  if  the 
enterprise  is  promising  and  feasible  there  is  always  plenty  of  money  at  hand  for  the 
purpose.  The  little  rock-bound  canon  of  Wall  Street  has  furnished  the  means  to 
construct  thousands  of  miles  of  track  in  all  the  country  between  Tampa  Bay  and 
Eastport,  and  between  Sonora  and  Seattle.  The  great  trust-companies  of  New 
York  are  the  guardians  of  incalculable  amounts  in  mortgage-bonds  and  other  obliga- 
tions, and  at  their  offices  many  railway  companies,  both  near  and  far,  pay  their 
dividends.  The  Vanderbilt,  Gould,  Corbin  and  other  far-reaching  systems  have 
their  headquarters  here,  and  from  this  impregnable  financial  fortress  control  the 
destinies  of  unnumbered  myriads  of  American  people. 


Streets,  Avenues,  Boulevards,  Alleys,  Ways,  Parks,  Squares, 
Drives,  Monuments,    Statues,  Fountains,  Etc. 


IN  NEW  YORK  all  roads  lead  not  to  Rome,  but  to  the  Battery.  There  the 
city  had  its  beginning;  and  to-day,  after  three  centuries  of  municipal  existence 
and  of  steady  expansion  northward,  the  stupendous  commercial  and  financial  inter- 
ests of  the  metropolis  are  still  in  that  vicinity.  The  trains  of  the  elevated  railroads 
all  run  to  the  Battery,  and  all  the  principal  street-car  lines  trend  in  that  direction. 
Naturally  a  topographic  tour  of  the  city  begins  at  that  point. 

The  Battery  was  once  the  court  end  of  the  town.  Fortifications  were  erected 
here  by  the  first  Dutch  settlers.     Castle  Garden  was  once  a  fort  on  a  ledge  in  the 


BATTERY   PLACE — WASHINGTON  BUILDING.  PRODUCE  exchange. 


bay,  connected  by  a  causeway  with  the  main  land.  As  time  wore  on,  the  Castle 
became  a  peaceful  summer-garden  and  a  concert-hall.  The  Lafayette  ball  was 
given  there  in  1824,  and  there  Jenny  Lind,  the  Swedish  Nightingale,  made  her 
American  debut.  From  1855  to  1 891  Castle  Garden  was  the  immigrant-depot,  and 
many  millions  of  persons  from  Europe  have  passed  through  its  portals  on  their  way 
to  make  homes  for  themselves  in  the  New  World.  Now  the  Garden  has  changed 
character  again.  It  will  soon  be  devoted  to  a  public  aquarium,  where  many  varie- 
ties of  dwellers  in  the  water  may  be  seen.  The  United-States  Revenue  Barge- 
Office  is  situated  there,  on  the  water-front.  Battery  Park  contains  about  21  acres. 
It  is  well  kept,  with  green  lawns,  flowers  and  shade-trees,  and  is  a  delightfully  cool 
place  in  summer  time.  In  colonial  days  the  homes  of  New- York's  wealth  and  aris- 
tocracy looked  down  upon  this  lovely  spot.     Several  of  the  old  houses  still  remain, 


142 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


but  for  the  most  part  they  have  made  way  for  huge  warehouses  and  gigantic  office 
buildings. 

Bowling  Green,  a  small  triangular  plot  on  the  northern  confines  of  Battery 
Park,  is  rich  with  traditions.  Here  stood  the  equestrian  statue  of  King  George  III. 
Lord  Cornwallis,  Lord  Howe,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  George  Washington,  General 
Gates,  Benedict  Arnold,  Talleyrand  and  other  famous  folk  lived  in  this  vicinity. 
Just  south  of  the  Green  is  the  site  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  built  by  the  Dutch  in  1626. 
The  Produce  Exchange,  the  Welles  Building,  the  Standard  Oil  Company  Building, 
the  Washington  Building,  the  Columbia  Building  and  other  notable  architectural 
structures  now  distinguish  the  locality. 

Broadway,  which  starts  from  Bowling  Green,  is  one  of  the  longest  and  grand- 
est business  thoroughfares  of  the  world.     It  is  not  always  imposing,  but  it  is  always 


WHITEHALL  STREET,  LOOKING  TOWARDS  BROADWAY.      ARMY  BUILDING. 


interesting;  and  in  general  appearance,  variety  of  scenes  and  impressive  air  of  busi- 
ness and  social  activities  it  has,  all  in  all,  no  rival  on  either  continent.  It  is  the 
main  business  artery  of  the  city.  On  and  about  it,  down -town,  are  hundreds  of 
great  buildings,  bee-hives  of  industry,  some  of  which  have  a  business  population 
equal  to  that  of  a  country-town.  The  street  is  packed  from  sunrise  to  sunset  with 
processions  of  merchandise,  trucks,  vehicles  and  cars,  and  the  sidewalks  are  crowded 
with  hurrying  thousands,  all  on  business  intent.  There  are  few  loiterers  and  few 
pleasure-seekers  in  this  part  of  the  town.  Financial  institutions,  shipping  interests, 
the  wholesale  dry-goods  and  other  branches  of  business  monopolize  lower  Broadway 
and  the  adjacent  streets. 

At  its  inception  Broadway  is  dignified  with  the  great  buildings  that  have  already 
been  referred  to  as  surrounding  Bowling  Green ;  and  the  offices  of  the  foreign 
consuls  and  the  steamship  companies  and  immigrant  boarding-houses  jostle  them. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  143 

At  every  step  northward  appear  tall  buildings,  the  Columbia,  Aldrich  Court,  the 
Tower,  the  Consolidated  Exchange,  the  Manhattan  Life-Insurance  Company,  the 


STEAMSHIP  ROW,  BOWLING  GREEN.  state  street 


Union  Trust  Company,  the  United  Bank,  and  others.  Opposite  Wall  Street  is 
Trinity  Church  and  graveyard,  breaking  the  monotony  of  the  busy  scene.  Once 
Broadway  ended  at  this  point,  and  meandered  beyond  as  a  green  country-lane.  The 


LOWER  BROADWAY,  LOOKING  NORTH,  FROM   MORRIS  STREET  TO  TRINITY  CHURCH. 

imposing  Equitable  Building,  extending  from  Pine  to  Cedar  Streets,  stands  where  in 
1646  good  old  Jan  Jansen  Damen  lived,  and  shot  the  bears  that  prowled  about  his 
orchards.      More  great  buildings  :  the  Boreel,  the  Williamsburg  City  Fire,  the 


144 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Mutual  Life,  the  Evening  Post,  the  Western  Union,  the  Mail  and  Express,  the 
Herald, — and  then  Broadway  reaches  Park  Row  and  City-Hall  Park.  There  is 
St. -Paul's  Chapel,  its  back  turned  to  the  great  thoroughfare.  Opposite  is  the 
National  Park  Bank,  and  beyond  is  the  famous  Astor  House,  and  the  Post  Office. 
A  little  farther  on,  not  on  Broadway,  but  within  sight,  across  City-Hall  Park,  are 


BROADWAY  AND  FIFTH  AVENUE,  SOUTH  FROM  MADISON  SQUARE. 

the  Potter  Building,  and  the  newspaper  buildings  —  the  Times,  Sun,  Tribune, 
World,  and  Staats-Zeitung.  In  the  park  itself  are  the  City  Hall  and  the  Court- 
House,  and  just  beyond  is  the  Stewart  Building.  The  East-River  Bridge  terminates 
at  City- Hall  Park,  in  the  midst  of  these  noble  architectural  piles.  The  Postal- 
Telegraph-Cable  Building,  at  the  corner  of  Murray  Street,  and  its  neighbor,  the 
Home  Life-insurance  Building,  will  be  imposing  13  and  14-story  structures.  The 
quadrangle  formed  around  the  southern  end  of  the  City-Hall  Park  by  the  newspaper 


BROADWAY  AND  SIXTH  AVENUE,  NORTH   FROM  34TH  STREET. 

buildings,  the  City  Hall,  and  the  Post  Office  is,  without  doubt,  the  grandest  square 
on  the  American  continent. 

From  the  City  Hall  northward  as  far  as  Grace  Church,  at  10th  Street,  wholesale 
business-houses  practically  monopolize  Broadway.  At  Duane  Street  rises  the  ele- 
gant twelve-story  building  of  the  Mutual  Reserve-Fund  Life  Association,  a  splendid 
fire-proof  stone  structure.  At  Leonard  Street  the  New- York  Life-insurance  Build- 
ing attracts  attention,  and  near  Lispenard  Street  is  the  fine  edifice  of  the  Ninth 
National  Bank.  Just  beyond  is  Canal  Street,  in  its  name  a  reminder  of  the  time 
when  a  canal  ran  across  the  island.    Farther  north  are  the  Metropolitan  Hotel 


146 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


and  Niblo's  Theatre,  the  conspicuous  Rouss  Building,  the  Manhattan  Savings  Insti- 
tution, the  newly  remodelled  Broadway  Central  Hotel,  the  old  New- York  Hotel, 
then  the  Stewart  dry-goods  emporium,  occupying  an  entire  block  between  Broadway 
and  Fourth  Avenue,  9th  Street  and  10th  Street,  and  then  the  beautiful  Grace 
Church.  At  nth  Street  is  the  first-class  dry-goods  establishment  of  James  McCreery 
&  Co.  In  this  vicinity  a  literary  centre  has  grown  up.  The  publishing  house  of  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.  is  a  few  blocks  below  in  Bond  Street  ;  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  in 
Broadway,  opposite  Astor  Place ;  the  Aldine  Club  and  the  Astor  Library,  in  Lafay- 
ette Place  ;  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  Washington  Square  ;  the 
Cooper  Union  and  the  Mercantile  Library,  in  Astor  Place  ;  the  American  Book  Co., 
a  monopoly  of  the  school-book  business;  Wm.  Wood  &  Co.,  in  10th  Street;  the 


FOURTEENTH  STREET,  BETWEEN  FIFTH  AND  SIXTH  AVENUES. 


United-States  Book  Co.,  in  16th  Street  ;  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  in  19th  Street  ;  and 
other  publishing  houses  and  new  and  second-hand  book-stores  are  near  at  hand  in  all 
directions. 

At  13th  Street,  leaving  the  Star  Theatre,  where  for  a  generation  shone  the  genius 
of  Lester  Wallack,  Broadway  at  14th  Street  debouches  into  Union  Square,  and,  de- 
flecting slightly  to  the  west,  pursues  the  rest  of  its  course  up-town  diagonally  across 
the  avenues,  instead  of  parallel  to  them. 

Here  is  the  retail  shopping  district,  from  10th  Street  to  above  23d  Street.  In 
Broadway,  14th  Street  and  23d  Street  principally,  the  prominent  retail  establish- 
ments are  the  wonder  and  the  admiration  of  all  who  see  them,  and  in  extent  and  in 


i48 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


variety  of  goods  they  are  not  surpassed  elsewhere  in  the  world.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  the  trade  in  this  district  annually  amounts  to  over  $500,000,000.  A  few 
play-houses  are  still  found  as  far  south  as  14th  Street,  but  the  main  theatre-region 
is  in  Broadway,  or  within  about  a  block's  distance,  between  23d  and  42d  Streets. 
Within  that  distance  —  about  a  mile  —  are  Proctor's  23d-Street  Theatre,  the  Mad- 
ison-Square Garden,  the  Garden  Theatre,  the  Madison-Square  Theatre,  Koster  & 
Bial's,  the  Lyceum,  the  Fifth-Avenue,  Herrmann's,  Daly's,  the  Bijou,  Palmer's, 
the  Standard,  Harrigan's,  the  Park,  the  Casino,  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  the 
Manhattan  Opera  House,  the  Broadway,  and  the  new  Empire  Theatre.  Broadway  is 
also  an  avenue  of  great  hotels.  Up-town  it  has  the  St.  Denis,  at  nth  Street ;  the  St. 
George,  at  12th  Street ;  the  Morton,  at  14th  Street ;  the  Continental,  at  20th  Street; 
the  Aberdeen  and  Bancroft,  at  21st  Street;  the  Fifth-Avenue  and  the  Bartholdi,  at 
23d  Street ;  the  Albemarle,  at  24th  Street ;  the  Hoffman,  at  25th  Street ;  the  St. 
James,  at  26th  Street ;  the  Victoria  and  the  Coleman,  at  27th  Street ;  the  Gilsey 
and  the  Sturtevant,  at  29th  Street;  the  Grand,  at  31st  Street;  the  Imperial,  at  32d 
Street ;  the  Marlborough,  at  36th  Street ;  the  Normandie,  at  38th  Street ;  the  Ori- 
ental, at  39th  Street ;  the  Gedney,  at  40th  Street ;  the  Vendome,  at  41st  Street ;  the 
St.  Cloud  and  the  Metropole,  at  42d  Street ;  the  Barrett,  at  43d  Street ;  and  the 
Gladstone,  at  59th  Street. 

Above  42d  Street  Broadway  yet  maintains  something  of  the  residential  character 
that  long  ago  disappeared  from  it  below.  Many  large  apartment-houses  face  it  as 
it  nears  Central  Park,  at  59th  Street.  There  with  another  turn  westward  it  broadens 
out  into  a  wide  asphalt-paved  thoroughfare,  with  a  shaded  parkway  in  the  center, 
and  is  henceforth  known  as  the  Boulevard.  It  is  a  long  but  exceedingly  interesting 
walk  up  Broadway  from  Bowling  Green  to  Central  Park  —  about  five  miles. 

The  Boulevard,  virtually  a  continuation  of  Broadway,  beginning  at  the  Park, 
goes  on  for  nine  miles  farther,  through  the  pleasant  upper  part  of  the  city  that  is 
being  rapidly  covered  with  handsome  houses,  apartment-buildings  and  churches.  It 
passes  .  over  the  hillside  between  Riverside  Park  and  Morningside  Park,  where 
Columbia  College,  the  Protestant-Episcopal  Cathedral  and  the  Grant  Monument  are 
soon  to  rise,  and  down  into  the  ravine  at  Harlem,  and  then  up  again  upon  historic 
Washington  Heights,  still  a  region  of  beautiful  country-homes  of  old  New-York 
families,  and  on  to  the  end  of  the  island  at  Spuyten-Duyvil  Creek,  by  the  old  Kings- 
bridge  road.  The  Boulevard  includes  two  capital  roadways,  separated  by  a  central 
strip  of  lawns,  trees,  and  flowers.  When  finished,  it  will  be  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful driveways  in  the  world,  traversing,  as  it  does,  the  remarkably  picturesque 
region  between  Central  Park  and  the  Hudson  River,  much  of  the  way  over  high 
ground,  commanding  beautiful  views. 

Fifth  Avenue  is  celebrated  the  world  over  as  the  grand  residence  street  of  the 
aristocratic  and  wealthy  families  of  the  metropolis.  In  recent  years  business  has 
encroached  upon  its  boundaries,  but  despite  all  it  still  maintains  its  prestige  and  its 
brilliant  character.  There  was  a  time  when  some  people  regarded  residence  in  Fifth 
Avenue  as  an  indispensable  requisite  to  pre-eminent  social  recognition.  In  recent 
years  this  notion  has  been  decidedly  relaxed,  and  grand  residences  of  prominent 
people  arise  on  many  of  the  cross  streets  immediately  out  of  the  avenue,  and  in  Mad- 
ison Avenue,  Park  Avenue,  around  the  various  squares  and  parks,  in  the  newly-laid- 
out  streets,  and  in  other  favored  localities  ;  but  nevertheless  a  luxurious  residence  in 
Fifth  Avenue  is  a  sort  of  stamp,  or  patent  of  rank.  From  Washington  Square  for 
a  distance  of  nearly  four  miles  northward,  Fifth  Avenue  is  lined  with  handsome 
residences,  club-houses,  churches  and  hotels  that  give  abundant  evidence  of  wealth 


150  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


MOUNT  MORRIS  PARK. 


and  luxurious  tastes.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  avenue  many  of  the  old  New-York 
families  still  hold  their  mansions,  despite  the  proximity  of  trade.  Between  14th  and 
23d  Streets,  business  has  almost  entirely  pushed  out  residences,  and  only  a  few  years 
will  elapse  before  it  will  be  in  full  possession  of  the  usurped  territory.  The  Man- 
hattan Club  has  gone  up-town  to  34th  Street  ;  the  Lotos  is  preparing  to  move  ;  and 
the  Union  must  soon  follow.  The  Judge,  the  Methodist  Book  Concern,  and  the 
Mohawk  buildings,  three  large,  handsome  structures,  have  been  erected  recently, 
and  are  prophetic  of  the  transformation  now  taking  place  in  this  part  of  the  avenue. 


PARK  AVENUE,  LOOKING  NORTH  FROM  55TH  STREtT. 


KIXC'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


MAQISON  AVENUE,  EAST  SIDE,  BETWEEN  69TM  ANO  70TH  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


At  23d  Street,  Fifth  Avenue  crosses  Broadway  and  makes  the  western  border  of 
Madison  Square.  From  this  point  northward  to  42d  Street  business  is  in  the 
ascendant.  Many  of  the  private  houses  that  once*lined  the  avenue  are  gone,  and 
many  of  those  that  remain  are  not  used  for  residences.  Art-galleries,  book-stores, 
bric-a-brac  shops,  fashionable  millinery  and  dressmaking  establishments,  publication 
offices,  clubs  and  hotels  are  rapidly  making  this  an  aristocratic  business  street. 

Above  42d  Street  are  the  palaces  of  some  of  New  York's  millionaires.  The 
Vanderbilt  houses  are  regarded  as  the  finest  examples  of  domestic  architecture  in 
the  United  States.  They  do  not  stand  entirely  alone,  however,  in  respect  to  beauty. 
The  Stevens  house,  now  owned  and  occupied  by  ex-Secretary-of-the-Navy  William 
C.  Whitney ;  the  C.  P.  Huntington  mansion,  nearly  completed ;  the  houses  of 
Robert  Goelet,  R.  F.  Cutting,  and  others  add  distinction  to  the  mile  of  avenue 
between  42d  Street  and  Central  Park  ;  and  in  the  same  district  live,  less  pretentiously 
but  none  the  less  elegantly,  such  well-known  New  York  aristocrats  as  Governor  Ros- 
well  P.  Flower,  Darius  O.  Mills,  Henry  M.  Flagler,  Ogden  Goelet,  Washington  E. 
Conner,  Russell  Sage,  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  and  William  Rockefeller.  Above  59th 
Street,  facing  the  Park,  are  other  splendid  mansions,  among  them  the  home  of 
Henry  O.  Havemeyer,  and  the  Robert  L.  Stuart  house. 

Fifth  Avenue  is  the  great  hotel  thoroughfare  of  the  city.  In  that  respect  it  sur- 
passes even  Broadway,  its  closest  rival.  It  has  the  Brevoort,  at  Clinton  Place ;  the 
Berkeley,  at  9th  Street;  the  Lenox,  at  12th  Street;  the  Logerot,  at  20th  Street; 
the  Glenham,  at  22d  Street ;  the  Fifth-Avenue,  at  23d  Street ;  the  Brunswick,  at 
25th  Street:  the  Victoria,  at  27th  Street;  the  Holland,  at  30th  Street;  the  Cam- 
bridge and  the  Waldorf,  at  33d  Street ;  the  St.  Marc,  at  39th  Street ;  the  Hamilton 


HARLEM  VIEW,  LOOKING  EAST  FROM   137TH  STREET. 


and  the  Bristol,  at  42d  Street ;  the  Sherwood,  at  44th  Street ;  the  Windsor,  at  46th 
Street  ;  the  Buckingham,  at  50th  Street ;  the  Langham,  at  52d  Street ;  and  the 
Plaza,  Savoy  and  New  Netherland,  at  59th  Street. 

Fifth  Avenue  is  also  a  street  of  churches.  On  it  stand  Ascension  (Episcopal), 
at  ioth  Street;  the  First  Presbyterian,  at  I2th  Street;  the  Collegiate  Reformed, 
at  29th  Street ;  the  Brick  Presbyterian,  at  37th  Street ;  the  Jewish  Temple  Emanu- 
El,  at  43d  Street ;  the  Divine  Paternity  (Universalist),  at  45th  Street ;  the  Heavenly 
Rest  (Episcopal),  near  45th  Street;  the  Collegiate  Reformed,  at  48th  Street;  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral  (Roman  Catholic),  at  50th  Street;  St.  Thomas  (Episcopal),  at 
53d  Street ;  and  the  Fifth-Avenue  Presbyterian,  at  55th  Street. 

Fifth  Avenue,  moreover,  is  the  main  resort  of  the  clubs,  nearly  all  of  which  have 
taken  possession  of  old-time  residences.  Among  them  are  the  following :  the 
Union,  at  21st  Street;  Sorosis,  near  25th  Street;  the  Reform,  at  27th  Street;  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


'53 


JEAN.NETTE  PARK,  COENTIES  SLIP. 

Calumet,  at  29th  Street ;  the  Knickerbocker,  at  32c!  Street ;  thj  Manhattan,  at 
34th  Street;  the  New- York,  at  35th  Street;  the  St. -Nicholas,  at  36th  Street;  the 
Union  League  and  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  at  39th  Street ;  the  Republican,  at 
40th  Street ;  the  Lotos,  near  45th  Street ;  the  Democratic,  near  49th  Street ;  the 
Seventh-Regiment-Veteran,  above  57th  Street ;  the  Metropolitan,  at  60th  Street : 
and  the  Progress,  at  63d  Street. 

Among  the  public  and  semi-public  institutions  on  Fifth  Avenue  are  :  Chicker- 
ing  Hall,  Delmonico's,  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum, 
and  the  Lenox  Library.  W" i t L  its  handsome  residences,  numerous  hotels,  churches, 
clubs  and  other  institutions,  and  with  Washington  Square  at  its  southern  terminus, 
Madison-Square  and  the  Reservoir  in  Bryant  Park  breaking  its  course,  and  the  59th- 
Street  Plaza  and  Central  Park  illuminating  its  northern  extension,  Fifth  Avenue  is 
certainly  one  of  the  most  magnificent  thoroughfares  of  the  world. 


mm 


m 


SOUTH  STREET,  NORTH  FROM  THE  BATTERY. 


J54 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Madison  Avenue,  which,  only  a  block  away,  runs  parallel  with  Fifth  Avenue, 
contains  the  Villard  Florentine  palace,  part  of  which  is  now  the  home  of  Whitelaw 
Reid,  the  editor  of  the  Tribune,  and  ex-United-States  Minister  to  France.  The 
Tiffany  house,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  West  72d  Street,  is  one  of  the  most  unique 
and  attractive  dwelling-houses  in  America.  It  was  built  for  and  is  owned  by  Charles 
L.  Tiffany,  the  founder  and  senior  member  of  the  world-famous  jewelry  house  of 
Tiffany  &  Co.  It  was  designed  by  Stanford  White,  of  McKim,  Mead  &  White,  and 
Louis  C.  Tiffany.  The  interior  was  designed  by  Louis  C.  Tiffany,  son  of  the  owner, 
who,  with  other  members  of  the  same  family,  occupies  the  house.  The  architecture 
contains  many  quaint  and  delightful  features  of  the  old  Dutch  style;  and  the 
lofty  and  ornate  facades  and  picturesque  roof  are  prominent  features  of  up-town 
New  York.  On  the  same  avenue  stand  other  mansions  scarcely  less  notable.  Madi- 
son Avenue,  too,  might  well  be  termed  "the  Avenue  to  the  Cods,"  for  imposing 
shrines  of  worship,  in  a  greater  number  than  on  any  other  thoroughfare  in  the  city, 


EDISON  BUILDING.  STOCK  EXCHANGE.  MILLS  BUILDIN6. 

BROAD  STREET,   NORTH  TO  WALL  STREET. 


of  many  denominations  and  many  creeds,  rise  up  at  every  few  corners  throughout 
its  whole  length.  At  its  beginning  has  just  been  completed  the  magnificent  white 
marble  edifice  of  the  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Company. 

Sixth  Avenue  rivals  Broadway,  14th  Street  and  23d  Street  in  its  retail  stores. 
Several  of  the  large  dry-goods  establishments  are  there,  and  hundreds  of  smaller 
shops.  It  contains  the  Jefferson- Market  Court-House  at  10th  Street  ;  the  Green- 
wich Savings  Bank,  at  16th  Street ;  the  Masonic  Hall,  at  23d  Street  ;  and  the  Union 
Dime  Savings  Institution,  at  32d  Street  ;  besides  which  there  is  little  of  noteworthy 
architectural  character  in  the  avenue.  It  has  a  large  resident  population,  in  apart- 
ments over  stores,  and  is  the  main  thoroughfare  of  the  Tenderloin  District. 

Seventh  Avenue,  extending  from  Greenwich  Avenue  to  Central  Park,  is  a 
residence-street  for  people  of  moderate  means,  and  has  many  retail  stores.  The 
State  Arsenal  is  at  35th  Street ;  the  Osborne  Flats,  at  52d  Street ;  Tattersall's,  at 
55th  Street;  Hotel  Grenoble,  at  56th  Street ;  Music  Hall,  at  57th  Street;  and  the 
Central-Park  Apartment-houses,  at  59th  Street. 


KING*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


r55 


West  Street  and  South  Street  arc  the  water-front  thoroughfares,  leading 
from  the  Battery  along  the  North  River  and  East  River  respectively.  Along  the 
former  are  the  piers  of  most  of  the  great  ocean-steamship  lines  and  of  the  Hudson- 
River  and  Long- Island-Sound  boats.    Much  of  the  South- American  shipping  comes 


DINS.  PROOUCE  EXCHANGE.  STOCK  EXCHANGE. 

BROAD  STREET,  SOUTH  FROM  WALL  STREET 


to  the  East- River  front,  and  sailing  vessels  predominate  there.  Near  the  mouth  of 
the  East  River,  at  the  Battery,  large  fleets  of  canal-boats  tie  up.  The  piers  on  all 
the  river-fronts,  with  one  exception,  are  wooden  or  iron  structures. 

Eighth  Avenue  is  the  West-Side  cheap  thoroughfare.  The  upper  part  of  the 
avenue  toward  59th  Street  is  respectable,  and  contains  several  notable  public 
buildings. 

Central  Park  West  is  that  part  of  Eighth  Avenue  that  faces  Central  Park 
from  59th  Street  to  noth  Street.  It  is  a  beautiful  street,  and  is  being  built  up  with 
artistic  and  expensive  private  houses  and  handsome  apartment-hotels.  The  Dakota, 
the  San  Remo,  the  San  Carlo,  and  the  La  Grange,  are  among  the  finest  houses  of 
their  kind  in  the  city.  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in  Manhattan 
Square,  and  the  Cancer  Hospital  look  upon  Central  Park  West. 

Wall  Street  is  a  short  and  narrow  thoroughfare,  but  it  is  second  only  to  Lom- 
bard Street,  London,  in  the  magnitude,  importance  and  far-reaching  influence  of  its 
financial  operations.  Both  its  sides  are  lined  for  about  half  their  length  with  some 
of  the  costliest  office  and  bank  buildings  in  this  country  ;  here,  too,  are  the  Sub- 
Treasury,  the  Assay  Office,  and  the  Custom  House.    Once  the  outer  wall  of  the  city, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


surmounted  by  a  stockade,  ran  where  the  street  now  is.  Hence  comes  the  name  of 
the  street.  Times  have  changed  since  that  day  when  watchful  sentineis  paced  this 
wall,  guarding  the  little  village  of  New  Amsterdam  from  the  Indians  and  the  wild 
beasts.  Even  as  late  as  1697,  when  a  grant  of  land  was  made  to  Trinity  Church,  it 
was  described  as  "in  or  near  to  a  street  without  the  North  Gate  of  the  city,  com- 
monly called  Broadway."  The  Sub-Treasury  stands  on  the  site  of  the  first  City 
Hall,  afterward  called  the  Federal  Hall. 

Nassau,  Broad  and  New  Streets  take  a  great  deal  of  the  overflow  of  Wall 
Street.  In  Broad  Street  is  the  main  front  of  the  handsome  white-marble  building  of 
the  Stock  Exchange,  and  several  elegant  office-buildings — the  Mills,  the  Edison,  and 
the  Morris.  In  Nassau  Street  is  the  Clearing  House,  and  many  banks  and  banking 
houses.  The  majestic  Mutual  Life-Insurance  Building  stands  on  the  site  of  the  Mid- 
dle Dutch  Church,  which  was  used  for  a  riding-school  by  the  British  soldiers  during 
the  Revolution,  and  was  afterwards  the  New- York  Post-Office.  In  1728  the  Dutch 
society  bought  this  land  for  ^575  ;  in  1861  the  United-States  Government  paid  the 
church  $200,000  for  it;  and  in  1881  the  insurance  company  bought  it  for  $650,000. 
It  is  probably  worth  now  fully  $750,000. 

Printing-House  Square  is  at  the  north  end  of  Nassau  Street.  The  appella- 
tion is  popular  rather  than  official.  It  is  an  open  space,  or  plaza,  at  the  intersection 
of  Park  Row  and  Nassau  and  Spruce  Streets,  abreast  of  the  City- Hall  Park  ;  and 


WALKER  STREET.--  HARRY  HOWARD  SQUARE. -•  CANAL  STREET. 


is  bordered  by  the  offices  of  the  great  newspapers.  The  statues  of  Benjamin 
Franklin  and  Horace  Greeley  are  appropriately  placed  as  the  presiding  geniuses  of 
the  locality. 

Franklin  Square  is  only  known  and  only  important  because  the  firm  of  Har- 
per &  Brothers  still  keep  their  publishing  house  there.  A  century  and  less  ago  this 
was  one  of  the  fashionable  quarters  of  the  town.  The  old  mansions  have  dis- 
appeared, and  a  tenement-house  population  and  small  manufacturing  establishments 
now  occupy  the  land.  The  square  is  pretty  well  covered  over  by  the  network  of 
tracks  and  depots  of  the  Elevated  Railroad. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


J57 


BROADWAY,  FROM  THE  BROADWAY  CENTRAL  HOTEL  TO  GRACE  CHURCH. 

BOND  STREET  TO  TENTH  STREET, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Bowery  is  historic  ground.  In  the  good  old  pre-colonial  days  it  was  a 
pleasant  country  lane,  running  between  the  "Boweries"  or  farms  of  the  worthy 
Dutch  burghers.  Its  rural  character  departed  years  and  years  ago,  and  for  a  long 
time  its  name  was  synonymous  with  all  the  worst  phases  of  vice  in  the  slums  of  the 
great  city.  The  swaggering  "Bowery  Boy"  tough  then  ruled  the  precinct,  which 
was  redolent  with  depravity.  In  recent  years  the  Bowery  has  risen  from  its  low 
estate,  and  possesses  many  enterprising  business  establishments,  successful  banks, 


ROW. 


and  public  institutions.  A  flavor  of  cheapness  from  the  surrounding  tenement 
region  still  clings  to  it,  but  the  decent  German  and  Hebrew  elements  now  chiefly 
dominate  the  neighborhood. 

The  Five  Points,  once  so  infamous,  was  renovated  some  years  ago.  Crime 
and  poverty  no  longer  control  it.  In  their  place  have  come  mission  schools,  chapels 
and  manufactories,  and  industrious  working  people.  New  streets  and  open  squares 
have  been  laid  out  by  the  municipal  authorities,  and  the  district  is  generally  im- 
proved sanitarily  and  socially. 

Mott,  Pell  and  Doyers  Streets  and  vicinity  are  now  given  over  to  the  Chinese. 
There  is  a  large  population  in  the  district  just  west  of  the  Bowery  and  Chatham 
Square.  The  district  is  a  veritable  "Chinatown,"  with  ail  the  filth,  immorality  and 
picturesque  foreignness  which  that  name  implies. 

Second  Avenue  in  its  southern  limits  is  the  great  German  thoroughfare.  A 
large  German  population  exists  to  the  east  of  it ;  and  its  cafes,  gardens  and  other 
places  of  public  resort  are  for  people  of  that  nationality.  About  loth  Street  was  the 
farm  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  last  Dutch  Governor  of  New  Amsterdam. 

Baxter  Street  is  still  monopolized  by  the  cheap  clothing-dealers,  who  have  made 
the  name  of  the  street  famous. 

Thompson  Street  is  the  centre  of  one  of  the  largest  negro  colonies  in  the  city, 
and  has  given  rise  to  a  very  readable  book,  "The  Proceedings  of  the  Thompson- 
Street  Poker  Club." 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  159 

Hanover  Square,  at  the  junction  of  Hanover,  Pearl  and  William  Streets,  is  the 
centre  of  the  cotton  trade,  and  here,  too,  is  the  stately  Cotton  Exchange.  In  this 
locality,  in  days  gone  by,  lived  many  of  New  York's  wealthy  merchants,  and  after 
the  French  Revolution  many  notable  French  emigre's.  Here  is  an  important  station 
of  the  Elevated  Railroad,  greatly  utilized  by  the  men  connected  with  the  Stock, 
Cotton  and  Produce  Exchanges. 

Lafayette  Place,  a  short  street  between  Astor  Place  and  Great  Jones  Street, 
is  distinguished  as  the  location  of  the  Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Virgin,  the 
Astor  Library,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocesan  House,  the  DeVinne  Press 
(printers  of  T7ie  Century  Magazine),  and  the  offices  of  several  publishing  concerns 
and  religious  societies.  In  the  row  of  houses  opposite  the  Astor  Library,  and 
known  as  "the  Colonnade  Row,"  lived  John  Jacob  Astor  and  other  rich  merchants, 
two  generations  ago.  The  north  end  of  the  Row  is  owned  and  occupied  by  The 
C  liurchman. 

Astor  Place,  just  north  of  Lafayette  Place,  has  the  Mercantile-Library  Building, 
the  Eighth-Street  (Jewish)  Theatre,  and  the  statue  of  Samuel  S.  Cox.  In  front  of 
the  Opera  House,  which  then  occupied  the  present  site  of  Clinton  Hall  (the  Library 
Building),  occurred  the  " Forrest-Macready  riot,"  in  1849.  Astor  Place  was  once  a 
fashionable  residence-quarter. 

Parks  and  Squares  are  generously  provided  for  New- York  people.  Large 
public  parks  and  small  open  squares  are  scattered  about  in  all  districts,  especially 


MULBERRY   BEND,  THE  ITALIAN  QUARTErt. 


where  they  can  be  readily  availed  of  for  the  children  of  the  poor.  Few  if  any  cities 
of  the  world  now  have  as  great  an  acreage  of  parks,  and  the  spirit  of  the  people  is 
steadily  favorable  to  even  more  such  open  places,  that  conduce  to  the  general  health 


i6o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CENTRAL  PARK  AND  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NORT 


and  happiness  of  the  community, 
and  this  too  notwithstanding  the 
high  value  of  every  square  foot  of 
land  in'the  city. 

Central  Park  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  one  of  the 
most  famous  urban  parks  in  the 
world.  It  covers  the  territory 
between  Fifth  and  Eighth  Ave- 
nues and  59th  and  110th  Streets, 
a  tract  over  z\  miles  long  by  half 
a  mile  wide,  including  an  area  of 
840  acres.  There  are  about  400 
acres  of  wooded  ground,  part  of 
which  is  still  in  the  natural  state, 
while  the  rest  has  been  improved 
by  the  planting  of  trees,  shrubs 
and  vines.  There  are  nine  miles 
of  carriage-ways,  six  miles  of 
bridle-paths,  and  thirty  miles  of  foot-paths.  The  Park  has  been  beautified  with 
handsome  architecture,  landscape  gardening,  statues  and  other  works  of  sculpture. 
There  are  nineteen  entrances,  over  which  it  was  once  proposed  to  erect  imposing 
arches,  a  plan  that  may  yet  be  carried  out.  Transverse  roads  from  east  to  west,  in 
open  cuts  below  the  level  of  the  Park,  accommo- 
date business  traffic,  which  is  not  allowed  within 
the  Park  limits.  Park-carriages  are  run  for  the 
convenience  of  visitors.  The  Park  was  begun  in 
1857,  during  the  mayoralty  of  Fernando  Wood  ; 
and  has  cost  over  $16,500,000,  inclusive  of  main- 
tenance, which  has  been  over  $300,000  a  year. 
Frederick  Law  Olmsted  and  Calvert  Vaux  di- 
rected the  landscape  design,  and  Calvert  Vaux 
and  J.  W.  Mould  superintended  the  architectural 
features.  Washington  Irving  and  George  Ban- 
croft Davis  were  consulting  members  of  the  first 
Park  Board,  and  General  Egbert  L.  Viele  was  the 
first  engineer.  Central  Park  is  twice  the  size  of 
Regent's  Park  or  Hyde  Park,  in  London  ;  and  in 
the  world  is  exceeded  in  size  only  by  the  Great 
Park  at  Windsor,  the  grounds  at  Richmond, 
Phoenix  Park  in  Dublin,  the  gardens  atVersailles, 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne  at  Paris,  and  the  Prater  in 
Vienna.    None  of  these  equals  it  in  beauty. 

Starting  from  59th  Street,  one  comes  first 
upon  the  Ball  Ground,  a  ten-acre  plot  in  the 
south-west  corner,  where  the  boys  are  privileged 
to  play  base-ball  and  cricket.  Near  this  is  the 
Dairy  ;  and  just  to  the  north-east  is  the  Carrousel, 
with  swings  for  children.  Adjoining  is  the  Com- 
mon, or  Green,  of  sixteen  acres,  where  the  sheep 


K/XG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


161 


are  pastured.  On  the  east  side,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  64th  Street,  is  the  Menagerie, 
partly  housed  in  the  Arsenal,  and  partly  in  pens  and  wooden  houses.  There  is  a 
large  and  varied  collection  of  wild  animals,  elephants,  lions,  hippopotami,  tigers, 
bears,  camels,  seals,  monkeys  and  birds.  Just  to  the  east  of  the  Green  is  the  Mall, 
a  grand  promenade,  over  200  feet  wide  and  a  third  of  a  mile  long,  overshadowed  by 
rows  of  noble  elms.  Here  are  many  statues ;  at  the  southern  end,  the  beautiful 
Marble  Arch,  over  an  underground  pathway ;  and  near  the  middle  the  Music  Pavil- 
ion, where  concerts  are  given  on  Saturday  and  Sunday  afternoons.  The  goat  car- 
riages for  the  children  are  kept  here ;  and  on  the  cliff  to  the  left  is  the  arbor,  covered 
with  gigantic  wisteria  vines,  that  in  springtime  maTte  a  wonderful  show  of  purple 
blossoms.  Close  at  hand  is  the  Casino,  a  restaurant  for  this  section.  To  the  north 
the  Mall  terminates  in  the  Terrace,  the  chief  architectural  feature  of  the  Park. 


TERRACE,  FOUNTAIN  AND  LAKE,  IN  CENTRAL  PARK. 


There  is  an  Esplanade  on  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  the  Bethesda  Fountain  stands 
there.  A  central  stairway  leads  down  to  the  Esplanade  under  the  road,  beneath 
which  is  a  tiled  hall  with  arched  roof.  On  either  hand  outside  are  other  flights  of 
steps.  The  Terrace  is  built  of  a  light-brown  freestone,  with  beautiful  decorative 
details,  and  very  intricate  carvings  of  birds  and  animals. 

The  Lake  covers  twenty  acres,  and  is  given  over  to  pleasure-boats  in  the 
summer  and  skating  in  the  winter.  Beyond  the  Lake  is  the  Ramble,  a  spot  beautiful 
with  sylvan  paths,  waterfalls,  natural  groves,  thickets  of  underbrush  and  exquisite 
bits  of  scenery.  Next  is  the  Receiving  Reservoir  for  the  city  water,  and  on  its  mar- 
gin rises  the  lofty  terrace  of  the  Belvedere,  with  a  picturesque  tower  fifty  feet  high, 
affording  a  magnificent  view  of  Manhattan  Island  and  all  the  surrounding  country. 
To  the  east  of  the  Reservoir  are  the  Obelisk  and  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  ; 
and  to  the  north  again,  the  new  Croton  Reservoir,  which  fills  nearly  the  entire  width 
of  the  Park.  At  the  extreme  northern  section  there  is  less  adornment,  but  none  the 
less  beauty ;  and,  withal,  much  of  historical  interest.  From  Great  Hill,  with  its 
Carriage  Circle,  there  is  a  view  of  Harlem  and  Washington  Heights.    Harlem  Mere 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


is  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  upon  which  stands  the  old  Block-House  ;  and  McGown's- 
Pass  Tavern  is  near  McGown's  Pass,  the  scene  of  skirmishes  between  the  British 
and  the  Continental  troops  in  1776.  The  North  Meadow,  a  fine  grassy  lawn  of 
nineteen  acres,  is  largely  set  apart  for  tennis-players  and  picnic-parties. 

Other  lakes  than  these  already  mentioned  are  the  Conservatory  Water,  where 
the  boys  sail  little  boats;  the  Lily  Pond,  which  has  a  valuable  collection  of  water- 
lilies,  Egyptian  lotus  and  other  beautiful  flowers  ;  and  the  Pond,  where  swans  and 


43^  acres  ;  reservoirs,  143  acres.  The  place  is  much  frequented  in  all  seasons  of 
the  year.  It  is  not  unusual  for  150,000  people  to  visit  it  on  a  single  pleasant  day 
in  summer  ;  and  15,000,000  visit  it  every  year. 

Riverside  Park,  next  in  importance  to  Central  Park,  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Hudson  River,  extending  from  72d  Street  north  to  130th  Street,  a  distance  of  three 
miles,  with  an  irregular  width,  averaging  about  500  feet,  and  an  area  of  178  acres. 
That  part  of  it  farthest  from  the  river,  and  known  as  the  Riverside  Drive,  has  been 
laid  out  in  lawns,  driveways  and  walks,  the  uneven  contour  of  the  land  being  care- 
fully preserved.  Throughout  the  length  of  this  charming  thoroughfare,  which  is  on 
the  crest  of  a  hill,  there  is  a  wide-sweeping  view  of  the  Hudson  River  and  the  Jer- 
sey shore  as  far  north  as  the  Palisades.  On  the  east  line  of  the  Park  is  Riverside 
Drive,  upon  which  are  built  elegant  private  residences,  facing  the  west ;  and  this 
section  is  becoming  one  of  the  favorite  places  of  residence  of  New- York  millionaires, 
whom  the  encroachment  of  trade  is  driving  out  of  the  other  districts.  To  the  west 
a  substantial  granite  wall  borders  the  Drive,  and  below  this,  sloping  to  the  river's 
edge,  is  an  uneven  tract  of  land  as  yet  unimproved,  and  abounding  in  fine  old  trees. 
A  plan  will  probably  be  carried  out  to  fill  in  the  river  to  the  outside  pier  line  for  the 
entire  length  of  the  Riverside  Park,  and  raise  an  embankment  above  the  present 
level  of  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson- River  Railroad,  bridges  across  the  tracks 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  163 


SCENES    AND    ORNAMENTAL  STRUCTURES. 


IN   CENTRAL  PARK. 


164 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


STATUES,  BUSTS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 

IN  CENTRAL  PARK. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  165 


STATUES  AND  ORNAMENTAL  WORK. 

IN  CENTRAL  PARK. 


i66 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


connecting  the  embankment  with  the  hillside.  This  arrangement  would  give  the 
city  a  water-front  park  unequalled  for  beauty  elsewhere  in  the  world.  At  the  north- 
ern end  of  Riverside  Park  is  the  tomb  of  General  U.  S.  Grant. 

Morningside  Park  is  a  strip  of  land  about  600  feet  wide  and  more  than  half  a 
mile  long,  with  an  area  of  32  acres,  extending  north  and  south  upon  the  eastern  slope 
of  Bloomingdale  Heights,  north  of  110th  Street  and  west  of  Eighth  Avenue.  It 
overlooks  Central  Park  and  Harlem,  and  commands  a  view  of  Washington  Heights 
and  the  country  to  the  north  and  east.  The  land  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  has  been 
laid  out  in  a  handsome  landscape  design,  and  against  the  face  of  the  cliff  has  been 
constructed  a  heavy  granite  wall  with  projecting  bastions  and  broad  stairways  lead- 
ing up  to  the  parapetted  promenade  on  the  top. 

Madison  Square,  bounded  by  Fifth  Avenue,  Broadway,  Madison  Avenue,  23d 
Street  and  26th  Street,  is  the  chief  popular  resort  of  the  central  districts.  It  covers 
nearly  seven  acres,  and  in  summer  is  charming  with  shade-trees  and  beds  of  flowers. 
The  Seward  and  the  Farragut  statues  are  inside  the  park,  and  the  Worth  Monu- 
ment is  at  the  northern  corner.     Here  are  ornamental  and  drinking  fountains,  and 


in  the  season  beds  of  beautiful  water-lilies.  The  Square  is  much  frequented  by 
prettily  dressed  children  with  their  nurses,  and  withal  is  thoroughly  delightful. 

Union  Square,  at  Broadway,  14th  Street,  17th  Street,  and  Fourth  Avenue  is  3^ 
acres  in  extent.  Here  are  the  Lafayette,  the  equestrian  Washington  and  the  Lincoln 
statues,  a  pretty  fountain  in  the  centre,  a  large  drinking  fountain  surmounted  by  the 
figures  of  a  woman  and  two  children,  a  small  and  artistic  drinking  fountain  designed 
by  Olin  T.  Warner,  a  paved  plaza  on  the  north  bordered  by  a  row  of  colored  gas- 
lamps,  an  ornamental  structure  and  a  cottage  with  a  reviewing  balcony.  The  plaza 
is  a  favored  place  for  large  outdoor  mass-meetings. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Washington  Square  has  a  character  peculiar  to  itself.  It  is  at  the  lower  end 
of  Fifth  Avenue,  an  open  space  of  about  nine  acres,  once  the  Potter's  Field.  New- 
York  society,  driven  successively  out  of  Bowling  Green,  Bond  Street,  Bleecker  Street 
and  elsewhere  down-town,  has  made  a  sturdy  stand  for  two  generations  in  Washing- 
ton Square.  The  north  side  is  lined  by  old-fashioned  red-brick  houses,  with  white- 
marble  trimmings,  in  which  dwell  the  Coopers,  the  Rhinelanders,  and  other  aristo- 
cratic families.  On  the  east  side  is  the  imposing  white-stone  castellated  structure  of 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  hallowed  by  many  associations.  The  dor- 
mitory of  this  building  has  for  a  generation  at  least  been  the  bachelor  home  of  artists 
and  men  of  letters,  and  many  a  recluse  has  buried  himself  from  the  world  in  its  quiet 


precincts.  In  the  next  block  is  the  Asbury  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  the 
modern  Benedict  Chambers,  principally  occupied  by  artists.  On  the  south  side  of 
the  Square  small  shops  catering  to  the  neighboring  tenement  population,  have  crept 
in  to  a  considerable  extent.  Some  of  the  old  historic  houses  remain,  and  several 
apartment-buildings.  The  feature  of  that  side  of  the  Square,  however,  is  the  Judson 
Memorial  Baptist  Church.  On  the  west  side  are  fine  private  residences  and  apart- 
ment-hotels. The  principal  ornament  of  the  Square  is  the  white-marble  Washington 
Memorial  Arch,  where  Fifth  Avenue  begins.  There  is  a  fountain,  a  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi, a  bust  of  Alexander-L.  Holley,  beds  of  flowers,  shade-trees,  and  hundreds  of 
seats  that  are  generally  occupied  by  poor  people  from  neighboring  tenements. 


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169 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


GARIBALDI  STATUE. 


City-Hall  Park  has  been  shorn  of  much  of  its  original  dimensions.  A  century 
and  more  ago  it  was  "The  Open  Field"  outside  the  city  limits,  and  great  mass- 
meetings  were  held  there.    Once  it  was  the  only  park  in  the  city,  and  the  land  now 

occupied  by  the  Post-Office  Building 
was  within  its  limits  twenty-five  years 
ago.  The  City  Hall,  the  County 
Court-House,  the  ancient  Hall  of  Re- 
cords, and  a  fire  engine-house  take  up 
much  of  the  open  space  of  the  Park, 
which  has  about  eight  acres.  There 
are  two  fountains,  plenty  of  shade,  and 
many  flower-beds.  The  asphalt-paved 
plaza  in  front  of  the  City  Hall  is  the 
favorite  resort  of  the  fun-loving  boot- 
blacks and  newsboys  of  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

Bryant  Park  consists  of  five 
acres,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth  Ave- 
nues, and  40th  and* 42d  Streets,  on  the 
site  once  occupied  by  the  famous  Crystal 
Palace,  which  was  burned  in  1858.  On 
 „  , — _J      the  Fifth-Avenue  side  is  the  old  Res- 

WASHINGTON   SQUARE.  frQm  ^    J  |(  ^ 

called  Reservoir  Park.  It  preserves  the  memory  of  William  Cullen  Bryant  merely 
in  the  name,  its  only  statue  being  a  bust  of  Washington  Irving. 

East-River  Park  is  on  the  bluff  overlooking  the  East  River,  at  the  foot  of 
86th  Street.  Although  of  limited  area,  it  is  very  airy,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of 
the  river  far  up  toward  Long-Island  Sound.  It  has  been  fitted  up  particularly  for 
the  comfort  of  the  babies  and  young  children  and  their  mothers,  from  the  adjacent 
tenements. 

High-Bridge  Park  is  the  name  given  to  the  23  acres  that  surround  the  Reser- 
voir and  buildings  of  the  city  water- works  at  the  Harlem  River  and  170th  Street. 

Manhattan  Square,  covering  about  15  acres,  at  Central  Park  West  and  77th 
and  81  st  Streets,  is  an  annex  to  Central  Park.  It  is  the  site  of  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  but  the  grounds  have  not  been  fully  laid  out  nor  cared  for. 

Mount-Morris  Park,  along  Fifth  Avenue,  from  120th  to  124th  Street,  in 
Harlem,  is  over  a  score  of  acres  in  extent.  It  contains  a  rocky  and  well-wooded 
hill,  surrounded  with  pretty  stretches  of  level  land.  There  is  a  plaza  on  top  of  the 
hill  from  which  an  extensive  view  is  obtained  ;  and  shaded  paths,  and  other  natural 
and  artificial  adornments  make  this  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  city's  smaller 
breathing  places. 

Gramercy  Park  is  a  private  enclosure  of  1^-  acres,  between  20th  and  21st 
Streets  and  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues.  It  is  a  part  of  the  old  Gramercy  farm. 
Looking  out  upon  it  are  the  homes  of  David  Dudley  Field,  the  late  Cyrus  W.  Field, 
John  Bigelow,  Hamilton  Fish,  ex-Mayor  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  and  other  well-known 
wealthy  New-Yorkers.  There,  too,  was  the  home  of  the  late  Samuel  J.  Tilden ;  and 
next  to  it  is  the  Players'  Club,  that  Edwin  Booth  established.  In  the  Gramercy- 
Park  Hotel  reside  several  eminent  theatrical  and  musical  artists. 

Stuyvesant  Square,  four  acres  in  extent,  on  Second  Avenue,  between  15th  and 
17th  Streets,  is  a  part  of  the  old  Stuyvesant  farm.    Private  residences  surround  it; 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


171 


and  on  the  west  side  rise  St.  George's  Episcopal  Church  and  the  Friends'  Meeting- 
House  and  Seminary.  On  the  east  side  is  the  New-York  Infirmary  for  Women  and 
Children.  It  is  an  aristocratic  neighborhood,  but  the  Square  is  mostly  used  by  the 
East-Side  tenement  dwellers. 

Mulberry-Bend  Park  is  a  projected  new  small  park  between  the  Bowery,  Park 
Row,  Canal,  Pearl  and  Elm  Streets.  The  commission  to  acquire  the  property  was 
appointed  in  1888,  and  in  1892  completed  its  work.  The  cost  of  acquiring  the 
property  has  been  about  $2,000,000. 

The  New  Park  System  above  the  Harlem  River  has  been  planned  upon  mag- 
nificent proportions.  The  lands  were  selected  by  a  commission,  in  1884  ;  and  were 
acquired  by  the  city  at  a  cost  of  about  $9,000,000.  There  is  a  fraction  over  3,945 
acres  in  the  territory,  which  includes  six  parks  and  three  parkways.  Up  to  the 
present  time  these  breathing-places  have  been  left  in  an  absolute  state  of  nature  and 
it  is  not  proposed  ever  to  "improve"  them  artificially.  They  are  somewhat  removed 
from  the  popular  sections  of  the  city,  and  mostly  frequented  by  picnic  and  excursion 
parties  in  summer,  and  skating  parties  in  winter. 

Pelham-Bay  Park  is  in  Westchester  County,  outside  the  city  limits.  It  con- 
tains 1,756  acres  on  the  shore  of  Long-Island  Sound,  Hunter's  Island  and  Twin 
Island  being  included  within  its  limits.  The  land  belonged  to  the  Pell  family  two 
centuries  ago,  and  the  old  manor-house  is  still  standing.  Here  Ann  Hutchinson, 
fleeing  from  Puritan  persecutions  in  New  England,  settled,  and  was  murdered  by 
the  Indians.  In  the  Revolution  much  fighting  occurred  over  all  this  ground.  The 
Park  has  a  very  picturesque  shore-line, 
nearly  ten  miles  long. 

Van-Cortlandt  Park  contains 
1,132  acres,  and  is  part  of  the  property 
once  owned  by  the  Van-Cortlandt 
family.  The  old  family  mansion  is 
stijl  preserved,  a  quaint  Dutch  building 
of  stone,  with  terraced  lawns  command- 
ing views  of  the  Palisades  and  the 
Hudson  River.  There  Washington  had 
his  headquarters  while  carrying  on 
operations  for  the  expulsion  of  the 
British  from  New-York  City.  "Vault 
Hill"  on  this  property  was  the  burial- 
place  of  the  Van-Cortlandt  family  ; 
and  "Indian  Field"  was  an  aboriginal 
place  of  interment,  as  many  graves  in- 
dicate. There  is  a  large  lake,  covering 
sixty  acres  ;  and  a  parade-ground  for 
the  city  reghnents  of  the  National 
Guard  has  been  laid  out,  on  a  level 
meadow  of  120  acres. 

Bronx  Park  contains  661  acres, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Bronx  River, 
esqueness  has  made  it  a  favorite  with  New- York  artists, 
here  a  botanical  garden,  like  that  at  Kew. 

Crotona  Park,  135  acres,  lies  between  Tremont  and  West  Farms,  and  contains 
the  Bathgate  Woods.    It  commands  views  of  the  Palisades  and  the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 


ALEXANDER 


a  shallow  and  narrow  stream  whose  pictur- 
It  is  proposed  to  establish 


172 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


St. -Mary's  Park  occupies  25  acres,  part  of  the  old  Gouverneur-Morris  estate, 
near  Morrisania.     It  is  a  pleasant  undulating  region,  with  views  of  river  and  Sound. 

Claremont  Park,  of  38  acres,  is  between  Inwood  and  Tremont,  beyond  the 
Harlem  River.     It  is  a  triangular  valley,  rich  in  vegetation. 

The  Parkways  which  connect  these  parks  will  be  handsome  roads  600  feet  wide. 
Between  Pelham  Park  and  Bronx  Park  is  the  Bronx  and  Pelham  Parkway;  between 

Crotona  Park  and  Bronx  Park,  the 
Crotona  Parkway  ;  and  between  Bronx 
Park  and  Van-Cortlandt  Park,  the 
Mosholu  Parkway. 

Other  Parks  are  simply  small 
open  places  with  walks,  flowers,  shrub- 
bery and  seats,  and  generally  less  than 
half  an  acre  in  extent.  These  are  the 
principal  places  of  the  kind  :  Abing- 
don, Beach-Street,  Boulevard  (2), 
Canal  -  Street,  Christopher  -  Street, 
Cooper-Institute,  Duane-Street,  Five- 
Points  (called  Paradise  Park),  Grand- 
Street,  Jackson,  Sixth-Avenue,  Cedar, 
Jeannette,  Boston-Road  (2),  Fulton- 
Avenue  (2),  and  Tompkins  (with  io£ 
acres). 

A  new  park  is  to  be  laid  out  on  the 
•     •  eastern  slope  of  Washington  Heights, 

•T  jSSSSSSSSSl^SSSSk  ji^^^H     overlooking  the  Harlem  River,  from 

^H^^^^l      I55th  Street  to  the  bluff  at  Fort  George, 
•  4HH     a  distance  °f  over  tw0  miles. 

Statues,  Busts  and  Sculpture 
WB^BKIK/^^^^^^^M     adorn  the  parks  and   public  places. 

There  are  in  the  city  about  fifty  por- 

WASHINGTON  IRVING  BU8T.  IN  BRYANT  PARK.  .      .  ,  ,  ,  .  ,      ,  , 

trait-statues  and  busts  and  ideal  works 
of  sculpture,  almost  half  of  which  are  in  Central  Park.  Several  are  very  admirable 
works  of  art,  and  on  the  whole  the  collection  will  compare  favorably  with  that  in 
any  other  American  city. 

The  Washington  Memorial  Arch  had  its  inception  in  the  celebration  in  1889 
of  the  Centennial  anniversary  of  the  inauguration  of  Washington  as  first  President 
of  the  United  States.  The  temporary  arch  which  was  part  of  the  street  decoration 
of  the  occasion  spanned  Fifth  Avenue  on  the  north  side  of  Waverly  Place.  The 
structure,  which  was  designed  by  Stanford  White,  the  architect,  was  so  generally 
admired  that  arrangements  were  perfected  to  perpetuate  it  in  white  marble.  Now  it 
stands  in  Washington  Square,  facing  the  lower  end  of  Fifth  Avenue,  fifty  feet  south 
of  Waverly  Place,  and  spanning  the  main  drive  of  the  Square.  The  Arch  is  the 
finest  structure  of  its  class  in  this  country.  Each  of  the  square  piers  is  64  feet 
around,  and  they  are  30  feet  apart ;  from  the  ground  to  the  centre  of  the  arch  space 
is  47  feet.  With  the  frieze,  the  attic  and  the  coping  the  structure  is  77  feet  high. 
The  frieze  is  carved  with  a  design  showing  13  large  stars,  42  small  stars,  and  the 
initial  "W"  regularly  repeated.  American  eagles  are  carved  on  the  two  keystones; 
in  the  panels  of  the  piers  are  bas-relief  emblems  of  war  and  peace  ;  and  in  the  span- 
drils  of  the  arch  figures  of  Victory.    The  roof  of  the  arch  is  ornamented  with  carved 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


173 


174 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


rosettes  in  panels.  At  the  base  of  the  piers  are  two  simple  pedestals,  on  which  will 
be  placed  symbolical  groups  of  figures.  On  the  north  panel  of  the  attic  is  this  in- 
scription, from  Washington's  inaugural  address  :  "Let  us  Raise  a  Standard  to  which 
the  Wise  and  the  Honest  can  repair.  The  Event  is  in  the  Hands  of  God."  On  the 
opposite  panel  is  this  dedication:  "To  Commemorate  the  one-hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  the  inauguration  of  George  Washington  as  the  First  President  of  the  United 
States."  Below  the  frieze  and  above  the  centre  of  the  arch  are  carved  the  words: 
"Erected  by  the  People  of  the  City  of  New  York."  The  cost  of  the  structure  was 
$128,000,  and  the  amount  was  raised  by  popular  subscription.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  arch  was  laid  May  30,  1889;  and  the  main  work  was  completed  in  April,  1892. 

Garibaldi,  in  bronze,  by  G.  Turini,  is  in  Washington  Square.  It  was  pre- 
sented to  the  city  by  Italians  of  the  United  States,  and  erected  in  1888. 

Alexander  L.  Holley  is  commemorated  by  a  heroic  bronze  bust,  placed  upon 
a  simple  square  column,  upon  which  an  inscription  states  that  the  memorial  was 


BRYANT  PARK  —  SIXTH  AVENUE,  41ST  TO  420  STREETS. 


erected  by  mechanical  engineers  of  two  continents.  The  bust  is  the  work  of  J. 
Q.  A.  Ward,  and  is  in  Washington  Square,  where  it  was  unveiled  in  1890. 

Washington  Statues  in  the  city  are  three  in  number.  An  important  one  is 
the  colossal  bronze  statue  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Sub-Treasury 
building  in  Wall  Street,  which  is  on  the  site  of  Federal  Hall,  where  Washington 
took  the  oath  of  office  as  first  President  of  the  United  States,  April  30,  1789.  On 
the  pedestal  is  the  stone  upon  which  Washington  stood  when  he  took  the  oath.  The 
statue  was  unveiled  November  26,  1883. 

Another  statue  of  Washington  in  the  city  is  a  copy  of  the  Houdon  statue  in  the 
Capitol  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  reduced  in  size.  It  stands  in  Riverside  Park,  near 
88th  Street  ;  and  was  a  gift  to  the  city  from  the  children  of  the  public  schools. 

The  Equestrian  Washington,  the  most  satisfactory  of  the  Washington 
statues,  is  in  Union  Square.  It  is  the  work  of  Henry  K.  Browne.  It  is  of  heroic 
size,  and  an  excellent  piece  of  sculpture. 

Liberty  Enlightening  the  World  is  probably  the  best-known  statue  in  the 
United    States.     It   stands  in  New- York  Bay,    on  Bedloe's  Island,  formerly  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


I75 


place  of  execution  of  pirates  ;  and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  view, 
either  from  the  surrounding  shores  or  from  the  decks  of  ocean  vessels  bound  through 
the  Narrows.  It  is  admired  for  its  magnificent  proportions,  and  by  general  consent 
it  is  admitted  to  be  one  of  the  world's  greatest  colossi  and  the  largest  made  in 
modern  times.  The  draped  female  figure,  of  repousse'  copper,  151  feet  high,  is 
crowned  with  a  diadem,  and  holds  lifted  high  in  the  right  hand  a  torch  that  is  lighted 
by  electricity  at  night.  The  left  hand  clasps  close  to  the  body  a  tablet  bearing  the 
inscription  "July  4,  1776."  Some  of  the  dimensions  of  the  figure  are  interesting; 
the  nose  is  nearly  four  feet  long,  the  right  fore-finger  eight  feet  long  and  five  feet  in 
circumference;  and  the  head  fourteen  feet  high.  The  statue  weighs  25  tons  ;  and 
the  cost  (over  $200,000)  was  defrayed  by  popular  subscription  in  France.  The 
sculptor  Bartholdi,  who  made  the  Lafayette  statue  in  Union  Square,  conceived  the 
idea,  and  modelled  the  figure  (it  is  said)  from  his  mother.  The  pedestal  upon  which 
the  statue  stands  is  155  feet  high,  a  square  structure  of  concrete  and  granite.  It 


MOUNT  MORRIS  PARK,  FIFTH  AVENUE,  120TM  TO  124th  STREETS. 

was  designed  by  Richard  M.  Hunt,  the  architect,  and  erected  under  the  supervision 
of  General  Charles  P.  Stone,  engineer.  It  cost  $250,000,  and  was  paid  for  by  a 
popular  subscription  in  the  United  States,  the  greater  part  of  which  was  raised  by 
the  efforts  of  The  World.  Surrounding  the  island  is  a  sea-wall,  and  the  statue 
stands  on  an  elevation  in  the  centre  of  an  enclosed  space  made  by  the  double  walls  of 
old  Fort  Wood.    The  statue  was  unveiled  in  October,  1886. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  of  heroic  size,  in  bronze,  keeps  watch  over  the  newspapers 
from  his  pedestal  in  Printing-House  Square.  The  statue  was  designed  by  E.  Plass- 
man,  and  was  given  to  the  city  by  Captain  Benjamin  De  Groot,  an  old  New-Yorker. 
It  was  unveiled  in  1872. 

Horace  Greeley,  in  heroic  bronze,  faces  Franklin,  seated  on  an  arm-chair  on  a 
pedestal  at  one  of  the  doorways  of  the  Tribune  Building,  corner  of  Nassau  and  Spruce 
Streets.  The  statue  was  dedicated  in  1890,  and  was  paid  for  principally  by  the 
Tribune  owners.  It  is  one  of  the  best  statues  in  the  citv,  and  is  the  work  of  John 
Q.  A.  Ward. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1 

■ 

V 

— 

1 

r 

i  _ 

WASHINGTON  STATUE, 

ON  WALL  STREET. 

Samuel  S.  Cox,  when  a  Congressman,  be- 
friended the  letter-carriers  in  National  legislation, 
and  they  remembered  him  in  a  statue  that  stands 
in  Astor  Place,  and  was  dedicated  in  1891.  It 
is  the  work  of  Miss  Louisa  Lawson. 

William  E.  Dodge,  a  bronze  by  J.  Q.  A. 
Ward,  was  paid  for  by  merchant  friends,  and 
erected  in  1885  at  the  junction  of  Broadway, 
Sixth  Avenue  and  35th  Street. 

Washington  Irving's  bust,  presented  to 
the  city  in  1866  by  Joseph  Weiner,  is  on  a  ped- 
estal in  Bryant  Park. 

Lafayette,  an  animated  figure,  done  in 
bronze,  by  Bartholdi,  stands  in  Union  Square. 
It  was  erected  in  1876  by  French  residents  of 
New  York,  and  bears  two  inscriptions  upon  its 
pedestal  :  "To  The  City  of  New  York,  France, 
in  remembrance  of  sympathy  in  time  of  trial, 
1870-71  ;  "  and  "As  soon  as  I  heard  of  Ameri- 
can Independence  my  heart  was  enlisted,  1776." 
Lincoln  is  commemorated  in  a  bronze  statue  which  stands  as  a  complement  to 
the  equestrian  Washington,  in  Union  Square.  This  fine  work  of  Henry  K.  Browne 
was  paid  for  by  a  popular  subscription,  and  erected  in  1868.  The  martyr  President 
stands  in  the  attitude  of  addressing  an  audience,  and  the  angularity  and  ungraceful- 
ness  of  his  figure  are  expressed  with  painful  exactitude.  A  low  curb  of  granite  sur- 
rounds the  pedestal,  and  on  this  are  inscribed  Lincoln's  famous  Gettysburg  words, 
"With  Malice  Toward  None,  With  Charity  For  All." 

The  William  H.  Seward  Statue  in  Madison  Square  is  from  a  design  by 
Randolph  Rogers.  The  Secretary  of  State  is  represented  seated  in  a  chair,  beneath 
which  are  piles  of  books,  and  upon  the  pedestal  is  the  inscription  :  "Governor, 
U.-S.  Senator,  Secretary  of  State,  U.  S."    The  statue  was  unveiled  in  1876. 

The  Admiral  Farragut  Statue  in  Madison  Square  is  by  general  consent  one 
of  the  finest  examples  of  contemporaneous  American  art  in  sculpture.  It  is  the 
work  of  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  and  a  present  to  the  city  from  the  Farragut  Memo- 
rial Association.  The  brave  admiral  is  repre- 
sented as  standing  on  the  deck  of  his  vessel,  with 
field  glasses  in  hand,  and  coat  blowing  in  the 
breeze.  The  curving  pedestal  is  decorated  with 
bas-relief  female  figures,  ocean  waves,  and  ap- 
propriate bits  of  marine  design. 

General  Worth  is  commemorated  by  a 
granite  obelisk,  in  the  triangle  formed  by  Broad- 
way, Fifth  Avenue  and  26th  Street  (Madison 
Square).  On  the  south  face  of  the  plinth  is  a 
bronze  bas-relief  of  General  Worth  on  horse- 
back. The  east  face  has  the  motto,  "Ducit 
Amor  Patriae ; "  the  west  face  the  motto, 
"Honor  to  the  Brave  ; "  and  on  the  north  side 
is  the  name  and  the  dates  and  places  of  his  birth 
and  death.     Raised  bands  are  placed  at  regular   franklin  statue,  in  printing-house  square. 


i78 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


GREELEY  STATUE,  IN  PRINTING-HOUSE  SQUARE. 


intervals  about  the  shaft,  and  upon  these 
are  carved  the  names  of  battles  with 
which  General  Worth's  fame  was  identi- 
fied. The  plot  of  land  on  which  the  monu- 
ment stands  is  surrounded  by  an  iron 
fence  ornamented  by  appropriate  military 
designs,  and  the  shaft  also  has  upon  it  a 
bronze  coat-of-arms  of  New-York  State 
and  a  group  of  military  insignia.  The 
monument  was  erected  by  the  city  in  1857. 

Commodore  Cornelius  Vanderbilt, 
in  bas-relief,  is  on  the  fac,ade  of  the 
Hudson-Street  freight-depot  of  the  New- 
York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad. 

Governor  Peter  Stuyvesant,  with 
his  wooden  leg  most  conspicuous,  is  a 
wooden  statue  in  front  of  the  Stuyvesant 
Insurance  Company's  office,  165  Broadway. 

Gutenberg,  the  father  of  modern 
printing,  and  Franklin,  America's  emi- 
nent printer,  both  modelled  by  Plassman, 
adorn  the  fac,ade  of  the  Staats-Zeitung 
Building,  looking  out  upon  Printing-House 
Square. 

Beethoven,  in  Central  Park,  is  commemorated  by  a  colossal  bronze  bust  on  a 
granite  pedestal  near  the  Music  Pavilion  of  the  Mall.  *  It  is  the  work  of  the  German 
sculptor  Baerer,  and  was  erected  in 
1884  by  the  Mannerchor  German  sing- 
ing society. 

Robert  Burns  is  also  on  the 
Mall,  in  Central  Park,  a  bronze 
seated  figure  on  a  rock,  modelled  by 
John  Steele,  of  Edinburgh,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  city  in  1880  by  Scottish 
citizens. 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  Central 
Park,  also  of  bronze,  of  heroic  size, 
the  work  of  Steele,  and  a  present  from 
resident  Scotchmen,  is  seated  opposite 
the  Burns  statue,  on  an  Aberdeen- 
granite  pedestal.  It  was  unveiled  in 
1872. 

Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  in  Central 
Park,  of  bronze,  the  work  of  Wilson 
MacDonald,  is  on  the  Mall.  It  shows 
the  poet  seated  in  a  chair,  with  note- 
book and  pen  in  hand.  It  was  erected 
in  1877. 

The  Shakespeare  Statue,  by 

J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  is  a  standing  figure  in 


COX  STATUE,  IN  ASTOR  PLACE. 


KINCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  I?9 

bronze,  at  the  southern  entrance  to  the  Mall,  in  Central  Park.  It  was  unveiled, 
May  23,  1872,  on  the  300th  anniversary  of  the  great  dramatist's  birth. 

The  Indian  Hunter,  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  a  1  ife-size  ideal  figure  of  an  Indian, 

bow  and  arrow  in  

hand,  bending 
eagerly  forward 
and  holding  his 
dog  in  leash,  is 
just  west  of  the 
Mall,  in  Central 
Park,  and  is  a 
very  spirited  and 
admirable  group. 

The  Eagles 
and  Goat  in 
Central  Park  is 
an  interesting 
bronze  by  the 
French  sculptor 
Fratin,  presented 
to  the  city  in  1863 
by  a  wealthy  resi- 
dent, Gurdon  W. 
Burnham. 

The  Beth- 
esda  Fountain, 
the  most  ambi- 
tious work  of 
sculpture  in  Cen- 
tral Park,  stands 

on  the  Esplanade  at  the  foot  of  the  Terrace,  on  the  shore  of  the  Lake.  The  design 
by  Miss  Emma  Stebbins,  the  New- York  sculptor,  represents  the  angel  blessing 
g  the  waters  of  the  Pool  of  Bethesda.  The  figure 
vV  of  the  winged  angel  is  poised  easily  upon  a  mass 
of  rocks  from  which  the  water  gushes,  falling 
I  over  the  edge  of  the  upper  basin,  which  is  sup- 
j  ported  by  four  figures  symbolizing  Temperance, 
J  Purity,  Health  and  Peace.  In  her  left  hand  the 
-J  angel  holds  a  bunch  of  lilies,  flowers  of  purity, 
;  and  over  her  bosom  are  the  cross-bands  of  the 
--'  messenger.  The  basin  of  the  fountain  contains 
1  :  lotus,  papyrus,  Indian  water-lilies,  and  other  rare 
water-plants. 

Xl  General  Simon  Bolivar,  the  Liberator  of 
South  America,  is  represented  by  an  equestrian 
statue  that  stands  on  the  west  side  of  Central 
Park,  near  81st  Street.  It  is  a  replica  of  the  Boli- 
var statue  by  R.  De  La  Cora,  in  Caracas,  Vene- 
zuela ;  and  was  a  present  from  the  South-American 
Republic  to  the  City  of  New  York  in  1884. 


S:xTh  AVENGE. 


JAMES  FOUNTAI 


IN   UNION  SQUARE. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


-IF  :f 

WASHINGTON  EQUESTRIAN  MONUMENT,  IN   UNION  SQUARE. 


Daniel  Webster  is  an  heroic 

bronze  statue  on  the  West  Drive  in 
Central  Park,  made  by  Thomas  Ball, 
at  a  cost  of  $65,000.  Gurdon  W. 
Burnham  presented  it. 

Mazzini,  a  bronze  bust,  is  on 
the  West  Drive  of  Central  Park.  It 
is  of  heroic  size,  upon  a  high  pedestal. 
Turini,  the  Italian  sculptor,  made  it, 
and  Italian  residents  of  New  York, 
admirers  of  the  great  Italian  agitator, 
presented  it  to  the  city  in  1878. 

The  Seventh-Regiment 
Monument  is  on  the  West  Drive  of 
Central  Park,  not  far  from  the  Web- 
ster statue.  It  represents  a  citizen 
soldier  at  parade  rest,  leaning  on  his 
musket.  It  was  modelled  by  J.  Q. 
A.  Ward,  and  was  erected  in  1874,  to  commemorate  the  patriotism  of  those  mem- 
bers of  the  Seventh  New- York  Regiment  who  fell  in  battle  during  the  civil  war. 

The  Falconer,  an  ideal  bronze  figure,  modelled  by  George  Simonds,  stands  on 
a  bluff  in  Central  Park.    George  Kemp  presented  it  to  the  city  in  1872. 

Commerce,  an  allegorical  female  figure  in  bronze,  of  heroic  size,  is  the  work  of 
the  French  sculptor  Bosquet.  It  is  in  Central  Park,  near  the  entrance  at  Eighth 
Avenue  and  59th  Street,  and  was  erected  in  1866,  a  gift  from  Stephen  B.  Guion. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  a  granite  statue  in  Central  Park,  stands  near  the  Museum 
of  Art.  Ch.  Conradts,  the  sculptor,  designed  it  for  the  son  of  Hamilton,  John  C. 
Hamilton,  who  presented  it  to  the  city  in  1880. 

Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse  is  honored  with  a  bronze  statue,  of  life-size,  modelled 
by  Byron  M.  Pickett,  and  erected  in  1871  by  the  Telegraph  Operators' Association. 
It  is  in  Central  Park,  near  the  72d-Street  entrance, 
on  Fifth  Avenue.  Prof.  Morse  was  present  at 
the  dedication. 

The  Pilgrim,  an  heroic  bronze  statue  on  the 
Grand  Drive,  in  Central  Park,  was  a  gift  from 
the  New-England  Society  of  New  York,  in  1885. 
It  is  a  picturesque  and  noble  statue,  by  J.  Q.  A. 
Ward,  to  commemorate  the  landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims on  Plymouth  Rock.  It  represents  a 
strong-faced,  alert,  and  resolute  hero,  in  the 
quaint  English  costume  of  1620. 

The  Alexander  Von  Humboldt  bronze 
bust  in  Central  Park  was  a  gift  from  the  German 
residents  of  the  city,  in  1869.  It  was  designed 
by  Prof.  Gustave  Blaeser,  of  Berlin ;  and  stands 
near  Fifth  Avenue  and  59th  Street. 

The  Thomas  Moore  bust  near  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  Central  Park,  was  modelled  by 
Dennis  B.  Sheehan,  and  put  in  place  by  the 

Moore  memorial  committee,  in  1880.  lafayette  statue,  in  union  square. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1S1 


ION  SQUARE. 


Schiller,  the  German  poet,  is  remem- 
bered in  a  bronze  bust  by  C.  L.  Richter, 
that  is  set  up  on  a  sandstone  pedestal  in 
the  Ramble,  in  Central  Park.  It  was  the 
first  piece  of  sculpture  to  be  erected  in  the 
Park  ;  and  was  presented  by  German  resi- 
dents, in  1859,  less  than  three  years  after 
the  Park  was  begun. 

The  Still  Hunt,  in  Central  Park,  by 
Edward  Kemeys,  represents  a  crouching 
American  panther  preparing  to  leap  upon 
its  prey.  It  is  on  a  high  ledge  near  the 
Obelisk. 

The  Tigress  and  Young,  a  fine 
bronze  group,  came  from  the  hand  of  the 
French  sculptor,  Auguste  Cain.  It  stands 
west  of  the  Terrace  in  Central  Park,  and 
was  a  gift  in  1867  of  twelve  New-Yorkers. 

The  Egyptian  Obelisk,  in  Central 
Park,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  his- 
torical relics  in  the  metropolis.  It  was 
presented  to  the  city,  through  the  Depart- 
ment of  State,  in  1877,  by  the  Khedive  of 
Egypt,  Ismail  Pasha.  It  was  transported 
to  this  country  under  the  direction  of 

Lieut. -Com.  H.  II.  Gorringe,  U.  S.  N.,  at  the  expense  of  William  H.  Vanderbilt. 
The  monolith  is  of  granite,  69  feet  high,  and  weighs  220  tons.  It  is  the  sixth  in 
size  of  the  famous  obelisks  of  Egypt,  and  was  erected  in  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at 
Heliopolis,  3,500  years  ago,  by  King  Thothmes  III.  The  hieroglyphic  inscriptions 
upon  it  relate  the  titles  of  Thothmes,  and  his  illustrious  descendant,  King  Rameses 
II.,  who  lived  200  years  after  Thothmes.     Until  the  reign  of  Tiberius  it  stood  in 

the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  and  then  it  was  removed 
to  Alexandria,  where  it  remained  until  it  crossed 
the  water  to  the  New  World.    The  obelisk  was 
old  in  the  days  of  the  Roman  Empire  ;  antedates 
the  Christian  Era  by  fifteen  centuries  ;  looked 
down  upon  the  land  of  Egypt  before  the  siege  of 
Troy  ;  and  was  familiar  to  Moses  and  the  Israel- 
ites in  bondage.     It  now  stands  on  a  knoll  near 
j      the  Museum  of  Art,  an  impressive  reminder  of  a 
flHS     far-away  past.    The  severities  of  the  American 
hjpa      climate  may  cause  the  gradual  obliteration  of  the 
yoyj      venerable  inscriptions  on  the  obelisk,  and  great 
■HE     care  has  been  taken  to  protect  these  annals  of 
1110     the  past  by  covering  them  with   paraffine  and 
other  protective  materials.    Another  obelisk,  of 
similar  size,  stood  with  this  before  the  Temple  of 
mSM     the  Sun,  and  now  adorns  the  Queen-Victoria 
Sfpjjrj      Embankment,   along  the  Thames,  in  London. 
seward  statue,  in  madison  SQUARE.      Both  were  of  the  rose-red  granite  of  Nubia. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Scoffed  at  before, 
oppressed,  to  the 
world  he  gave  a 
world.  Joy  and 
glory  never  ut- 
tered a  more  thril- 
ling call  than  that 
which  resounded 
from  the  con- 
quered ocean,  at 
sight  of  the  first 
American  island. 
<  Land  !  Land  ! ' 
On  the  12th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1892,  the 
fourth  centenary 
of  the  discovery  of 
America,  in  im- 
peri  shable  re  - 
membrance. " 


The  James  Fountain,  in 

Union  Square,  was  designed  by 
Adolf  Donndorf,  of  Stuttgart,  and 
dedicated  in  1S81.  It  was  a  gift 
to  the  city  from  I).  Willis  James. 
The  ornate  base,  of  Swedish  gran- 
ite, supports  a  beautiful  group  of 
a  benignant  mother  and  two  chil- 
dren, cast  in  bronze,  at  Brunswick, 
Germany. 

The  Christopher  Colum- 
bus Monument  stands  on  the 
Circle,  where  Eighth  Avenue, 
Broadway,  the  Boulevard  and 
West  59th  Street  meet,  at  the 
southwestern  corner  of  Central 
Park.  It  is  a  tall  column,  orna- 
mented with  bronze  reliefs,  an- 
chors, and  ships'  prows,  and 
crowned  with  a  statue  of  the 
great  discoverer.  One  inscription 
attributes  its  erection:  "By  the 
initiative  of  //  Pr  ogres  so  Italo- 
Americano,  the  first  Italian  daily 
newspaper  in  the  United  States, 
Cav.  Carlo  Barsotti,  editor  and 
proprietor."  ....  Another 
inscription  reads  thus:  "To 
Christopher    Columbus,  the 

,  BROADWAY  AND  EIGHTH  AVENUE.      ,  ,      ,  .  .  ,       .     •  . 

Italians  resident  in  America, 
g  the  voyage  menaced,  after  it  chained,  as  generous  as 


FARRAGUT  STATUE,  IN  MADISON  SQUARE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  John  Ericsson  Statue,  com- 
memorating the  illustrious  Swedish- 
American,  whose  discoveries  in  naval 
science  were  of  vast  importance,  was 
unveiled  April  26,  1 893,  in  the  presence 
of  the  international  fleet  and  of  many 
Swedish  gymnastic,  singing  and  social 
societies,  and  military  companies.  It 
was  designed  by  J.  S.  Hartley,  and  cast 
in  bronze  by  the  Gorham  Manufacturing 
Company  ;  and  stands  on  a  pedestal  of 
polished  Quincy  granite,  bearing  four 
historical  panels  in  relief.  The  statue  is 
on  the  Battery,  near  the  Barge  Office, 
and  facing  toward  Jersey  City.  It  was 
erected  by  an  appropriation  from  the 
City  of  New  York.  On  the  base  is  this 
inscription  :  '.'John  Ericsson.  The  City 
of  New  York  erects  this  monument  to 
the  memory  of  a  citizen  whose  genius  has 
contributed  to  the  greatness  of  the  Re- 
public and  to  the  progress  of  the  world." 

Judge  John  Watts,  Recorder  of 

ERICSSON  STATUE,  NEAR  BARGE  OFFICE,  IN  BATTERY  PARK. 

the  city  during  the  British  occupation, 

and  one  of  the  most  sagacious  and  influential  citizens  of  the  older  New  York,  is 
commemorated  by  a  noble  bronze  statue  in  Trinity  Churchyard.  It  was  modelled 
by  George  W.  Bissell,  and  erected  by  Gen.  John  Watts  de  Peyster.  The  unveiling 
took  place  in  1S92.    The  calm  statue  looks  down  on  the  wild  whirl  of  Broadway. 

Archbishop  Hughes 
stands  in  bronze,  of  heroic 
size,  in  the  grounds  in  front 
of  St.  John's  College,  Ford- 
ham.  The  prelate  is  repre- 
sented clad  in  a  silken  robe, 
addressing  an  audience. 
The  statue,  which  is  the 
work  of  W.  R.  O'Donovan, 
is  placed  on  a  granite  pedes- 
tal. It  was  unveiled  in  1891. 
Hughes  was  a  poor  Irish 
immigrant  gardener,  who 
bravely  fought  his  way 
through  college,  and  was 
made  priest  in  1825,  bishop 
in  1S38,  and  archbishop  of 
New  York  in  1850.  He  was 
a  patriot  during  the  Seces- 
sion War ;  and  in  1 84 1 
founded  the  now  flourishing 
-an        v.  -        .  ..a-e.  St.  John's  College. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ARCHBISHOP  JOHN  HUGHES  8TATUE,  8T.  JOHI1 
COLLEGE,  FOROHAM. 


Regina  Sodalium  is  a  statue  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  at  St.  John's  College, 
Fordham,  erected  in  1887,  by  the  stu- 
dents. 

Other  statues  that  are  contem- 
plated are  the  equestrian  General  W.  T. 
Sherman,  by  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  to 
be  placed  at  the  Boulevard  and  West  72d 
Street ;  the  Nathan  Hale,  by  MacMon- 
nies,  to  be  erected  in  the  City- Hall  Park, 
by  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution ;  the 
Horace  Greeley,  a  gift  from  the  printers 
of  the  United  States,  to  be  set  up  at 
Broadway,  Sixth  Avenue  and  32d  Street ; 
the  Columbus-Pinzon  monument,  with 
gigantic  statues,  to  be  erected  in  Central 
Park  by  Spanish  residents  of  the  city ; 
J.  Q.  A.  Ward's  statue  of  Roscoe  Conk- 
ling  ;  and  many  others,  commemorating 
distinguished  citizens,  and  others. 

New  York  has  made  a  good  begin- 
ning in  adorning  her  public  places  with 
these  memorials  of  the  great  men  of 
the  world.  There  are  many  more  to 
be  thus  honored,  among  her  own  sons, 
as  Wil- 
liam 
Cullen 
Bryant 


the  poet ;  Robert  Fulton,  the  father  of  steam  naviga- 
tion ;  Valentine  Mott,  the  foremost  physician  of  his 
time;  John  Jay,  the  illustrious  jurist,  and  scores  of 
others.  Thanks  to  Ward  and  St.  Gaudens,  the  statu- 
ary work  in  New  York  is  more  worthy  and  artistic 
than  that  of  any  other  American  city,  and  includes 
some  of  the  choicest  memorial  work  of  the  present 
century.  The  cosmopolitan  character  of  the  city  is 
thus  illustrated,  for  the  statues  include  New-England- 
ers,  Virginians  and  Westerners,  Scots,  Englishmen 
and  Irishmen,  Frenchmen  and  Italians,  Germans 
and  Swedes,  Spaniards  and  Dutchmen,  West-Indians 
and  South-Americans,  Syrians  and  Egyptians. 

New  York  is  too  great  in  spirit  and  in  apprecia- 
tion to  be  confined  by  provincial  preferences.  It 
honors  valor,  genius,  honor,  wherever  found.  Im- 
perial Rome  was  hospitable  to  the  gods  of  the 
world ;  joyous  Paris  has  welcomed  the  fine  arts  to 
her  studios  and  boulevards ;  and  imperial  and  joy- 
ous New  York  craves  and  honors  noble  men  2nd 
their  memories  and  achievements. 


REGINA  SODALIUM 
COLLEGE. 


TATUE,  8T.  JOHN'S 
FO«DH>M. 


Bridges,  Tunnels,  Sewers,  Water,  Aqueducts,  Reservoirs,  Light- 
ing tty  Gas  and  Electricity,  Telegraphs, 
Telephones,  Etc. 


THE  exigencies  of  life  in  modern  municipalities  compel  the  utilization  of  space 
overhead  and  underground ;  so  closely  are  the  people  crowded  and  restricted 
for  room.  In  New  York,  the  East  River  and  the  Harlem  River  are  bridged  to  allow 
of  quick  egress  to  the  surrounding  country  ;  and  projects  are  in  hand  for  more 
bridges  and  several  tunnels  across  and  under  the  East  and  North  Rivers,  and  beneath 
the  Narrows  from  Staten  Island  to  Long  Island.  Electric-light,  telephone  and 
telegraph  wires  are  still  suspended  from  buildings  and  poles,  although  many  miles 
of  them  have  already  gone  into  the  subways,  where  it  is  proposed  that  all  shall  fol- 
low in  due  course  of  time.  Beneath  the  principal  streets  there  is  a  network  of  pipes 
of  all  descriptions ;  sewers,  water-mains,  pneumatic  tubes,  gas-mains,  steam-heating 
pipes,  subways  for  wires,  and,  in  Broadway,  Third  Avenue,  Tenth  Avenue  and  125th 
Street  conduits  for  street-car  cables.  Beneath  sidewalks  the  abutting  property-owners 
build  vaults  and  sub-cellars,  thereby  adding  valuable  room  to  the  establishments 
above  ground.  Were  it  not  for  all  these  conveniences  overhead  and  underground,  the 
normal  activity  of  the  metropolis  would  find  itself  hampered  to  a  serious  extent. 

The  Bridges,  aside  from  the  ornamental  structures  in  the  parks,  comprise  four- 
teen which  belong  in  whole  or  in  part  to  New  York.  One  is  across  the  East  River  ; 
and  others  span  the  Harlem,  connecting  Manhattan  Island  with  the  mainland. 

The  East-River  Bridge,  more  popularly  known  as  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  was 
erected  to  meet  the  pressing  necessity  for  a  better  means  of  communication  between 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  than  was  offered  by  the  ferry-boats.  In  this  generation 
Brooklyn  has  become  essentially  a  part  of  the  great  metropolis  in  the  intimacy  of  its 
business  and  social  relations.  To  a  remarkable  degree  the  population  of  the  Long- 
Island  city  is  made  up  of  those  who  are  employed  or  who  do  business  on  Manhattan 
Island,  and  are  thus  compelled  to  make  the  trip  twice  a  day  across  the  East  River. 
It  was  inconceivable  that  these  two  communities  would  be  willing  always  to  remain 
dependent  upon  ferriage,  which  is  at  times  slow  and  inadequate.  As  far  back 
as  1819  a  civil  engineer  named  Pope  published  a  scientific  paper  in  which  he 
advocated  a  suspension-bridge  across  the  East  River.  The  same  idea  was  taken  up 
in  1S29,  when  a  private  corporation  was  organized,  and  elaborated  plans  for  a  bridge 
from  Brooklyn  Heights  to  Maiden  Lane,  at  an  estimated  cost'of  $600,000.  In  1849 
public  agitation  of  the  matter  was  revived,  and  the  daily  newspapers  urged  that  the 
work  be  undertaken.  John  A.  Roebling,  the  successful  engineer,  had  long  enter- 
tained the  idea  ;  and  in  i860  at  the  suggestion  of  W.  C.  Kingsley,  a  wealthy  con- 
tractor, he  publicly  outlined  his  plan.     It  was  not,  however,  until  after  the  civil  war, 


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which  had  accustomed  the  public  to  big  undertakings  and  lavish  expenditures,  that 
the  scheme  was  definitely  developed.  There  were  several  rival  projects  ;  but  Roeb- 
ling,  who  had  just  finished  the  Cincinnati  Suspension-Bridge  across  the  Ohio  River, 
was  taken  into  consultation  with  Kingsley,  Henry  C.  Murphy  and  others,  and  his 
plans  were  adopted.  A  private  company  was  chartered  in  which  were  Roebling, 
Kingsley,  Murphy,  John  T.  Hoffman,  S.  B.  Chittenden,  John  Roach,  Henry  E. 
Pierrepont  and  others.  This  concern  was  known  as  the  New-York  Bridge  Company, 
and  work  was  at  once  entered  upon.  Roebling  was  chosen  Chief  Engineer  in  1867, 
and  his  son,  Washington  A.  Roebling,  Assistant  Engineer.  The  elder  Roebling 
drew  the  original  plans  and  specifications;  but  he  died  suddenly  in  1869,  while 
engaged  in  the  preliminary  surveys,  before  the  actual  work  of  construction  had  begun. 


BROOKLYN  BRIDGE  PROMENADE  -- LOOKING  TOWARD  NEW-YORK. 


The  son  took  his  father's  place;  and,  beginning  in  January,  1870,  carried  the  enter- 
prise through  to  a  successful  conclusion,  after  thirteen  years  of  difficult  work. 
Through  exposure  and  overwork  he  broke  down  in  health  and  became  an  invalid. 
For  ten  years,  confined  to  his  house  on  Columbia  Heights,  Brooklyn,  he,  with  the 
assistance  of  his  wife,  directed  the  work  to  the  end.  From  the  window  of  his  sick 
room  he  watched  the  progress  of  construction  through  a  telescope,  day  by  day,  hour 
by  hour,  supervising  as  thoroughly  and  as  efficiently  as  though  he  had  been  on  the 
spot.  It  was  a  wonderful  display  of  indomitable  will  power  and  of  mechanical 
genius.  But  it  was  rough  sailing  sometimes.  In  1874  the  Legislature  took  the 
enterprise  out  of  the  hands  of  the  private  corporation  that  had  initiated  it,  and 
empowered  the  twin  cities  to  go  ahead  with  the  project,  Brooklyn  to  pay  two-thirds 
and  New  York  one-third  of  the  cost,  the  control  of  the  bridge  during  its  construe- 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


tion  and  afterwards  to  remain  in  the  same  relative  proportions  in  the  hands  of  the 
authorities  of  the  sister  municipalities.  Many  unforeseen  delays  arose,  of  political 
as  well  as  of  mechanical  character.  New  problems  in  engineering  had  to  be  met  ; 
experiments  made  ;  and  new  devices  and  working  machinery  invented.  For  a  time 
there  was  much  public  distrust  of  the  management,  which  on  the  New-York  side 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  notorious  Tweed  ring,  and  once  the  work  was  entirely 
stopped.  But  the  municipal  plunderers  were  overthrown  before  they  had  succeeded 
in  getting  their  fingers  into  the  bridge  treasury  ;  the  seemingly  well-nigh  insuperable 
mechanical  difficulties  were  overcome  ;  and  the  bridge  was  finally  completed  and 
opened  to  general  traffic,  in  May,  1884.  There  was  a  grand  military  procession, 
President  Arthur  and  his  Cabinet,  and  Governor  Cleveland  and  his  staff,  being  present. 
There  were  speeches  by  William  C.  Kingsley,  Hon.  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  and  Rev. 
Dr.  Richard  S.  Storrs  ;  the  bridge  was  illuminated,  and  fireworks  were  displayed  ; 
and  the  creator  of  the  work,  Col.  Roebling,  watched  the  proceedings  through  the 
faithful  telescope  at  his  house,  where  later  in  the  day  the  distinguished  people  who 
had  participated  in  the  celebration  went  to  congratulate  him.  The  estimate  for  the 
construction  of  the  bridge  was  $8,000,000  ;  but  owing  principally  to  the  amplifica- 
tion of  the  original  plans  it  cost  when  completed  about  $15,000,000. 

Statistics  of  the  bridge  will  be  interesting  even  to  the  unprofessional  reader,  for 
the  structure  is  one  of  the  highest  achievements  of  modern  engineering,  and  ranks 
as  one  of  the  great  wonders  of  the  world.  There  is  a  central  span  across  the  river 
1,595  feet  long  and  135  feet  above  high-water  mark.  At  each  end  this  span 
springs  from  a  tower,  resting  upon  a  caisson.  These  foundations  are  of  solid  con- 
crete, resting  upon  rock,  78  feet  below  the  water-level  on  the  New-York  side  and  45 
feet  on  the  Brooklyn  side  of  the  river.  The  Brooklyn  caisson  is  168  x  102  feet,  and 
the  New-York  caisson  172  x  102  feet  ;  and  each  caisson  contains  over  5,000  cubic 
yards  of  timber  and  iron,  and  over  5,000  cubic  feet  of  concrete,  the  weight  of  the 
caisson  being  about  7,000  tons,  and  of  the  concrete  filling  8,000  tons.  At  the 
water-line  the  towers  are  140  x  50  feet,  and  of  solid  masonry  in  the  lower  part,  being 
hollow  the  rest  of  the  way  up  to  the  bases  of  the  great  arches.  The  arches,  of  which 
there  are  two  in  each  tower,  are  117  feet  high,  and  the  capstones  are  271  feet  above 
the  water.  Travel  passes  through  these  arches,  the  floor  of  the  bridge  being  across 
the  towers  at  the  bases  of  the  arches.  At  their  summits  the  towers  are  narrowed  to 
120  x  40  feet.  In  the  New- York  tower  are  46,395  cubic  yards  of  masonry,  and  in 
the  Brooklyn,  38,214  cubic  yards.  Behind  each  tower  are  the  anchorages,  930  feet 
distant.  They  are  massive  granite  structures,  each  129  x  119  feet  at  base,  117X  104 
feet  at  top,  89  feet  high  in  front  and  85  feet  in  rear.  On  each  anchorage  is  an 
arrangement  of  iron  bars  to  which  the  cables  are  fastened,  and  an  anchor-plate 
weighing  23  tons.  The  four  cables  upon  which  the  bridge  is  suspended  are  bound 
to  the  anchor-chains,  then  pass  through  25  feet  of  masonry,  and  come  out  of  the 
walls  of  the  anchorages  on  the  water  side,  about  80  feet  above  high-water  mark. 
They  are  then  carried  over  the  tops  of  the  towers  and  in  the  middle  of  the  river-span 
they  drop  to  the  level  of  the  roadway,  135  feet  above  the  water.  From  these  cables 
hang  at  regular  intervals  smaller  steel  cables  that  are  braced  and  tied  together  and 
that  hold  the  floor  beams  upon  which  the  bridge  proper  is  laid.  The  four  large 
cables  are  each  made  of  5,434  galvanized  steel  oil-coated  wires,  which  are  not 
twisted,  but  which,  lying  parallel,  are  pressed  compactly  together  and  then  bound 
tightly  with  other  wires,  the  whole  making  a  solid  cable  15!  inches  in  diameter. 
Each  cable  thus  finished  is  3,578^  feet  long,  and  has  a  supporting  power  of  12,200 
tons  in  the  middle  of  its  sag.    The  cables  were  made  where  they  are,  and  this  part 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


of  the  work  was  not  begun  until  June,  1877.  Steel  wire  ropes  were  stretched  be- 
tween the  tops  of  the  towers,  and  from  these  were  suspended  movable  platforms  for 
the  workmen.  The  steel  wires  were  drawn  across  in  place  and  then  bound  into  a 
cable  as  they  hung  in  mid-air.  Between  the  towers  and  the  anchorages  the  spans 
are  also  suspended  from  these  cables  at  a  height  of  from  68  to  119  feet  above  the 
street  levels.    The  New-York  approach  from  the  terminus  to  the  anchorage  is  1,562 


k  ,  

APPROACH  TO  THE  WASHINGTON  BRIDGE. 

feet  in  length  ;  and  the  Brooklyn  approach,  971  feet.  Heavy- arches  of  masonry 
support  these  approaches,  and  the  streets  are  crossed  by  steel  truss-bridges.  The 
space  under  these  archways  is  utilized  for  storage  and  other  business  purposes. 

The  total  length  of  the  bridge  is  i£  miles;  the  width  is  85  feet.  In  New  York 
the  terminus  is  in  Park  Row,  facing  the  City-Hall  Park,  and  in  Brooklyn  at  Fulton 
and  Sands  Streets,  the  terminus  of  nearly  all  the  elevated  and  surface  railway-lines 
in  that  city.  There  is  an  elevated  promenade  in  the  middle  of  the  bridge,  and  seats 
are  placed  at  the  towers  for  those  who  wish  to  rest  and  enjoy  the  view.  The  fare 
for  pedestrians  was  formerly  one  cent;  but  the  promenade  has  now  been  made  free, 
and  consequently  the  bridge  is  thronged,  especially  in  hot  summer  nights  and  holi- 
days, by  those  who  wish  to  enjoy  the  view  of  the  river  and  harbor  and  the  two 
cities,  and  the  refreshing  river  breezes.  On  each  side  of  the  promenade  is  a  drive 
for  vehicles,  and  a  railway  track,  upon  which  trains  are  run  at  intervals  of  a  minute 
or  less  during  the  entire  day.  The  cars  are  run  by  cable  from  a  power-house  on  the 
Brooklyn  side.  The  car-fare  is  three  cents,  or  ten  tickets  for  25  cents,  and  the  trip 
over  is  made  in  about  six  minutes.  During  the  construction  of  the  bridge  twenty 
persons  were  killed  by  accidents,  and  many  others  were  injured.  Since  it  was  opened 
to  traffic  several  notoriety-seekers  have  jumped  from  it  into  the  river  below.  One 
of  these  divers,  Stephen  Brodie,  survived  the  ordeal.  The  others  were  killed.  The 
bridge  has  a  capacity  of  45,000  pedestrians  and  1,440  vehicles  each  hour.  It  is  the 
longest  suspension-bridge  in  the  world.  Bridges  not  suspension  that  exceed  it  in 
length  are  the  Maintenon  aqueduct  of  stone,  13,367  feet  ;  the  Firth  of  Forth  bridge, 
10,321  feet  ;  and  the  Victoria  (over  the  St. -Lawrence),  the  Parkersburg  (West  Va.), 
and  the  St. -Charles  (Mo.)  iron  bridges.  The  yearly  receipts  from  the  bridge 
exceed  $1,250,000,  and  the  expenses  are  less  than  $1,000,000.  Over  43,000,000 
passengers  are  carried  across  every  year,  and  fully  12,000,000  people  walk  over.  As 
many  as  160,000  passengers  have  been  carried  in  a  single  day,  but  the  daily  average 
is  about  120,000. 


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KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Washington  Bridge  across  the  Harlem  River,  from  181st  Street  and 
Tenth  Avenue  on  Manhattan  Island  to  Aqueduct  Avenue  on  a  part  of  the  old  Ogden 
estate  on  the  mainland,  is  another  notable  structure.  It  connects  Washington  Heights 
and  the  so-called  Annexed  District,  two  sections  of  the  city  that  will  in  a  few  years  be 
ranked  among  its  handsomest  and  most  popular  residence-quarters.  The  bridge  was 
completed  in  18S9,  and  cost  nearly  $2,700,000.  It  is  a  massive  structure  of  granite 
approaches  and  piers  and  iron  and  steel  spans  ;  and  it  is  much  admired  for  the  beauty 
of  its  proportions  and  lines,  as  well  as  for  its  grandeur  and  substantial  character. 
Its  total  length,  including  the  span  of  the  bridge  proper  across  the  river  and  the 
New-York  Central  Railroad  and  New- York  &  Northern  tracks  on  the  east  bank,  the 
masonry  approaches  and  the  arched  granite  passages,  is  2,384  feet.  The  east  abut- 
ment is  342  feet  long,  with  four  arched  passage-ways  of  masonry.  The  abutment 
on  the  west  shore  is  277  feet  long,  with  three  arches.  The  two  central  spans  are  of 
steel,  and  describe  beautiful  parabolic  curves.  They  are  each  510  feet  long,  and  in 
the  center  135  feet  above  high- water  mark.  Their  construction  was  notable  in 
that  it  successfully  tested  a  new  device  in  engineering.  The  arches  were  made  and 
placed  in  position  by  sections.  One  section  was  firmly  anchored  in  the  abutment, 
and  th?n  the  next  section  was  sent  out  on  travellers,  to  be  fastened  to  the  extremity 
of  the  first,  and  so  on,  until  the  entire  space  was  spanned,  when  the  arches  were 
keyed  in  the  center  as  stone  arches  are.  The  superstructure  is  very  handsome. 
With  a  roadway  fifty  feet  wide,  and  two  pathways  each  fifteen  feet  wide,  there  is 
abundant  accommodation  for  travel.  There  are  heavy  granite  parapets,  pierced  with 
loop-holes,  polished  buttresses,  artistic  bronze  lamp-posts,  and  many  semi-circular 
niches  in  the  parapet,  with  low  granite  steps  or  seats.  The  bridge  is  one  of  the 
most  popular  places  of  public  resort  in  the  city.  The  view  from  it  is  superb, 
taking  in  the  Harlem  River  to  the  north  and  south,  the  city  farther  in  the  distance, 
the  wide  sweep  of  the  beautiful  Annexed  District,  even  as  far  as  Long-Island  Sound 
to  the  east,  and  Fort  George,  Spuyten  Duyvil  and  Kingsbridge,  and  the  surround- 
ing country  to  the  west  and  north. 

High  Bridge  spans  the  Harlem  River  at  175th  Street  and  Tenth  Avenue,  a 
third  of  a  mile  below  Washington  Bridge.  It  was  built  to  carry  the  old  Croton 
Aqueduct  across  the  river  and  valley  at  that  point,  and  is  1,460  feet  long,  from  bluff 
to  bluff.  Arches  resting  upon  thirteen  solid  granite  piers  support  the  structure. 
The  crown  of  the  highest  arch  is  116  feet  above  high-water  mark.  Large  cast-iron 
pipes  enclosed  in  brick  masonry  convey  the  water  across  the  bridge.  The  structure 
is  not  provided  with  a  carriage-way,  but  there  is  a  wide  walk  for  foot-passengers, 
who  are  numerous  in  summer-time,  attracted  by  the  beautiful  view,  and  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  park  and  picnic  grounds  at  each  terminus,  and  the  open  country  at  the 
eastern  end.  On  Manhattan  Island  the  water-pipes  terminate  in  the  pretty  High- 
Bridge  Park,  where  there  is  a  reservoir,  a  lofty  stand-pipe,  a  gate-house,  and  other 
appurtenances  of  an  important  water-station. 

The  McComb's-Dam  Bridge  (or  Central  Bridge),  an  old  wooden  draw- 
bridge, has  long  existed  across  the  Harlem  at  the  northern  terminus  of  Seventh 
Avenue.  It  has  had  much  local  celebrity,  for  Seventh  Avenue,  south  of  the  river, 
and  Jerome  Avenue,  its  continuation  north  of  the  river,  have  for  a  generation  con- 
stituted the  favorite  drive  for  New-Yorkers  outside  of  Central  Park.  North  of  the 
river  the  avenue  extends  to  the  Jerome-Park  racing-track,  and  thence  on  toYonkers; 
and  it  is  lined  with  many  well-known  road-houses.  A  new  bridge  with  approaches 
is  now  building  to  take  the  place  of  the  old  one,  and  this  will  be,  when  completed, 
one  of  the  greatest  works  of  the  kind  in  the  world.    It  will  consist  of  a  viaduct,  a 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


193 


bridge,  and  steel  approaches.  The  viaduct  on  the  west  side  of  the  Harlem  has  been 
completed.  It  is  in  effect  an  extension  of  155th  Street  from  the  ridge  of  Washington 
Heights  on  a  gentle  decline  to  the  river ;  an  ornate  steel  structure  60  feet  wide  and 
1,602  feet  long,  with  a  driveway  and  two  sidewalks.  At  the  Washington-Heights 
abutment  it  is  65  feet  above  the  ground,  and  it  crosses  above  the  elevated  railroad 
at  Eighth  Avenue,  with  which  connection  is  made  by  stairways.  The  bridge  will 
be  731  feet  long,  and  32  feet  above  high- water.  It  consists  of  an  immense  swing 
span,  or  draw,  400  feet  long,  resting  upon  a  cylindrical  pivot-pier  in  mid-river  ;  and 
four  fixed  spans  at  the  ends.  The  terminal  piers  are  of  masonry,  and  there  are 
ornamental  copings  and  watch-towers.  Two  approaches,  50  feet  wide,  have  been 
arranged  at  the  east  end  of  the  bridge.  They  will  consist  of  steel  lattice  spans  rest- 
ing upon  masonry  piers,  carrying  roadway  and  sidewalks  50  feet  wide,  one  approach 
being  350  feet,  and  the  other  1,740  feet  long.  The  total  cost  of  this  pontifical 
improvement  will  be  over  $2,000,000.  The  Department  of  Public  Works  has  built 
the  viaduct,  and  the  Department  of  Parks  has  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
bridge  and  its  approaches. 

The  New-York  Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad  Bridge  ctosses  the 
Harlem  at  Park  Avenue  and  134th  Street,  a  great  draw-bridge  over  which  come  all 
trains  from  New  England  and  Northern  New  York  that  enter  the  Grand  Central 
Station.  Work  has  begun  upon  a  new  bridge  at  this  point.  It  will  be  a  draw- 
bridge of  iron  and  steel,  elevated  24  feet  above  high-water  mark,  and  it  will  cost 
about  $500,000.  In  connection  with  the  bridge,  elevated  approaches  will  be  con- 
structed, to  supersede  the  present  Park-Avenue  viaduct  for  about  a  mile  south  of  the 
river,  to  106th  Street.    The  approaches  will  cost  about  $500,000. 

Other  Harlem  Bridges  present  no  particular  points  of  interest.  They  include 
the  following-named  :  At  Second  Avenue  is  an  iron  railway  draw-bridge,  with  a  foot- 
way, intended 
mainly  for  the 
trains  of  the  Su- 
burban Transit 
and  the  Harlem- 
River  branch  of 
the  New  -  York, 
New  -  Haven  & 
Hartford  Rail- 
road. At  Third 
Avenue  there  is 
an  iron  draw- 
bridge for  public 
travel,  resting  on 
stone  abutments 
and  iron  piers  in 

the  water.  It  is  usually  known  as  Harlem  Bridge.  At  Madison  Avenue  is  an 
iron  draw-bridge  for  general  traffic.  At  Eighth  Avenue  is  the  iron  railroad  bridge 
of  the  New- York  &  Northern  Railroad,  by  which  connection  is  made  with  the  ele- 
vated railroad  system  of  the  city  proper.  At  Dyckman  Street  is  an  old  wooden  foot- 
bridge, that  from  time  out  of  mind  has  connected  Washington  Heights  with  Ford- 
ham.  At  224th  Street,  on  the  plain  above  Fort  George,  is  the  Farmer's  Bridge,  an 
antique  structure,  the  name  of  which  sufficiently  indicates  its  purpose.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Harlem  River  and  Spuyten-Duyvil  Creek,  where  Kingsbridge  Road  crosses 
13 


THIRD-AVENUE,  OR  HARLEM, 


1 94 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  water,  there  is  another  old  bridge.  The  United-States  Government  is  deepening 
the  creek  into  a  ship-canal,  and  the  old  bridge  is  soon  to  be  torn  down  and  a  new 
structure  that  will  not  interfere  with  navigation  will  take  its  place.  Where  Spuyten- 
Duyvil  Creek  empties  into  the  Hudson  there  is  a  draw-bridge  for  the  New-York 
Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad. 

Contemplated  Bridges  and  Tunnels,  and  those  in  process  of  construction, 
respond  to  the  demand  for  additional  and  improved  facilities  for  reaching  New 
Jersey,  Long  Island  and  the  northern  parts  and  suburbs  of  the  metropolis,  a  demand 
created  and  constantly  made  more  urgent  by  the  overcrowding  of  Manhattan  Island, 
both  in  its  business  and  in  its  residence  quarters. 

The  North-River  Bridge  is  the  most  important  of  these  undertakings.  It 
will  be  built  by  the  New- York  &  New-Jersey  Bridge  Company,  and  ground  has 
already  been  broken  for  the  foundations  on  both  sides.  The  bridge  will  be  a  com- 
bined cantilever  and  suspension  structure,  with  a  single  river-span  of  3,200  feet, 
two  side-spans  of  1,000  feet  each,  and  a  short  span  of  300  feet  on  the  New- York 
side,  making  a  greater  length  than  the  present  East-River  Bridge.  The  distance 
above  high-water  mark  will  be  150  feet,  and  at  the  middle  of  the  structure  193  feet. 
There  will  be  two  main  towers,  500  feet  high,  with  bases  I20x  250  feet,  extending 


hAR^E.M   RIVER  AND   HARLEM  BRIDGE,  AT   130th  STREET  ANO  T 


about  250  feet  below  the  water  to  hard  rock.  On  the  New- Jersey  side  the  terminus 
will  be  at  Niles  Avenue,  Weehawken,  and  the  New-York  end  will  be  between  70th 
and  71st  Streets.  From  the  latter  point  a  viaduct  100  feet  w  ide,  with  four  main  rail- 
road tracks  and  three  lines  of  sidings,  will  run  through  private  property  to  a  point 
between  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Avenues,  and  thence  down-town  to  44th  Street.  This 
viaduct,  running  all  the  way  through  the  blocks  between  streets  and  avenues,  will 
be  built  of  steel  and  stone.  A  Grand  Union  station,  modelled  after  the  St.  Pancras 
Station  in  London,  will  cover  the  blocks  between  Eighth  Avenue,  Broadway,  and 
42d  and  44th  Streets,  400  feet  on  Broadway  and  1,300  feet  back  to  the  avenue. 
Seventh  Avenue  and  43d  Street  will  be  arched  over,  the  grade  of  the  depot  being 
above  the  street  level.  The  railroad  offices  will  be  there,  and  also  a  great  trans- 
ferring mail  station.  The  depot  will  be  laid  with  twenty  tracks,  and  on  the  bridge 
there  w  ill  be  six  tracks,  with  room  to  add  four  more.  The  bridge,  which  it  is  esti- 
mated will  cost  $40,000,000,  is  intended  for  railroad  trains  exclusively,  and  not  for 
general  traffic.  It  will  give  the  great  railroads  which  are  now  compelled  to  bring 
passengers  and  freight  by  ferry  into  New-York  City  a  route  direct  to  the  heart  of 
the  metropolis. 

The  Citizens'  Bridges  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn  will  be  two  in  number. 
Legislation  has  been  granted,  and  the  preliminary  work  entered  upon.    Both  will  be 


KING'S  ITAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


l9S 


suspension  bridges,  controlled  by  one  company;  and  they  will  cost  about  $25,- 
000,000.  Both  will  have  a  common  terminus  on  the  New- York  side,  between 
Delancy  and  Rivington  Streets,  and  from  that  point  connection  will  be  made  by 
elevated  structures  with  the  present  elevated  railroad  system.'  One  bridge  will  ex- 
tend to  Broadway,  in  Williamsburg,  and  the  other  with  a  long  approach  to  Fulton 
Street,  between  Bridge  and  Little  Streets.  They  are  designed  to  connect  the  East- 
ern District  of  Brooklyn  with  the  central  business  section  of  New  York.  They  will 
be  open  to  general  traffic,  and  the  cars  that  cross  them  will  be  run  in  connection 
with  the  Union  Elevated  Railroad  of  Brooklyn. 

The  Corbin  Bridge  has  been  planned  to  cross  the  East  River  from  Long-Is- 
land City  to  a  point  on  the  New- York  side  between  37th  and  42d  Streets.  This  will 
be  for  cars  only, 
so  as  to  give  the 
Long-Island  Rail- 
road entrance  into 
New  -  York  City. 
A  tunnel  across 
the  city  to  the 
North  -  River- 
Bridge  Depot, 
connecting  with 
the  Grand  Central 
Station  at  42d 
Street  and  Fourth 
Avenue,  is  also 
part  of  this  plan. 
The   bridge  will 

be  built  of  iron  and  steel,  at  a  cost  of  $12,000,000.  Besides  the  terminal  piers,  there 
will  be  a  mid-river  pier,  built  on  Man-of-\Yar  Rock.  The  structure  will  be  135  feet 
above  high-water  mark. 

The  Blackwell's-Island  Bridge  will  extend  from  64th  Street,  New  York,  to 
Long-Island  City.  A  company  was  chartered  to  construct  this  bridge  in  1867.  The 
project  has  been  recently  revived,  and  work  may  be  begun  soon.  There  will  be  cen- 
tral piers  on  Blackwell's  Island,  abutments  in  Long-Island  City  and  in  New  York 
near  64th  Street,  and  two  short  river-spans.  On  the  Long-Island  side  there  will  be 
elevated  approaches  extending  nearly  two  miles  inland,  and  a  branch  running  into 
Brooklyn.  On  the  New-York  side  there  will  be  two  approaches,  one  extending  to 
the  Grand  Central  Station  at  42d  Street,  and  the  other  farther  north.  The  bridge 
will  be  150  feet  above  high-water,  and  will  be  for  general  traffic  and  for  railroad 
tiains.    Ground  was  broken  for  this  great  work  in  1893. 

The  Astoria  Suspension  Bridge  across  the  East  River,  from  90th  Street  to 
Astoria,  Long  Island,  has  been  talked  of,  and  will  probably  be  built  in  the  course 
of  time. 

A  Tunnel  under  the  Narrows  between  Staten  Island  and  Brooklyn  has  been 
projected.  The  design  is  to  divert  railroad  traffic  from  New  Jersey  south  of  Jersey 
City  across  Staten  Island  to  Long  Island,  and  eventually  thus  to  make  a  short  route 
from  the  coal  fields  and  the  West  across  Long  Island  and  the  Sound  to  New  England. 

The  Hudson-River  Tunnel  has  not  yet  been  a  fortunate  enterprise.  It  was 
planned  to  connect  Jersey  City  with  New  York  for  the  accommodation  of  the  rail- 
roads.   Begun  in  1874,  work  was  soon  suspended,  not  to  be  resumed  until  1879. 


SUBURBAN  ELE 


BRIDGE,  AT  SECOND  AVENUE  AND   129th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  shafts  on  the  New- York  side  were  begun  in  1882,  but  again  for  lack  of  funds  all 
work  was  stopped  in  the  same  year.  In  1887  the  work  was  resumed,  only  to  be  sus- 
pended in  1892.  At  the  present  time,  1,550  feet  have  been  opened  from  the  New- 
Jersey  shore,  and  about  550  from  the  New- York  side.  The  entire  width  of  the  river 
at  that  point  is  5,600  feet.  The  plans  provide  for  a  tunnel  of  elliptical  shape,  23^ 
feet  high  and  21  \  feet  wide  on  the  outside,  and  1 87  feet  high  and  i6£  feet  wide  in- 
side, to  be  lined  with  brick  and  steel  plates,  and  to  rest  in  blue  clay  and  rock  25  to 
50  feet  below  the  river-bed.  In  Jersey  City  the  tunnel  starts  from  the  foot  of  15th 
Street,  and  in  New  York  from  the  foot  of  Morton  Street.  When  completed,  the 
New- York  terminus  will  be  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington  Square. 

The  Park-Avenue  Tunnel  extends  from  49th  Street  to  106th  Street,  and 
through  it  run  all  the  railway  trains  that  come  into  the  Grand  Central  Depot.  From 
42d  Street  to  the  south  end  of  the  tunnel  the  tracks  are  in  the  yards  of  the  railroad 
company,  or  in  open  cuts  ;  and  these  are  bridged  at  the  intersecting  streets.  The 
tunnel  is  brick-arched  ;  is  in  three  parts,  separated  by  walls  ;  and  has  four  tracks  and 
sidings.  The  middle  of  the  avenue  immediately  over  the  tunnel  is  laid  out  in  little 
parkways  with  green  grass,  trees  and  shrubbery,  between  the  streets.  Iron  fences 
enclose  these  spots,  and  in  them  there  are  openings  in  the  roof  of  the  tunnel  by 
which  means  ventilation  is  secured.  The  tunnel  is  owned  and  operated  by  the  Har- 
lem Railroad  Company  ;  and  at  106th  Street  it  terminates  in  a  viaduct,  which  in 
turn  is  succeeded  by  an  open  cut  to  the  Harlem  River.  What  is  practically  an  ex- 
tension of  this  tunnel  goes  under  Park  Avenue  from  40th  Street  to  34th  Street.  It 
is  used  for  horse-cars  only,  and  has  several  approaches  from  the  street. 

The  Water-Supply  of  New  York  is  of  the  utmost  interest.  A  little  more 
than  fifty  years  ago  the  people  got  their  water  from  private  wells,  and  were  very 


HARLEM  RIVER  AND  SECOND  AVENUZ  BnlDGE,  AT  129TH  STREET. 


well  supplied,  for  Manhattan  Island  abounded  in  springs  that  gushed  out  of  the  living 
rock,  pure  and  wholesome.  In  time,  however,  this  source  of  supply  began  to  be 
inadequate,  and  in  1 774  a  reservoir  was  built  between  Prince  and  White  Streets,  east 
of  Broadway.  Into  this  water  was  pumped  from  the  wells,  and  distributed  through 
the  city  in  wooden  pipes.  In  1778  a  committee  of  citizens  recommended  that  Rye 
Pond  in  Westchester  County  should  be  made  into  a  reservoir  by  building  a  dam, and 
that  the  water  should  be  brought  down  to  a  city  reservoir  through  iron  pipes,  cross- 
ing the  Harlem  River  on  a  bridge.  To  this  end  the  Manhattan  Water- works  were 
chartered,  but  the  company  got  no  further  than  to  build  a  reservoir  in  Chambers 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


197 


Street,  between  Broadway  and  Centre  Streets,  and  to  try  to  support  the  city  with 
well-water  by  the  plan  before  attempted.  The  scheme  failed  for  the  second  time. 
Many  events  served  to  call  attention  to  the  inconvenience  and  danger  resulting  from 
a  continuance  of  this  condition  of  things,  and  several  plans  for  a  better  water-supply 
were  brought  out  from  time  to  time.  The  great  fire  of  1834  was  a  conclusive  argu- 
ment against  the  folly  of  longer  delay;  and  in  that  year,  the  Legislature  having  given 
the  needed  authority,  a  survey  of  the  Croton  water-shed  was  made,  and  in  1835  tne 
work  of  constructing  reservoirs  and  an  aqueduct  was  definitely  undertaken.  The 
Croton  water-shed  is  about  thirty  miles  north  of  New-York  City,  on  high  land,  in  a 
remarkably  healthful  region.  The  water  is  exceptionally  good,  and  is  little  exposed 
to  contamination,  while  the  flow  through  thirty  miles  of  conduit  to  the  city  has  a 
tendency  still  further  to  purify  it.  Croton  Lake  is  fed  by  Croton  River  and  other 
smaller  streams,  and  this  was  formed  into  a  reservoir,  five  miles  long,  by  erecting  a 
dam  which  raised  the  water  forty  feet.  Then  a  conduit  of  brick,  stone  and  cement 
was  built  in  the  shape  of  a  horse-shoe,  8^  feet  perpendicular  diameter  and  7^  feet 


PARK  AVENUE,  NORTH  FROM  98th  STREET.      N.  Y.  C.  4  H.  R.  R.  R.  TRACKS. 


horizontal.  This  conduit  begins  at  Croton  Lake,  and  runs  to  the  Central-Park  Res- 
ervoir. It  crosses  25  streams  below  grade  ;  has  16  tunnels  from  160  to  1,263  ^eet 
long  ;  and  it  was  designed  to  carry  about  60,000,000  gallons  each  day.  It  drew  from 
Croton  Lake  and  other  natural  and  artificial  reservoirs,  which  were  then  utilized,  with 
a  storage  capacity  of  9,500,000,000  gallons,  or  about  three  months'  supply  for  the 
city.  The  aqueduct  crosses  the  Harlem  River  upon  the  High  Bridge,  at  the  city 
end  of  which  there  was  built  a  high-service  reservoir,  holding  11,000,000  gallons,  a 
tower,  and  pumping  machinery.  Thence  it  goes  to  the  Central-Park  reservoirs.  On 
Fifth  Avenue,  between  40th  and  42d  Streets,  a  distributing  reservoir  with  a  capacity 
of  20,000,000  gallons  was  constructed.  The  work  of  providing  for  this  system  was 
completed  in  1842.  The  water  was  turned  on  upon  July  4th  of  that  year,  amid  the 
greatest  enthusiasm  of  the  people.  There  was  a  military  and  civic  procession,  eight 
miles  long,  and  other  forms  of  celebration  in  September  of  the  same  year.  In  less 
than  forty  years  the  city  had  outgrown  this  means  of  supply.  The  aqueduct  was 
forced  to  the  point  of  carrying  nearly  100,000,000  gallons  a  day,  but  even  that  was 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


E  HOUSE,  CROTON  AQUEDUCT. 
"TAN  AVENUE  AND  135TH  STREET. 


not  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  population.  The  upper  stories  of  high  buildings 
and  even  of  residences  on  high  land  could  get  no  water  at  all,  and  the  storage 
capacity  of  the  reservoirs  was  so  limited  that  a  short  dry  spell  always  made  a  water 
famine  imminent.  Public  agitation  for  an  increased  supply  began  before  the  year 
.  1880.     Commissioners  were  appointed  to  consider  vari- 

ous plans  for  relief,  and  they  approved  of  Croton  as 
an  ample  and  pure  supply.  An  extension  of  the 
reservoirs  and  the  construction  of  a  new  and  improved 
aqueduct  was  recommended.  This  work  was  at  once 
J    9  entered  upon,  under  the  provisions  of  a  special  act  of 

the  Legislature,  passed  in  1SS3,  and  the  metropolis  is 
being  provided  with  a  water  system  that  will  be  unsur- 
passed  in  any  other  city  of  the  world. 
The  construction  of  the  aqueduct 
taxed  engineering  skill  and  financial 
management  to  the  utmost.  Unfore- 
seen difficulties  were  encountered 
that  retarded  progress,  and  the  frauds 
of  contractors,  who  lined  parts  of  the 
tunnel  with  thin  shells  of  brick  instead 
of  with  thick  rubble  walls,  made  it 
necessary  to  have  a  great  deal  of  that 
part  of  the  work  done  over  again. 
But  as  finally  completed  the  aqueduct  is  a  solid,  and  will  be  an  enduring  achievement. 

The  total  length  of  the  masonry  conduit,  from  Croton  Dam  to  the  I35th-Street 
gate-house,  where  the  tunnel  ends,  is  30^  miles  ;  from  the  latter  point  to  the  new 
reservoir  in  Central  Park  there  are  2^  miles  of  pipe  line,  making  the  total  length  of 
33  miles.  There  are  38  shafts,  from  28  feet  to  350  feet  deep,  several  of  them  left 
open  to  the  surface  so  as  to  give  access  to  the  aqueduct  for  repairs  when  needed. 
The  average  depth  of  the  tunnel  beneath  the  ground  is  170  feet,  but  at  South 
Vonkers  it  was  built  in  an  open  trench  for  the  distance  of  a  half-mile,  and  also  at 
the  Pocantico  River  and  Ardsley  it  comes  to  the  surface.  At  each  of  these  three 
places  there  are  blow-outs  and  waste  weirs,  by  which  the  flow  of  water  can  be  turned 
off  at  any  time  for  the  purpose  of  making  repairs  and  cleansing  the  aqueduct.  The 
tunnel  begins  at  Croton  Dam,  and  at  its  head  is  a  handsome  granite  gate-house,  set 
in  a  recess  that  was  blasted  for  it  out  of  the  solid  rock,  30  feet  below  the  top  of  the 
old  dam.  The  water  flows  from  the  lake  through  this  house  into  the  tunnel,  and 
makes  its  way  to  the  city  by  the  force  of  gravity,  no  pumping  being  required,  as  the 
grade,  though  light,  is  continuous  to  the  Harlem  River.  The  flow  is  about  two 
miles  an  hour.  From  the  Croton  Dam  to  a  point  a  mile  above  Jerome  Park  the 
aqueduct  is  of  horse-shoe  form,  13.53  ^eet  ^S^1  anc^  l3-6°  feet  wide  ;  then  it  becomes 
circular,  12.3  feet  in  diameter.  At  the  Harlem  River  there  is  a  fine  piece  of  engineer- 
ing in  the  inverted  siphon  by  which  the  water  is  carried  under  the  river  to  the  High- 
Bridge  station.  A  circular  tube  of  brick,  loh  feet  in  diameter,  goes  down  into  the  river 
for  1,300  feet ;  passes  under  the  river-bed,  and  comes  up  on  the  west  bank  as  a  shaft 
400  feet  high.  Through  this  the  water  flows  and  climbs  the  hill  on  its  way  to  the 
gate-house  at  135th  Street.  At  this  point  the  single  tunnel  ceases,  and  the  water  is 
distributed  by  pipe  lines,  eight  iron  pipes  48  inches  in  diameter,  laid  a  few  feet  below 
the  surface  and  diverging  in  different  directions  carrying  it.  Four  of  these  pipes  go 
direct  to  the  Central-Park  Reservoir,  and  the  others  supply  the  demands  of  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


199 


Harlem  District.  No  other  tunnel  in  the  world  is  equal  to  this  in  si/e  or  in  the 
difficulty  of  the  task  that  its  construction  imposed.  The  Iloosac  Tunnel  and  the 
Mt.-Cenis  Tunnel  are  each  5  miles  long,  and  the  St.-Gothard  Tunnel  9}  miles, 
as  against  the  33  miles  of  this  aqueduct,  which  consumed  five  years  in  building.  Of 
brick-work  alone  there  were  312,258  cubic  yards,  equal  to  thirty  large  14-story  office- 
buildings.  Material  was  excavated  to  the  amount  of  3,250,000  cubic  yards.  The 
aqueduct  was  completed  and  the  water  turned  on  in  the  summer  of  1S90.  The 
cost  of  the  construction,  exclusive  of  lands,  engineering,  superintendence,  etc.,  was 
$19,612,000,  as  against  the  engineers'  estimate  of  $18,957,000. 

The  new  aqueduct  has  a  flow  ing  capacity  of  300,000,000  gallons  a  day.  A  reser- 
voir will  soon  be  built  on  the  site  of  the  present  Jerome  Park,  in  order  to  provide  for 
the  needs  of  the  growing  annexed  district.  The  aqueduct  will  keep  this  reservoir 
full,  and  after  leaving  there  will  be  able  to  carry  250,000,000  gallons  a  day  down  to 
the  Central-Park  reservoir,  thus  allowing  50,000,000  gallons  a  day  for  the  annexed 
district,  nearly  two-thirds  as  much  as  the  entire  city  had  under  the  old  service. 
Then  the  old  aqueduct  can  still  be  depended  upon  for  at  least  75,000,000  gallons  a 
day,  and  the  pipe  lines  from  the  Bronx  River  can  bring  down  20,000,000  a  day.  St) 
it  is  possible  to  have  a  daily  supply  of  at  least  350,000,000  gallons.  The  present 
demand  is  for  a  little  more  than  175,000,000  gallons  daily.  It  has  been  shown  that 
even  in  dry  weather  the  Croton-River  watershed  can  be  depended  upon  for  fully 
250,000,000  gallons  a  day. 

Now  that  the  aqueduct  has  been  completed,  the  question  of  storage  is  engaging 
the  attention  of  the  municipal  au- 
thorities. The  present  storage 
capacity  of  the  Croton  watershed, 
natural  and  artificial,  is  17,150,- 
000,000  gallons  ;  at  Croton  Lake, 
500,000,000  ;  Boyd's  Corner  reser- 
voir, 2,700,000,000  gallons;  Mid- 
dle Branch,  4,000,000,000  ;  East 
Branch,  4,500,000,000;  Bog  Brook, 
4,050,000,000;  Kirk  Lake,  500,- 
000,000;  Lake  Mahopac,  500,000,- 
000;  Lake  Gilead,  300,000,000; 
and  Barrett  Pond,  150,000,000  ; 
total,  17,150,000,000.  Tributary 
to  the  above  and  included  in  the 
estimate  are  the  smaller  lakes,  Gil- 
lead,  Gleneida  and  Waccabuc,  and 
White  Pond.  The  East  Branch, 
which  has  a  depth  of  67  feet  of 
water,  and  ihe  Bog  Brook,  with  a 
depth  of  60  feet,  were  finished  in 
the  summer  of  1892.  In  addition, 
three  reservoirs  are  in  process  of 
construction,  and  will  be  completed 

in  1894.  These  are  Reservoir  D  on  the  Western  Branch,  near  Carmel,  capacity 
10,000,000,000  ;  Titicus  River,  7,000,000,000;  and  Amawalk  Reservoir,  on  the  Mus- 
coot  Branch,  7,000,000,000.  Thus  the  storage  capacity  will  be  increased  to  40, 100,- 
000,000  gallons.    Still  another  dam  is  under  way,  which  is  known  as  the  New  Croton 


HIGH  SERVICE  STATION 


STREET.  NEAR  COLUMBUS 


200 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Dam,  on  the  Cornell  site.  The  Aqueduct  Commissioners  have  let  the  contract  for 
this  structure,  which  was  begun  in  the  fall  of  1892.  The  dam  will  be  located  five 
miles  south  of  Croton  Lake.  It  will  be  a  wall  of  solid  masonry,  264  feet  high  and 
1,500  feet  long,  and  will  cost  over  #6, 000, 000.  By  its  construction  a  reservoir  16 
miles  long  will  be  erected,  with  a  storage  capacity  of  over  30,000,000,000  gallons. 
The  water  thus  held  will  set  back  and  submerge  the  present  Croton  Dam  35  feet. 
Hundreds  of  farms  and  houses  now  in  the  valley  will  have  to  be  abandoned,  and  in 
1893  the  city  authorities  began  their  destruction. 

At  High  Bridge  there  is  a  reservoir  with  a  capacity  of  10,000,000  gallons,  and 
with  two  pumping-engines  of  an  aggregate  capacity  of  10,000,000  gallons  a  day. 


RESERVOIR,  FIFTH  AVENUE,  40TH  AND  42o  STREETS. 


There  can  be  distributed  to  high  points  on  the  island  20,000,000  gallons  a  day. 
In  98th  Street,  near  Columbus  Avenue,  there  is  another  water-tower  and  three 
Worthington  high-service  engines,  with  a  pumping  capacity  of  25,000,000  gallons  a 
day.  The  new  retaining  reservoir  that  occupies  nearly  the  entire  width  of  the 
northern  part  of  Central  Park  will  hold  1,000,000,000  gallons,  and  the  receiving 
reservoir  below  it  150,000,000  gallons  more.  The  reservoir  at  Williamsbridge 
holds  140,000,000  gallons;  and  the  distributing  reservoir  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  42d 
Street  20,000,000.  The  new  reservoir  at  Jerome  Park  will  have  a  capacity  of 
1,300,000,000  gallons.  The  total  storage  capacity  at  the  source  of  supply  and 
within  the  city  limits  by  reservoirs  completed,  building,  and  arranged  for  amounts 
to  84,600,000,000  gallons,  sufficient  to  supply  the  city  at  its  present  rate  of  demand 
for  two  years.  It  is  calculated  when  all  this  work  is  completed  the  municipal 
needs  will  be  provided  for,  for  the  next  fifty  or  seventy-five  years.  Water  is  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  city  by  iron  water-mains  beneath  the  street  surface.  Of 
these  there  were  on  January  I,  1892,  685.48  miles,  with  7.129  stop-cocks  and 
8,752  fire  hydrants,  and  this  branch  of  the  water  service  is  being  constantly  extended. 
The  average  daily  consumption  of  water  is  nearly  100  gallons  per  capita.  Con- 
sumers pay  for  the  water,  the  annual  charges  ranging  from  $4  to  $18  for  each  house, 
with  extra  rates  for  special  service,  and  for  houses  more  than  fifty  feet  wide.  In 
hotels,  breweries,  large  office-buildings,  manufacturing  establishments,  stables  and 
other  places  where  water  is  used  in  large  quantities,  meters  are  put  in,  and  the 
water  is  measured  and  charged  for  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  for  each  thousand  cubic 
feet.  A  fixed  rate  is  charged  to  some  business  establishments.  There  are  24,264 
meters,  and  they  register  an  annual  consumption  of  over  30,000,000  gallons.  The 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


20I 


total  water  revenue  from  all  sources  amounted  for  the  year  1891  to  $3,375,140. 
The  annual  receipts  go  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  debt,  and  to  the  sinking  fund, 
which  is  intended  in  time  to  extinguish  the  debt. 

Lighting  the  Public  Streets  in  the  olden  time  was  a  duty  imposed  upon  indi- 
vidual citizens.  The  first  street-lighting  was  ordained  by  decree  of  the  corporation 
in  1697,  when  it  was  ordered  that  every  seven  householders  should  unite  to  pay  the 
expense  of  burning  a  candle  in  a  lantern,  suspended  on  a  pole  from  the  window  of 
every  seventh  house  on  nights  when  there  was  no  moon.  But  even  this  provision 
was  so  inadequate  that  the  worthy  burghers  who  were  out  late  at  night  —  that  is 
until  9  or  10  o'clock —  continued  to  carry  their  own  lanterns  to  dispel  the  gloom. 
In  1762  public  lamp-posts,  with  lamps  burning  oil,  were  first  maintained  at  city 
expense,  and  this  method  continued  down  to  1825.  Experiments  with  gas  were 
made  as  early  as  181 2,  but  it  was  not  until  1823  that  practical  steps  were  taken  to 
introduce  this  new  illuminating  medium.  In  that  year  the  New-York  Gas-Light 
Company  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  and  given  the  right  to  the 
city  south  of  Canal  Street  ;  and  in  1825  pipes  were  first  laid  down.  In  1830  the 
privilege  of  supplying  gas  to  the  northern  part  of  the  island  was  given  to  the  Man- 
hattan Gas-Light  Company,  which  was  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  The 
people  did  not  take  kindly  to  this  innovation.  They  protested  against  the  use  of 
gas  in  the  streets,  for  fear  of  explosions  ;  <ind  many  of  the  old  residents  would  not 
allow  it  to  be  introduced  into  their  houses,  holding  to  what  they  considered  the 
safer  use  of  oil-lamps  and  wax-candles.  To-day  the  city  is  served  by  seven  gas- 
companies,  the  Consolidated,  Equitable,  Standard,  New- York  Mutual,  Central, 
Northern  and  Yonkers.  The  Consolidated  is  the  oldest  company,  and  has  810  miles 
of  gas-mains  in  the  streets.  It  is  the  successor  of  the  two  original  gas  companies, 
combined  with  several  others  of  later  existence.  It  has  a  capital  stock  of  $35,430  - 
000,  and  seven  stations,  with  an  aggregate  capacity  of  30,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day. 
Both  coal-gas  and  water-gas  is  manufactured.  The  Equitable  has  136  miles  of  mains 
below  74th  Street,  and  manufactures  6,000,000  cubic  feet  of  water-gas  daily.  The 
New-York  Mutual,  with  123  miles  of  mains,  also  manufactures  water-gas,  supplying 
the  lower  half  of  the"  city  with  4,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day.  The  Standard  principally 
serves  the  op-town  East-Side  with  water-gas  through  140  miles  of  mains,  at  the  rate 
of  4,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day.  The  Central  and  the  Northern  supply  the  trans- 
Harlem  district  with  coal-gas,  the  former  with  800,000  cubic  feet  a  day,  through  64 
miles  of  mains  ;  and  the  latter  with  250,000  cubic  feet  a  day,  through  38  miles 
of  mains.  The  ^  onkers,  a  suburban  company,  has  18  miles  of  mains.  In 
many  cases  more  than  one  of  these  companies  have  mains  in  the  same  street.  The 
total  miles  of  gas  mains  is  1,325,  and  the  total  capacity  of  all  the  companies  is  over 
45,000,000  cubic  feet  daily.  The  Equitable  pays  an  annual  franchise  fee  to  the  city  of 
over  $140,000.  There  are  540  miles  of  streets  and  69^  acres  of  parks  and  public 
squares  light  xl,  at  a  cost  varying  from  $12  to  $28  a  year  for  each  lamp,  according 
as  there  is  competition  or  not  in  the  territory  lighted,  or  as  the  company's  charter 
may  have  fixed  the  price. 

Electric  Lighting  of  streets  costs  the  city  from  40  to  50  cents  a  night  for  each 
lamp.  There  are  six  companies,  the  Brush  Electric  Illuminating  Company,  the 
United-States  Illuminating  Company,  the  Thomson-Houston  Electric-Light  Company, 
the  Mount-Morris  Electric-Light  Company,  the  Harlem  Lighting  Company  and  the 
North-River  Electric-Light  and  Power  Company.  On  the  first  of  January,  1893, 
the  city  had  26,524  gas  lamps,  1,535  electric  lights,  and  at  Woodlawn  Heights  152 
naphtha  lamps,  at  a  yearly  cost  of  nearly  *Soo,ooo. 


202 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  CO.  .  26th  STREET,  BETWEEN  BROADWAY 
AND  SIXTH  AVENUE. 


The  Edison 
Electric  Illuminat- 
ing   Company  of 

New  York,  the  general 
offices  of  which  are  at 
Pearl  and  Elm  Streets, 
was  organized  in  1880. 
It  was  the  first  company 
to  supply  electricity  for 
incandescent  lighting 
on  a  commercial  basis, 
and  is  the  largest  con- 
cern of  its  class  in  ex- 
istence in  the  world. 
Its  business  is  the  gen- 
eration and  sale  of  elec- 
tric currents  for  all  pur- 
poses, but  especially  for 
incandescent  and  arc 
lighting,  heat  and 
power.  Its  principal 
generating  station  and 
general  offices  are  lo- 
cated in  the  company's 
building  at  Pearl  and 
Elm  Streets.  This  new 
station  is  planned  to 
be  the  largest  and  most 
efficiently  equipped  es- 
tablishment of  its  kind. 
When  completed,  it 
will  have  an  equipment 
for  generating  current 
equivalent  to  over  20,- 
000  horse-power.  The 
dynamos  are  of  the 
multi-polar  Edison  type 
of  the  latest  design. 
The  engines  are  of  the 
marine  multi-expansion 
style,  with  inverted 
cylinders,  and  are  con- 
nected direct  to  the 
dynamos.  The  boilers 
are  of  the  extra  heavy, 
water  tube  safety  type, 
intended  for  200  pounds 
steam  pressure,  and  the 
whole  steam  plant  is  fit- 
ted with  all  the  recent 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


2C3 


economizing  devices  to  be  found  in  marine  and  stationary  engineering  practice.  The 
general  offices  of  the  Company  occupy  an  upper  floor  of  the  building,  and  are  to  be 
very  extensive. 

The  company  also  operate  stations  at  255  and  257  Pearl  Street,  47  to  51  West 
26th  Street,  and  117  to  119  West  39th  Street,  and  also  an  annex  station  in  the  base- 
ment of  the  Produce-Exchange  Building.  It  is  also  erecting  another  station  on  the 
premises  118  to  122  West  53d  Street.  The  up-town  buildings  occupy  lots  measuring 
50  by  100  feet.  That  at  Pearl  and  Elm  Streets,  when  completed,  will  cover  an  area 
75  by  200  feet.  All  the  newer  buildings  are  owned  by  the  company,  and  have  been 
erected  for  its  own  use.  The  company's  oldest  station,  at  255  and  257  Pearl  Street, 
was  built  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  in  1882-83,  and  its  suc- 
cessful operation  was  the  real  inauguration  of  incandescent  electric  lighting  as  a  com- 
mercial enterprise.  In  the 
few  years  of  the  company's 
existence  its  business  has 
grown  rapidly.  The  entire 
plant  now  supplies  current 
for  an  equivalent  of  about 
200,000  incandescent  lamps. 
Its  operations  cover  all  that 
portion  of  the  city  extend- 
ing from  the  Battery  to 
Central  Park,  included  be- 
tween Third  and  Eighth 
Avenues.  Current  is  dis- 
tributed over  this  territory 
by  means  of  over  500  miles 
of  conductors,  which  occupy 
160  miles  of  underground 
three-wire  conduit.  It  is 
led  away  from  the  stations 
to  the  net-work  of  "main" 
conductors  by  a  system  of 
"feeders."  From  the 
"main"  conductors  service 
wires  lead  to  the  premises  of 
the  consumers.  The  sta- 
tion buildings  are  all  con- 
structed on  one  general  plan, 
and  are  absolutely  fire-proof. 
A  peculiar  feature  of  their 
design  is  the  placing  of  the 
boiler-rooms  in  the  upper 
stories  of  the  building,  in- 
stead of  on  the  ground-floor,  while  above  the  boilers  are  placed  large  coal-bunkers 
of  1,000  tons'  capacity  in  the  up-town  stations  and  3,000  tons'  capacity  in  the  new 
Elm-Street  station. 

The  up-town  stations  are  each  capable  of  generating  electric  current  equivalent 
to  6,000  horse-power,  exclusive  of  the  53d-Street  station,  which  may  ultimately  have 
a  capacity  of  possibly  8,000  horse-power.    The  new  Elm-Street  station,  with  its 


EDISON  ELECTRIC 


204 


KING  S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


capacity  exceeding  20,000  horse-power,  will  be  able  to  supply  current  for  an  equiva- 
lent of  over  200,000  incandescent  lamps,  all  connected  at  one  time.  Permits  to 
view  the  stations  should  be  applied  for  at  the  general  offices. 

The  Sewer  System  is  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  importance  of  this 
branch  of  municipal  economy.  As  early  as  1676  sewers  were  built  on  Manhattan 
Tsland.  These  were  simply  box-drains  of  wood  or  stone,  and  at  first  were  intended 
only  to  relieve  low  areas  of  storm  water.  Very  soon,  however,  they  were  built  of 
brick,  and  connections  were  made  with  buildings,  so  that  they  could  carry  off  the 
usual  sewage  matter.  It  was  not  until  1 849  that  the  character  and  the  method  of 
construction  of  the  sewers  were  definitely  laid  down  by  the  municipal  authorities. 
The  supervision  of  the  work  was  then  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  city  department.  At 
that  time  about  seventy  miles  of  sewers  of  a  miscellaneous  character  existed.  They 
were  built  four  feet  in  diameter.  Many  of  these  old  sewers  exist  to  the  present 
day.  In  1S60  the  egg-shaped  sewer  was  introduced,  with  the  dimensions  of  4  x  3 
feet  or  4  x  2.8  feet.  In  1865  a  Legislative  act  authorized  a  general  sewerage  system. 
There  were  then  in  use  200  miles  of  sewers,  partly  of  vitrified  pipe,  which  was  first 
laid  in  1864.  In  1870  the  Department  of  Public  Works  was  created,  and  put  in 
charge  of  the  sewers  of  Manhattan  Island.  To  the  Department  of  Public  Parks 
were  assigned  the  sewers  of  the  trans- Harlem  territory.  Under  these  arrangements 
the  system  has  been  improved  and  brought  to  its  present  state  of  efficiency. 

The  sewage  is  disposed  of  by  discharging  it  into  tidal  water,  where  it  is  rendered 
innocuous  by  dilution,  and  by  the  natural  flow  of  water  it  is  carried  away  from  the 
city.  Thus  the  sewers  empty  into  the  Harlem,  North  and  East  rivers  along  fifty 
miles  of  river-front.  There  are  about  140  outlets,  most  of  which  are  at  the  ends  of 
piers,  where  swiftly  running  water  takes  the  sewage  immediately  and  carries  it  sea- 
ward. The  entire  city  below  the  Harlem  is  sewered  in  the  most  approved  manner, 
and  the  work  above  the  Harlem  keeps  pace  with  the  growth  of  population  there. 
The  city  is  divided  into  26  drainage  areas  or  districts,  each  of  which  is  practically 
independent,  with  its  own  pipes  and  mains  and  outlets. 

The  sewers  are  laid  in  all  the  principal  thoroughfares.  They  have  all  the  latest 
improvements  for  ventilation  and  flushing,  and  some  of  the  pipes  are  imbedded  in 
concrete.  They  are  on  the  system  for  carrying  off  sewage  and  rain-water  combined. 
The  average  demand  made  upon  them  is  nearly  100  gallons  for  each  head  of  popu- 
lation each  day,  but  their  capacity  is  largely  in  excess  of  that.  The  smallest  pipe  is 
12  inches  in  diameter.  The  largest  sewers  are  in  Canal  Street,  between  Washington 
Street  and  the  North  River,  8x16  feet  ;  in  Canal  Street  between  Washington  Street 
and  Broadway,  7x10  feet ;  and  in  noth  Street,  between  Fifth  Avenue  and  the  East 
River,  8x12  feet.  All  the  main  sewers  are  entered  and  traversed  by  workmen  for 
the  purpose  of  cleaning  or  repairing  them.  In  1892,  there  were  444  miles  of 
sewers  and  5,314  receiving-basins.  The  total  extent  of  construction  in  1 891  was 
over  six  miles,  three-quarters  of  which  was  of  brick  mains.  The  maintenance  of 
sewers  costs  the  city  yearly  $130,000,  and  the  new  work  completed  in  1 89 1  cost 
over  $500,000. 

Electric  Wires  are  maintained  by  the  various  telegraph,  telephone  and  electric- 
light  companies,  and  the  Police  and  Fire  Departments,  strung  on  poles  and  attached 
to  roofs.  Formerly  there  was  a  vast  and  intricate  net-work  of  wires  over  all  the 
city,  especially  in  the  business  sections  ;  and  the  avenues  and  streets  showed  a  forest 
of  tall  poles,  many  of  them  carrying  several  hundred  wires.  Even  now,  despite 
the  development  of  the  subway  system,  hundreds  of  poles  and  thousands  of  miles 
of  wire  are  still  in  mid-air,  and  over  2,000  miles  are  attached  to  the  elevated-railroad 


206 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


structure.  But  Broadway,  Wall  Street,  and  other  main  thoroughfares  are  now  void 
of  the  erstwhile  objectionable  poles. 

Electrical  Subways  have  been  constructed  in  nearly  all  the  principal  streets 
south  of  Central  Park,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  elsewhere.  They  are  designed  to  ac- 
commodate all  the  wires  that  are  now  hanging  overhead.  This  municipal  undertak- 
ing is  in  charge  of  the  Board  of  Electrical  Control.  It  had  its  inception  in  1884, 
when,  after  nine  years  of  opposition  by  interested  parties,  a  bill  for  the  purpose  of 
compelling  corporations  operating  electrical  conductors  to  place  them  underground 
was  passed  by  the  Legislature.  Legal  delays  hindered  the  inception  of  the  work  ; 
and,  although  subways  were  built,  it  was  not  until  1889  that  the  provisions  of  the 
law  began  to  be  seriously  enforced.  In  that  year  the  municipal  authorities  took 
upon  themsplves  the  task  of  compelling  the  companies  to  use  the  subways,  and  to 
that  end  they  proceeded  to  cut  the  wires  and  chop  down  the  poles  in  the  leading 
thoroughfares  where  subways  had  been  built.  Within  a  year  nearly  5,000  poles  and 
6,000  miles  of  wire  were  thus  removed,  and  there  were  over  12,000  miles  of  wire 
placed  underground.  Since  that  time  the  work  of  constructing  subways  and  putting 
the  wires  into  them  has  progressed  without  serious  interruption.  At  present,  there 
are  over  200  miles  of  trench,  containing  several  thousand  miles  of  duct,  and  this  con- 
struction will  accommodate  over  100,000  miles  of  wires. 

The  Postal  Telegraph-Cable  Company  was  organized  in  1881,  mainly  by 
persons  interested  in  the  manufacture  of  compound  steel  and  copper  wire,  and  of  an 
automatic  system  of  telegraphic  transmission.  The  theories  which  led  to  the  con- 
struction of  its  original  lines  were  found  to  be  mistaken.  The  property  was  capi- 
talized upon  a  basis  supposed  to  be  justified  by  the  great  earning  capacity  which  the 
superior  construction  and  the  proposed  machine  transmission  were  believed  to  render 
practicable.  The  company  was  re-organized  in  1885  upon  the  moderate  capital  of 
$5,000,000,  and,  being  largely  controlled  by  John  W.  Mackay,  also  principal  owner 
of  the  Commercial  cables,  was  operated  in  close  connection  therewith.  The  prop- 
erty now  comprises  not  only  the  excellent  plant  of  the  original  Postal  Company,  but 
all  that  was  saved  from  the  wreck  of  the  Bankers'  &  Merchants',  and  several  other 
smaller  telegraph  properties,  which  have  been  rebuilt  and  re-equipped,  together  with 
new  lines  of  much  greater  extent  than  all  the  original  plants  above  mentioned,  cov- 
ering the  South  to  Savannah,  Ga.,  the  Southwest  to  New  Orleans,  and  the  West  to 
Denver,  covering  the  principal  points  in  Kansas  and  Colorado,  and  the  Northwest, 
to  principal  points  in  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  By  its  connection 
with  the  large  telegraph  system  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company,  it 
reaches  the  Maritime  Provinces  —  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Manitoba,  and  British 
Columbia  ;  and  thence,  in  connection  with  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  owns  an 
extensive  system  of  new  lines,  covering  the  Pacific  Coast  as  far  south  as  San  Diego. 
The  whole  comprises  by  far  the  most  extensive,  best  organized,  and  most  thoroughly 
equipped  system  of  telegraph  that  has  ever  been  in  competition  with  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  and  the  Anglo-American  cables,  and  the  best  evidence 
of  its  permanence  is  found  in  the  fact  that  excellence  of  service  and  constant, 
persistent  competition  in  honorable  and  not  destructive  methods,  has  been  its 
policy  from  the  beginning.  The  directors  and  executive  officers  of  the  company 
are  as  follows  :  John  W.  Mackay,  George  S.  Coe,  W.  C.  Van  Home,  J.  W. 
Mackay,  Jr.,  Albert  B.  Chandler,  Charles  R.  Hosmer,  James* W.  Ellsworth,  William 
H.  Baker,  Edward  C.  Piatt,  John  O.  Stevens,  George  G.  Ward ;  Albert  B. 
Chandler,  President  and  General  Manager  ;  Vice-Presidents,  George  S.  Coe  and 
William  II.  Baker. 


208 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Its  executive  officers  have  for  more  than  four  years  past  been  in  the  Washington 
Building,  No.  i  Broadway,  comprising  about  twenty  rooms  on  the  upper  floor  of  that 
commodious  building.  The  necessity  for  combining  these  offices  with  the  main 
operating  rooms,  and  other  departments  of  the  company  now  occupying  widely 
separated  quarters,  led  to  the  construction  of  a  building  for  the  company,  which  is 
now  in  process  of  erection,  on  Broadway,  corner  of  Murray  Street,  New  York, 
directly  opposite  the  City  Hall,  which  will  be  one  of  the  largest  and  handsomest 
office-buildings  in  the  country.  It  will  be  14  stories  in  height,  exclusive  of  basement 
and  cellar,  and  will  rise  about  175  feet  above  the  street,  with  a  Broadway  front  of 
over  70  feet,  a  Murray-Street  front  of  156  feet,  and  a  wing  30  by  50  feet.  The  first 
four  stories  will  be  built  of  Indiana  limestone,  and  the  upper  portion  of  the  building 
will  be  of  light  gray  brick,  with  terra-cotta  trimmings.  George  Edward  Harding  & 
Gooch  are  the  architects.  The  Postal  Telegraph  and  Commercial  Cable  companies 
will  occupy  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  floors,  the  corner-office  of  the  first 
floor  level  with  the  street,  and  a  portion  of  the  basement  and  cellar.  The  rest  of 
the  building  will  be  rented. 

The  Commercial  Cable  Company  was  organized  in  1884  by  John  W.  Mackay 
of  California,  and  fames  Gordon  Bennett,  proprietor  of  The  New- York  Herald,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  permanent  competition,  and  affording  an  accelerated  and 
reliable  service  at  a  moderate  tariff,  between  the  Old  and  New  Worlds.  Cablei  were 
laid  during  the  same  year,  and  business  was  begun  in  December,  1884.  The  com- 
pany signalized  its  advent  by  reducing  the  cable  rates  twenty  per  cent.  Its  com- 
petitors instituted  a  rate-war  by  reducing  their  rates  to  twelve  cents  a  word,  and  the 
Commercial  met  this  by  coming  down  to  25  cents  a  word,  and  appealing  to  the  pub- 
lic for  support  in  its  fight  against  monopoly  and  the  excessive  rates  that  had 

previously  exist- 
ed. From  May, 
1886,  to  Septem- 
ber, 1888,  this 
rate-war  was  con- 
tinued, but  was 
finally  compro- 
mised by  all  the 
companies  agree- 
ing to  hold  to 
the  charge  of  25 
cents  a  word. 
Thus  the  Com- 
mercial Company 
deserves  the  credit 
of  bringing  about 
a  reduction  in 
rates,  fifty  per 
cent,  of  what  they 

had  been,  to  the  lowest  figure  at  which  it  has  been  shown  that  the  service  can  be 
profitably  done.  The  company  has  two  complete  routes  to  Europe,  and  the  duplex 
system  that  is  used  practically  doubles  the  capacity  of  the  cables.  The  cables  are 
submarine  and  underground  from  the  office  in  New  York  to  Paris  and  to  within  100 
miles  of  London,  only  that  short  distance  being  by  overhead  wire.  The  landing- 
places  are  at  New  York,  Rockport  (Massachusetts),  Canso  (Nova  Scotia),  Water- 


N  PROCESSION. 


POSTAL-TELEGRAPH-CABLE  COMPANY'S  BUILDING. 

BROADWAY  AND  MURRAY  STREET,  FACING  CITY   HALL  PARK. 


2IO 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ville  (Ireland),  Bristol,  and  Havre.  Nearly  7,000  nautical  miles  of  cable  are  in 
operation.  To  this  company  must  also  be  credited  the  reduction  of  time  in  the 
transmission  of  messages  beneath  the  Atlantic  ;  and  by  the  adoption  of  automatic 
working,  and  the  introduction  of  typewriters  for  taking  the  messages,  a  point  of 
excellence  in  accuracy,  speed  and  reliability  never  before  attained  has  been  reached. 
It  is  an  interesting  bit  of  history  that  during  the  great  blizzard  of  March,  1888,  the 
only  means  of  communication  between  New- York  City  and  the  rest  of  the  world 
was  by  the  Commercial  Cable.  Messages  were  sent  to  London,  whence  they  were 
cabled  back  to  Boston.  The  Commercial  Cable  and  the  Postal  Telegraph  Com- 
panies are  allies,  the  latter  being  the  land  system.  The  Directors  are:  John 
W.  Mackay  (President),  James  Gordon  Bennett,  George  G.  Ward  (Vice-President 
and  General  Manager),  George  S.  Coe,  John  W.  Mackay,  Jr.,  Albert  B.  Chandler, 
Sir  Donald  A.  Smith,  Wm.  C.  Van  Home,  Charles  R.  Ilosmer,  E.  C.  Piatt  (Treas- 
urer), Gardiner  G.  Rowland,  Richard  Irvin,  Jr.,  and  Thomas  Skinner. 

The  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  occupies  a  handsome  and  well- 
appointed  building  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Dey  Street,  and  has  137  branch-offices 
in  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  main  building  is  at  present  the  finest  equipped 
telegraph  office  in  the  world.  The  company  has  the  largest  telegraph  system  ever 
established.  It  has  21,000  offices  and  750,000  miles  of  wire.  The  company  leases 
the  two  cables  of  the  American  Telegraph  &  Cable  Company  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Penzance,  England,  which  arc  extended  to  New- York  City  direct  by  the  company's 
own  cables  ;  it  also  connects  with  the  four  cables  of  the  Anglo-American  Telegraph 
Company,  Limited,  from  Valentia,  Ireland,  to  Heart's  Content,  Newfoundland,  and 
from  Brest,  France,  to  St.  Pierre,  Miquelon  ;  and  with  the  cable  of  the  Direct 
United-States  Cable  Company  from  Ballinskelligs,  Ireland,  to  Rye  Beach,  N.  II. 
It  has  thus  the  service  of  seven  Atlantic  cables,  as  well  as  direct  connection  with 
the  South-American  cable  at  Galveston,  Texas;  and  messages  may  be  sent  from  any 
of  its  offices  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Pneumatic  tubes  extend  under  Broadway  from  23d  Street  to  Dey  Street.  They 
belong  to  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  and  through  them  messages  arc- 
sent  a  distance  of  about  2j  miles.    Similar  tubes  extend  from  Dey  to  Broad  Streets. 

The  American  District-Telegraph  Company  is  an  adjunct  of  the  Western 
Union,  and  does  a  messenger-service  business  exclusively. 

The  Mutual  District  Messenger  Company,  with  its  main  offices  at  Broad- 
way and  Grand  Street,  is  the  only  serious  rival  of  the  A.  D.  T.  Company. 

The  Metropolitan  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  conducts  the 
telephonic  communication  of  New  York,  and  its  system  comprises  eight  central  offi- 
ces, upwards  of  30,000  miles  of  underground  wire,  and  about  9,000  subscribers' 
stations.  The  system  is  in  direct  communication  with  those  of  Brooklyn  and  the 
principal  towns  in  New  Jersey,  and  also  with  that  of  the  Long  Distance  Telephone 
Company,  whose  wires  extend  through  the  Eastern  States  in  all  directions,  so  that  a 
New- York  subscriber  can  reach  any  one  of  eighty  thousand  other  subscribers  scat- 
tered through  New  York,  the  New-England  States,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  Of 
the  eight  exchanges  in  New-York  City  the  four  more  important,  viz. :  those  at  Broad 
Street,  Cortlandt  Street,  Spring  Street  and  38th  Street,  are  placed  in  fire-proof 
buildings  of  a  special  type.  There  are  two  reasons  why  a  telephone  exchange  build- 
ing should  be  impregnably  fire-proof.  One  is  the  enormous  cost  of  the  apparatus, 
which  is  equally  susceptible  to  damage  by  water  as  by  fire,  so  that  a  slight  fire  is  as 
much  to  be  feared  as  a  serious  one.  Another  is  that  the  crippling  of  an  important 
exchange  would  result  in  heavy  loss  to  the  many  patrons.    It  is  not  generally  known 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  211 


METROPOLITAN  TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY. 

TELEPHONE  BUILDING,  CORTLANDT  STREET,  BETWEEN  BROADWAY  AND  CHURCH  STREET. 


2  12 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


how  great  the  use  of  the  telephone  is  in  large  cities.  There  are  many  subscribers  in 
New  York  who  call  for  from  between  60  and  70  connections  a  day,  while  some  run 
up  to  as  high  as  130  a  day.  In  order,  then,  to  sufficiently  protect  both  its  own  in- 
terests and  those  of  its  subscribers,  the  company  has  been  obliged  to  design  special 
telephone  buildings,  which  are  at  once  thoroughly  fire-proof  and  properly  adapted, 


TELEPHONE  OPERATING  OR  6WITCH-ROOM,  ON  COKTLANDT  ST.,  METROPOLITAN  TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  CO. 


from  roof  to  basement,  to  the  requirements  of  a  modern  telephone  central  office. 
The  largest  of  these  new  telephonic  centres  is  at  18  Cortlandt  Street.  It  is  a  hand- 
some eight-story  building,  and  the  only  sign  of  its  special  vocation  is  the  familiar 
blue  bell  hanging  over  the  entrance.  The  cloud  of  overhead  wires  formerly  insepara- 
ble from  a  telephone  exchange  is  entirely  absent,  as  the  wires  are  all  underground. 
In  the  basement  of  the  building  is  a  large  department  where  some  15,000  or  16,000 
wires  enter  from  the  subways.  These  are  all  encased  in  heavy  lead-covered  cables, 
from  the  terminals  of  which  other  wires  extend  up  through  the  building  to  the  eighth 
story,  the  whole  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  operating  department,  or  exchange 
proper.  Here  a  huge  switchboard  extends  around  three  sides  of  the  building  in  an 
unbroken  curve  about  250  feet  long.  This  switchboard  is  the  largest  of  its  kind  in 
the  world.  It  contains  all  the  most  improved  devices  for  metallic  circuit  working, 
and  was  completed  a  few  years  ago  at  a  cost  of  about  $400,000.  It  can  accommodate 
6,000  subscribers'  lines,  and  about  150  operators  are  required  to  answer  the  calls  and 
facilitate  the  conversations  that  are  constantly  passing  through  it.  A  telephonic 
switchboard  is  the  most  complicated  electro-mechanical  device  known  to  science. 
This  particular  one  contains  more  than  260,000  separate  electrical  instruments,  none 
of  which  has  less  than  three  wires  soldered  to  it.  Hundreds  of  miles  of  fine  insu- 
lated wire  pass  through  the  board  and  connect  the  different  parts  together.  All  of 
this  has  to  be  kept  in  perfect  order,  as  a  single  defect  may  throw  more  than  one 
line  temporarily  out  of  service. 

The  other  exchanges  referred  to  are  of  the  same  general  type  as  that  just 
described,  differing  only  in  minor  details  and  in  switchboard  capacity,  each  district 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


213 


exchange  having  accommodation  for  from  1,200  to  3,600  subscribers'  lines.  A  most 
interesting  feature  of  the  New- York  telephone  service,  is  that,  practically,  the  entire 
system  of  conductors  is  under  ground.  During  the  past  four  or  five  years  the  Metro- 
politan Company  has  expended  several  million  dollars  in  removing  its  pole  lines  and 
replacing  them  by  costly  underground  cables.  It  has  put  down  over  400  separate 
cables,  containing  an  aggregate  of  more  than  30,000  miles  of  wire.  Underground 
cables  radiate  from  every  central  office  to  points  from  which  groups  of  subscribers 
can  conveniently  be  reached.  All  the  exchanges  are  connected  together  by  several 
hundred  underground  wires,  and  some  500  wires,  laid  underground  the  entire  dis- 
tance except  across  the  Bridge,  join  the  various  New-York  exchanges  with  the  prin- 
cipal exchange  in  Brooklyn.  The  wires  are  made  into  cables  containing  generally 
fifty-one  pairs  of  conductors  ;  these  cables  are  covered  with  a  lead  armoring,  and 
are  drawn  into  iron  pipes  laid  under  the  streets.  The  adoption  of  underground 
cables  has  been  accompanied  by  so  many  electrical  and  mechanical  difficulties  as  to 
necessitate  a  complete  remodeling  of  the  company's  plant.  This  work  has  been 
carried  out  during  the  past  four  years,  and  is  typified  by  the  construction  of  the 
model  telephone  build- 
ings already  described. 
The  Metropolitan  Tele- 
phone Company  employs 
a  staff  of  about  800  per- 
sons ;  and  its  pay-roll 
amounts  to  over  $600, 000 
a  year.  The  operators, 
who  number  about  400, 
are  nearly  all  girls  ;  they 
pick  up  the  work  very 
quickly,  and  give  good 
satisfaction,  alike  to  the 
company  and  to  the  sub- 
scribers. At  each  ex- 
change a  suite  of  rooms, 
consisting  of  dining- 
room,  reading  and  work 
room,  wardrobe  and  lava- 
tory, are  provided  for 
the  use  of  the  operators. 
This  department  is  in 
charge  of  a  matron,  who 
serves  light  refreshments 
and  attends  to  the  com- 
fort of  the  girls  generally 
when  they  are  off  duty. 
An  important  part  of  the 
organization  is  composed 
of  the  technical  depart- 
ments that  have  to  do  with  the  construction  and  equipment  of  the  offices,  lines  and 
subscribers'  stations,  the  maintenance  of  the  vast  and  complicated  plant,  and  the 
inspection  of  the  many  thousands  of  lines  and  telephone  sets.  Each  part  of  the 
work  is  done  by  a  special  staff,  working  under  a  responsible  chief,  the  reins  of 


METROPOLITAN  TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  CO.,  38TH-6TREET  BUILDING. 


2  14 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


METROPOLITA 


PEARL  STREETS. 


authority  gradually  cen- 
tralizing through  the 
general  manager,  ex- 
ecutive committee, 
president  and  board  of 
directors.  Accurate 
record  is  kept  of  the 
work  of  every  individual 
throughout  the  entire 
organization,  so  that 
the  history  of  any  of 
the  tens  of  thousands 
of  wires  and  instru- 
ments belonging  to  the 
company,  and  of  every 
transaction  connected 
therewith,  is  always 
available.  The  volume 
of  business  done  by  the 
company  is  almost  in- 
credible. The  average 
number  of  telephone 
connections  each  day  in 
New  York  City  is  about 
120,000.  Of  these,  99  per  cent,  occur  between  the  hours  of  8  A.  M.  and  6  P.  M. 
A  permanent  service  is  kept  up  at  all  the  offices,  but  the  use  of  the  telephone  at  night 
is  comparatively  slight.  The  busiest  hours  of  the  day  are  from  1 1  A.  M.  to  noon, 
and  from  2  to  3  P.  M.  During  those  two  hours  probably  nearly  one-half  of  the 
entire  day's  business  is  conducted,  and  both  plant  and  staff  are  working  at  high 
pressure.  An  eminent  professor  of  political  economy  has  said  that  the  question  of 
telephone  rates  was  the  most  difficult  problem  that  had  ever  been  submitted  to  him, 
so  complicated  are  the  conditions  involved.  This  opinion  will  be  appreciated  when 
it  is  considered  that  in  a  city  like  New  York  the  entire  plant  and  organization  of 
the  telephone  system  must  be  designed  and  arranged  to  stand  the  strain  of  perform- 
ing almost  one-half  of  the  day's  work  within  the  short  period  of  two  hours.  This 
is  a  condition  of  affairs  not  met  with  in  any  other  industry. 

The  American  Telephone  &  Telegraph  Company  maintains  long-distance 
telephone  lines  for  direct  communication  with  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Washington, 
Pittsburgh,  Harrisburg  and  intermediate  points,  the  list  altogether  embracing  150 
important  cities  and  towns.    The  company  has  an  extensive  local  service. 

Cable  Conduits  for  street-cars  are  laid  underground  in  Broadway  and  Seventh 
Avenue  for  one  line,  in  125th  Street  and  Tenth  Avenue  for  another,  and  in  Third 
Avenue.  The  conduits  are  of  brick  and  cement,  with  iron  frames  supporting  the 
cable  pulleys.  On  the  Broadway  route,  from  the  Battery  to  Central  Park,  the  two 
conduits  with  their  spurs  are  nearly  twelve  miles  in  length.  In  Third  Avenue  there 
are  over  sixteen  miles  of  conduit,  and  in  125th  Street  and  Tenth  Avenue  ten  miles. 

The  New-York  Steam  Company  supplies  steam-power  and  heat  to  con- 
sumers through  pipes  laid  underground.  The  company  has  been  in  business  since 
1882,  and  has  fifteen  miles  of  pipe  in  use  in  its  down-town  district,  south  of  Duane 
Street.     Six  hundred  business  consumers  and  300  residences  are  supplied. 


Hotels,   Inns,   Cafes,   Restaurants,   Apartment   Houses,  Flats, 
Homes,  Tenements,  Etc. 


WHEN  travellers  came  to  the  New  Netherland  settlement  in  its  early  days  they 
were  entertained  at  the  expense  of  the  Directors  of  the  West  India  Company. 
This  custom  became  in  time  such  a  burden  that  in  1642  Director-General  Kieft 
built  at  the  Company's  expense  a  tavern,  a  quaint  stone  building  near  the  present 
Pearl  Street  and  Coenties  Slip.  This  was  the  first  tavern  on  Manhattan  Island,  and 
in  later  years  it  became  the  Stadt  Huys.  The  following  year  Martin  Krigier  built 
and  opened  Krigier's  Tavern,  at  Bowling  Green,  and  this  soon  became  the  fashion- 
able resort  for  the  townspeople  as  well  as  for  visitors  from  abroad.  This  house 
subsequently  became  the  King's-Arms  Tavern,  and  in  Revolutionary  days  it  was  the 
headquarters  of  General  Gage.  To  the  generation  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  it 
was  the  Atlantic  Gardens,  a  popular  pleasure-resort. 

Many  little  taverns  began  to  spring  up  about  this  time,  and  Director-General 
Stuyvesant  compelled  them  to  be  licensed.  In  1676  six  wine  and  four  beer  taverns 
were  licensed,  with  permission  to  sell  strong  liquors.  The  rates  of  charges  were  regu- 
lated as  follows  :  lodging,  three  and  four  pence  a  night  ;  meals,  eight  pence  and  one 
shilling  ;  brandy  six  pence  a  gill ;  French  wines,  fifteen  pence  a  quart  ;  rum,  three 
pence  a  gill ;  cider,  four  pence  a  quart ;  beer,  three  pence  a  quart  ;  mum,  six  pence 
a  quart.  There  were  other  restrictions,  especially  in  regard  to  serving  liquor  to  the 
Indians.  If  an  Indian  was  found  drunk  on  the  street,  the  tavern-keeper  who  sold 
him  the  liquor  was  fined  ;  and  when  it  could  not  be  discovered  which  tavern-keeper 
was  guilty,  all  the  residents  of  the  street  were  mulcted  to  make  up  the  amount  of 
the  fine. 

In  Revolutionary  days  there  were  many  public  houses,  the  memory  of  several  of 
which  still  remains  bright.  Fraunce's  Tavern  was  probably  the  most  famous  in  its 
day,  and  is  best  remembered  now.  It  was  originally  the  homestead  of  a  member  of 
the  distinguished  De-Lancey  family,  and  was  a  handsome  brick  building,  erected  in 
1730,  on  the  corner  of  Pearl  and  Broad  Streets.  It  was  sold  in  1762  to  Samuel 
Fraunce,  who  opened  it  as  the  Queen  Catharine.  It  was  well  patronized,  and  many 
receptions,  balls  and  other  social  gatherings  were  held  in  its  assembly-hall.  There 
several  societies  met  for  their  Saturday-night  convivialities,  and  there  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  had  its  headquarters  for  a  long  time.  Washington  made  his  head- 
quarters there  ;  and  in  the  assembly-room  delivered  his  farewell  address  to  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Continental  Army,  in  1783.  Burns  Coffee-House  was  also  a  De-Lancey 
homestead,  standing  on  Broadway  just  north  of  Trinity  churchyard,  where  the 
Boreel  Building  now  is.    It  had  many  different  names  and  many  changes  of  proprie- 


2  I  6 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


tors.  The  Sons  of  Liberty  made  it  their  rendezvous,  and  during  the  British  occupa- 
tion it  was  much  favored  by  the  military  officers.  In  1793  it  was  torn  down,  and 
the  City  Hotel  put  up  in  its  place. 

About  the  same  time  and  later  there  was  the  Bull's  Head,  in  Bowery  Lane,  with 
cattle-pens  and  the  public  slaughter-house  near  it.  The  old  Bowery  Theatre,  now 
the  Thalia,  occupies  its  site.  The  Merchants'  Coffee- House  was  on  the  corner  of 
Water  and  Wall  Streets  ;  and  there  were  other  coffee-houses.  Tea-gardens  were 
numerous,  and  opposite  the  present  City- Hall  Park  was  the  famous  La-Montagne 
garden  and  tavern.  In  the  country,  on  the  banks  of  the  East  River,  were  several 
houses,  where  turtle  feasts,  which  were  important  social  events,  occurred  once  or 
twice  a  week.  On  the  North  River  in  Greenwich  Village  were  two  very  popular 
gardens  ;  and  there  was  the  Vauxhall,  near  Broome  Street,  in  Broadway,  once  owned 
by  John  Jacob  Astor..  Nor  was  the  old  Dutch  Vauxhall,  at  the  corner  of  Warren 
and  Greenwich  Streets,  forgotten. 

Since  the  nineteenth  century  came  in,  the  hotel  history  of  New  York  has  been 
mainly  a  record  of  steady  development  toward  the  perfection  of  luxurious  living  that 
prevails  at  the  present  time.  Many  of  the  oid  hotels  remain,  although  a  large 
number  have  gone  the  way  of  all  things  material.  French's  Hotel  until  a  few  years 
ago  occupied  the  site  of  the  Pulitzer  Building,  and  was  a  popular  house  of  its  day, 
but  it  is  now  well  nigh  forgotten.  The  Golden  Eagle  Inn  was  another  famous 
place.  The  building  stood  until  1893,  back  of  the  Broadway  Central  Hotel.  It 
was  redolent  with  memories  of  old-time  theatrical  folk  and  -politicians. 

Now  New  York  has  over  one  hundred  thoroughly  good  hotels,  with  a  score  stand- 
ing pre-eminently  at  the  head  of  the  list.  There  are  250  more  of  the  second  and 
third  class;  and  of  all  grades  there  are  fully  1,000.  Over  $150,000,000  in  capital 
is  invested  in  them.  Of  the  best  of  these  nearly  three-quarters  are  conducted  on 
the  European  plan,  but  among  those  on  the  American  plan  are  several  of  the  most 
famous.  Prices  in  the  better  American-plan  hotels  range  from  $3  to  $6  a  day  for 
a  single  room  with  board,  and  almost  any  figure  beyond  that  for  extra  accommoda- 
tions. At  the  European-plan  houses  single  rooms  are  charged  at  from  $1  to  $3  a 
day  ;  and  again  in  this  case,  there  are  better  accommodations  for  those  who  want  to 
pay  more.  At  all  these  hotels,  of  either  class,  there  is  every  convenience  for  com- 
fortable living  ;  and  at  the  best  there  is  nothing  to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  luxurious 
furnishings,  charming  surroundings,  perfect  service  and  exceptional  cuisine.  In 
these  respects  several  of  the  leading  New-York  hotels  cannot  be  surpassed. 

Not  alone  by  the  travelling  public  are  these  establishments  patronized.  Many 
New- York  families  make  their  homes  in  them  the  year  around,  to  avoid  the 
annoyances  attendant  upon  housekeeping,  and  to  secure  much  more  of  comfort,  lux- 
ury and  freedom.  It  is  this  assurance  of  permanent  patronage  that  has  done  much 
to  promote  the  excellence  of  New-York  hotels  during  the  present  generation,  and 
particularly  during  the  last  decade.  Several  of  the  best  American-plan  hotels  are 
sustained  chiefly  in  this  way,  and  the  tendency  among  many  well-to-do  people  is 
more  and  more  toward  that  style  of  living. 

The  great  hotel  district  is  between  23d  and  59th  Streets,  and  Fourth  and  Seventh 
Avenues.  There  are  admirable  hotels  outside  those  limits,  as  in  Union  Square  ;  in 
Broadway,  below  14th  Street  ;  and  in  Fifth  Avenue,  between  23d  Street  and  Wash- 
ington Square,  and  elsewhere  ;  but  they  are  few  in  number  and  are  overshadowed 
by  their  modern  rivals  up-town.  In  that  territory,  which  is  a  little  less  than  two 
miles  long  by  a  half  mile  wide,  are  half  of  the  leading  hotels  of  the  metropolis, 
and  a  census  of  the  district  would  show  half  of  the  hotel  population  living  in  them. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  217 


HOTEL  WALDORF. 

FIFTH  AVENUE,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  33D  STREET. 


2l8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Hotel  Waldorf  (American  and  European  plans),  built  by  William  Wal- 
dorf Astor,  and  opened  in  1893,  is  said  to  have  cost  ,15,000,000.  It  has  a  frontage 
of  100  feet  on  Fifth  Avenue,  and  250  feet  on  33d  Street ;  and  is  twelve  stories,  or 
180  feet  high.  It  is  a  diversified  and  picturesque  German  Renaissance  structure, 
designed  by  H.  J.  Ilardenbergh,  and  abounding  in  loggias,  balconies,  gables,  groups 
of  chimneys,  and  tiled  roofs.  One  of  the  chief  features  is  the  interior  garden  court, 
with  fountains  and  flowers,  walls  of  white  terra  cotta,  frescoes  and  stained  glass. 
The  Empire  dining-haU  is  modelled  after  the  grand  salon  in  King  Ludwig's  palace 
at  Munich,  with  frescoes,  satin  hangings,  upholstery  and  marble  pillars,  all  of  pale 
green,  and  Crowninshield's  beautiful  frescoes.  Among  the  other  rooms  are  the 
Marie  Antoinette  parlor,  superbly  frescoed  by  Will  H.  Low,  N.  A. ;  the  Turkish 
smoking-room,  with  its  low  divans  and  ancient  Moorish  armor  ;  the  ball-room,  in 
white  and  gold,  with  Louis  XIV.  decorations;  and  the  cafe,  abounding  in  carved 
English  oak  and  leather  hangings. 

The  Hotel  New  Netherland  (European  plan)  is  one  of  New  York's  newest 
hotel  palaces.  It  stands  as  the  highest  achievement  attainable  in  these  times  in 
hotel  construction.  In  situation  it  is  unrivalled,  and  in  furnishings  and  general 
equipment  it  is  almost  unequalled.  In  the  announcement  of  the  hotel  the  proprie- 
tor claims  it  is  "the  most  elegant,  the  safest,  the  strongest  and  the  most  complete 
hotel  palace  in  the  world.  Every  scientific  appliance  for  ventilating,  heating, 
plumbing  and  electric  lighting.  The  privacy  of  a  home.  The  furnishings  of  a 
palace.  The  table  of  an  epicure.  Absolutely  fire-proof."  No  one  can  dispute 
these  claims.  It  is  situated  on  Fifth  Avenue  and  59th  Street,  immediately  at  the 
main  portal  of  Central  Park.  It  extends  for  100  feet  on  Fifth  Avenue  and  125  feet 
on  59th  Street,  and  rises  to  the  majestic  height  of  234  feet,  the  tallest  hotel  structure 
in  the  world,  and  looms  up  loftily  by  the  side  of  the  neighboring  Plaza  and  Savoy 
hotels.  It  overlooks  not  only  Central  Park  and  the  magnificent  Fifth  Avenue,  but 
all  of  the  main  part  of  New- York  City.  Built  as  securely  against  fire  as  can  be 
done,  its  rooms  on  any  floor  provide  every  luxury  and  convenience  that  can  be  fur- 
nished by  any  hotel.  Its  main  floor,  with  its  onyx,  mosaic  and  marble  finish,  is 
probably  the  grandest  hotel  rotunda  on  either  continent,  and  from  the  three  floors 
beneath  the  street  level  to  the  topmost  of  the  seventeen  stories  above  the  street  the 
New  Netherland  is  uniformly  a  complete  and  perfect  structure.  It  is  conducted  on 
the  European  plan,  with  restaurants,  cafes,  and  private  dining  and  banquet  rooms 
that  are  practicably  unsurpassable.  Its  proprietor  is  Gen.  Ferdinand  P.  Earle,  who 
is  one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  hotel  landlords  of  modern  times. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel  (American  plan)  has  borne  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  public  life  of  the  metropolis,  and  has  been  identified  with  the  most  notable  local 
events  of  the  generation,  since  its  opening,  in  1859.  Both  location  and  management 
have  contributed  to  this  prosperity.  The  house  fronts  upon  Madison  Square,  the 
most  charming  of  the  smaller  parks  of  the  city,  at  the  junction  of  Broadway  and 
Fifth  Avenue,  the  two  great  thoroughfares.  It  is  unequalled  in  the  number  and 
spaciousness  of  its  corridors,  halls  and  public  rooms,  and  the  commodious  character 
of  its  guest-rooms.    The  proprietors  are  Hitchcock,  Darling  &  Co. 

The  Windsor  Hotel  (American  plan),  seven  stories  high,  substantial,  digni- 
fied, and  inviting  in  outward  appearance,  occupies  the  entire  block  on  Fifth 
Avenue  between  46th  and  47th  Streets,  extending  toward  Madison  Avenue 
nearly  two  hundred  feet,  and  overlooking  a  broad  open  space  in  the  rear  which 
affords  the  hotel  magnificent  light  and  ventilation.  The  proprietors  are  Hawk  & 
Wetherbee. 


KIXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  219 


HOTEL  NEW  NETHERLAND. 

FIFTH  AVENUE.  NORTHEAST  CORNER  OF  59tm  STREET.  AT  MAIN  ENTRANCE  TO  CENTRAL  PARK. 


220 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Hotel  Savoy  (American  and  European  plans)  is  one  of  the  most  notable 
structures  in  this  country.  It  is  a  palace  of  the  highest  order  of  art,  and  in  every 
detail  are  seen  the  results  of  the  most  perfect  workmanship.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  and  comfortable  and  safest  hotels  in  the  world,  and  occupies  a  site  of  remark- 
able beauty  and  interest.  Even  so  long  ago  as  1870  William  M.  Tweed  selected  this 
as  the  choicest  site  for  a  hotel  on  Manhattan  Island  ;  and  here  he  began  the  con- 
struction of  the  Knickerbocker  Hotel.  Before  the  shattering  of  the  Tweed  King, 
$250,000  had  been  spent  here  on  the  Titanic  foundations  of  the  never-to-be-realized 
Knickerbocker.  The  locality,  so  desirable  even  in  that  far-past  day,  is  now  simply 
marvellous  in  its  combination  of  advantages,  with  the  improvement  of  rapid  transit, 
the  development  of  Central  Park,  and  the  concentration  in  this  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  wealth,  fashion  and  aristocracy  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  To  occupy  this 
fine  strategic  position,  looking  down  on  Fifth  Avenue  and  the  Plaza,  and  the  main 
entrance  to  Central  Park,  the  Hotel  Savoy  was  built,  and  opened  in  1892.  It  is 
twelve  stories  high,  and  the  fac,ades  are  in  the  rich  efflorescence  of  Italian  Renais- 
sance architecture.  This  vast  structure,  with  its  long  fronts  on  Fifth  Avenue  and 
59th  Street,  is  absolutely  fire-proof,  being  of  the  steel-framed  construction,  with 
every  beam  and  column  of  steel.  The  partitions  and  the  arches  between  the  floor- 
beams  are  of  hard  burnt  terra-cotta.  The  walls  are  of  Indiana  limestone.  The 
public  apartments  of  the  Savoy  are  of  extraordinary  interest  and  beauty.  The  table- 
d'hote  dining-room,  in  Greek  and  Renaissance  architecture,  is  one  of  the  richest  in 
the  world,  encased  with  Siena  marble  and  rouge  jasper,  green  and  white  Killarney 
marbles,  satinwood  and  white  holly,  sculptures  and  frescoes.  The  breakfast -room 
is  English  in  style  ;  the  billiard-room  is  Pompeian  ;  and  the  drawing-rooms  repro- 
duce the  decorative  effects  of  the  epochs  of  Louis  XIV.,  XV.  and  XVI.,  and  the 
First  Empire.  The  lobby,  main  corridor  and  foyer  are  finished  in  Numidian 
marble,  with  wonderful  sculptured  ceilings.  There  are  135  bath-rooms,  with  mosaic 
floors  and  enamelled  tiled  walls.  The  electric  plant  has  a  capacity  of  6,400  candle- 
lights, and  the  fixtures  are  unsurpassed.  The  Savoy  also  has  a  fine  livery,  a  theatre- 
ticket  office,  a  celebrated  restaurant,  and  a  huge  safe,  with  separate  safe-deposit 
boxes  for  the  free  use  of  guests.  Many  of  the  rooms  are  arranged  in  suites,  with 
private  halls  and  bath-rooms.  The  bridal  or  state  suite,  on  the  second  floor,  looking 
out  over  the  Plaza,  and  through  the  main  entrance  over  Central  Park,  is  one  of  the 
most  sumptuous  and  enchanting  apartments  on  either  continent.  It  is  a  reproduction 
of  the  boudoir  of  Marie  Antoinette,  in  the  Trianon  Palace,  at  Versailles.  It  was 
occupied  in  1S93  by  the  Infanta  Eulaiia  of  Spain. 

The  architect  of  this  vast  and  imperishable  combination  of  ingenious  devices  for 
security  and  luxury  of  living  was  Ralph  S.  Townsend.  The  capitalists  who  built  it 
were  Judge  P.  Henry  Dugro  and  F.  Wagner.  The  men  who  manage  this  marvellous 
caravansary  and  its  army  of  employees  are  veterans  in  the  art  of  hotel-keeping. 

Only  one  block  distant  is  the  Elevated  Railway,  by  which  in  a  few  minutes  the 
guest  can  reach  the  farthest  parts  of  "Down-town  and  past  the  Savoy's  doors 
rumble  the  stages  of  the  Fifth-Avenue  line,  giving  quick  access  to  the  swell 
residence,  theatre  and  shopping  districts.  And  around  the  great  balconies  and 
porticoes  of  the  Savoy  sweep  the  bird-songs  and  flower-perfumes  and  fresh  airs  of 
the  world-renowned  Central  Park,  which  has  nowhere  a  rival  in  beauty.  It  hardly 
needs  be  said  that  the  Savoy  cuisine  is  unsurpassed,  in  America  or  Europe  ;  or  that 
its  wines,  selected  by  a  connoisseur  and  specially  imported,  and  kept  in  lonely  cellars 
two  stories  below  the  street,  are  of  the  very  choicest.  The  house  is  kept  on  both 
the  American  and  European  plans,  and  is  now  being  enlarged. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


221 


HOTEL  SAVOY. 

FIFTH  AVENUE,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER  59th  STREET,  OPPOSITE  MAIN  ENTRANCE  TO  CENTRAL  PARK. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Plaza  Hotel  (American  and  European  plans)  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
public  houses  in  the  wide  world,  and  represents  the  highest  possibilities  attained  in 
the  art  of  constructing  and  keeping  great  modern  caravansaries.  Its  situation  is 
peculiarly  advantageous,  in  the  most  delightful  and  aristocratic  residence-quarter  in 
America,  almost  surrounded  by  the  homes  of  distinguished  families,  the  architect- 
ural splendors  of  the  "swellest"  club-houses  and  the  most  fashionable  churches. 
At  its  opposite  corners  are  the  gorgeous  New  Nctherland  and  the  palatial  Savoy 
hotels.  Its  front  is  on  the  matchless  Fifth  Avenue,  with  its  unceasing  processions 
of  beauty  and  elegance,  on  the  sidewalks  and  in  the  line  of  carriages,  and  just  at 
one  side  opens  the  main  entrance  to  Central  Park,  the  goal  for  all  fashionable 
drives.  One  entire  side  of  the  hotel  looks  down  close  by  on  the  Park,  with  its 
rocky  hills,  deep  thickets,  and  little  ponds,  as  wild  in  appearance  as  a  scene  deep  in 
the  New- Hampshire  mountains.  In  the  heart  of  the  great  city,  and  within  a  few 
minutes  of  its  finest  churches,  theatres  and  art-galleries,  you  are  still  on  the  very 
verge  of  the  loveliest  pleasure-ground  in  America,  with  its  drives  and  rambles,  its 
lawns  and  forests,  its  statuary  and  fountains. 

The  Plaza  Hotel  to  an  unusual  degree  combines  beauty  and  convenience.  Ris- 
ing majestically  from  the  broad  asphalt-covered  Plaza  to  the  height  of  eight  full 
stories,  in  brick  and  brownstone,  diversified  but  not  overladen  with  terra  cotta  and 
polished  marble,  balconies  and  cornices,  it  shows  rich  and  tasteful  effects  on  all 
sides,  and  the  simple  beauty  of  Italian  Renaissance  architecture.  There  is  nothing 
of  the  narrow-tower  effect  about  this  broad-based  and  dignified  structure,  but  its 
500  feet  of  frontage  on  three  streets  suggests  comfort,  rest  and  security.  This  effect 
is  increased  by  its  absolutely  fire-proof  construction.  The  ventilating  arrangements 
of  the  rooms  and  halls  are  very  ingenious  and  effective  ;  and  the  equipment  for 
lighting  the  house  includes  one  of  the  finest  electrical  plants  in  the  country.  A 
large  part  of  the  main  floor  is  finished  with  choice  marble  mosaic  pavements,  sil- 
vered ceilings,  enfoliated  bronze  columns,  counters  of  Mexican  onyx,  woodwork  of 
mahogany,  and  fine  paintings.  Here  are  the  reception-rooms,  with  their  Gobelins 
tapestries ;  and  the  great  lounging-room,  where  ladies  and  gentlemen  meet,  amid 
Persian  rugs,  dainty  tables,  rich  easy-chairs,  costly  paintings,  and  other  attractive 
features.  The  pink  parlor  and  the  blue  parlor,  facing  Fifth  Avenue,  on  the  second 
floor,  are  furnished  in  white  and  gold,  with  onyx  tables,  delicately  frescoed  ceilings, 
and  walls  finished  eji  panel,  in  embossed  silk  drapery  in  delicate  colors.  The  great 
dining-room,  80  by  40  feet,  has  a  graceful  arched  roof,  30  feet  high,  rich  in  frescoes 
and  fretted  gold  ;  and  is  finished  in  dead  white  and  gold,  with  stained-glass  windows 
and  polished  oak  furniture.  The  walls  are  adorned  with  paintings  of  the  Five 
Senses,  executed  in  Paris.  The  Restaurant  and  Cafe  are  beautiful  and  attractive 
rooms,  of  great  size,  on  the  59th-Street  side  ;  and  the  bar-room  is  equipped  with 
onyx  counters  and  prima-vera  furniture.  The  public  apartments  are  adorned  with 
many  paintings  of  the  first  order,  including  Pope's  life-like  pictures  of  horses,  lions 
and  dogs,  and  Cowles's  "Shoshone  Falls."  There  are  400  guest-rooms,  most  of 
them  en  suite,  and  all  of  them  large  and  airy,  with  broad  corridors  laid  with  heavy 
red  velvet  carpets.  As  it  stands,  the  Plaza  Hotel  cost  more  than  $3,000,000,  and 
was  opened  to  the  public  in  1890.  The  proprietor  is  F.  A.  Hammond,  for  many 
years  a  prominent  figure  among  the  Bonifaces  of  America. 

On  the  block  below,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  at  the  corner  of  57th  Street,  is  the 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt  mansion,  which  in  1893  was  so  enlarged  and  remodelled  as  to 
make  it  the  rival  of  any  residence  on  the  continent.  At  the  opposite  corner  of  57th 
Street  is  the  palatial  residence  of  C.  P.  Huntington,  now  approaching  completion. 


224 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Holland  House  f  European  plan),  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  30th  Street,  is  in  some 
respects  the  leading  hotel  of  America  ;  and  ranks  as  the  equal  of  any  hotel  in  the 
world.  Its  excellence  of  construction,  its  perfection  in  the  furnishings,  and  its 
admirable  management  made  the  Holland  House  a  marked  success  from  the  day  of 
its  opening.  It  has  a  frontage  of  250  feet,  on  the  most  noble  and  aristocratic 
thoroughfare  of  the  New  World,  and  rises  far  above  the  surrounding  buildings  with 
impressive  and  monumental  effect.  Although  so  immense  and  preeminent,  the 
exceeding  delicacy  of  its  architectural  details,  and  the  fineness  of  its  design,  make 
this  one  of  the  most  attractive  and  beautiful  secular  structures  on  this  avenue  of  pal- 
aces. The  architects  and  designers  were  George  Edward  Harding  andGooch;  the 
style  is  a  modification  of  the  Italian  Renaissance  ;  and  the  material  of  the  walls  is  a 
fine  gray  Indiana  limestone.  The  portico,  one  of  the  richest  in  America,  is  decorated 
with  admirable  stone  carvings.  The  main  staircase  and  corridors  are  wonderful  works 
of  art,  in  carved  Siena  marble  and  bronze.  A  London  magazine  recently  charac- 
terized this  as  the  handsomest  staircase  of  its  kind  in  America.  The  hotel  office,  in 
Italian  Renaissance,  and  encased  in  Siena  marble,  contains  among  its  many  con- 
veniences an  enormous  safe,  in  which  are  a  number  of  steel  safe-deposit  boxes  for 
the  use  of  the  guests.  On  the  main  floor  is  the  Restaurant,  with  a  seating  capacity 
of  300  persons  ;  the  equal  in  all  its  details  of  any  room  devoted  to  this  purpose  in 
this  country.  On  the  same  floor  is  the  Cafe,  with  its  furnishings  in  the  manner  of 
the  famous  English  palace  of  Holland  House  ;  its  exquisite  screens  of  glass,  marble 
and  bronze  ;  and  its  delicate  tones  of  gray  and  pale  yellow.  The  Buffet,  in  a  soft 
yellow  and  golden  brown,  has  high  wainscots  of  panelled  wood.  The  Foyer,  on  the 
parlor  floor,  is  lighted  by  four  immense  torcheres,  bearing  electric  lights,  and  is  fur- 
nished in  the  most  attractive  style.  The  Ladies'  Reading-room,  with  pale  satin  and 
plush  hangings,  contains  files  of  newspapers  and  dainty  writing-desks.  The  drawing- 
room  is  in  the  style  of  Louis  XVI.,  with  .its  walls  covered  with  salmon-tinted  satin 
damask,  embroidered  portieres,  furniture  in  the  Adams  and  Chippendale  styles,  and 
fawn-colored  Axminster  carpet.  The  Gilt  Room  is  a  reproduction  of  the  famous  Gilt 
Room  in  the  historic  Holland  House  at  London,  in  Elizabethan  architecture,  with 
carved  wainscotting,  quaint  heraldic  devices,  gold-crown  ornaments,  interesting  an- 
tique furniture  in  natural  cherry  and  gold,  olden-style  fire-places,  English  parquet 
floors,  Flemish  chandeliers,  and  magnificent  plush  curtains  embroidered  with  fleur- 
de-lys.  One  of  the  bridal  suites  is  in  Louis  XV.  style,  with  satin  brochc  hangings  and 
furniture,  and  curtains  of  Brussels  point  lace  ;  and  the  other  is  in  the  style  of  the  First 
Empire,  with  upholstering  of  French  tapestry,  and  curtains  of  point  lace.  Each  of 
the  350  rooms  is  furnished  and  decorated  in  a  distinctive  style.  A  special  feature  of 
each  is  an  electric  indicator  by  which  a  guest,  without  waiting  for  a  bell-boy,  may 
signal  direct  to  the  office  for  any  of  140  various  articles.  This  indicator,  known  as 
the  Herzog  Teleseme,  is  in  fact  one  of  the  great  conveniences  of  Holland  House  ;  it 
is  the  most  perfect  of  all  signalling  systems.  It  comprises  a  dial  sunk  into  the  wall, 
and  connected  by  electricity  with  the  office  ;  upon  this  dial  is  printed  140  articles  at 
times  needed  by  travellers,  and  the  guest  has  only  to  move  the  pointer  until  it  points 
at  the  desired  objeGt,  and  then  press  an  electric  button,  whereupon  the  clerk  in  the 
office,  thus  apprised,  will  send  up,  without  further  instructions  or  delay,  the  desired 
newspaper,  or  bottle,  or  food,  or  servant,  or  any  other  needed  thing.  The  rooms 
have  brass  bedsteads,  red-birch  woodwork,  Wilton  carpets,  and  the  best  modern 
furniture.  Holland  House  is  entirely  fire-proof,  and  contains  the  most  perfect  sani- 
tary plumbing.  Its  walls  and  floor-arches  are  of  porous  terra  cotta,  which  is  a  non- 
conductor of  heat,  cold  or  noise  ;  and  even  the  heating  pipes  are  encased  in  asbestos. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  floors  and  stairways  are  entirely  of  marble  mosaic  and  cement.  All  impaired 
air  is  sucked  out  of  the  building  by  enormous  exhaust  air-shafts  and  a  hollow  roof- 
chamber.  The  house  has  five  noiseless  hydraulic  elevators,  marvels  of  elegance. 
The  table-ware  was  made  to  order,  from  special  designs,  and  bears  the  Holland 
arms.  The  silverware  is  of  special  designs  by  the  Gorham  Manufacturing  Co.  ;  the 
china  is  Royal  Worcester  porcelain  j  the  glass  is  special  English  crystal ;  and  the 
table-linen  was  woven  to  order  in  Scotland.  Holland  House  is  under  the  proprietor- 
ship of  H.  M.  Kinsley  and  Gustav  Baumann,  famous  among  American  hotel-keepers. 
They  are  also  proprietors  of  "Kinsley's,"  Chicago,  a  restaurant  and  catering  estab- 
lishment, known  all  over  the  world  for  its  excellent  cuisine. 

The  Hotel  Imperial  (European  plan)  cost  about  $2,300,000.  Architecturally, 
it  is  as  admirable  as  it  is  conspicuous,  being  built  of  light-colored  brick,  and  richly 
ornamented.  The  main  corridor  is  in  African  marble  ;  the  grand  staircase  is  in 
marble  and  Mexican  onyx  ;  the  ceiling  of  the  corridor  is  a  reproduction  from  the 
Vatican,  in  pale  blue  and  gold  ;  the  dining-room  reproduces  the  boudoir  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  in  gold  and  white  ;  the  cafe  is  in  white  mahogany,  with  blue,  white  and 
gold  ceiling  ;  the  bar-room  is  in  the  style  of  an  apartment  of  a  French  chateau. 

The  Hoffman  House  (European  plan)  is  famous  the  world  over  for  its  mag- 
nificent banquet-hall  and  its  art-gallery,  no  less  than  for  its  cuisine  and  its  general 
excellence  as  a  hotel.  It  is  on  Broadway,  between  24th  and  25th  Streets,  and  its 
front  takes  up  nearly  the  whole  block.  It  has  a  sightly  and  beautiful  location. 
The  Broadway  front  of  the  house  dates  from  1864  ;  and  the  eight-story  fire-proof 
annex  on  25th  Street  was  erected  in  1882-85,  in  Italian  Renaissance  architecture. 
The  great  Banquet  Hall  of  the  Hoffman  is  60  feet  square,  with  beautiful  allegorical 
paintings.  The  bar-room  contains  Bouguereau's  painting,  "Nymphs  and  Satyr," 
Correggio's  "Narcissus,"  Chelmonski's  "Russian  Mail  Carrier,"  and  other  price- 
less paintings  and  sculptures.  0 

The  Buckingham  (European  plan),  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  50th  Street,  opposite 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  was  opened  in  1876.  It  is  richly  finished  within,  princi- 
pally in  mahogany  and  oak.  Many  families  make  their  homes  there,  .especially 
those  who  come  from  a  distance  to  spend  the  winter  in  town.  It  has  the  quiet 
elegance  of  a  refined  home.    The  neighborhood  is  the  most  elegant  in  America. 

The  Gilsey  House  (European  plan)  has  been  a  successful  establishment  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  The  building  is  a  handsome  structure  of  white  marble  and 
iron,  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  29th  Street,  in  the  busy  portion  of  the  up-town 
district.  Its  guest-chambers  are  finely  appointed,  and  it  attracts  the  patronage  of 
travellers  who  are  very  wealthy  and  extremely  particular,  especially  army  and  navy 
officers,  congressmen,  coal  operators  and  mine  owners,  and  railroad  magnates. 
The  restaurant  is  famous  for  its  excellence,  and  has  been  approved  by  many  lovers 
of  good  living.    The  proprietors  of  the  Gilsey  are  James  H.  Breslin  &  Brother. 

The  Hotel  Bristol  (American  plan)  is  very  favorably  situated,  at  the  corner 
of  Fifth  Avenue  and  42d  Street,  overlooking  the  ancient  reservoir  and  Bryant  Park, 
and  convenient  to  the  Grand  Central  Station.    It  is  an  aristocratic  and  elegant  house. 

The  Hotel  Normandie  (European  plan),  at  Broadway  and  38th  Street,  has  200 
rooms  and  an  excellent  restaurant.  All  its  floors  are  of  iron  beams  and  brick  arched 
work,  so  that  the  house  is  absolutely  fire-proof.  It  is  first-class  in  its  appointments. 
Its  architect  was  W.  H.  Hume.    Gen.  Ferdinand  P.  Earle  is  the  proprietor. 

The  St.  James  (European  plan),  at  Broadway  and  26th  Street,  under  its  suc- 
cessive owners,  has  been  the  resort  of  the  better  class  of  sporting  men,  especially 
those  interested  in  the  turf.     Many  theatrical  stars  have  been  patrons  of  the  house. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


227 


The  Hotel  Grenoble  (American  and  European  plans)  ranks  among  the  most 
charming  of  the  public  houses  of  the  great  metropolis.  The  situation  is  very 
advantageous,  either  for  permanent  residents,  among  those  happy  families  who 
escape  the  exasperations  of  modern  housekeeping,  or  for  transient  visitors  to  the 
city,  who  find  here  at  once  a  luxurious  and  aristocratic  home  and  a  locality  pecu- 
liarly convenient  for  excursions  down-town.  The  hotel  is  very  favorably  placed,  and 
covers  the  entire  block  fronting  on  Seventh  Avenue,  from  56th  Street  to  57th 
Street,  its  grand  fagade  being  394  feet  long  and  seven  stories  high,  and  in  attractive 
architecture.  The  section  reaching  to  57th  Street  is  of  red  brick  and  Scotch  sand- 
stone, and  contains  exclusively  suites  of  rooms,  furnished  or  unfurnished.  The  more 
ornate  part  of  the  building,  reaching  to  56th  Street,  constructed  of  Pompeian  and 
buff  brick  and  red  and  white  terra  cotta,  has  a  handsome  portico.    The  whole  struc- 


HOTEL  GRENOBLE,  SEVENTH  AVENUE,  FROM  56th  STREET  TO  57th  STREET. 


ture  is  adequately  equipped  as  a  first-class  modern  hotel.  All  visitors  are  delighted 
with  the  beautiful  white-and-gold  dining-rooms,  the  spacious  and  elegant  office,  the 
exquisitely  equipped  cafe,  the  white  mahogany  furniture  of  the  ladies'  parlors  and 
reading-room,  the  wonderful  mosaic  floorings,  the  ingenious  fire  and  burglar  alarms 
in  every  room,  the  six  rapid-running  Otis  elevators,  and  the  liberal  endowment  of 
electric  lights.  The  Grenoble  occupies  very  high  land,  which  helps  with  the  per- 
fect drainage  and  sanitary  conditions  to  make  it  an  exceptionally  healthy  house. 
Only  two  blocks  distant  are  the  unrivalled  landscape  beauties  of  Central  Park,  with 
its  lakes,  lawns,  woods,  crags,  and  charming  drives  and  rambles.  People  who 
want  to  go  down-town  will  find  the  Elevated  Railway  only  a  block  away  from  the 
Grenoble  ;  while  the  Boulevard  cars  are  an  equal  distance,  and  the  Belt  Line  two 
blocks  away.  The  Broadway  cable-cars  pass  the  very  doors  of  this  hotel.  The 
proprietor  of  the  Grenoble  is  William  Noble,  who  has  large  hotel  interests  else- 
where, especially  at  Lake  George,  where  he  owns  the  Fort  William  Henry  Hotel. 


228 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Hotel  Cambridge  ( American  and  European  plans)  is  at  the  southwestern 

corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and  33d  Street,  with  its  main  entrance  immediately  facing 
the  main  entrance  of  the  Waldorf,  which  is  directly  across  the  street.    It  has  a 

modest  exterior, 
in  harmony  with 
the  exclusiveness 
and  the  quiet  ele- 
gance of  the  in- 
terior. But  it  has 
all  of  its  several 
floors  arranged 
into  the  choicest 
and  most  desir- 
able apartments 
for  families  and 
travelling  parties. 
It  was  planned 
and  is  conducted 
as  an  elegant 
home  for  families 
—  many  from  the 
North  and  East 
making  it  their 
winter  home ;  and 
many  from  the 
South  and  West 
occupying  a  large 
part  of  it  in  the 

summer.  Besides  its  permanent  guests,  the  Cambridge  enjoys  a  very  choice 
patronage  of  well-to-do  people,  who  come  here  for  a  day,  a  week,  or  longer,  and 
prefer  this  hotel  by  reason  of  its  quiet  elegance,  its  handsomely  furnished  apartments, 
and  its  exquisite  cuisine  and  service.  The  hotel  is  conducted  by  Henry  Walter, 
who  became  the  proprietor  in  1893,  after  having  been  the  successful  proprietor  and 
genial  host  of  the  Albemarle  Hotel  of  New  York  for  fifteen  years.  The  Cambridge 
is  most  advantageously  situated  on  a  high  point  in  America's  famous  social  thorough- 
fare —  the  unapproachable  Fifth  Avenue.  In  its  immediate  vicinity  are  the  great 
theatres,  famous  clubs,  noted  churches,  and  grand  public  institutions.  It  is  of  easy 
access  to  surface  cars  and  elevated  trains,  and  past  its  doors  go  the  Fifth-Avenue 
stage  coaches.  The  Cambridge  is  provided  with  modern  improvements,  gas  and 
electric  lights,  elevators,  perfect  sanitary  plumbing,  and  elegant  appointments.  Its 
service  is  commendable.  Its  rates  range  from  $5  a  day  upward,  on  the  American 
plan  ;  and  from  $2  a  day  upwards  on  the  European  plan.  During  the  short  period 
of  its  present  management  the  Cambridge  has  become  a  favorite  resort  of  foreign 
diplomats,  a  number  of  whom  may  usually  be  found  here.  A  notable  feature  of  the 
Cambridge  is  its  quietude,  and  another  is  its  convenient  situation.  It  is  far  enough 
away  from  Broadway  to  avoid  all  its  commotions,  and  yet  close  enough  to  enjoy  its 
conveniences.  Only  one  block  away  is  the  33d-Street  Elevated  Railroad  station,  which 
provides  rapid  transit  up-townand  down-town,  and  yet  the  hotel  is  entirely  apart  from 
it.  A  short  distance  away  is  the  Fourth-Avenue  tunnel,  through  which  one  can  reach 
the  Grand  Central  Station  in  six  minutes,  yet  no  trains  can  be  seen  or  heard. 


HOTEL  CAMBRIDGE,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  SSo  STREET. 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  SEW  YORK. 


22() 


The  Park-Avenue  Hotel  (American  and  European  plans),  on  Park  (Fourth) 
Avenue,  from  32c!  to  33d  Streets,  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  New- York  hotels. 
It  was  built  by  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart,  with  the  definite  purpose  of  securing  at  any 
cost  a  house  of  accommodation  that  should  be  fire-proof,  comfortable  in  every  way, 
and  in  its  public  rooms  magnificent.  With  his  colossal  fortune  behind  it,  this 
project  was  nobly  achieved.  Within  a  year  or  two  the  entire  building  has  been 
improved,  refreshed  and  thoroughly  modernized,  adding  $150,000  to  the  original 
cost  of  $3,000,000.  The  Park-Avenue  is  the  most  obviously  and  manifestly  fire- 
proof hotel  in  America.  The  broad  arches  overhead  in  the  chambers  tell  of  unin- 
flammable floors  everywhere.  It  gives  one  a  very  restful  sense  of  security  to  feel 
thus  guaranteed  against  one  of  the  worst  of  perils.  The  chambers  are  high  and 
airy,  well  lighted  and  heated,  and  supplied  with  hot  and  cold  water.  There  are 
500  rooms,  all  newly  furnished  and  decorated.  The  Park-Avenue  is  a  vast  and 
imposing  quadrangular  palace,  surrounding  a  spacious  courtyard  which  is  beautified 
with  evergreen  trees,  flowers  and  fountains,  and  where  the  famous  Lanzer  Orchestra 
plays  exquisite  music.  All  the  inside  rooms  open  upon  this  scene  of  fairyland, 
which  is  especially  brilliant  under  the  colored  electric  lights  of  evening.  The 
situation  is  admirable,  fronting  on  the  Fourth-Avenue  street-car  line,  not  far  from 


PARK-AVENUE  HOTEL,  PARK  AVENUE,  FROM  320  STREET  TO  33o  STREET, 


23° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  Grand  Central  Station,  and  only  a  few  minutes'  walk  from  Madison  Square  or 
Bryant  Park,  and  two  or  three  squares  from  the  Third  and  Sixth  Avenue  Railways, 
leading  everywhere.  All  the  public  rooms  are  floored  with  mosaic,  with  bronze  and 
gold  reliefs  on  walls  and  ceilings,  the  richest  of  furniture,  and  many  choice  works  of 
art,  in  paintings  and  statuary.  The  Park-Avenue  Hotel  is  under  the  proprietorship 
of  Wm.  H.  Earle  &  Sons,  of  the  well-known  Earle  family,  who  arc  famous  in  the 
annals  of  American  hotel  development  for  more  than  a  third  of  a  century. 

The  Murray  Hill  (American  and  European  plans),  on  Park  Avenue,  40th  and 
41st  Streets,  is  a  great  and  handsome  building  of  seven  stories  and  ornamental 
towers,  with  accommodations  for  over  500  guests.  It  is  elegantly  appointed,  and 
is  an  establishment  of  the  highest  class.  Many  New-England  people  sojourn  at  this 
very  quiet  and  attractive  hostelry,  on  high  ground,  near  the  Grand  Central  Station, 
but  quite  secluded  from  its  noise  and  uproar. 

The  Victoria  (American  and  European  plans),  at  Fifth  Avenue,  27th  Street 
and  Broadway,  is  a  high  and  roomy  structure,  inclined  to  exclusiveness  in  its  patron- 
age. The  hotel  jumped  into  sudden  fame  a  few  years  ago,  when  Grover  Cleveland, 
on  his  election  to  the  Presidency,  made  it  his  headquarters  when  in  New  York. 

The  Hotel  Brunswick  (European  plan),  eligibly  located  on  Madison  Square, 
at  Fifth  Avenue  and  26th  .Street,  is  much  favored  by  English  tourists,  and  is  patron- 
ized also  by  the  wealthy  young  men  about  town.  The  house  has  a  high  reputation 
for  its  admirable  service  and  for  its  restaurant,  than  which  it  is  claimed  by  many 
there  is  none  better  in  the  city.    The  parades  of  the  Coaching  Club  start  here. 

The  Gerlach  (European  plan),  on' West  27th  Street,  near  Sixth  Avenue,  was 
built  in  1890,  by  Charles  A.  Gerlach,  its  present  manager.  It  is  an  imposing 
eleven-story  fire-proof  house,  with  elevators,  electric  lights,  sumptuous  dining- 
rooms,  and  many  fine  suites.  The  Gerlach  is  chiefly  for  permanent  residents,  but 
receives  numbers  of  well-to-do  transients,  as  well,  and  finds  a  particularly  large  and 
profitable  patronage  in  the  winter  season. 

The  Hotel  de  Logerot  (European  plan),  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  18th  Street, 
occupies  the  grand  old  Fifth-Avenue  mansion  of  Gurdon  W.  Burnham,  with  two 
others  adjoining,  refitted  and  elegantly  refurnished  for  the  present  use.  It  is  very 
fashionable  and  very  aristocratic,  and  the  landlord  is  a  genuine  nobleman,  Richard 
de  Logerot,  Marquis  de  Croisic,  who  has  a  good  standing  in  New  York's  "400." 

The  Clarendon  (American  and  European  plans),  on  Fourth  Avenue  and  18th 
Street,  is  favored  by  many  English  people  and  families,  who  come  to  make  an 
extended  stay  in  the  city. 

The  Everett  House  (European  plan),  in  Union  Square,  at  the  corner  of 
Fourth  Avenue  and  17th  Street,  attracts  many  professional  people,  lecturers, 
authors  and  actors.  Henry  M.  Stanley  has  been  a  frequent  guest  there.  The 
locality  is  very  convenient  for  people  who  wish  to  be  near  to  the  life  of  the  great 
city,  and  its  manifold  amusements  and  diversion. 

The  Brevoort  House  (European  plan),  in  Fifth  Avenue,  near  Washington 
Square,  is  a  quiet  and  aristocratic  hotel  that  has  long  been  in  favor  with  English 
tourists.  The  cuisine  of  the  Brevoort  has  always  been  considered  one  of  its  attrac- 
tions. Sam  Ward,  that  prince  of  epicures  and  most  genial  of  entertainers,  lived 
there  at  one  time  ;  and  his  nephew,  F.  Marion  Crawford,  the  novelist,  describes  the 
house  and  his  uncle's  favorite  corner  in  his  novel  of  Doctor  Claudius. 

The  Albemarle  (European  plan),  on  Madison  Square,  at  the  junction  of 
Broadway  and  Fifth  Avenue  and  24th  Street,  is  a  quiet  and  exclusive  place,  number- 
ing among  its  guests  many  permanent  residents  and  foreigners  of  distinction. 


KING'S  If  AX D  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


231 


The  Grand  Union  Hotel  (European  plan)  is  located  at  Fourth  Avenue  and 
42d  Street,  just  across  the  street  from  the  Grand  Central  Station.  It  is  architec- 
turally unassuming,  but  it  is  very  large,  its  dimensions  being  200  by  135  feet.  It 
contains  over  500  sleeping-rooms,  and  does  the  largest  business  of  any  hotel  in  New 
York,  in  respect  to  the  number  of  guests  entertained.  The  features  which  first 
strike  the  visitor  to  the  hotel  are  its  cleanliness  and  quaintness,  and  an  air  of  home 
comfort  which  is  lacking  in  many  hotels.  The  walls  of  the  public  rooms  are 
covered  with  paintings,  mostly  by  American  artists,  of  a  high  order  of  excellence. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  examples  of  foreign  schools,  purchased  by  the  proprie- 
tors at  the  Paris  Salon.  One  of  the  cafes  is  devoted  to  curious  old  colored  prints, 
and  another  to  prints  relating  to  the  early  history  of  New  York.  Several  large 
rooms  on  the  ground  floor  are  set  apart  for  reading  and  writing,  and  are  abundantly 
supplied  with  stationery,  books,  papers  and  illustrated  periodicals.  This  is  a  popu- 
lar feature  with  the  travelling  public,  who  appreciate  having  a  comfortable  place  in 
which  to  lounge,  read  and  write.  The  hotel  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the 
most  profitable  in  the  country.  Simeon  Ford,  the  senior  proprietor,  having  been 
asked  to  account  for  the  continued  and  growing  success  of  the  Grand  Union,  in  spite 
of  the  building  of  many  new  and  elegant  hotels,  said  :  "In  the  first  place,  we  have 
a  location  which,  for  transient  business,  is  unique.  We  are  just  across  the  street 
from  the  Grand  Central  Station,  and  travellers,  instead  of  having  to  struggle  with 
hackmen  and  expressmen,  can  step  across  to  our  house,  and  we  deliver  their  bag- 
gage in  their  rooms  in  a  few  minutes,  without  charge.  Then,  again,  we  have  a 
moderate-priced  house.  We  give  a  nice  room  for  a  dollar  a  day,  but,  if  people 
want  to  pay  more,  we  have  handsome  suites  which  cost  four  or  five  dollars  a  day. 
Our  food  is  of  the  best  quality  obtainable,  and  well  cooked  ;  and  we  don't  ask 


GRAND  UNION  HOTEL,  FOURTH  AVENUE,  FROM  41ST  STREET  TO  420  STREET,  OPPOSITE  GRAND  CENTRAL  DEPOT. 


232 


KING'S  If  AND  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


enough  for  it  to  bankrupt  a  man.  We  are  cranks  on  the  subject  of  cleanliness.  We 
are  eternally  scrubbing  and  mopping.  Then  again  we  are  within  easy  distance  of 
all  the  best  shops  and  theatres.  But,  above  all,  we  attribute  our  success  to  the  fact 
that  we  try  to  take  good  care  of  our  guests  and  make  them  feel  at  home,  and  we  try 
our  best  to  impress  upon  our  employees  that  we  get  our  living  out  of  the  travelling 
public,  and  that  they  are  entitled  to  some  consideration,  and  when  our  employees  do 
not  agree  with  us  on  this  point  we  ask  them  to  "  seek  fresh  fields  and  pastures  new." 
The  St.  Denis  Hotel  (European  plan),  at  Broadway  and  nth  Street,  opposite 

Grace  Church,  has  for  many  years  been 
one  of  the  well-known  landmarks  of  the 
metropolis,  and  has  been  celebrated  in 
Howells'  works  and  other  choice  modern 
literature.  In  1875  tne  hotel  property 
was  leased  by  William  Taylor,  who  had 
served  a  long  apprenticeship  with  his 
elder  brother,  in  the  famous  Taylor's 
saloon,  at  Broadway  and  Franklin  Street. 
This  was,  perhaps,  the  most  magnificent 
restaurant  ever  seen  in  America.  When 
Mr.  Taylor  assumed  the  charge  of  the  St. 
Denis,  his  first  work  was  to  reconstruct 

 it  ;     and    this  skilful 

renovation  so  greatly 
increased  its  good  fame 
and  patronage  that  it 
was  found  necessary  to 
construct  a  very  large 
addition.      There  are 


ST.Dk 


ST.   DENIS  HOTEL,  BROADWAY  AND   11th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


233 


many  points  of  attractiveness  about  the  hotel,  the  conveniences  and  compactness 
of  the  office,  the  quiet  and  spacious  reading-room,  the  dainty  parlors,  and  the 
famous  Colonial  dining-room,  a  triumph  of  refined  architecture.  The  whole  estab- 
lishment is  pervaded  by  such  an  air  of  home  comfort,  and  is,  withal,  so  convenient 
to  everywhere,  that  people  who  once  visit  it  as  guests  afterwards  make  it  their 
domicile  while  in  New  York.  The  equipments  of  the  house,  as  to  steam  heating, 
electric  lighting,  ventilating,  and  hydraulic  elevators,  are  supplemented  by  a  perfect 
corps  of  polite  and  well-disciplined  attendants. 

The  situation  of  the  St.  Denis  is  exceptionally  good,  being  midway  between  the 
up-tcwn  residence  quarter,  and  the  down-town  business  quarter,  and  facing  on  Broad- 
way, the  brightest  and  most  fascinating  street  in  the  world.  Looking  across  from 
the  hotel  parlors  and  public  rooms,  the  stranger  might  fancy  himself  in  some  vener- 
able cathedral  town  of  England,  for  the  wide  spaces  fronting  the  St.  Denis  are 
occupied  by  the  beautiful  Gothic  edifice  of  Grace  Church  and  its  rectory  and  con- 
necting buildings,  set  amid  rich  velvety  lawns.  It  is  a  scene  full  of  peaceful  and 
restful  suggestions.  On  the  opposite  corners  are  the  great  retail  dry-goods  houses 
of  James  McCreery  &  Co.,  and  Hilton,  Hughes  &  Co.,  the  successors  of  A.  T. 
Stewart  &  Co.  A  few  minutes'  walk  above  the  St.  Denis  is  the  brilliant  Union 
Square,  and  the  shopping  district  extends  on  all  sides.  The  restaurant  of  the  St. 
Denis  is  widely  and  pleasantly  known,  as  a  place  where  delicious  cooking,  elegant 
surroundings  and  attentive  service  are  combined  with  very  reasonable  rates.  These 
recognized  facts  make  the  restaurant  a  favorite  resort  for  shopping  parties  and  many 
other  people  of  fashion,  as  well  as  for  the  guests  of  the  hotel. 

The  Broadway  cable-cars  pass  the  doors  almost  every  minute,  and  give  quick 
access  to  the  City  Hall  or  the  Battery,  and  to  the  up-town  squares  or  Central  Park. 
Within  easy  walking  distance,  also,  are  the  9th-Street  and  I4th-Street  stations  of  the 
Third-Avenue  and  Sixth-Avenue  Elevated  Railways. 

The  St.  Denis  has  many  points  of  attraction  which  may  not  be  found  in  the  great 
up-town  hotels  ;  and  prominent  among  these  is  the  absolute  coziness  of  its  public 
rooms,  which,  indeed,  do  not  seem  in  the  least  like  parts  of  a  hotel,  but  rather  like 
pleasant  nooks  in  a  refined  home.  Yet  there  are  so  many  of  these  charming  rooms, 
for  divers  uses,  that  they  are  never  crowded  or  uncomfortable  ;  and  from  their  win- 
dows one  can  watch  the  vast  and  perpetual  human  tides  flow  up  and  down  Broad- 
way, with  the  cathedralesque  gray  spires  of  Grace  Church  looking  calmly  down  on 
the  busy  and  brilliant  scene. 

The  Astor  House  (European  plan),  on  Broadway,  Barclay  and  Vesey  Streets, 
is  the  leading  hotel  down-town,  and  one  of  the  famous  houses  of  the  city.  For  two 
generations  it  has  been  noted,  and  its  solid  granite  front,  nearly  opposite  the  Post 
Office,  mak~s  a  conspicuous  feature  of  that  part  of  Broadway.  It  is  an  old- 
fashioned  and  conservative  establishment,  substantially  furnished,  and  kept  in  good 
style.  On  the  ground  floor  along  the  street  fronts  are  stores,  but  back  of  the  stores 
opens  the  great  rotunda,  which  is  a  much-frequented  eating-place  for  noon-day  meals. 

The  Metropolitan  (European  plan),  at  Broadway  and  Prince  Street,  is  still  a 
favorite  with  merchants  from  the  South  and  West.  It  is  near  the  centre  of  the 
wholesale  dry-goods  district,  and  is  a  commodious  six-story  structure.  The  dining- 
room  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  city.    Niblo's  Theatre  has  an  entrance  here. 

The  Morton  House  (European  plan),  on  14th  Street,  has  been  favored  by 
theatrical  folk,  who  until  within  a  few  years  made  their  rendezvous  in  Union  Square. 

The  Union-Square  Hotel  (European  plan),  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  15th  Street, 
has  accommodations  for  400  guests.    It  is  strictly  fire-proof. 


234 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Westminster  Hotel  (American  plan),  in  a  quiet  location  at  Irving 
Place  and  16th  Street,  is  exceedingly  convenient  to  the  shopping  district  and  the 
places  of  amusement,  being  but  a  few  steps  from  Union  Square  and  the  rush  of 
Broadway,  and  a  few  minutes'  walk  from  Madison  Square  and  Gramercy  Park. 
It  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  a  first-class  family  and  transient  hotel,  having 
an  apartment-house  connected  with  it.  The  Westminster  is  the  home  of  many 
families  of  means,  who  find  here  quiet  elegance  and  refined  conservatism.  The 
hotel  was  named  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  whose  coat-of  arms  appears 
on  its  stained  windows,  stationery  and  menus.  It  was  a  favorite  home  of  Charles 
Dickens,  Christine  Nilsson,  and  Profs.  Tyndall,  Huxley  and  Proctor;  and  has 
always  been  much  in  vogue  with  English  travellers.  The  dainty  drawing-rooms, 
recently  refurnished  in  the  French  style  ;  the  cream-and-white  Colonial  dining-room, 
with  its  rich-hued  curtains,  hard-wood  floors  and  rugs ;  the  many  commodious 
guest-rooms,  newly  carpeted  and  furnished;  and  many  other  attractions,  give  a  quiet 
distinction  to  this  house.  Here  also  come  many  native  and  foreign  members 
of  the  diplomatic  force,  drawn  thither,  perhaps,  by  the  proximity  of  the  house 
to  Gramercy  Park,  now  or  formerly  the  home  of  statesmen  and  men  of  affairs 
like  Hamilton  Fish,  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  John  Bigelow,  Cyrus  W.  Field,  David 
Dudley  Field  and  Abram  S.  Hewitt. 

The  Westminster  is  a  remarkable  example  of  an  ancient  hostelry  which  has 


WESTMINSTER  HOTEL,  IRVING  PLACE  AND  16TH  STREET,  NEAR  UNION  SQUARE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


235 


never  lost  its  hold  upon  the  public  favor,  and  which  is  fresher,  cleaner,  brighter 
and  more  modern  than  scores  of  hotels  erected  in  New  York  within  five  years. 
Although  nestled  away  in  its  quiet  nook  on  Irving  Place,  the  Westminster  is  within 
two  blocks  of  a  station  of  the  Third-Avenue  Elevated  Railway,  whereby  the 
explorer  may  reach  all  parts  of  Manhattan  in  a  trice.  The  house  is  practically 
fire-proof,  withal. 

The  Broadway  Central  Hotel  (American  and  European  plans),  at  665  to 
675  Broadway,  opposite  Bond  Street,  is  probably  the  largest  public  house  in  New 
York,  and  has  accommodated  as  many  as  1,200  guests  at  one  time.  On  this 
memorable  site  La  Farge,  a  sagacious  French  investor,  built  the  La  Farge  House, 
which  was  opened  in  1856.  Back  of  the  hotel  stood  the  Tripler  Hall,  the  scene  of 
Jenny  Lind's  triumphs.  The  hall  was  remodelled  into  Burton's  New  London 
Theatre,  then  the  largest  in  New  York  ;  and  subsequently  into  the  Winter  Garden, 
where  Edwin  Booth  played  Hcifnlet  for  100  consecutive  nights.  In  1869,  after  La 
Farge's  death  and  the  burning  of  the  Winter  Garden,  the  entire  property  was 
acquired  by  the  late  E.  S.  Higgins,  the  carpet  manufacturer,  who  erected  here 
the  most  palatial  hotel  in  New  York,  at  first  known  as  the  Southern  Hotel,  and 


BROADWAY  CENTRAL  HOTEL,  BROADWAY,  OPPOSITE  BOND  STREET. 


236 


KING'S  HA  XD  BOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


afterward  as  the  Grand  Central  Hotel.  The  grand  dining-hall  occupies  the  locality 
made  famous  by  Jenny  Lind  and  Edwin  Booth,  where  Adelina  Patti  made  her  first 
public  appearance,  and  where  Rachel  met  her  first  American  audience.  After 
making  fortunes  for  several  proprietors,  the  house  in  1892  passed  into  the  proprietor- 
ship of  the  Hon.  Tilly  Haynes,  a  well-known  and  public-spirited  Massachusetts 
man,  who  has  made  a  notable  success  of  the  United-States  Hotel,  at  Boston.  The 
original  cost  of  the  Broadway  Central  was  £2, 000, 000,  and  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
million  more  was  spent  by  Mr.  Haynes  in  thoroughly  renovating,  refitting,  refurnish- 
ing and  modernizing  it  up  to  the  times  in  every  regard.  It  is  a  solid  and  spacious 
structure,  with  seven  stories  above  the  main  floor,  and  very  spacious  and  comfortable 
public  rooms.  It  is  admirably  protected  against  fires.  Its  cuisine  is  noted  for  its 
excellence.  It  is  in  a  singularly  interesting  part  of  the  city,  close  to  Bleecker  Street, 
the  Latin  Quarter  of  New  York  ;  Washington  Square,  the  site  of  the  triumphal  arch  ; 
Lafayette  and  Astor  Places,  with  their  libraries,  and  the  centre  of  the  publishers' 
quarter  ;  the  Bowery,  with  its  picturesque  humanity  ;  and  the  Cooper  Institute. 
Only  a  few  blocks  north  is  the  group  of  buildings  pertaining  to  Grace  Church,  one 
of  the  handsomest  sights  in  the  metropolis.  In  front  of  the  hotel  flow  the  vast  and 
impressive  human  tides  of  Broadway.  From  this  central  locality  one  may  ride  up 
or  down-town  by  elevated  railway  or  by  the  cable  cars  on  Broadway,  reaching  the 
Battery  in  15  minutes,  and  Madison  Square  in  much  less  time.  Guests  can  get 
rooms  here,  on  the  European  plan,  for  from  %\  a  day  upward  ;  or  full  board,  on  the 
American  plan,  for  from  $2. 50  a  day  upward. 

The  Hotel  Marlborough  (American  and  European  plans),  on  Broadway,  from 
36th  Street  to  37th  Street,  is  a  solidly  built  and  modern  red-brick  structure  of  400 
rooms,  perfectly  fire-proof,  and  with  a  general  luxuriousness  in  all  details,  broad  lob- 
bies, ample  billiard-rooms,  well-trained  servants,  and  a  famous  table. 

The  Hotel  Metropole  (European  plan),  is  eligibly  placed,  at  the  corner  of 
Broadway  and  7th  Avenue  and  41st  Street,  and  has  large  and  comfortable  accommo- 
dations.   The  building  is  completely  fire-proof. 

The  Hotel  Vendome  (American  plan),  at  Broadway  and  41st  Street,  is  largely 
availed  of  as  a  home  for  families,  having  many  fine  suites  and  a  pleasant  dining-room. 

The  San  Remo  (European  plan)  is  an  immense  and  imposing  edifice,  finely 
situated  on  the  high  ground  of  West  75th  Street,  and  facing  on  the  lawns,  woods 
and  waters  of  Central  Park.    The  rooms  in  -the  San  Remo  are  all  in  suites. 

The  Hotel  Beresford  (European  plan)  is  a  very  large  new  hostelry,  fronting 
on  Central  Park,  at  I  West  8 1st  Street.  It  is  in  a  charming  section  of  the  city, 
not  far  from  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Other  Noted  Hotels  might  be  mentioned,  but  out  of  the  thousand  hotels  there 
are  too  many  worthy  of  notice  to  be  described  in  one  brief  chapter.  The  following 
is  merely  a  partial  list  of  the  better  class  :  Grand,  Earle's,  Gedney,  Oriental,  Barrett, 
Madison-Avenue,  Wellington,  America,  Sinclair  and  Cosmopolitan. 

Nationality  in  Hotels  is  represented  by  several  establishments.  The  best- 
known  is  the  Hotel  Martin,  in  University  Place,  a  French  house  that  is  also  well 
patronized  by  Americans,  and  is  of  the  better  class.  Another  French  hotel  is  the 
Hotel  Monico,  in  iSth  Street;  and  still  another,  the  Hotel  Frangais,  in  University 
Place,  that,  oddly  enough,  is  kept  on  the  American  plan.  The  Hotel  Griffon,  in  9th 
Street,  is  a  French  hotel,  favored  by  French  and  Spanish  artists,  and  musical  and 
literary  folk.  Spaniards  put  up  at  the  Hotel  Espanol,  in  14th  Street  ;  and  Italians 
at  the  Hotel  Del  Recreo,  in  Irving  Place  ;  and  there  are  several  Spanish  and  Italian 
boarding-houses  that  are  practically  hotels  on  a  small  scale.     On  the  East  Side, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


237 


German  hotels  are  numerous,  but  generally  they  are  no  more  than  lodging-houses 
above  lager-beer  saloons  and  restaurants  ;  and  somewhat  similar  in  character,  with- 
out the  saloon  appendage,  is  a  hotel  exclusively  for  colored  persons. 

Cheap  Hotels  thrive  mainly  down  town  in  the  business  district,  or  among  the 
tenements.  The  best  of  them  are  respectable,  and  quite  up  to  the  requirements  of 
the  class  of  patronage  to  which  they  cater.  On  the  lower  West  Side  there  are  several 
large  houses  of  this  description,  where  rooms  can  be  had  for  75  cents  and  sometimes 
as  low  as  50  cents  a  night.  They  are  considerably  patronized  by  marketmen  from 
Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  and  clerks  and  porters  in  the  markets  and  wholesale 
stores  thereabouts,  whose  business  requires  them  to  be  on  duty  for  the  early  market- 
ing before  sunrise  in  the  morning.  At  and  around  the  Battery  are  houses  of  about 
the  same  class  and  price  as  the  marketmen's  hotels,  but  designed  especially  for  the 
accommodation  of  immigrants,  who  were  a  good  source  of  profit  when  Castle  Garden 
was  the  immigrant  receiving  station.  In  the  vicinity  of  City-Hall  Park,  where  the 
all-night  work  of  the  newspaper  offices  and  the  Post  Office  naturally  calls  together  a 
large  night  population,  there  are  other  hotels  of  this  description,  and  several,  like  the 
Cosmopolitan  and  Earle's,  that  are  of  a  higher  grade.  These  places  have  but  little 
else  than  their  cheapness  to  commend  them.  Most  of  them  are  restricted  to  the 
accommodation  of  men  only,  and  are  well  patronized  by  poor  respectable  persons. 

Another  step,  literal  as  well  as  metaphorical,  brings  us  to  the  very  cheap  hotels 
that  flourish  in  the  Bowery  and  vicinity,  on  the  East  Side,  and  on  West  Broadway, 
South  Fifth  Avenue,  and  adjacent  streets  on  the  West  Side.  These  establishments 
are  exclusively  for  men,  and  in  them  you  will  find  the  apotheosis  of  misery  and  vice. 
Petty  thieves,  hopeless  drunkards,  toughs  and  reprobates  of  all  kinds,  loafers  and 
unfortunates  whom  fate  has  served  unkindly  in  the  struggle  for  existence  congregate 
there  night  after  night.  Only  the  pencil  of  a  Hogarth  or  the  pen  of  a  Dickens  could 
do  justice  to  this  phase  of  metropolitan  life.  The  general  public  knows  very  little 
about  these  houses  of  despair,  save  as  occasionally  it  may  read  in  the  daily  newspaper 
of  the  death  there  of  some  man  who  was  once  respected  and  influential  among  his 
fellow  citizens,  until  drink  dragged  hiin  down  to  the  level  of  these  Bowery  dives. 
The  hotel  of  this  class  generally  has  a  high-sounding  name  and  much  glare  of  gas- 
light outside.  Within,  it  is  one  or  two  floors  or  lofts  in  what  was  once  a  business 
building.  Sometimes  plain  wooden  partitions  divide  the  room  into  many  little 
closets,  each  with  a  cot  bed  ;  more  frequently  the  sleeping  apartment  is  a  huge 
dormitory,  with  a  score  or  more  of  cots,  foul  mattresses  on  the  floor,  or  wooden 
bunks,  with  a  single  old  army  blanket  for  the  bed-clothing.  A  single  room  in  the 
most  aristocratic  of  these  places  is  25  cents  a  night,  and  beds  are  put  down  at  10 
and  15  cents,  and  in  the  very  worst  of  the  class  at  7  cents.  Some  of  the  signs  ad- 
vertise that  a  hot  or  cold  bath  is  free  to  all  guests,  and  at  others  the  price  of  a 
night's  lodging  includes  a  glass  of  whiskey.  The  patronage  of  these  establishments 
is  large,  and  the  proprietors  grow  rich.  In  1892  there  were  1 16  such  houses,  with 
accommodations  for  14, 172  persons. 

Restaurants  and  Cafes  are  abundant,  of  all  grades,  from  Delmonico's  famous 
establishment,  where  it  will  cost  you  from  $3  upward  for  a  good  dinner,  to  the 
cheap  down-town  eating-houses.  There  are  several  thousand  establishments  of  this 
kind,  and  New  York  has  come  to  be  very  much  like  Paris  in  respect  to  patronizing 
them.  For  the  most  part  men  live  so  far  from  their  places  of  business  that  it  is 
necessary  for  them  to  take  their  luncheons,  and  often  their  dinners,  away  from  home, 
and  for  much  the  same  reason  it  is  the  custom  with  many  people  to  dine  out  when 
they  attend  the  theatres  and  other  places  of  amusement.    More  than  that,  however, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


thousands  of  families  of  all  grades  in  financial  means  find  it  more  economical  and 
convenient  to  go  to  restaurants  for  their  meals  than  it  is  to  maintain  home  estab- 
lishments. They  have  all  the  comforts  of  home  except  the  kitchen  and  dining-room- 
attachment  with  the  consequent  care,  expense  of  rent  and  annoyance  of  servants. 
Add  to  these  the  army  of  other  folk  who  live  in  furnished  rooms  and  take  their 
meals  at  restaurants,  and  the  thousands  of  citizens  of  foreign  birth  who  have  brought 
with  them  from  across  the  water  the  ingrained  national  habit  of  patronizing  cafes, 
and  you  have  the  abundance  of  restaurants  and  cafes  accounted  for.  Nearly  all  the 
large  hotels  have  great  public  restaurants  for  the  accommodation  of  others  than  their 
regular  guests.  Every  nationality  that  helps  to  make  up  the  cosmopolitan  charac- 
ter of  New  York  has  its  own  eating  and  drinking  places. 

Delmonico's  restaurants  are  known  all  over  the  world.  The  name  has  been  a 
familiar  word  among  the  epicures  of  two  continents  for  nearly  three-quarters  of 


DELMONICO'S  \    FIFTH  AVENUE,   BROADWAY  AND  26TH  STREET. 


a  century.  There  are  two  establishments  in  New  York  managed  by  the  Del- 
monicos.  That  with  which  the  public  of  this  generation  is  most  familiar  occupies 
the  entire  building  at  Broadway,  26th  Street  and  Fifth  Avenue.  The  gentlemen's 
Cafe  is  on  the  Broadway  side,  and  the  public  dining-room  looks  across  Fifth  Avenue 
into  Madison  Square.  On  the  floors  above  are  private  parlors  and  dining-rooms,  and 
the  elegant  banquet  and  ball  room,  which  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  the  Patriarchs' 
balls,  of  innumerable  brilliant  social  events,  and  of  nearly  all  the  grand  banquets  that 
have  been  given  for  a  generation.  Many  of  the  belles  of  the  "Four  Hundred  "  have 
made  their  debuts  at  Delmonico's.  The  place  is  the  social  centre  of  the  wealthy  and 
exclusive  portion  of  New  York. 

The  down-town  establishment  is  at  Beaver  and  William  Streets,  in  a  handsome 
eight-story  building,  erected  in  1890.    It  stands  on  the  site  of  the  old  Beaver-Street 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK,  239 


DELMONICO'S. 

BEAVER  AND  WILLIAM  STREETS,  OPPOSITE  THE  COTTON  EXCHANGE. 


240 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


House,  which  was  erected  in  1836  by  Peter  and  John  Delmonico,  who  were  as 
famous  in  their  day  as  their  successors  are  now,  and  established  in  1827,  not  far 
from  this  site,  the  business  which  has  been  so  successful  ever  since.  John  died  in 
1843,  an<l  Lorenzo  Delmonico  was  admitted  to  partnership.  In  1848  Peter  retired. 
Lorenzo  died  in  1881,  and  his  nephew  Charles  succeeded  to  the  business.  Charles 
died  in  January,  1884,  and  two  months  later  the  firm  which  is  now  in  existence  was 
organized.  The  members  are  Rosa,  Lorenzo  Crist,  Charles  Crist  and  Josephine 
Crist  Delmonico.  The  famous  Delmonico  restaurant  at  22  Broad  Street  was  closed 
in  1893. 

The  Cafe  Savarin,  in  the  Equitable  Building,  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  dining-rooms.    Its  ladies'  restaurant  is  a  beautiful  room,  on  the  main  floor. 

Roof  Restaurants  are  becoming  important  features  of  down-town  daily  life. 
The  upper  parts  of  the  Mills,  Central,  Equitable  and  other  buildings  have  them. 

Fleischmann's  Vienna  Model  Bakery,  Cafe  and  Restaurant,  at  Broadway 
and  10th  Street,  attracts  many  by  its  specialties  in  Vienna  coffee,  bread  and  ices. 
There  is  a  plaza  in  front  of  the  building,  provided  with  a  canvas  roof  and  growing 
vines,  where  guests  may  dine  in  garden -like  surroundings  during  the  heated  term. 

The  Dairy  Kitchen  in  14th  Street  is  a  curiosity.  It  is  an  enormous  establish- 
ment where  several  thousand  people  are  fed  every  day.  There  is  orchestral  music 
day  and  evening,  and  much  glitter  and  show.  The  prices  are  moderate,  and  the 
food  and  service  correspond. 

The  Columbia,  in  14th  Street,  with  very  showy  and  attractive  appointments, 
and  clean  and  stylish  in  its  service,  is  a  good  example  of  the  popular  second-class 
restaurants  on  a  large  scale. 

Dry-Goods-Store  Restaurants.—  Several  of  the  large  bazaar  stores,  like 
Macy's  and  Hearn's,  have  restaurants.  These  do  a  large  business,  and  are  much  to 
the  convenience  of  shoppers  from  out  of  town,  who  chiefly  patronize  them.  They  are 
not  first-class  in  cooking  or  in  service.  A  peculiar  custom  distinguishes  them  from 
all  other  restaurants.  Elsewhere  prices  are  wholly  in  multiples  of  five  cents.  Here, 
however,  prices  are  in  parts  of  a  five-cent  standard.  You  get  a  cup  of  coffee  for 
six  cents,  and  other  dishes  for  seven,  nine,  thirteen,  nineteen  and  twenty-one  cents, 
and  so  on.  It  is  the  bargain  counter  extended  to  the  lunch  table,  and  you  always 
feel  that  it  is  bargain-day  comestibles  that  you  are  getting. 

Table  d'Hote  Dinners  are  served  at  several  hundred  places,  from  the  Murray 
Hill  and  Hotel  Brunswick  down  through  many  grades  to  the  very  cheap  Bohemian 
resorts,  where  a  dinner  with  wine  costs  35  cents.  Several  restaurants  up-town,  like 
the  Hotel  Hungaria,  Martinelli's,  Moretti's,  and  Riccadonna's  have  more  than  a 
local  reputation  for  good  cooking.  In  the  French  quarter  in  the  vicinity  of  Bleecker 
Street,  and  elsewhere  down  town,  are  several  unique  and  low-priced  establishments 
of  this  character. 

Novelty  in  Restaurants  is  in  abundant  variety.  In  the  Chinese  district  are 
several  Chinese  restaurants,  dirty,  foul-smelling  and  cheaply  furnished.  National 
viands  of  a  mysterious  character  and  national  drinks  are  served  at  reasonable  prices. 
Those  who  go  slumming  take  in  these  restaurants,  but  they  are  not  often  disposed 
to  pay  a  second  visit.  Hebrew  restaurants  are  numerous  on  the  East  Side,  and  even 
in  the  wholesale  business  district.  They  make  a  specialty  of  serving  "strictly 
Kosher"  meat,  and  many  of  them  are  of  a  very  good  character.  There  is  a  cheap 
Japanese  restaurant  on  the  East  Side,  and  meals  in  Japanese  style  are  excellently 
served  at  the  private  Japanese  Club.  In  East  Broadway  and  vicinity  are  several 
Russian  restaurants.     Spanish  cooking  prevails  at  several  places  off  Park  Row.  \w 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


241 


Mulberry  Street  are  Italian  restaurants  of  low  order,  and  in  Division  Street  are 
Polish  eating-places.  Of  a  much  higher  grade  are  the  restaurants,  cafes  and  sum- 
mer-gardens in  Second  Avenue,  below  14th  Street.  They  are  in  effect  public  club- 
rooms,  where  Austrians,  Swiss,  Hungarians  and  sometimes  Germans  spend  their 
evenings.  All  are  liberally  supplied  with  foreign  and  American  periodicals,  and 
they  serve  odd  foreign  eatables,  and  beer,  wine  and  coffee  of  exceptional  quality. 

Cheap  Restaurants  keep  company  with  the  cheap  hotels  in  location  and  in 
general  character.  They  are  feeding-places  of  the  vilest  character,  where  the  staple 
article  of  food  is  hash  or  beans,  with  bread  and  butter,  and  tea  or  coffee,  for  10  cents. 
Other  dishes  are  at  corresponding  prices.  Sidewalk  stands  will  serve  in  their  re- 
spective seasons  an  oyster,  a  little  fish,  an  ear  of  corn  or  some  other  simple  eatable 
for  a  cent ;  and  all  the  year-round  at  the  St. -Andrew's  Coffee-Stands  the  poor  can 
get  a  bowl  of  hot  tea  or  coffee  for  a  cent,  and  plain  food  quite  as  cheap.  A  tour  of 
these  parts  of  the  city  will  reveal  much  gastronomic  atrocity. 

Drinking  Saloons  exist  by  the  thousand  all  over  the  city.  Of  course,  all  the 
hotels  have  their  bar-rooms,  and  most  of  the  restaurants  supply  beer,  wine  or 
liquors,  either  with  or  without  food.  There  are  German  lager-beer  saloons  every- 
where, wine  shops  in  the  Italian  and  French  quarters,  "vodka"  shops  among  the 
Russians,  "  nomadeo"  bars  among  the  Chinese,  and  liquor  saloons  on  every  other 
corner.  The  drinking-places  are  licensed  by  the  Board  of  Excise  Commissioners, 
and  pay  fees  according  to  the  character  of  their  business.  They  are  under  certain 
restrictions  regarding  location  near  a  church  or  school-house,  the  number  permitted 
in  a  single  block,  hours  of  closing,  etc.,  and  they  are  not  permitted  to  keep  open  on 
Sunday.  It  is  almost  needless  to  say  that  these  conditions  are  continually  ignored 
by  the  saloon-keepers.  There  are  9,000  licensed  places  in  the  city,  and  many  more 
that  exist  in  violation  of  the  law.  The  licensed  places  pay  to  the  city  every  year 
$1,500,000,  which  goes  to  the  Police  Pension  Fund,  etc.  Hundreds  of  these  places 
are  very  elegant,  with  heavy  plate  and  cut  glass,  rich  carved  wood,  fine  frescoes  anil 
other  decorations,  apd  valuable  pictures.  Kirk's,  at  Broadway  and  27th  Street,  and 
Stewart's,  in  Warren  Street,  near  Broadway,  are  particularly  famous  for  their  col- 
lections of  rare  oil  paintings,  the  most  famous  of  all  being  the  saloon  of  the  Hoff- 
man House,  in  24th  Street. 

The  Private  Home  Life  of  the  wealthy  and  middle  classes  of  New-Yorkers 
is  a  measure  of  the  prosperity  and  culture  of  the  community.  Evidences  of  good 
living  multiply  on  every  hand  in  the  handsome  buildings  and  sumptuous  interiors. 

If  old  Peter  Minuit,  the  first  Governor-General  of  the  Dutch  colony  in  New 
Netherland,  could  drop  in  here  to-day  he  would  open  his  eyes  in  wonder,  and  would 
probably  think  himself  bewitched.  He  bought  all  this  Manhattan  Island  from  the 
Indians  for  824,  which  was  about  ninety  cents  for  one  thousand  acres.  Some  of  the 
land  is  now  worth  several  times  $24  per  square  foot,  and  the  present  market  value 
of  that  original  $24  worth  of  real  estate  is  over  $2,500,000,000.  Changes  in  meth- 
ods of  living,  in  the  details  of  food  and  shelter,  have  kept  pace  with  this  wonderful 
development  in  values  of  real  estate.  The  men  and  women  of  to-day  find  it  difficult 
in  their  luxurious,  or  at  least  comfortable,  houses  to  realize  how  their  ancestors  lived 
here  two  centuries  and  more  ago.  The  first  houses  were  of  wood,  generally  of  one 
story,  with  two  rooms  and  a  high  peaked  roof,  thatched  with  straw.  The  chimneys 
were  also  of  wood,  and  there  was  much  danger  of  fire.  Furniture  was  of  the  rudest 
description,  generally  made  of  rough  planks.  Wooden  platters  and  pewter  spoons 
prevailed,  but  there  were  a  few  pieces  of  porcelain  in  the  village,  family  heirlooms 
from  Holland.  Between  that  way  of  existence  and  living  in  the  Vanderbilt  mansion 
16 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


or  the  Plaza  Hotel  there  is  a  great  gulf.  After  a  time  the  colonists  began  to  build 
their  houses  of  brick,  and  they  bore  the  date  of  the  building  in  iron  letters.  The 
roofs  were  tiled  or  shingled,  and  there  was  always  a  weathercock.  Furnishings 
were  meagre  ;  sanded  instead  of  carpeted  floors,  a  little  solid  silver,  but  more 
wooden  or  pewter  ware,  stiff-backed  chairs  and  settees  and  tiled  mantles.  Home  life 
was  simple.  Around  every  house  was  a  garden  and  pasturage  for  live  stock.  The 
mynheer  smoked  his  pipe  at  the  fire-place  or  under  the  projecting  eaves  of  his  house, 
and  the  good  vrouw  found  her  only  dissipation  in  running  around  the  neighborhood 
to  gossip.  But  even  as  far  off  as  that,  a  custom  was  established  that  has  been  main- 
tained down  to  the  present  time.  All  tenants  intending  to  move  were  compelled  by 
law  to  vacate  by  noon  of  May  1st.  There  is  the  origin  of  New  York's  May  moving. 
Rents  were  then  $25  to  $100  a  year.  Think  of  that  in  contrast  now,  with  $7,000 
for  a  flat.  Houses  were  then  worth  from  $200  to  $1,000.  Few  traces  are  left  of 
that  old  time,  but  when  you  come  down  to  the  Colonial  days,  and  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  it  is  different.  Down-town,  where  business  is  in  the  ascendant, 
over  on  the  East  Side  among  the  foreign  population,  in  the  historic  Ninth  Ward,  in 
Greenwich  and  Chelsea  villages,  in  Washington  Square,  you  find  these  houses,  gen- 
erally shabby  enough,  but  with  an  air  of  gentility  even  in  decay,  with  their  fine  old 
wrought-iron  railings,  diamond  window-panes,  arched  doorways,  fan-lights  and 
carved  mantels  and  balustrades;  and  in  the  upper  part  of  the  island  a  few  old  historic 
country  mansions  exist,  redolent  with  memories  of  the  past.  But  the  domestic  life 
of  New  York  is  no  longer  in  that  environment.  Now  you  cannot  buy  even  an  old 
house  in  a  decent  neighborhood,  in  the  city  proper,  for  less  than  $10,000,  and  a 
single  ordinary  lot  is  worth  more  than  that,  even  without  a  house  on  it.  The 
majority  of  the  single  private  residences  are  worth  from  $25,000  to  $50,000  each. 
Below  $25,000  there  is  not  much  to  be  found  of  a  desirable  character,  and  in  good 
neighborhoods.  Above  $50,000  in  value  come  the  houses  of  the  millionaires, 
occupying  several  city  lots,  splendid  examples  of  architecture,  and  decorated  and 
furnished  at  lavish  expense.  A  list  of  these  homes  of  the  wealthy  would  number 
several  hundred  that  might  reasonably  be  called  palaces.  Rents  are  high,  even  for 
ordinary  houses.  It  is  possible  to  rent  as  low  as  $600  or  $800,  but  either  the  house 
will  be  old  and  without  modern  improvements,  or  the  locality  objectionable.  For  a 
tolerably  decent  house  in  the  heart  of  the  city  from  $1,000  to  $2,000  must  be  paid; 
and  the  figure  must  be  increased  to  $3,000  and  upwards  if  something  desirable  is 
sought.  The  West  Side  above  59th  Street  has  within  a  few  years  developed  into 
the  most  agreeable  residence-quarter.  Rents  there  are  a  trifle  lower  than  farther 
down-town,  while  the  houses  are  in  every  way  more  attractive  architecturally,  and 
more  modern  and  convenient  in  arrangement.  In  all  respects  this  section  of  the 
metropolis  might  justly  be  taken  as  an  example  of  the  perfection  of  attainment  in 
the  contemporaneous  home-life  of  a  great  city.  In  the  country  annexed  district 
across  the  Harlem,  values  and  rentals  are  at  a  lower  figure,  because  municipal 
improvements  have  not  yet  wholly  reached  there. 

Apartment  Houses,  it  has  been  said,  hold  more  than  half  of  the  middle-class 
population  of  Manhattan  Island.  Real  estate  is  so  valuable  and  consequently  rents 
so  high  that  to  occupy  a  house  is  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  a  family  of  ordinary 
means,  and  the  suburbs  on  account  of  their  inaccessibility  are  out  of  the  question. 
Consequently  apartments  and  flats  have  become  a  necessity,  and  a  system  of  living, 
originally  adopted  for  that  reason,  has  now  become  very  much  of  a  virtue.  Apart- 
ment-life is  popular  and  to  a  certain  extent  fashionable.  Even  society  countenances 
it,  and  a  brownstone  front  is  no  longer  indispensable  to  at  least  moderate  social 


KJNGyS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


243 


standing.  And  as  for  wealthy  folk  who  are  not  in  society,  they  are  taking  more  and 
more  to  apartments.  There  is  a  great  difference  in  apartments.  You  can  get  one 
as  low  as  $300  a  year,  or  you  can  pay  as  high  as  $7,000  or  even  more  annually ;  in 
the  former  case  you  will  be  the  occupant  of  a  flat,  but  below  that  rental  figure  the 
fiats  degenerate  rapidly  into  tenements.  But  even  the  low-priced  flats  have  much 
to  commend.  They  have  generally  five  or  six  small  rooms  with  private  hall,  bath- 
room, kitchen-range,  freight-elevator  for  groceries,  etc.,  janitor  s  service,  gas  chan- 
deliers, very  fair  woodwork  and  wall-paper  and  often  steam-heat.  Between  $25 
and  $50  a  month  rental  the  difference  is  chiefly  in  location,  in  number  of  rooms  and 
minor  details  of  finish.  A  small  family  with  refined  tastes  and  no  social  ambitions 
can  have  an  agreeable  home  of  this  kind  for  $50,  or  possibly  $40  a  month,  the 
latter  figure  in  Harlem.  There  are  in  such  flats  many  comforts  that  are  lacking  in 
houses  in  the  suburbs,  and  the  drawbacks  are  only  contracted  quarters,  impossi- 
bility of  privacy,  and  the  chance  of  annoyance  from  other  tenants.  Above  $50  a 
month  the  apartment  may  be  of  seven,  eight  or  nine  rooms,  handsomely  finished, 
and  with  much  luxurious  show  in  the  way  of  tiled  floors,  marble  wainscot  in  the 
public  halls,  carved  over-mantels,  stained  glass  and  other  fine  appointments.  In 
houses  where  the  apartments  rent  for  from  $50  upward  there  are  uniformed  hall- 
boys  at  the  public  entrance,  and  when  you  reach  the  $1,000  a  year  figure  there  will 
be  a  passenger  elevator  and  other  conveniences.  On  the  West  Side  are  the  majority 
of  the  medium-priced  apartments,  renting  from  $30  to  $75  a  month,  and  also  sev- 
eral of  the  highest  class  houses  of  the  kind.  In  Harlem  the  variety  and  the  num- 
ber is  greater,  with  almost  none  of  the  first  rank.  On  the  East  Side  there  are  more 
of  the  low-priced  flats,  and  on  Fifth  Avenue,  Madison  Avenue  and  adjacent  streets 
a  few  of  the  best  quality. 

Most  of  the  handsomest  apartment-houses  in  the  city  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Cen- 
tral Park.  One  of  the  largest  and  best,  is  the  Dakota,  at  Central  Park  West  and 
72d  Street.  It  is  a  many-gabled  building  in  the  style  of  a  French  chateau,  and  is 
elegant  in  all  its  appointments.  In  59th  Street  near  Seventh  Avenue  are  the  Cen- 
tral-Park, or  Navarro  Flats,  which  include  several  independent  houses  constructed 
as  a  single  building.  Architecturally  they  are  notable  with  Moorish  arches,  numer- 
ous balconies,  grand  entrances  and  highly  ornamental  facades  in  the  Spanish  style. 
In  interior  appointments  the  houses  are  not  surpassed  in  the  world.  The  structure 
cost  $7,000,000.  The  different  houses  in  the  group  are  known  as  the  Madrid, 
C.ranada,  Lisbon,  Cordova,  Barcelona,  Valencia,  Salamanca  and  Tolosa. 

Other  superior  apartment-houses  on  the  West  Side  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Park  are  the  Osborne,  Grenoble,  Wyoming  and  Van  Corlaer,  in  Seventh  Avenue  ; 
the  Strathmore,  Windsor,  Rutland,  Albany  and  Pocantico,  in  Broadway  ;  the  Beres- 
ford,  San  Remo,  La  Grange,  Endicott  and  Rutledge,  in  Central  Park  West  ;  and 
the  Nevada,  on  the  Boulevard.  In  Madison  Avenue  are  several  elegant  modern 
houses  of  the  highest  class,  with  rents  up  to  $2,000  to  $4,000  a  year,  like  the 
Earlscourt,  St.  Catherine,  St.  Honore,  Hoffman  Arms,  and  Santa  Marguerita.  In 
Columbus  Avenue  are  the  Brockholst  and  Greylock  ;  and  in  Fifth  Avenue  are  the 
Hamilton  and  the  Knickerbocker.  In  the  central  part  of  the  city  are  the  Gramercy- 
Park,  Anglesea,  Chelsea,  Florence,  Westmoreland,  Douglas,  Beechwood  and  many 
others.    The  Croisic,  Benedict,  and  Alpine  are  exclusively  bachelor  apartments. 

Lodging  and  Boarding-Houses  afford  accommodations  for  living  to  a  con- 
siderable per  cent,  of  the  community.  High  rents  have  much  to  do  with  this,  as 
well  as  the  desire  to  escape  housekeeping  cares  and  the  necessities  of  the  thousands 
of  young  unmarried  people  who  find  employment  here  away  from  their  family  homes. 


244 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Most  persons  of  moderate  means  who  hire  a  house  find  themselves  obliged  to  rent 
rooms  or  to  take  boarders  to  help  pay  expenses,  and  hundreds  go  into  the  business 
of  thus  catering  to  the  needs  of  the  homeless,  purely  as  a  money-making  enterprise. 
These  houses  are  as  widely  diverse  in  character  as  the  people  whom  they  serve.  A 
mechanic  or  laborer  can  hire  a  room  for  $2  a  week,  and  get  board  for  from  $3  to 
$5  a  week  ;  the  wealthy  bachelor  may  pay  $25  or  more  a  week  for  his  suite  of  rooms 
and  as  much  more  for  his  board.  Every  individual  caprice  and  purse  can  find  some- 
thing to  suit.  Broadly  stated,  it  is  not  possible  to  get  board  and  room  in  a  respect- 
able house  in  a  fairly  good  locality  for  less  than  $7  or  $8  a  week.  For  that  there 
will  be  wholesome  food,  but  the  room  will  be  a  small  side-room,  or  a  cramped  attic- 
room,  under  the  roof.  For  comfortable  sleeping  quarters  with  good  board,  $10  a 
week  is  about  the  lowest  figure.  Of  that  amount  $4  or  $5  a  week  is  reckoned  for  the 
board,  and  the  balance  for  the  room-rent.  The  majority  of  clerks  and  others  on  small 
salaries  bring  their  expenditure  below  the  $10  limit  by  sacrificing  comforts.  These 
figures  can  be  carried  to  any  extreme  that  individual  taste  and  means  shall  dictate. 

The  Tenements  display  the  lowly  side  and  often  the  dark  side  of  New- York 
life.  It  is  not  possible  to  locate  the  tenement-house  population  within  any  closely 
defined  limits.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  to  hold  parts  of  nearly  all  the  streets 
below  14th,  except  a  part  of  the  old  Ninth  Ward,  which  is  distinctively  the  Native- 
American  section  of  the  city,  and  in  and  about  Washington  Square  and  lower  Fifth 
Avenue,  clinging  to  the  river-front  on  either  side,  monopolizing  almost  entirely  the 
East  Side  nearly  over  to  Broadway.  Above  14th  Street  on  the  East  Side  it  is 
supreme  east  of  Third  Avenue  as  far  as  the  Harlem  River,  with  the  exception  of  a 
part  of  lower  Second  Avenue  and  a  few  side-streets  here  and  there.  On  the  West  Side 
it  comes  from  the  river-front  as  far  east  as  Sixth  Avenue,  with  oases  of  better  homes 
here  and  there,  and  this  as  far  north  as  about  59th  Street.  The  territory  above  59th 
Street  to  125th  Street  has  very  little  of  this  population.  Tenement-houses  are  as  a 
rule  great  towering  buildings,  many  of  them  squalid  and  in  bad  repair,  and  devoid  of 
any  but  the  rudest  arrangements  for  existence.  They  are  packed  with  human  beings. 
In  a  single  block  between  Avenue  B  and  Avenue  C  and  2d  and  3d  Streets  there  are 
over  3,500  residents,  and  a  smaller  block  on  Houston  Street  contains  3,000  people, 
which  is  at  the  rate  of  1,000,000  to  the  square  mile.  That  section  is  altogether 
populated  at  the  rate  of  500,000  to  the  square  mile,  which  is  as  if  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  the  city  should  be  crowded  into  a  space  less  than  two  miles  square. 

The  picture  of  life  in  these  quarters  repeats  what  has  been  so  often  written  of  the 
misery  of  the  poor  in  great  cities.  Frequently  half  a  dozen  people  eat,  sleep,  and 
somehow  exist  in  a  single  room,  and  tenants  who  have  two  or  three  rooms  generally 
keep  boarders  besides  their  own  large  families.  Monthly  rents  range  from  $1  a 
room  upward,  and  $10  a  month  will  sometimes  secure  a  small  stuffy  apartment  of 
three  or  four  rooms.  The  landlords  of  these  rookeries  become  very  rich  out  of  the 
needs  of  the  poor  tenants.  Most  of  these  old  tenement-houses  are  occupied  by  im- 
migrants just  from  Europe.  When  they  have  been  here  a  short  time  they  are  in- 
clined to  seek  better  quarters  in  new  and  improved,  although  still  cheap  enough, 
buildings  that  are  being  put  up  in  recent  years.  But  the  condition  of  living  is  not 
materially  changed  ;  it  is  only  different  in  degree  of  squalor  and  unhealthfulness. 

Of  all  grades,  good,  bad  and  indifferent  there  were  in  1 891,  according  to  the  re- 
port of  the  Board  of  Health,  34,967  front  and  2,391  rear  tenement-houses,  contain- 
ing 1,064,703  persons  above  five  years  of  age  and  106,708  below  that  age;  about 
two-thirds  of  the  entire  population.  In  this  estimate  150  first-class  apartment- 
houses  are  not  included,  but  the  medium-priced  fiats  and  apartments. 


The    City,   County,   State    and    National    Government,  Offices 
and  Buildings,  Courts,  Etc. 


THE  City  and  County  of  New  York  are  identical  in  their  boundaries,  and 
were  consolidated  in  their  governments  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  April  30, 
1874.  The  Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Commonalty  of  the  City  of  New  York  is  the  name 
of  the  corporation  representing  the  city  and  county.  It  is  a  public  corporation,  and 
as  such  its  charter  is  always  subject  to  amendments  or  alterations  by  the  State  Legis- 
lature. All  local  administration  of  both  city  and  county  affairs  is  in  the  hands  of 
this  corporation.  The  city  has  had  a  corporate  existence  since  the  charter  for  the 
town  of  New  Amsterdam  was  granted,  in  1657,  by  Peter  Stuyvesant,  representing 
the  West  India  Company  and  the  States-General  of  Holland.  Other  charters  were 
granted  from  time  to  time  afterward,  superseding  existing  ones,  and  important 
amendments  were  made  to  them.  These  amendments  and  all  other  legislation  per- 
taining to  the  city  were  codified  in  the  New-York  City  Consolidation  Act,  passed  by 
the  Legislature  in  July,  1882.  This  act,  with  later  additions,  makes  a  volume  of 
1,100  pages.  Since  1882  the  Legislature  has  passed  many  laws  relating  to  New- 
York  City,  some  of  which,  while  not  in  definite  terms  amending  any  of  the  sections 
of  the  Consolidation  Act,  do  so  in  effect. 

General  Provisions  Pertaining  to  Departments  and  Officers  provide  that 
a  majority  of  a  Board  in  any  department  constitutes  a  quorum  to  perform  and  dis- 
charge business.  No  expense  can  be  incurred  by  any  of  the  boards  or  officers  unless 
an  appropriation  for  it  has  previously  been  made  by  the  Board  of  Estimate  and 
Apportionment  ;  and  in  any  year  for  any  purpose  the  expenditures  must  not  exceed 
the  appropriation.  The  heads  of  departments,  except  in  specified  cases,  appoint  and 
remove  chiefs  of  bureaus  (except  the  Chamberlain)  and  clerks  and  employees,  with- 
out reference  to  the  tenure  of  office;  but  the  men  must  be  informed  of  the  cause  of 
the  proposed  removal,  and  be  allowed  an  opportunity  of  explanation.  In  case  of 
removal,  a  statement  showing  the  cause  is  filed  in  the  department.  The  numbers 
and  duties  of  clerks  and  other  employees,  except  as  is  otherwise  provided,  with  the 
respective  salaries,  are  fixed  by  the  heads  of  departments,  subject  to  the  revision  of 
the  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment.  The  heads  of  departments  and  the 
commissions  appointed  by  the  Mayor  report  to  him  once  in  three  months,  and  at 
such  other  times  as  he  may  direct,  the  reports  being  published  in  The  City  Record. 
They  must  furnish  him  at  any  time  such  information  as  he  may  demand.  The  heads 
of  departments  and  of  bureaus  (except  the  Police  Department)  are  required  to  furnish 
to  any  tax-payer  desiring  them  true  and  certified  copies  of  books  and  accounts  upon 
payment  in  advance  at  the  rate  of  five  cents  for  every  hundred  words.  Books, 
accounts  and  papers  in  all  departments  and  bureaus,  except  the  Police  Department, 


246 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


are  open  at  all  times  to  any  tax-payer,  subject  to  reasonable  rules.  In  every  depart- 
ment or  board  there  is  kept  a  record  of  its  transactions  accessible  to  the  public. 
Once  a  week  a  brief  abstract  is  made  of  all  transactions,  and  of  all  contracts  awarded 
and  entered  into  for  work  and  materials  of  every  description,  along  with  notices  of 
appointments  and  removals  from  office  and  changes  in  salaries  ;  and  these  are  all 
printed  in  The  City  Record,  a  publication  issued  daily  at  the  city's  expense,  and  con- 
taining many  details  as  to  the  municipal  life. 

The  Legislative  Department  is  vested  in  a  Board  of  Aldermen,  including 
a  President  and  Vice-President.  Formerly  there  was  a  Board  of  Aldermen,  another 
of  Assistant  Aldermen,  and  another  of  Councilmen  ;  and  collectively  they  were 
known  as  the  Common  Council.  This  name  still  survives,  and  is  applied,  semi- 
officially, to  the  Board  of  Aldermen. 

The  Board  of  Aldermen  chosen  in  November,  1892,  for  a  term  of  two  years, 
instead  of  one  year,  as  hitherto,  consists  of  31  members.  Of  these  28  were  elected 
in  that  part  of  the  city  below  the  Harlem  River  ;  one  in  the  23d  Ward,  and  one  in 
the  24th  Ward  (on  mainland,  north  of  170th  Street).  The  President  of  the  Board, 
elected  at  large,  is  the  thirty-first  member.  The  salary  of  members  is  $2,000  a  year  ; 
and  that  of  the  President  is  $3,000.  The  Aldermen  take  office  in  January  succeeding 
their  election  in  November.  A  majority  constitutes  a  quorum.  The  Comptroller,  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Workst  the  Corporation  Counsel,  and  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  each  department  are  entitled  to  seats  in  the  Board,  and  to 
participate  in  its  discussions,  but  are  not  members  of  the  Board  nor  entitled  to  vote. 
Every  legislative  act  is  by  resolution  or  ordinance.  No  resolution  or  ordinance  is 
passed  except  by  a  vote  of  a  majority  of  all  members  elected  to  the  Board.  In  case 
any  resolution  or  ordinance  involves  the  expenditure  of  money,  or  the  laying  of  an 
assessment,  or  the  lease  of  real  estate  or  franchise,  the  votes  of  three-fourths  of  the 
members  are  necessary  to  its  passage.  No  money  can  be  expended  for  a  celebration, 
procession,  formal  ceremony,  reception  or  entertainment  of  any  kind,  unless  by  the 
votes  of  four-fifths  of  all  the  members.  Every  resolution  or  ordinance  is  presented 
to  the  Mayor  for  his  approval.  He  should  return  it  approved  or  disapproved  within 
ten  days  after  receiving  it,  or  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Board  after  the  expiration 
of  ten  days.  It  takes  effect  as  if  he  had  approved  it,  unless  he  returns  it,  with  his 
disapproval  in  writing,  within  the  specified  time.  If  disapproved,  and  again  passed 
by  the  votes  of  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected,  but  in  no  case  by  a  less 
vote  than  is  required  by  its  character,  it  also  takes  effect. 

The  Board  of  Aldermen  has  power  to  make,  continue,  modify  and  repeal  such 
ordinances,  regulations  and  resolutions  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  all 
the  powers  vested  in  the  corporation  and  for  the  fuller  organization  and  carrying  out 
of  the  powers  and  duties  of  any  department.  It  has  the  power  to  enforce  such  ordi- 
nances by  ordaining  penalties  in  sums  not'to  exceed  $100  for  every  violation.  It  is 
part  of  its  duty  to  regulate  the  use  of  the  streets,  sidewalks  and  other  public  places, 
especially  in  regard  to  traffic,  obstructions,  openings  for  gas  and  water  mains  and 
sewers,  paving,  grading  and  cleaning,  naming,  numbering  of  houses  and  other  needs. 
It  regulates  the  disposition  of  ashes  and  garbage,  the  public  cries  and  noises,  the 
use  of  fire-arms,  the  conduct  of  places  of  public  amusement,  the  management  of  the 
markets,  the  licensing  of  cartmen,  cabmen,  junk-dealers,  pedlers,  intelligence-offices, 
etc.,  and  the  sale  of  meats,  fruits  and  vegetables.  Its  duties  and  powers  are  multi- 
farious. In  general  it  can  exercise  authority  over  everything  that  pertains  to  the 
domestic  economy  of  the  community.  The  municipal  ordinances  of  the  Board  have 
all  the  force  of  statute  law,  and  are  enforced  by  the  police  authorities  and  the  courts. 


KIXG\S  HA XD BOO K  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


247 


The  Board  can  so  far  invade  the  province  of  legislation  that  it  can  establish  meas- 
ures for  the  suppression  of  vice  and  immorality,  for  restraining  and  prohibiting  cer- 
tain kinds  of  business  and  for  preventing  the  obstruction  of  the  North  and  East 
rivers  by  ships  mooring  or  anchoring  in  the  channels  ;  and  the  Board  can  require 
the  public  officials  to  carry  into  effect  its  decrees.  But  there  are  some  things  that 
the  Board  is  especially  prohibited  from  doing.    The  municipality  cannot  deprive 


PARK  PLACE,  FROM  BROADWAY  TO  CHURCH  STREET. 


itself  of  its  legislative  power  over  the  streets  and  their  use.  Any  attempt  to  do  so 
by  contract,  either  expressed  or  implied,  would  not  only  be  revocable  at  pleasure, 
but  would  be  null  and  void.  The  city  has  no  authority  to  grant  to  anyone  the  right 
to  construct  and  maintain  in  the  streets  a  railway  for  private  gain.  The  Board 
has  no  power  to  appropriate  any  portion  of  a  street  to  private  use,  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  public. 

The  Executive  Department  is  vested  in  the  Mayor  and  the  heads  of  the  de- 
partments. The  Mayor  is  elected  at  the  November  general  election,  for  a  term  of  two 
years,  commencing  January  1st  after  his  election.  His  salary  is  $10,000  per  year.  It  is 
the  duty  of  the  Mayor  to  communicate  to  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  at  least  once  a  year, 
a  general  statement  of  the  finances,  government  and  improvements  of  the  city  ;  to 
recommend  to  ftie  Board  of  Aldermen  all  such  measures  as  he  shall  deem  expedient  ; 
to  keep  himself  informed  of  the  doings  of  the  several  departments  ;  and  generally  to 
perform  all  such  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him  by  the  city  ordinances  and  the 
laws  of  the  State.  The  Mayor  is  a  magistrate.  He  appoints  clerks  and  subordi- 
nates to  aid  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties,  and  renders  every  three 
months  to  the  Board  of  Aldermen  a  statement  of  the  expenses  and  receipts  of  his 
office.  The  aggregate  yearly  expenditure  must  not  exceed  $20,000.  He  regulates 
and  controls  by  appointment  or  license,  auctioneers,  public  exhibitions,  immigrant- 
passenger- agents,  solicitors  of  hotels,  etc.  He  is  by  virtue  of  his  office  one  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Immigration.    The  Mayor  can  be  removed  from  office  for  cause  by 


248  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

the  Governor  of  the  State.  Formerly  the  Mayor's  appointments  were  reviewed  by 
the  Board  of  Aldermen.  Now,  however,  he  holds  (with  a  few  exceptions)  the 
appointing  power  entirely  independent  of  that  body. 

The  Finance  Department  is  in  charge  of  the  Comptroller,  who  is  elected  for 
three  years,  and  has  a  salary  of  $10,000.  The  department,  which  is  in  many  respects 
the  most  important  and  most  influential  branch  of  the  municipal  organization,  has 
control  of  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  corporation,  and  there  all  accounts  of  other  de- 
partments are  subject  to  inspection  and  revision.  The  Comptroller  furnishes  to  each 
head  of  department,  weekly,  a  statement  of  the  unexpended  balance  of  the  appro- 
priation available  for  his  department.  There  are  five  bureaus  in  this  department. 
1st :  For  the  collection  of  revenue  from  rents  and  interest  on  bonds  and  mortgages, 
and  revenue  arising  from  the  sale  or  use  of  property  belonging  to  or  managed  by  the 
city,  and  for  the  management  of  the  markets.  The  chief  officer  of  this  bureau  is 
called  the  Collector  of  the  City  Revenue  and  Superintendent  of  Markets.  2d  :  For 
the  collection  of  taxes  ;  the  chief  officer  of  which  is  called  the  Receiver  of  Taxes. 
3d  :  For  the  collection  of  assessments  and  arrears  of  taxes  and  assessments,  and  of 
water-rents.  The  chief  officer  is  called  the  Collector  of  Assessments  and  Clerk  of 
Arrears.  4th  :  For  auditing,  revising  and  settling  all  the  city's  accounts,  the  audit- 
ing bureau,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Comptroller.  The  chief  officers  are  two 
Auditors  of  Accounts,  appointed  or  removed  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Comptroller. 
5th  :  For  receiving  all  moneys  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  city,  and  for  the  paying 
of  money  on  warrants  drawn  by  the  Comptroller  and  countersigned  by  the  Mayor. 
The  chief  officer  is  called  the  Chamberlain.  The  Comptroller  publishes  in  The 
City  Record,  two  months  before  the  election  of  charter  officers,  a  full  and  detailed 


CITY-HALL  PLACE  \     CENTRE,  PARK,  CHAMBERS  AND  READE  STREETS. 


statement  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  and  the  cash  balances  or  surplus  of  the 
corporation  during  the  year  ending  the  first  day  of  the  month  in  which  such  pub- 
lication is  made. 

The  City  Chamberlain  is  appointed  by  the  Mayor  for  a  term  of  four  years.  He 
gives  a  bond  for  $500,000,  and  has  a  salary  of  $25,000  per  year,  out  of  which  he 
pays  his  assistants  and  clerks. 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  XEllr  YORK. 


249 


The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Sinking-Fund  is  composed  of  the 
Mayor,  Recorder,  Chamberlain,  Comptroller,  and  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee of  the  Board  of  Aldermen.  It  has  power  to  sell  or  lease  at  public  auction,  or 
by  sealed  bids,  any  city  property  except  wharves  or  piers. 

The  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment  is  composed  of  the  Mayor, 
the  Comptroller,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  and  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Taxes  and  Assessments.  It  has  meetings  at  intervals  throughout  the  year, 
when  called  by  the  Mayor.  In  October  and  November  it  makes  a  provisional 
estimate  of  the  amounts  required  to  pay  the  expenses  of  conducting  the  public  busi- 
ness of  the  city  and  county  in  each  department  and  branch  thereof,  and  of  the  Board 
of  Education,  for  the  next  financial  year,  and  to  meet  the  interest  and  debt  account 
and  taxes  due  the  State.  These  estimates  are  scrutinized  by  the  Board  of  Aldermen, 
and  subsequently  revised  by  the  Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment.  They  are 
finally  determined  late  in  December,  sometimes  on  the  last  day,  and  then  they  be- 
come the  appropriations  for  the  ensuing  year.  The  Comptroller  prepares  and  sub- 
mits to  the  Board  of  Aldermen  before  its  yearly  meeting  a  statement  setting  forth 
the  amounts  authorized  by  law  to  be  raised  by  tax  in  that  year  for  city  purposes,  and 
also  an  estimate  of  the  probable  amount  of  receipts  of  the  treasury  of  the  city  during 
the  current  year  from  all  sources  of  revenue  of  the  general  fund.  A  summary  of  the 
finances  of  the  city  is  as  follows  :  The  entire  amount  of  taxes  received  by  ordinance 
of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  for  the  year  1892  was  $33'  2j2->  7^5'  T  he  rate  of  taxation 
is  about  $1.85  per  $100,  upon  a  valuation  of  real  and  personal  estate  of  over 
$1,700,000,000,  and  the  rate  upon  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  personal  estate  of 
such  companies  as  are  subject  to  local  taxation  thereon,  amounting  to  nearly  $80,- 
000,000,  is  $1.68  per  $100. 

The  total  funded  debt  of  the  city  and  county  : 

December  31,  1892,  was   $155,161,974 

Deducting  the  amount  held  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Sinking 

Fund  as  investments,  and  cash,   56,532,407 

Left  the  net  funded  debt,  $98,629,567 

The  general  tax  rate  for  1892  was  $1.85  on  each  $100  of  assessed  valuation,  which 
is  the  lowest  in  thirty  years,  and  lower  than  the  rate  in  any  other  large  city  in  the 
United  States.  The  amount  to  be  raised  by  taxation  in  1892  was  $33,725,556, 
besides  which  the  city  has  and  expends  an  income  of  about  $3,000,000  a  year,  from 
fees,  licenses,  and  other  sources.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  the  city,  real  and 
personal,  is  $1,828,264,275,  an  increase  of  over  $42,000,000  since  1891.  Of  this 
amount,  $71,306,402  is  corporation  property,  exempt  from  State  taxes,  and  paying 
a  rate  to  the  city  of  $1.71  on  each  $100. 

The  Department  of  Public  Parks  is  under  the  care  of  the  Board  of  Park 
Commissioners,  four  in  number,  who  are  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  for  terms  of  five 
years.  The  President  of  the  Board  draws  a  salary  of  $5,000  a  year.  The  other 
members  serve  without  pay.  The  Board  has  the  care  and  maintenance  of  all  the 
parks  in  the  city,  and  also  of  certain  streets  in  the  vicinity  of  Central  Park,  such  as 
Fifth  Avenue,  Morningside  Avenue,  and  72d,  110th  and  I22d  Streets.  It  is  assisted 
by  a  superintendent,  an  engineer  of  construction,  and  a  superintending  gardener. 

The  Police  Department  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Board  of  Police.  It  con- 
sists of  four  persons,  known  as  Police  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
They  receive  their  appointments  from  the  Mayor,  and  hold  their  offices  (unless  sooner 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


removed)  for  six  years,  at  a  salary  of  $5,000  each.  The  Board  is  authorized  and 
empowered  to  make,  adopt  and  enforce  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government, 
discipline,  administration  and  disposition  of  the  police  department  and  police  force 
and  its  members.  The  police  force  consists  of  one  superintendent,  at  a  salary  of 
$6,000;  four  inspectors;  captains,  not  exceeding  one  to  each  fifty  patrolmen; 
sergeants,  not  exceeding  four  to  each  fifty  patrolmen  ;  detective  sergeants,  not  ex- 


BROADWAY,  LOOKING  NORTH  FROM  BARCLAY  STREET.     THE  POST  OFFICE. 


ceeding  forty;  surgeons  not  exceeding  fifteen  in  number;  and  patrolmen,  etc., 
making  3,639.  The  Board  of  Police  appoints  all  the  members,  and  selects  and 
appoints  to  perform  detective  duty  as  many  patrolmen,  not  exceeding  forty,  as  it 

deems  necessary. 

The  Department  of  Public  Works  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Commissioner 

of  Public  Works,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  and  holds  his  office  for  four  years, 
at  a  salary  of  $8,000.  The  chief  duties  of  the  department  pertain  to  the  water- 
supply  ;  the  altering,  opening,  paving  and  lighting  of  the  streets  ;  and  the  care  of 
sewers  and  drainage.     These  duties  are  divided  among  eight  bureaus. 

The  Department  of  Docks  is  managed  by  a  board  of  three  commissioners, 
appointed  by  the  Mayor,  each  of  whom  is  paid  $5,000  a  year.  The  board  has  con- 
trol of  all  the  dock  property  of  the  city  —  which  is  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
entire  river-front  at  the  lower  end  of  the  city  —  and  makes  repairs,  improvements,  etc. 

The  Department  of  Street-Cleaning,  the  name  of  which  fully  describes  its 
mission,  is  under  the  control  of  a  single  commissioner,  whose  salary  is  $6,000  a 
year.  He  is  appointed  by  the  Mayor.  He  is  assisted  by  a  deputy  of  his  own  selec- 
tion, whose  salary  is  $4,000  a  year  ;  and  employs  nearly  1, 500  sweepers  and  500  carts. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Department  of  Health  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Board  of  Health,  which 
consists  of  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Police,  the  Health-Officer  of  the  Port,  and 
two  officers  to  be  called  Commissioners  of  Health,  one  of  whom  must  be  a  practising 
physician.  The  commissioner  who  is  not  a  physician  is  president  of  the  Board. 
They  are  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  independently  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  and, 
unless  sooner  removed,  hold  their  offices  for  six  years.  The  salary  of  the  president 
is  $5,000  a  year  ;  of  the  other  commissioner,  $4,000.  The  authority  of  the  Board 
extends  over  the  waters  of  the  bay,  up  to  and  within  the  quarantine  limits  established 
by  law,  but  not  to  interfere  with  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Quarantine  or  of  the  Health-Ofncer  of  the  Port.  The  total  number  of  deaths  in  the 
city  during  1892  was  44,329,  or  24.26  to  each  thousand  inhabitants.  The  number 
of  births  registered  was  49,447  ;  the  number  of  marriages,  16,001.  The  amount  of 
money  expended  by  the  Board  yearly  exceeds  $400,000.  The  summer  corps  of 
physicians  inspected  in  July  and  August  40,193  tenement-houses;  visited  348,318 
families;  and  treated  23,834  sick  persons.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  to  make 
quarterly  and  yearly  reports  to  the  Mayor  of  all  its  operations.  The  Mayor  can  at 
any  time  call  for  a  fuller  report.  The  Mayor  and  one  Commissioner  from  the 
Department  of  Health,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  one  delegate  from  the 
Bureau  of  Inspection  of  Public  Buildings,  and  the  Commissioner  of  the  Department 
of  Street-Cleaning  are  required  by  law  to  meet  yearly  between  November  15th  and 
December  30th  to  consider  the  subject  of  tenement  and  lodging-houses,  and  to  make 


POST  OFFICE.  WORLD,  TIMES  AND  POTTER  BUILDINGS.      PARK  ROW.  ANN  STREET. 


such  recommendation  in  the  laws  affecting  them  as  they  deem  best  ;  and  to  cause  such 
recommendation  to  be  sent  to  the  Governor  of  the  State,  and  the  Senate  and  Assem- 
bly, yearly,  on  or  before  January  15th.  They  are  also  to  consider  the  execution  of 
the  laws,  and  recommend  to  the  Board  of  Health  such  changes  as  they  deem  best. 
There  are  two  bureaus  in  the  department.  The  chief  officer  of  one  is  called  the 
Sanitary  Superintendent.     He  must  have  been  for  ten  years  a  practising  physician. 


252 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


HALL  OF  RECORDS,  OR  REGISTER'S  HALL,  NEAR  PARK  ROW,  IN 
CITY-HALL  PARK. 


He  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  department.  The  chief  officer  of  the  second 
bureau  is  called  the  Register  of  Records.  In  this  bureau  are  recorded,  without  fees, 
every  birth,  marriage  and  death,  and  all  inquisitions  of  coroners,  which  are  taken 
within  the  city.  The  Board  takes  cognizance  of  the  condition  of  any  building,  exca- 
vation, or  premises  ;  of  any  business*pursuit,  and  of  any  phase  of  city  life,  which  may 

affect  public  health,  or  the 
healthfulness  of  the  city,  and 
has  powers  which  are  vir- 
tually absolute  to  compel 
changes.  The  powers  of  the 
Board  include  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  repairs  of  build- 
ings, in  so  far  as  sanitary  con- 
dition is  concerned  ;  the  reg- 
ulation and  control  of  public 
markets,  in  matters  affecting 
cleanliness,  ventilation  and 
drainage;  and  the  prevention 
of  the  sale  of  improper  arti- 
cles ;  the  removal  of  matter  on  the  public  streets  which  may  lead  to  results  danger- 
ous to  life  or  health  ;  the  prevention  of  accidents  by  which  life  or  health  may  be 
endangered;  and  generally  the  abating  of  all  nuisances.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  owner 
or  person  interested  in  every  building  or  premises,  to  keep  it  in  such  manner  that  it  is 
not  dangerous  or  prejudicial  to  life  or  health.  Every  person  violating  or  refusing  to 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  law  in  these  respects,  or  with  the  regulations  of 
the  Board,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  The  Board  may  remove  or  cause  to  be 
removed,  to  a  place  designated  by  it,  any  person  sick  with  a  contagious,  pestilen- 
tial, or  infectious  disease ;  and  it  has  power  to  provide  and  pay  for  the  use  of 
such  proper  places.  It  may  enclose  streets  and  passages,  to  forbid  and  prevent  all 
communication  with  houses  or  families  infected  with  disease.  It  may  issue  a  proc- 
lamation, declaring  every  place  where  -  there  is  reason  to  believe  a  pestilential, 
contagious  or  infectious  disease  actually  exists,  to  be  an  infected  place  within  the 
meaning  of  the  health  laws  of  the  State.  After  such  proclamation  is  issued,  all 
vessels  arriving  in  the  port  of  New  York  from  such  infected  places,  together  with 
their  officers  and  crews,  passengers  and  cargoes,  are  subject  to  quarantine  for  such 
period  as  is  necessary,  and  it  may  regulate  or  prohibit  internal  intercourse  by  land  or 
water  with  such  infected  places.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  to  aid  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  all  laws  of  the  State  applicable  in  the  city  to  the  preservation  of  life  and  the 
care  of  health,  including  the  laws  relative  to  cleanliness  and  the  sale  of  deleterious 
drugs  and  foods.  It  is  authorized  to  require  reports  from  hospitals,  prisons,  schools, 
places  of  amusement,  etc.  *  It  is  to  omit  no  reasonable  means  for  ascertaining  the 
existence  and  cause  of  disease,  sending  such  information  to  health  authorities  else- 
where, with  such  suggestions  as  it  may  see  fit.  The  Board,  the  Health-Officer  and 
Quarantine  Commissioners  are  to  co-operate  to  prevent  the  spread  of  disease  and  to 
ensure  the  preservation  of  health.  The  Board  is  authorized  from  time  to  time  to 
alter,  annul  or  amend  the  sanitary  code.  It  keeps  a  general  complaint  book,  in 
which  may  be  entered  by  any  person  in  good  faith,  any  complaint  of  a  sanitary 
nature,  giving  the  names  of  persons  complained  of  and  date  of  the  entry,  with  sug- 
gestion of  remedy  ;  and  such  complaints  are  to  be  investigated.  It  is  the  duty  of  all 
boards  and  officers  having  charge  of  any  property  controlled  by  public  authority,  to 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


253 


report  upon  and  give  knowledge  of  anything  affecting  sanitary  conditions  to  the 
Health  Board.  False  reports  on  these  matters  from  any  one  required  to  make 
reports  are  misdemeanors.  Prompt  action  in  such  cases  is  required  of  prosecuting 
officers,  and  police  justices.  The  Sanitary  Code,  consisting  of  219  sections,  is  made 
up  of  the  sanitary  ordinances  adopted  by  the  Department  of  Health  ;  and  is  of  pro- 
found value  in  fighting  epidemics  and  other  menaces. 

The  Board  of  Excise,  with  rooms  at  54  Bond  Street,  corner  of  the  Bowery, 
acts  under  a  law  of  the  State,  the  same  that  applies  in  most  respects  to  cities  of  over 
30,000  inhabitants.  It  is  composed  of  three  members,  who  are  appointed  by  the 
Mayor,  for  a  term  the  same  as  his  own,  and  receive  salaries  of  $5,000  each.  The 
Board  issues  licenses  for  the  sale  of  spirituous  liquors,  wines,  ale  and  beer,  to  saloons, 
hotels,  restaurants,  drug  and  grocery  stores,  and  collects  the  license  fees  therefor.  The 
receipts  of  the  Board  for  1892  were  $1,523,780.  Aside  from  paying  the  expenses  of 
the  Board,  this  sum  was  used  as  follows  :  New  York  Fire- Relief  Department, 
$75,000;  police  pensions,  $307,000;  charitable  institutions  for  the  support  of 
children  committed  by  magistrates,  $667,000  ;  general  fund  of  the  city,  $350,000. 

The  Law  Department  has  at  its  head  the  Counsel  to  the  Corporation,  who 
receives  his  appointment  from  the  Mayor,  for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  draws  an 
annual  salary  of  $12,000.  The  department  has  charge  of  the  law  business  of  the 
corporation  and  its  departments,  the  management  of  legal  proceedings  relating  to 
the  laying  out  of  streets,  and  the  preparation  of  all  deeds,  leases,  contracts  and 
other  legal  papers  connected  with  any  department,  and  is  at  all  times  the  legal 
adviser  of  the  city  officials.  There  are  two  bureaus  in  the  department,  in  charge 
-respectively  of  the  Corporation  Attorney  and  the  Public  Administrator.  Certain 
actions  in  behalf  of 
the  city,  such  as 
for  the  recovery  of 
penalties,  etc.,  are 
conducted  by  the 
Corporation  Attor- 
ney. The  Public 
Administrator  col- 
lects and  takes 
charge  of  the  prop- 
erty of  persons  dy- 
ing intestate,  and  is, 
in  effect,  a  public 
executor.  The  Dis- 
trict Attorney  is  the 
prosecuting  officer 
of  the  city  and  coun- 
ty. He  is  elected 
by  the  people  for  a 

term  of  three  years,  receiving  a  salary  of  $12,000  a  year.  His  six  assistants,  whom 
he  appoints,  receive  salaries  of  $7,500  a  year  each.  The  Recorder  is  elected  for 
fourteen  years.  He  receives  a  salary  of  $12,000.  The  City  Judge  and  the  Judges 
of  General  Sessions  are  elected  for  fourteen  years,  at  yearly  salaries  of  $12,000. 
The  Police  Justices,  fifteen  in  number,  are  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  at  $8,000  a 
year.  The  Courts  of  Special  Sessions  are  held  by  them,  at  the  Tombs  ;  and  there 
are  six  police-courts,  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 


JEFFERSON -MARKET  POLICE-COURT,  SIXTH  AND  GREENWICH  AVENUES. 


254 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Harlem  Municipal  Building,  at  the  corner  of  Sylvan  Place  and  121st 
Street,  is  a  large  building  erected  in  1891-92,  and  containing  the  rooms  of  the  Har- 
lem courts,  and  the  local  branches  of  various  municipal  departments.  In  its  impos- 
ing architecture  and  modern  equipments  it  is  worthy  of  this  dignity. 

The  Criminal  Court  Building,  erected  in  1891-93,  occupies  a  site  along- 
side the  Tombs,  with  which  they  are  connected  by  a  bridge  across  the  street,  con- 
necting the  cells  and  the  court-rooms.  The  building  is  in  the  German-Romanesque 
style,  and  the  architects  were  Thorn,  Wilson  &  Schaarschmidt.  The  wings  are 
crowned  by  pediments,  and  adorned  with  statuary.  The  building  is  of  great  size, 
and  its  internal  arrangements  are  admirably  adapted  for  the  serious  and  solemn 
purposes   for  which   this   temple  of  justice  was   erected.      With    its  brilliant 


coloring  and  lofty 
to  the  low,  dark  and 
of  Oyer  and  Terminer, 
of  the  Peace,  and  one 


facades,  the  court-house  forms  a  striking  contrast 
massive  Tombs.  In  it  will  be  held  the  courts 
General  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  Special  Sessions 
or  more  police  courts ;  and  it  provides  proper 
office-accommodations  for  the  judges  and  clerks 
of  these  courts,  for  juries  and  grand  juries,  and 
for  the  district  attorney  and  other  officers. 

It    occupies   the  square 
bounded    by  W h  i  t  e , 
Franklin,  Centre  and 
Elm  Streets. 


HARLEM   MUNICIPAL  BUILDING,  SYLVAN   PLACE  AND  121ST  STREET. 


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255 


THE  CRIMINAL  LAW  COURTS  C  UNFINISHED )  AND  THE  TOMBS. 
CENTRE  STREET,  WEST  SIDE,  FROM  FRANKLIN  TO  LEONARD  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Department  of 
Public  Charities  and 
Correction  is  under  the 
charge  of  the  Board  of  Char- 
ities and  Correction,  which 
consists  of  three  persons 
known  as  Commissioners. 
They  are  appointed  by  the 
Mayor,  at  a  salary  of  $5,000 
each.  The  department  pos- 
sesses and  exercises  full  and 
exclusive  powers  for  the  gov- 
ernment, management, 
maintenance  and  direction 
of  the  several  institutions, 
buildings,  premises  and  prop- 
erties belonging  to  the  city,  and  situated  upon  Blackwell's,  Ward's,  Randall's  and 
Hart's  Islands  ;  of  all  places  provided  for  the  detention  of  prisoners  (except  Ludlow- 
Street  Jail,  which  is  under  the  Sheriff)  ;  and  of  all  hospitals  belonging  to  the  city, 
except  such  as  are  conducted  by  the  Department  of  Health,  and  especially  of  the 
Alms-house  and  Workhouse  ;  of  the  nurseries  for  poor  and  destitute  children  on  Ran- 
dall's Island  ;  and  of  the  county  lunatic  asylum  and  the  lunatic  asylum  upon  Ward's 
Island  ;  and  of  the  Potter's  Field,  and  especially,  also,  of  the  penitentiary  and  city 
prison.  There  is  in  the  department  a  Bureau  of  Charities  and  a  Bureau  of  Correc- 
tion. The  former  has  charge  of  matters  relating  to  persons  not  criminal  ;  the  latter 
of  matters  relating  to  criminals.  The  Board  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction  also 
maintains  on  Ward's  Island  an  asylum  for  inebriates. 

The  Fire  Department  is  under  the  exclusive  charge  of  the  Board  of  Fire- 
Commissioners,  consisting  of  three  persons  known  as  Fire-Commissioners.  They 
are  appointed  by  the  Mayor  and  Board  of  Aldermen,  and  hold  their  offices  for  six 
years,  unless  sooner  removed.  Their  salaries  are  $5,000  each.  There  are  in  the 
department  three  bureaus.  One  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  preventing  and  ex- 
tinguishing fires,  and  of  protecting  property  from  water  used  at  fires.  The  principal 
officer  is  called  the  Chief  of  the  Fire-Department.  Another  bureau  is  charged  with 
the  execution  of  all  laws  relating  to  the  storage,  sale  and  use  of  combustible  mater- 
ials. The  principal  officer  is  called  the  Inspector  of  Combustibles.  Another  bureau 
investigates  the  origin  and  cause  of  fires,  under  the  Fire  Marshal. 

The  Department  of  Street-Improvements,  Twenty-Third  and  Twenty- 
Fourth  Wards,  is  in  charge  of  a  single  commissioner,  elected  by  the  people  of 
those  wards.  Its  jurisdiction  is  north  of  the  Harlem  River,  and  corresponds  to  that 
of  the  Department  of  Public  Works  in  the  rest  of  the  city. 

The  Department  of  Taxes  and  Assessments  assesses  taxable  property, 
real,  personal  and  corporation,  upon  which  is  levied  a  tax  sufficient  to  meet  the  ex- 
penses of  conducting  the  business  of  the  city  and  county  government  in  each  depart- 
ment, court,  etc.,  including  the  interest  on  the  City  debt,  the  principal  of  any  stock 
or  bonds  that  may  become  due,  and  the  proportion  of  the  State  tax  for  the  next 
fiscal  year.  It  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  three  commissioners,  appointed  by  the 
Mayor  for  six  years  each.  The  salary  of  the  President  is  $5,000  a  year,  that  of 
the  other  members  $4,000.  The  Commissioners  are  assisted  by  a  Secretary,  a 
Chief  Deputy,  and  16  Deputy  Tax  Commissioners  ;  a  Board  of  four  Assessors ;  and 


NINETEENTH -WARD  POLICE-COURT,  191   EAST  57TM  STREET 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


?57 


a  clerical  force.  The  President  is  by  law  one  of  the  members  of  the  Board  of 
Estimate  and  Apportionment,  controlling  the  financial  affairs  of  the  city  ;  and  of  the 
Armory  Board,  charged  with  the  purchase  of  land  and  the  erection  and  equipping  of 
armories  for  the  militia.  The  Board  of  Assessors  apportion  the  cost  of  local  im- 
provements, and  levy  it  upon  the  property  benefited. 

The  Department  of  Buildings  has  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  build- 
ings. The  Department  has  full  power  in  passing  upon  questions  of  the  mode  of 
construction  or  material  to  be  used  in  the  erection  or  alteration  of  any  building  ;  also 
plumbing  and  drainage  of  all  buildings  ;  and  light  and  ventilation  of  tenements ; 
and  stairways,  fire-escapes  and  other  exits  in  theatres  and  other  public  buildings  ; 
with  power  to  make  all  details  of  construction  conform  to  the  intent  and  meaning 
of  the  law.    Its  office  is  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  1 8th  Street. 

The  Board  of  Education  includes  21  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Mayor, 
and  supervises  the  free  public  schools.    The  office  is  at  146  Grand  Street. 

Other  Civic  Duties  are  fulfilled  by  the  Commissioners  of  Accounts,  the  Aque- 
duct Commissioners,  the  Board  of  Armory  Commissioners,  the  Commissioners  of 
the  Harlem-River  Bridge,  and  the  Civil-Service  Supervisory  and  Examining  Board. 

The  City  Hall  has  been  in  its  time  the  finest  piece  of  architecture  in  the 
country,  but  it  is  surpassed  now  by  many  buildings  of  more  imposing  structure,  if 
not  so  classical  in  their  architectural  style.  It  was  built  between  the  years  1S03  and 
1812,  at  a  cost  of  over  $(500,000.  Its  front  and  east  and  west  sides  are  of  marble, 
but  sandstone  was  regarded  as  good  enough  for  the  rear,  the  city  being  at  that  time 
mostly  on  its  front.  In  1890  the  rear  was  painted,  making  all  sides  uniform  in  ap- 
pearance. The  city  has  so  outgrown  it  that  many  other  buildings  have  to  be  used 
for  the  public  offices.  An  enormous  new  City  Hall,  of  white  marble,  is  to  be  built 
in  1893-95,  at  a  cost  exceeding  $4,000,000.  Richard  M.  Hunt,  Napoleon  Le  Brun 
and  \Ym.  R.  Ware  form  the  advisory  committee  of  architects.  The  City-I  Iall  Park,  in 
the  very  midst  of  the  swarming  denizens  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Western  Continent, 
and  with  its  broad  sweep  of  ground,  fountain,  trees,  and  plots  of  grass,  forms  a  re- 
deeming feature  to  the  brick  and  mortar,  granite,  marble  and  asphalt,  that  rule  nearly 
everywhere  else  for  many  square  miles  on  the  lower  end  of  Manhattan  Island.  The  park 
and  the  City  Hall  to- 
gether have  been  for 
this  century  the  chief 
centre  and  historic 
place  in  the  city.  The 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  ter- 
minating in  such  close 
proximity,  has  .ldded  to 
the  importance  of  the 
location.  Celebrations 
of  note  have  made  them 
memorable.  October 
23,  1S12,  "The  City 
Hall  was  like  a  Sea  of 
Fire "  in  consequence 
of  Perry's  victory  on 
Lake  Erie.  Here  the 
citizens  became  wild 
with  enthusiasm  on  the 
17 


ESSEX-MARKET   POLICE-COURT,   ESSEX  ST.    AND  ESSEX-MARKET  PLACE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


opening  of  the  Erie  Canal,  in  1825,  and  a -correct  forecast  was  made  of  the  future 
supremacy  of  the  city  above  all  other  cities  of  the  Republic.  It  witnessed  the  return 
of  Lafayette  to  this  country  half  a  century  after  its  independence  was  declared,  the 
Republic  meantime  having  taken  rank  as  one  of  the  chief  nations  of  the  globe.  One 
of  the  greatest  of  modern  events,  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic  Cable,  was  here  cele- 
brated, with  a  keen  appreciation  of  what  it  implied  to  mankind.  The  sorrows  of  the 
Nation  have  been  here  expressed,  when  Lincoln  and  Grant,  the  accepted  leaders  and 
heroes  of  the  century  now  Hearing  its  close,  were  viewed  in  their  inanimate  clay  by 
mourning  thousands,  before  going  to  their  final  resting  places,  The  interior  of  the 
building  is  made  memorable  by  its  relics  of  the  past,  and  works  of  art  commemora- 
ting great  events  and  distinguished  statesmen.  The  Governor's  Room  contains 
furniture  that  was  used  by  the  first  Congress  of  the  United  States,  held  in  Federal 
Hall,  in  Wall  Street.  There  are  two  desks  used  by  Washington,  one  while  he  was 
President.  There  are  portraits  of  Washington,  Jefferson,  Hamilton,  Jay,  and  Lafay- 
ette, and  busts  of  Washington  and  Franklin,  by  the  most  distinguished  artists  of 
their  times.    The  portraits  of  many  later  statesmen  adorn  the  walls. 

The  Mayors  of  the  City  have  been  elected  since  the  charter  was  amended 
in  1830.  Previous  to  that  time  they  were  appointed  by  the  Common  Council.  John 
Crugcr,  first  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  with  a  distinguished  record 
during  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  mayor  of  the  city  from  1739  to  1744,  and  again 
from  1757  to  1766.  I)e  Witt  Clinton,  before  becoming  governor  of  the  State,  and 
under  whose  administration  the  Erie  Canal  was  opened,  was  mayor  for  several 
terms,  none  succeeding  each  other.  Fernando  Wood  came  into  unenviable  promi- 
nence during  his  second  administration,  by  pursuing  a  conciliatory  policy  toward  the 
criminal  and  corrupt  elements  of  the  city.  It  was  during  the  administration  of  A. 
Oakey  Hall  that  the  Tweed  ring  was  in  full  possession  of  the  reins  of  government, 
and  defiant  of  public  opinion.  Its  power  was  broken  at  the  general  election  in 
November,  1871.  Win.  F.  Havemeyer  then  came  a  second  time  to  the  chair. 
Tweed  soon  died  in  a  felon's  cell,  while  some  of  his  companions  were  sent  to  prison 
and  others  became  exiles  in  foreign  lands.  Following  is  a  list  of  mayors  with  their 
terms  of  service  since  the  town  has  been  known  by  its  present  name  :  Thomas 
Willet,  1665-1667;  Thomas  Delavall,  1666,  1671,  1678;  Cornelis  Steenwyck, 
668,  1670,  1682,  1683;  Matthias  Nicolls,  1672;  John  Lawrence,  1673,  1691  ; 
William  Dervall,  1695;  Nicholas  De  Meyer,  1676;  Stephanus  Van  Cortlandt,  1677, 
1686,  1687  ;  Francis  Rombouts,  1679  >  William  Dyer,  1680-1681  ;  Gabriel  Min- 
vielle,  1684;  Nicholas  Bayard,  1685;  Peter  de  la  Noy,  1689-1690  ;  Abraham  de 
Peyster,  1692-1695  ;  William  Merritt,  1695-1698;  Johannesde  Peyster,  1698-1699; 
David  Provoost,  1699- 1 700;  Isaac  de  Riemer,  1700-1701;  Thomas  Noell,  1701-1702; 
Philip  French,  1 702- 1703;  William  Peartree,  1703- 1 707;  Ebenezer  Wilson, 
1707-1710;  Jacobus  Van  Cortlandt,  1 710-171 1-1719-1720;  Caleb  Heathcote, 
1711-1714;  John  Johnson,  1714-1719  ;  Robert  Walters,  1720-1725;  Johannes 
Jansen,  1725-1726;  Robert  Lurting,  1726-1735  ;  Paul  Richards,  1735-1739 ;  John 
Cruger,  1739-1744;  Stephen  Bayard,  1 744- 1 747  ;  Edward  Holland,  1747;  1757  ; 
John  Cruger,  1757-1766;  Whitehead  Hicks,  1766-1776;  David  Matthews  (Tory), 
1776-1784;  James  Duane,  1 784-1 789  ;  Richard  Varick,  1 789- 1 801  ;  Edward  Liv- 
ingston, 1801-1803;  DeWitt  Clinton,  1803-1807;  Marinus  Willett,  1807-1808; 
DeWitt  Clinton,  1808-1810;  Jacob  Radcliff,  1810-1811  ;  DeWitt  Clinton,  1811- 
181 5  ;  John  Ferguson,  1815  ;  Jacob  Radcliff,  1815-1818;  Cadwallader  D.  Colden, 
1818-1821  ;  Stephen  Allen,  1821-1824  ;  William  Paulding,  1825-1826;  Philip  Hone, 
1826-1827  ;  William  Paulding,  1827-1829  ;  Walter  Bowne,  1829-1833  ;  Gideon  Lee, 


260 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1833-1834;  Cornelius  W.  Lawrence,  1834-1837  :  Aaron  Clark,  1837-1839  ;  Isaac 
L.  Varian,  1839-1841  ;  Robert  H.  Morris,  1841-1844  ;  James  Harper,  1 844- 1 847  ; 
William  V.  Brady,  1847-1848  ;  William  F.  Havemeyer,  1848-49  ;  Caleb  S. 
Woodhull,  1849-185 1  ;  Ambrose  C.  Kingsland,  1851-1853  ;  Jacob  A.  Westervelt, 
I853 -  1S55  ;  Fernando  Wood,  1855-1858;  Daniel  N.  Tiemann,  1858-1860; 
Fernando  Wood,  1860-1862;  George  Opdyke,  1 862-1 864  ;  C.  Godfrey  Gunther, 
1 864- 1 866;  John  T.  Hoffman,  1866- 1868;  Thomas  Coman  (acting  mayor),  1868; 
A.  Oakey  Hall,  1 869-1 870  ;  William  F.  Havemeyer,  1871-1874;  William  H. 
Wickham,  1875-1876  ;  Smith  Ely,  1877-1878  ;  Edward  Cooper,  1879-1880;  Wil- 
liam R.  Grace,  1881-1882  ;  Franklin  Edson,  1883-1884  ;  William  R.  Grace,  1885- 
1886  ;  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  1S87-1888  ;  Hugh  J.  Grant,  1889-1892  ;  and  Thomas  F. 
Gilroy,  1 893- 1 894. 

The  Seal  of  the  City  had  its  origin  in  colonial  and  Dutch  times.  The  com- 
mercial activity  at  first  was  in  the  purchase  of  furs  from  the  Indians,  and  nothing 
was  so  potent  in  bringing  about  a  trade  as  gunpowder,  whiskey  or  flour.  The  con- 
tracting parties  were  sailors  and  Indians.  Hence  we  have  on  the  seal  a  sailor  and 
an  Indian,  representing  the  traders,  and  two  beavers  and  two  barrels,  representing 
the  articles  traded  in  ;  and  the  windmills  of  Holland,  celebrated  in  the  17th  as  well 
as  in  the  19th  centuries,  are  represented,  and  the  four  arms  serve  for  the  quarter- 
ings.  An  eagle  surmounts  the  shield,  and  in  this  we  have  a  more  modern  intimation. 
The  first  seal,  for  New  Amsterdam,  was  granted  in  1654,  the  town  having  been 
incorporated  the  preceding  year.  For  this  the  seal  of  the  Duke  of  York  was  sub- 
stituted under  Governor  Nicolls,  in  1669,  and  was  continued  in  use  until  1686. 

The  Courts  and  Judicial  Powers  and  Proceedings. — The  term  "City 
Hall  of  the  City  of  New  York,"  when  used  in  any  law  of  the  State,  includes,  for  all 
legal  purposes,  all  buildings  designated  by  the  Board  of  Aldermen  for  the  use  of  the 
courts  or  public  offices  within  that  part  of  the  city  bounded  by  Chambers  Street, 
Broadway,  Park  Row,  Centre  Street,  Mail  Street  and  Tryon  Row ;  but  rooms  used 
by  any  of  the  courts  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  are  deemed  a  part  of  the 
City  Hall  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  court.  The  First  Judicial  District  of  the 
State  consists  of  the  city  of  New  York.  The  library  of  the  Law  Institute  is  in  the 
Post-Office  Building,  under  the  care  and  management  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  First  Judicial  District,  who  are  its  trustees.  It  is  open  to  the  public. 
The  Justices  of  the  Supreme  and  Superior  Courts  and  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Fleas  have  power  to  commit  to  the  Inebriate  Asylum,  under  the  control  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Charities  and  Correction,  for  a  term  not  to  exceed  two  years, 
actual  inhabitants  of  the  city  who  are  unfit  for  conducting  their  own  affairs  on 
account  of  habitual  drunkenness.  The  Circuit  and  District  Courts  of  the  United 
States  are  held  in  the  Post-Office  Building.  The  original  jurisdiction  of  the  former 
is  in  suits  arising  under  the  revenue,  copyright  and  patent  laws,  and  in  civil  law  and 
equity  suits  between  citizens  of  different  States  ;  its  appellate  jurisdiction  is  from  the 
United-States  District  Court.  The  latter  has  jurisdiction  in  admiralty  and  mari- 
time cases,  in  cases  where  an  alien  sues  on  tort  in  violation  of  a  treaty  or  the  laws 
of  nations,  and  in  suits  instituted  in  the  United  States  by  and  against  foreign  con- 
suls. The  State  courts,  —  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Court  of  Oyer  and  Ter- 
miner, are  held  in  the  County  Court-House.  The  former  is  the  general  law  and 
equity  court  of  the  State,  and  the  latter  is  the  criminal  branch  of  the  same.  The 
appellate  branch  of  the  Supreme  Court,  known  as  the  General  Term,  passes  on 
appeals  from  the  trial  justices  of  the  court,  the  final  appeal  being  from  the  General 
Term  to  the  Court  of  Appeals,  which  sits  at  Albany.    The  salaries  paid  the  Justices 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


261 


of  the  First  Judicial  District  are  $17,500  each  a  year,  this  being  $11,500  a  year 
more  than  is  paid  to  the  justices  of  the  other  districts  of  the  State,  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York  paying  the  additional  amount.  Of  the  city  courts  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  the  City  and  County  and  the  Superior  Court  of  the  County  are 
courts  of  record,  and  each  of  them  has  six  judges,  who  are  magistrates.  The  courts 
have  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  within  the  city 
limits.  They  both  hold  general  terms,  final  appeals  being  made  to  the  Court  of 
Appeals.  They  sit  in  the  County  Court-House.  The  jurisdiction  of  these  courts  is 
about  the  same  ;  the  former  has  appellate  jurisdiction  in  cases  from  the  city  and 
district  courts,  its  decisions  being  final.  The  salaries  paid  the  judges  are  $15,000. 
The  City  Court,  formerly  called  the  Marine  Court,  sits  in  the  City  Hall.    It  has  six 

Judges,  who  hold  office  for  six  years,  with  salaries  of  $10,000  a  year  each.  It  is 
the  lowest  of  the  courts  of  record.  It  tries  actions  to  the  amount  of  $2,000.  It 
has  a  limited  maritime  jurisdiction,  and  also  a  general  term.  The  District  Courts 
are  inferior  civil  courts.  There 
are  eleven  of  them,  held  as 
follows:    First,  Chambers 

Street,  corner  Centre  Street ; 

2d,  corner  of  Pearl  and  Centre 

Streets;  3d,  125  Sixth  Ave- 
nue ;  4th,  30  1st  Street  ;  5th, 

154  Clinton  Street;  6th,  61 
•Union  Place;  7th,  151  East 

57th  Street  ;  8th,  200  West 

22d  Street;  9th,  1 50  East  125th 

Street;    10th,    158th  Street, 

corner  of  Third  Avenue;  I  ith, 

919    Eighth    Avenue.  The 

Surrogate's  Court  is  held  at 

the  County  Court-I louse.  It 

adjudicates  in  matters  per- 
taining to  wills,  and  adminis- 
trates matters   pertaining  to 

deceased  persons.  'The  Court 

of  General    Sessions   of  the  court  of  general  sessions.  32  chambers  street. 

Peace  is  held  at  32  Chambers 

Street  by  the  Recorder,  the  City  Judge  and  two  Judges  of  the  Court  of  General  Ses- 
sions, each  or  whom  holds  office  for  fourteen  years,  at  $12,000  a  year.  Its  jurisdic- 
tion is  similar  to  that  of  the  Oyer  and  Terminer.  Appeals  are  to  the  General  Term 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  finally  to  the  Court  of  Appeals,  except  when  the  judg- 
ment is  of  death,  when  the  appeal  is  to  the  Court  of  Appeals  direct. 

The  Police  Courts  are  inferior  criminal  courts,  having  original  jurisdiction  over 
minor  offenses.  Before  them  are  brought,  every  morning,  prisoners  arrested  and 
held  over  night  in  the  police  stations  and  city  prisons.  Drunkenness,  assault  and 
battery,  and  thieving,  are  the  complaints  most  frequently  dealt  with.  Nearly  all 
cases  in  which  punishment  is  inflicted  are  disposed  of  by  fines  or  short  terms  of 
imprisonment  in  the  city  institutions  on  Blackwell's  Island.  The  police  justices  have 
power  to  examine  and  hold  for  trial  persons  accused  of  serious  crimes.  They  have 
great  latitude  in  the  exercise  of  their  powers,  and  much  of  their  work  is  to  adjust 
minor  neighborhood  differences,  and  dispose  of  petty  offenders,  without  resorting  to 


262  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

actual  legal  proceedings.  They  are  fifteen  in  number,  and  are  appointed  by  the 
Mayor  for  terms  of  ten  years,  at  salaries  of  $8,000  a  year.  Three  police  justices, 
without  a  jury,  constitute  the  Court  of  Special  Sessions  of  the  Peace.  This  court 
has  jurisdiction  over  all  misdemeanors,  and  is  held  at  the  Tombs.  The  locations  of 
the  six  police  courts  are  as  follows  :  1st  District,  the  Tombs  ;  2d,  Jefferson  Market  ; 
3d,  69  Essex  Street;  4th,  57th  Street,  near  Lexington  Avenue;  5th,  121st  Street 
and  Sylvan  Place  (in  the  Harlem  Municipal  Building);  6th,  East  158  Street  and 
Third  Avenue,  Morrisania. 

The  County  Court-House,  adjacent  to  the  City  Hall,  is  in  Corinthian  archi- 
tecture, of  Massachusetts  white  marble,  and  occupies  a  space  of  250  by  150  feet. 
Kellum  was  the  architect,  and  was  succeeded  by  Leopold  Eidlitz.  The  original 
design  was  noble,  but  suffered  disfigurement  by  large  additions  ordered  by  the  city 
government.  It  was  begun  in  1 861,  but  the  dome  is  not  yet  finished.  The  Court- 
House  is  an  inadequate  showing  for  the  $10,000,000  it  cost  the  city.  Its  construc- 
tion was  a  basis  for  a  considerable  part  of  the  peculations  of  Tweed  and  his  asso- 
ciates. The  new  City  Hall  will  enclose  this  structure  on  three  sides,  and  probably 
at  no  disfant  date  it  will  be  taken  down. 

The  Hall  of  Records,  or  Register's  Office,  is  used  for  courts  as  well  as 
records.  It  is  the  only  public  building  that  dates  back  to  the  times  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Many  loyal  citizens  were  imprisoned  in  it  while  the  British  held  the  city,  and 
it  was  afterward  used  as  a  debtors'  prison.  It  is  near  Park  Row,  in  City- Hall  Park. 
This  historic  (but  very  unattractive)  edifice  is  to  be  demolished  to  make  room  for 
the  new  palace  of  the  city  government,  which  will  reach  within  50  feet  of  Broadway, 
Centre  Street,  and  Chambers  Street.  The  Hall  was  built  in  1757,  as  a  suburban 
prison,  on  the  Boston  Road.  The  patriots  confined  here  in  the  Revolution  suffered 
inexpressible  horrors,  and  died  by  thousands. 

Jurors. — The  Commissioner  of  Jurors  is  the  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  petit  or 
trial  jurors.  He  hears  and  determines  claims  for  exemption.  The  persons  to  serve 
as  grand  jurors  are  taken  from  the  lists  of  petit  jurors  by  a  board  consisting  of  the 
Mayor  and  certain  designated  judges  of  the  court.  The  board  meets  yearly,  on  the 
first  Monday  in  September,  and  elects  one  of  its  number  as  chairman.  Four  mem- 
bers comprise  a  quorum.  Not  less  than  600,  nor  more  than  1,000,  are  chosen  from 
the  lists  of  persons  qualified  to  serve  as  petit  jurors,  to  serve  as  grand  jurors  of  the 
Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  General  Sessions,  until  the  next  list  is  prepared. 
The  names  on  these  lists  are  deposited  in  a  box,  and  the  names  of  persons  to  serve 
as  grand  and  trial  jurors  are  drawn  by  chance.  A  grand  jury  is  drawn  for  every 
term  of  the  Court  of  General  Sessions,  and  may  be  drawn  for  the  Court  of  Oyer  and 
Terminer.  A  trial  juror  is  to  be  not  more  than  seventy  years  of  age,  and  he  is  to  be 
the  owner,  or  the  husband  of  a  woman  who  is  the  owner,  of  personal  property  of 
the  value  of  $250;  and  he  is  to  be  able  to  read  and  wTrite  the  English  language  under- 
standingly.  Certain  persons  are  exempt,  as  clergymen,  physicians,  lawyers,  teachers, 
editors,  reporters,  members  of  the  National  Guard,  and  others.  A  person  trying  to 
escape  jury  duty  by  bribery,  false  statement  or  illegal  means,  or  one  who  assists 
another  to  do  the  same,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

The  Court  of  Arbitration.- — The  Governor  nominates  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  Senate,  appoints  an  arbitrator,  to  be  known  as  the  Arbitrator  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  His  salary  is  fixed  and  paid  by  it.  In  a  controversy  brought  before 
the  arbitrator,  the  parties  to  it  may  each  appoint  an  additional  arbitrator  if  he  de- 
sires. Upon  application  of  parties  interested,  contracts,  written  or  oral,  are  to  be 
interpreted  and  construed.    The  parties  to  any  controversy  or  dispute,  arising  or 


264  KING*S  If  A  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

being  within  the  port  of  New  York,  or  relating  thereto  in  various  respects,  may 
voluntarily  submit  it  to  the  Court  of  Arbitration.  An  award  being  made,  an  order 
must,  at  the  instance  of  either  party,  be  filed  at  the  office  of  the  County  Clerk.  An 
award  for  the  payment  of  money  or  the  delivery  of  property  requires,  on  request 
being  made,  a  judgment  to  be  entered.  Such  judgment  has  the  same  force  as  a  judg- 
ment of  the  Superior  Court. 

The  County  Officers  are  elected  for  three  years.  The  Sheriff  of  the  county  is 
paid  a  salary  of  $12,000,  and  half  of  the  fees  paid  into  the  office.  There  is  an 
under-sheriff,  and  deputies  not  to  exceed  twelve  in  number.  The  salary  of  the 
County  Clerk  is  .$15,000  in  full  for  all  services.  The  salary  of  the  Register  is 
$12,000  a  year.  There  are  four  coroners,  each  receiving  a  salary  of  $5,000.  When 
a  person  dies  from  criminal  violence  or  casualty,  or  suddenly,  when  in  apparent 
health,  or  unattended  by  a  physician,  or  in  prison,  or  in  any  unusual  or  suspicious 
manner,  it  is  the-  duty  of  the  coroner  to  subpoena  a  coroner's  physician,  who  views 
the  body  of  the  deceased  person,  or  makes  an  autopsy,  as  may  be  required.  The 
testimony  of  such  physician,  and  of  other  witnesses,  constitutes  an  inquest  The 
coroner  may  call  a  jury,  if  he  deems  it  necessary,  or  if  a  citizen  should  so  demand. 
It  is  the  duty  of  a  citizen  who  may  have  become  aware  of  the  death  of  a  person  as 
here  stated,  to  report  such  death  to  a  coroner  or  any  police  officer,  and  a  person  who 
wilfully  neglects  this  is  upon  conviction  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  person  who 
wilfully  disturbs  the  body  or  clothing  of  a  person  so  dying  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
A  coroner  is  the  only  officer  who  has  the  power  to  arrest  the  Sheriff. 

The  Port  Wardens  of  the  Port  of  New  York  are  nine  in  number,  three 
of  whom  are  nautical  men,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Senate.  They  elect  one  of  their  number  as  president,  and  one  as  vice-president. 
The  appointments  are  for  three  years.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board,  or  some  of  them, 
on  being  notified,  to  go  aboard  of  any  vessel  to  examine  the  condition  and  stowage 
of  the  cargo,  and  if  there  are  any  goods  damaged  to  seek  the  cause,  and  to  enter  the 
same  upon  the  books  of  the  office.  The  members  of  the  Board  are  exclusive  sur- 
veyors of  any  vessel  that  has  been  wrecked,  or  is  deemed  unfit  to  proceed  to  sea. 
They  are  to  specify  what  damage  has  occurred,  and  record  in  the  books  of  the  office 
full  and  particular  accounts  of  surv  eys  made  on  vessels ;  and  they  are  judges  of  repairs 
necessary  to  make  vessels  seaworthy  again.  They  have  exclusive  powers  over  the 
survey  of  vessels  and  their  cargoes  arriving  in  the  port  of  New  York  in  distress. 

Quarantine  for  the  protection  of  the  public  health  is  provided  for  by  the  laws 
of  the  State  for  the  port  of  New  York.  The  Quarantine  establishment  consists  of 
•warehouses,  anchorage  for  vessels,  hospitals,  a  boarding  station,  crematory,  and 
residences  for  officers  and  men.  The  Health-Officer  is  appointed  by  the  Governor 
and  Senate  for  four  years.  He  receives  a  salary  of  $  1 2. 500  a  year.  He  appoints 
and  dismisses  at  pleasure  two  Assistant  Health  Officers.  There  are  three  Commis- 
sioners of  Quarantine,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  $2,500  each,  who,  with  the  Mayors  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  constitute  a  board  that  erects  hospitals,  docks,  etc,  and 
has  care  of  the  Quarantine  property.  On  Swinburne  and  Hoffman  Islands,  in  the 
Lower  Bay,  fifteen  miles  from  the  city,  and  between  Staten  Island  and  Sandy  Hook, 
are  the  chief  hospitals.  Persons  from  infected  ships  are  taken  there.  Vessels  from 
non-infected  ports  are  boarded  from  Clifton  by  the  Health-Officer  and  his  assistants. 

Pilots  and  Pilotage. —  The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Pilots  consists  of  five 
persons,  each  holding  his  office  for  two  years.  Three  are  elected  by  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  two  by  the  presidents  and  vice-presidents  of  the  marine- insurance 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


265 


companies  of  the  city,  composing  the  Board  of  Underwriters.  The  commissioners 
license  for  such  time  as  they  think  proper  as  many  Sandy-Hook  pilots  as  they  deem 
necessary,  for  the  port  of  New  York.  Candidates  are  subject  to  examination  per- 
taining to  the  duties  to  be  performed  by  them,  and  are  required  to  give  bonds  in  two 
sureties,  not  exceeding  $500  each,  for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties.  Pilots 
for  the  safe  pilotage  of  vessels 
through  the  channel  of  the  East 
River,  known  as  Hell-Gate 
pilots,  are  appointed  by  the 
Governor  with  the  consent  of  the 
Senate,  on  recommendation  of 
the  Board  of  Port-Wardens  of 
New  York.  This  board  makes 
the  rules  and  regulations  under 
which  they  act. 

The  Post  Office  is  the 
chief  architectural  representa- 
tive of  the  Federal  Government 
in  the  city.  It  occupies  a  speci- 
ally favored  site  —  the  lower 
end  of  what  was  once  the  tri- 
angular City-Hall  Park.  More 
people  daily  come  in  view  of  it 
than  of  any  other  building  in 
the  city.  In  its  rear  it  has  the 
City  Hall  and  park,  and  the 


THE  UNITED-STATES  POST  OFFICE,  BROADWAY,  PARK  ROW  AND  MAIL  STREET. 


266 


A'/A7G\Y  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


western  terminus  of  the  East  River  Bridge  ;  and  close  to  it  are  the  two  great  thor- 
oughfares, Broadway  and  Park  Row.  A  dozen  streets  converge  towards  it  ;  the 
great  newspaper  offices  with  their  newer  architecture  tower  over  it  ;  and  the  elevated 
cars  and  the  street-cars  carry  hundred  of  thousands  of  people  daily  past  it,  or  pour 
them  out  near  by.  At  night  the  spaces  around  it  are  illuminated  with  almost  the 
brilliancy  of  day.  Here  the  heart-throb  of  the  city  is  more  than  anywhere  else 
evident.  The  building  was  no  doubt  designed  to  reflect  the  power  and  dignity  of 
the  Federal  Government.  Its  cost  was  $10,000,000,  including  the  furniture.  The 
architecture  is  Doric  and  Renaissance.  It  extends  340  feet  on  Broadway,  340  feet 
on  Park  Row,  and  290  feet  on  Mail  Street,  facing  the  park.  It  is  made  of  a  light- 
colored  granite.  Its  height  is  five  stories.  The  United-States  Circuit  and  District 
Courts  here  hold  their  sessions.  In  handling  the  mail  of  New- York  City,  1,561 
clerks  and  1,175  letter-carriers  are  employed.  The  Post-Office  receipts  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1892,  were  $6,783,202.  The  expenditures  reached  $2,568,- 
700,  leaving  a  net  revenue  of  $4,214,502.  There  are  18  branch  post-office  stations,  20 
sub-stations,  100  agencies  for  the  sale  of  postage  stamps,  and  1,770  street  letter-boxes, 
attached  to  lamp-posts,  and  located  in  hotels,  clubs,  and  large  business  buildings. 

The  Postmaster  of  New  York  is  Charles  YVilloughby  Dayton,  appointed  by 
President  Cleveland  in  1893,  to  succeed  Cornelius  Yan  Cott,  appointed  by 
President  Harrison  in  1889.  His  predecessor  was  Henry  G.  Pearson,  appointed 
by  President  Garfield,  in  1881.  Thomas  L.  James  was  postmaster  during  President 
Hayes's  administration,  and  went  into  President  Garfield's  cabinet  as  Postmaster- 
General,  in  1881. 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  at  18  Broadway,  is  under  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  of  the  United-States  Government.  The  duties  are  the  inspection  of 
all  live  animals  intended  for  export  to  Europe.  The  exportation  of  cattle  exceeds 
that  of  all  other  animals.  The  special  object  of  the  office  is  to  detect  cases  of  pleuro- 
pneumonia and  other  contagious  diseases  in  animals.  The  veterinary  inspector  of 
the  port  has  a  corps  of  assistants  at  the  stock-yards.  The  inspection  of  the  cattle- 
carrying  steamers  comes  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  office.  All  cattle  exported 
are  tagged,  showing  the  sources  of  shipment.  There  are  offices  in  Brooklyn,  Jersey 
City  and  many  other  points,  for  detecting  the  contagious  diseases  of  animals. 

The  New-York  State  Fish-Commission,  consisting  of  five  members,  is 
appointed  by  the  Governor.  It  has  its  chief  office  at  83  Fulton  Street.  Its  object 
is  to  disseminate  the  fry  of  food-fish  in  public  waters  throughout  the  State.  There 
are  five  hatcheries  for  the  propagation  of  the  fry  from  the  eggs  of  the  female  fish. 
They  are  as  follows  :  The  Adirondack,  Saranac  P.  O.  ;  Franklin  County  ;  Cold 
Springs  P.  O.,  Long  Island;  Fulton  Chain,  Old  Forge  P.  O.  ;  Sacandaga,  Newton 
Corners ;  Chautauqua,  Caledonia  P.  O.  There  is  a  shell-fish  department,  for  the 
surveying  and  granting  of  franchises  to  the  holders  of  oyster  grounds. 

The  United-States  Immigrant  Bureau,  on  Ellis  Island,  New-York  Harbor, 
is  under  the  charge  of  the  Commissioner  of  Immigration  and  a  staff  of  officers.  The 
principal  function  of  this  bureau  is  to  inspect  and  examine  arriving  immigrants ;  and 
to  see  that  the  provisions  of  the  laws  forbidding  the  landing  of  certain  prohibited 
classes,  namely  :  convicts,  lunatics,  idiots,  paupers,  persons  likely  to  become  public 
charges,  or  suffering  with  contagious  or  loathsome  diseases,  contract  laborers,  and 
polygamists,  are  carried  out.  All  immigrants  are  landed  at  Ellis  Island,  which  covers 
an  area  of  6  acres.  For  the  twelvemonth  ending  June  30,  1892,  the  immigration 
was  445,987,  including  81,592  from  Germany,  60,233  from  Austria-Hungary,  59,205 
from  Russia,  58,687  from  Italy,  and  47,635  from  Sweden  and  Norway. 


f.  ^ 


The  General  Culture  %k, 


HJH 


i 


Educational    Institutions  —  Universities,    Colleges,  Academies, 
Seminaries  and  Public,  Private   and  Parochial 
ScliiHjls  ancl  Kinderfjartens. 


THE  ancient  history  and  traditions  of  New  York,  its  immense  increase  and  con- 
servation of  wealth,  and  the  gathering  here  of  the  brightest  men  and  women  in 
the  Republic,  combine  with  many  other  causes  to  make  of  the  Empire  City  one  of 
the  foremost  educational  centres  of  the  Western  World.  This  leadership  is  not 
dependent  upon  any  single  institution,  or  any  special  line  of  study,  or  any  individual 
group  of  influences.  Besides  its  two  universities,  which  stand  among  the  foremost 
exponents  of  the  German  system,  it  has  schools  of  medicine,  theology,  law,  art,  and 
music  second  to  none  in  efficiency  and  value  of  results.  Students  in  New  York  work 
and  play  with  equal  and  intense  zest,  as  the  merchants  of  the  city  do,  for  the  electric 
air  of  Manhattan  allows  no  place  or  time  for  bucolic  stagnation.  In  the  great  libra- 
ries and  art-galleries,  museums  and  hospitals,  the  scholar  finds  numberless  object- 
lessons,  and  extends  the  bounds  of  his  observation  far  beyond  his  text-books. 

The  first  schoolmaster  in  New  Amsterdam  was  Adam  Roelandsen,  who  enjoyed 
a  monopoly  of  teaching  the  round-faced  little  Dutch  children.  After  a  time  this 
pioneer  of  pedagogues  fell  into  ill  repute,  so  that  his  pupils  all  departed,  and  he  was 
forced  to  earn  a  scanty  living  by  taking  in  washing.  Not  even  as  a  launderer  was 
he  permitted  to  dwell  in  the  New  World,  for  in  1646  he  was  publicly  flogged  and 
banished  from  the  country.  A  year  before  this  exile  began,  Adrien  Jansen  Van 
Olfendam  opened  a  school,  and  met  with  good  success,  his  price  for  a  year's  tuition 
being  two  beaver-skins.  This  lucrative  business  stimulated  Jan  Stevenson  to  open 
another  school  in  1648. 

Four  years  later,  in  response  to  the  earnest  appeals  of  Captain-General  Stuyve- 
sant,  the  first  public  school  was  founded,  to  teach  reading  and  writing  and  the 
knowledge  and  fear  of  God.  The  teachers  were,  successively,  Dr.  La  Montagne, 
William  Verstius,  Harmen  Van  Hoboken  and  Evert  Pietersen,  who  received  $14.50 
a  month,  besides  $50  a  year  for  board.  In  1658  the  burghers  erected  a  new  school- 
house,  and  the  West  India  Company  sent  over  the  learned  Dr.  Curtius,  who  founded 
here  a  flourishing  Latin  school,  using  his  spare  time  in  practising  as  a  physician. 
After  his  return  to  Holland  the  academy  was  conducted  by  Dominie  ^Lgidius  Luyck, 
the  private  tutor  of  the  Director's  children. 

The  Free  Public  Schools  of  New  York  are  remarkably  efficient,  and  have  re- 
ceived many  commendations  from  competent  authorities.  They  number  more  than 
300,  including  about  100  each  of  primary  and  grammar  schools,  48  corporate  schools, 
and  29  evening  schools.  The  enrolment  of  pupils  is  in  the  vicinity  of  240,000,  and 
the  average  daily  attendance  exceeds  160,000.    There  are  4,200  teachers;  and  the 


268 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


expense  of  the  schools  to  the  city  is  $5,000,000  a  year.  The  children  learn  their 
letters  in  the  lower  primary  schools,  and  thence  advance,  after  rigid  and  careful  ex- 
aminations, through  the  various  grades  of  the  grammar  schools,  studying  the  English 
branches,  drawing,  vocal  music,  and  (if  desired)  French  and  German.  All  such 
as  may  desire  a  higher  education,  and  have  passed  the  examinations,  are  provided 

with  collegiate 
instruction,  free  of 
cost ;  the  boys  in 
the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York, 
and  the  girls  in  the 
Normal  College. 
In  the  evening 
schools,  education 


is  given  to  22,000 
young  people  who 
are  obliged  to  sup- 
port themselves  by 
working  during  the 
day.  The  disci- 
pline in  all  the  pub- 
lic schools  is  strin- 
gent and  rigid,  and 
teaches  the  desir- 
ability of  system 
and  subordination. 
There  are  40  man- 
ual training  schools,  with  430  teachers  and  20,000  pupils,  doing  an  admirable  and 
efficient  practical  work. 

Children  between  eight  and  fourteen  years  of  age  are  compelled  by  law  to  attend 
school ;  and  a  group  of  twelve  agents  of  truancy  continually  look  up  the  delinquents, 
and  enforce  the  statute.  The  more  vicious  and  incorrigible  truants  are  sent  to  refor- 
matories. Since  this  efficient  organization  has  been  at  work,  many  thousands  of 
loitering  and  unemployed  children  have  been  placed  in  school ;  and  the  number  of 
children  arrested  by  the  police  for  crimes  or  under  suspicion  has  dwindled  from  1,200 
to  500  yearly.  The  public  property  used  for  school  purposes  exceeds  $15,000,000 
in  value.  A  department  of  public  instruction  for  teachers  is  attached  to  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  with  series  of  lectures  on  subjects  illustrated  by  the 
vast  collections  of  that  institution. 

The  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  established  in  1848,  under  the 
name  of  the  Free  Academy,  and  in  1866  received  its  present  name,  and  the  powers 
and  privileges  of  a  college.  Instruction  and  the  use  of  text-books  and  apparatus 
are  free  to  young  men  of  New- York  City.  There  are  three  courses  of  study,  classi- 
cal, scientific  and  mechanical,  each  of  five  years'  duration  ;  and  a  two  years'  post- 
graduate course  in  civil  engineering.  The  rather  picturesque  buildings  of  the  college 
are  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  23d  Street,  and  contain  valuable  collections  and  ap- 
paratus, a  large  work-shop,  and  a  library  of  28,000  selected  volumes.  There  are 
about  40  professors  and  tutors,  and  1,100  students.  The  college  costs  the  city 
$160,000  a  year,  and  stands  in  the  place  of  the  usual  city  high  school,  although  its 
range  of  studies  is  much  higher  than  that  followed  in  high  schools. 


GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  NO.  94,  AMSTERDAM  AVENUE  AND  68TH  STREET. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


269 


The  Normal  College  For  Women  occupies  a  great  building,  which  with 
its  grounds  takes  up  the  block  bounded  by  Park  and  Lexington  Avenues,  and 
East  68th  and  69th  Streets.  The  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $500,000, 
and  contains  a  spacious  hall,  three  lecture-rooms  and  thirty  recitation  rooms. 
About  2,800  students  are  at  work  in  the  college  and  the  adjacent  kindergarten  and 
primary  training  departments.  More  than  5,000  graduates  have  gone  out  from  this 
institution,  and  eighty  per  cent,  of  them  have  become  teachers  in  the  public  schools. 
The  Normal  College  costs  the  city  $100,000  a  year,  and  is  widely  renowned  for  the 
perfect  discipline  maintained  among  its  students. 

The  Board  of  Education,  at  146  Grand  Street,  is  the  supervising  legislative 
body,  and  is  made  up  of  21  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  who  also  ap- 
points three  inspectors  in  each  school  district,  while  the  Board  names  five  trustees 
in  each  ward. 

The  Universities. — The  beginnings  of  the  movement  for  liberal  education  in 
New  York  appeared  in  1703,  and  funds  were  raised  for  the  purpose  soon  afterward 
by  legislative  authority.  The  two  great  institutions  for  higher  education  in  New- 
York  City,  Columbia  College  and  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  pursue 
mainly  the  continental  European  methods.  They  have  relatively  little  under-gradu- 
ate  work,  their  strong  efforts  being  in 
the  direction  of  higher  academic  study 
and  special  professional  work, 
their  3,000  students  fewer  than  one- 
fifth  are  under-graduatcs,  but  more 
than  one-fourth  are  graduates  of  other 
colleges.     Like  other  first-class  metro- 


COLLEGE  OF  THE  CITf  OF  NEW  YORK,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  ANO  EAST  23D  STREET. 


politan  universities,  they  are  constrained  to  maintain  their  graduate  departments 
at  the  highest  rate  of  efficiency;  while  their  magnificent  professional  schools 
could  almost  carry  the  entire  organizations  if  needed.  In  these  regards,  they  differ 
from  nearly  all  other  American  universities,  which  mainly  seek  to  house  and  train 
many  young  under-graduates,  and  whose  professional  schools  fail  to  meet  their 


270  KING yS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cost.  They  have  no  dormitories,  and  from  this  cause  college  associations  and  inti- 
macies, as  generally  understood,  are  little  known.  There  has  been  considerable  dis- 
cussion, but  very  little  probability,  of  uniting  Columbia  and  the  University  of  New 
York  under  the  same  roof,  each  to  retain  somewhat  of  its  own  corporate  existence, 
traditions  and  special  work,  and  both  to  co-operate  in  a  unified  higher  education. 
Some  form  of  federation  may  in  time  be  adopted. 

Columbia  College  is  the  lineal  successor  to  King's  College,  which  was  chart- 
ered in  1754,  with  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  a  number  of  prominent  gentle- 
men of  England  and  New 
York  as  governors.  The 
first  president  was  the  Rev 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  of  Con- 
necticut, who  convened  the 
earliest  college  class,  num- 
bering eight  young  men,  in 
the  vestry-room  of  Trinity 
Church.  Trinity  was  the 
most  efficient  friend  of  the 
new  institution,  and  granted 
to  it  lands  now  of  enormous 
value.  A  handsome  stone 
building,  one  side  of  a  pro- 
jected quadrangle  overlook- 
ing the  Hudson  River,  was 
opened  in  1760.  After  a 
time  Dr.  Johnson  sought  rest,  feeling  the  weight  of  years  ;  and  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  sent  over  the  Rev:  Myles  Cooper,  a  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
to  succeed  him,  in  1763.  Dr.  Cooper  was  an  ardent  loyalist,  and  wrote  strongly 
against  the  growing  sentiment  of  American  independence,  until  finally  a  mob 
attacked  his  lodgings  in  the  college,  and  he  escaped  with  difficulty  to  England,  in 
1775.  During  the  Revolution  the  library  and  apparatus  were  scattered,  and  the 
college  building  served  as  a  military  hospital.  Among  the  young  men  who  had  been 
educated  here  were  Alexander  Hamilton,  John  Jay,  Gouverneur  Morris,  Robert  R. 
Livingston,  and  other  leading  patriots  of  New  York. 

When  the  war  ceased,  and  the  city  restored  her  waste  places,  this  institution  was 
revived,  under  the  more  appropriate  name  of  Columbia  College.  Among  its  students 
were  De  Witt  Clinton  and  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.  From  1784  to  1787  Colum- 
bia was  officially  styled  a  university,  with  projected  faculties  of  Arts,  Divinity,  Medi- 
cine and  Law,  although  it  had  but  40  students.  The  president  from  1787  to  1800 
was  "William  Samuel  Johnson,  a  son  of  the  first  president,  and  withal  a  friend  of  the 
famous  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  of  England,  and  a  United-States  Senator  from  Con- 
necticut. From  him  the  administration  passed  nominally  to  Benjamin  Moore, 
Bishop  of  New  York.  The  presidencies  of  William  Harris  (181 1-29),  William  Alex- 
ander Duer  (1829-42),  and  Nathaniel  F.  Moore  (1842-49)  followed  thereafter.  The 
presidency  of  Charles  King  extended  from  1849  to  rS64,  and  witnessed  the  removal 
of  the  college  from  College  Place  to  its  present  location,  the  founding  of  the  Law 
School  and  the  planning  of  the  School  of  Mines,  and  the  nominal  addition  of  the 
Medical  Department.  The  presidency  of  Dr.  F.  A.  P.  Barnard  lasted  from  1864  to 
1889,  during  which  period  the  college  prospered  greatly.  In  1890  the  Hon.  Seth 
Low,  a  graduate  of  the  college,  and  a  well-known  political  reformer  and  business 


NORMAL  COLLEGE,  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT. 


272  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

man,  and  ex-mayor  of  Brooklyn,  was  elected  president.  The  college  chairs  have 
been  occupied  by  such  men  as  Anthon  and  Drisler,  in  the  classics  ;  Adrain,  Ander- 
son and  Van  Amringe,  in  mathematics;  Chandler,  in  chemistry;  McVickar,  in 
political  economy  ;  Boyesen,  in  the  Germanic  languages  ;  and  many  other  illustrious 
scholars  in  various  departments. 

In  1801  Dr.  David  Hosack,  of  the  Medical  School,  bought  for  a  botanical  garden 
the  domain  called  Elgin,  which  the  State  purchased  from  him  and  gave  to  the  col- 
lege in  1814,  to  replace  a  township  of  land  granted  long  before,  and  lost  when  Ver- 
mont (in  which  it  lay)  became  a  State.  Elgin  covered  nearly  the  domain  included 
between  Fifth  and  Sixth  Avenues  and  47th  and  51st  Streets,  then  nearly  four  miles 
from  the  city,  but  now  in  its  very  heart.  When  the  delightful  green  and  the  vener- 
able sycamores  of  the  original  site  on  College  Place  had  become  only  a  little  oasis  in 
a  great  roaring  world  of  commercial  activity,  the  college  resolved  to  move  to  its  up- 
town estate,  and  plans  for  a  noble  group  of  buildings  were  prepared  by  Upjohn,  the 
famous  Gothic  architect.  Pending  their  erection,  Columbia  bought  and  occupied 
the  old  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  and  grounds  ;  and  there  it  still  remains,  for  the 
civil  war  of  1861-65  put  an  end  to  its  ambitious  scheme  of  building.  The  Elgin 
estate  is  of  enormous  value,  and  yields  large  revenues  to  the  college. 

The  college  buildings  form  almost  a  double  quadrangle,  covering  the  block  be- 
tween Madison  and  Fourth  Avenues  and  49th  and  50th  Streets,  with  handsome  and 
commodious  brick  buildings,  in  collegiate  Gothic  architecture.  The  library  is  a 
noble  hall,  with  a  triple-arched  roof  on  iron  trusses;  160,000  volumes,  arranged  by 
subjects  ;  long  lines  of  tables  for  readers  ;  and  an  admirable  system  of  service.  Seven 
hundred  serial  publications  are  kept  on  file  in  the  reading-room.  In  one  of  the 
stack-houses  is  the  precious  Torrey  Herbarium,  with  its  60,000  volumes ;  and  the 

astronomical  observatory  occupies  the  tower. 

Columbia  has  developed  into  a  great  and  powerful 
university,  with  226  professors  and  officers  and  1,630 
M  students.     Its  college  under-graduate  department  is 

relatively  small,  the  main  strength  being  given  to 
Igggjj  the  professional  and  advanced  schools.    There  are 

|W  no  dormitories,   or  other  institutions  for  resi- 

dence. Plans  are  being  actively  developed  to 
augment  the  already  large  endow- 
ments, and  to  move  the  university 
to  a  new  site,  covering  17^  acres, 
at  Bloomingdale,  near  the  incho- 
ate Protestant-Episcopal  Cathe- 
dral. The  land  has  already  been 
purchased;  and  Charles  F. 
McKim,  Charles  C.  Haight  and 
Richard  M.  Hunt,  the  eminent 
architects,  are  serving  as  a  com- 
mission to  lay  out  the  new  site. 

The  University  faculties  of 
Law,  Medicine,  Mines,  Political 
Science,  Philosophy,  and  Pure 
Science,  taken  together,  constitute 
the  University,  offering  advanced 
study  and  investigation  in  private 


COLUMBIA  COLLEGE,  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS, 
MADISON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  50TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


273 


or  municipal  law  ;  medicine  and  surgery  ;  mathematics  and  pure  and  applied  science  ; 
history,  economics  and  public  law  ;  and  philosophy,  philology  and  letters.  Columbia 
has  an  extensive  system  of  co-operation,  by  which  it  confers  benefits  upon  others  and 
obtains  for  its  own  students  increased  opportunities.  This  system  embraces  Barnard 
College,  the  Teachers  College,  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Cooper  Union,  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  School  of  Arts  occupies  the  range  of  buildings  along  Madison  Avenue, 
and  has  nearly  50  professors  and  instructors  and  300  students. 

The  School  of  Mines  was  founded  in  1S64,  and  ten  years  later  occupied  the 
costly  new  building  erected  for  its  use.  Among  the  earlier  professors  were  Gen.  F. 
I..  Vinton,  Thomas  Egleston,  Charles  F.  Chandler  (now  Dean  of  the  school),  ami 
John  S.  Newber- 
ry, the  latter  of 
whom  brought 
hither  his  unri- 
valled geological 
and  palxontologi- 
cal  collections. 
The  seven  courses 
are  :  Mining  engi- 
neering, civil  en- 
giileering,  electri- 
cal engineering, 
metallurgy,  geol- 
ogy and  paleon- 
tology, analytical 
and  applied  chem- 
istry, and  archi- 
tecture ;  and  the 
students  are  given 
practical  instruc- 
tion in  geodesy, 
mining,  metal- 
working  and  other  departments.  There  are  also  three  graduate  courses,  of  two 
years  each,  in  electrical  engineering,  sanitary  engineering,  and  special  courses. 
The  department  of  architecture,  under  the  charge  of  Prof.  William  R.  Ware,  is  the 
foremost  architectural  school  in  America,  and  has  a  large  number  of  enthusiastic 
students,  under  competent  and  careful  instruction. 

The  School  of  Law,  of  which  Professor  William  A.  Keener  is  Dean,  was  or- 
ganized in  1S5S  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Theodore  W.  Dwight,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  law-schools  of  the  country.  It  has  a  three  years'  course 
of  study  in  private  and  public  law,  leading  to  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  It  has  a  staff  of 
ten  instructors,  with  315  students.  The  famous  commentaries  of  Chancellor  Kent 
are  an  outgrowth  of  lectures  delivered  by  him  at  Columbia. 

The  School  of  Political  Science,  an  outgrowth  of  the  School  of  Law,  was 
founded  in  1880,  under  Prof.  John  W.  Burgess,  "to  prepare  young  men  for  the 
duties  of  public  life."  It  has  already  won  a  high  measure  of  success,  in  teaching 
constitutional  history  and  law,  history  of  political  theories,  political  economy  and 
social  science,  Roman  law  and  comparative  jurisprudence,  administrative  law,  inter- 
national law  and  history. 

18 


COLUMBIA  COLLEGE  :    LIBRARY  AND  OPEN  QUADRA!* 
MADISON  AVENUE  AND  49th  STREET. 


274 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  School  of  Philosophy  was  founded  in  1890,  for  advanced  courses  in 
philosophy,  philology  and  letters. 

The  School  of  Pure  Science,  an  outgrowth  of  the  School  of  Mines,  began 
in  1892,  for  advanced  courses  in  pure  (as  distinguished  from  applied)  science. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  medical  department  of  Colum- 
bia College,  was  chartered  in  1807  ;  and  six  years  later,  the  School  of  Medicine  of 
the  college,  which  dated  from  1 767,  united  with  it.  In  i860  this  college  became 
nominally  a  department  of  Columbia,  and  in  189 1  became  an  integral  part  of  it.  In 
1884  William  H.  Vanderbilt  presented  #500,000  to  the  college,  which  with  this  gift 

purchased  land  and 
erected  a  building 
at  59th  Street,  near 
loth  Avenue.  A 
few  months  later 
Mr.  Vanderbilt's 
daughter,  Mrs.  Wil- 
liam D.  Sloane, 
and  her  husband 
gave  $250,000  for 
the  erection  of  the 
Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital,  under  the 
control  of  the  col- 
lege ;  and  still  later 
Mr.  Vanderbilt's 
four  sons  gave 
$250,000  for  the 

construction  of  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  and  Dispensary.  The  college  has  50  instruc- 
tors and  570  students.     It  is  equipped  with  electric  lights,  Worthington  pumps,  etc. 

Barnard  College,  at  343  Madison  Avenue,  has  professors  appointed  by  the 
President  of  Columbia.  It  is  practically  a  section  of  Columbia,  with  the  same 
entrance  examinations,  the  use  of  the  same  extensive  library,  and  the  receipt  of  the 
same  degrees.  Here  women  may  secure  an  education  identical  in  quality  and  official 
recognition  with  that  given  to  men.  Founded  in  1889,  it  was  named  for  the  late 
President  of  Columbia  College.  It  has  its  own  botanical  and  chemical  laboratories. 
Its  85  students  are  mainly  New- York  girls,  whose  parents  prefer  that  their  daughters 
should  live  at  home  during  their  college  education. 


COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  M 


ICING'S  HA  XD  BO  OK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


275 


The  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  planned  in  1S29  and  1S30, 
in  several  meetings  of  public-spirited  merchants  and  professional  men,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1 83 1.  The  idea  was  to  offset  Episcopalian  and  conservative  Columbia  with 
an  undenominational  modern  university.  Until  1SS3  a  part  of  the  Council  was  elected 
by  the  City  Legislature,  and  it  was  forbidden  that  any  religious  denomination  should 
have  a  majority  in  the  Council.  John  Taylor  Johnston  and  Charles  Butler,  recent 
Presidents  of  the  Council,  have  served  in  it  respectively  forty-six  years  and  fifty-six 


UNIVERSITY  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK,  WASHINGTON  SQUARE,  EAST,  AND  WAVERLY  PLACE. 

years.  The  property  of  the  University,  all  of  which  has  come  from  gifts  and  be- 
quests, amounts  to  about  $2,000,000.  The  University  building,  on  Washington 
Square,  erected  in  1832-35,  is  a  conspicuous  structure  of  light-colored  limestone,  in 
Gothic  architecture,  and  contains  the  Council-room,  with  its  many  portraits  of  dis- 
tinguished members  of  the  Council,  and  the  class-rooms  and  laboratories,  museum 
and  observatory  of  the  Department  of  Arts  and  Science.  In  ancient  days  many 
famous  authors,  artists  and  scholars  dwelt  in  this  noble  building,  where  Prof.  S.  F.  B. 
Morse  discovered  the  recording  telegraph,  Dr.  John  William  Draper  made  the  first 
photographs  from  the  human  face,  and  Theodore  Winthrop  wrote  Cecil  Dreme. 
The  University  has  about  100  professors  and  instructors  and  1,330  students.  The 
Chancellors  have  been  Drs.  James  Matthews,  Theodore  Frelinghuvsen,  Gardiner 
Spring,  Isaac  Ferris,  Howard  Crosby,  John  Hall  and  Henry  M.  MacCracken. 

In  1891-92  the  University  took  an  important  step,  in  purchasing  for  $300,000,  a 
new  site,  intended  in  particular  for  the  College  of  Arts  and  Philosophy,  the  tech- 
nological schools,  and  the  Graduate  Seminary.  The  School  of  Law,  the  School  of 
Pedagogy,  and  part  of  the  Graduate  Seminary  work  will  remain  upon  Washington 
Square,  where  a  new  building  will  be  erected,  of  which  probably  seven  or  eight 


276 


KIN&S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


stories  will  be  rented  for  business  purposes,  while  two  or  three  stories  will  be  reserved 
for  the  schools  named,  and  for  University  offices,  and  popular  lectures.  The  Medi- 
cal School  will  continue  as  at  present.  The  new  site  is  an  elevated  plateau  of  twenty 
acres,  accessible  by  railway  in  less  than  twenty  minutes  from  42d  Street.  It  is  to  be 
known  as  "University  Heights,"  and  is  admirably  adapted  to  University  purposes. 
The  Department  of  Arts  and  Science  dates  from  1832,  and  for  over  half  a 

century  consisted  of  a  college  on  the 
approved  American  plan,  with  from  100 
to  150  students.  University  College 
now  has  twenty-six  professors  and  lec- 
turers, and  its  classical  and  scientific 
courses  lead  respectively  to  the  degrees 
of  Bachelor  of  Art  and  Bachelor  of 
Science.  Among  its  professors  have 
been  the  Drapers,  Vethake,  Mcllvaine 
and  Robinson  ;  John  Torrey,  the  botan- 
ist ;  Tayler  Lewis,  the  philologist; 
George  Bush,  the  commentator ;  Nord- 
heimer,  the  Hebraist ;  Henry  P.  Tap- 
pan,  the  philosopher ;  Davies  and 
Loomis,  the  mathematicians,  and  S.  F. 
B.  Morse,  the  inventor. 

The  School  of  Civil  Engineer- 
ing and  the  School  of  Chemistry, 
two  well  conducted  institutions  for 
technical  training,  are  controlled  by 
the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Science,  which 
also  conducts 

The  School  of  Pedagogy, 
founded  in  1890,  to  give  higher  training 
to  teachers,  in  psychology  and  ethics, 
the  theory  and  practice  of  pedagogy, 
and  the  history,  classics  and  systems 
of  education.  There  are  260  students 
in  the  school. 

The  Graduate  Seminary, 
founded  in  1886,  receives  candidates  for  the  degrees  of  Master  of  Arts  or  Science,  and 
Doctor  of  Philosophy.  Over  100  graduate  students  are  in  attendance,  and  thirty 
special  courses  are  provided. 

The  Department  of  Law,  with  its  under-graduate  and  graduate  schools,  has  its 
lecture-room  and  library  in  the  fine  old  University  building.  The  foundation  of  this 
faculty  was  carefully  planned  in  the  year  1835,  tm3  Hon.  B.  F.  Butler,  then  At- 
torney-General of  the  United  States.  The  council  of  the  University  adopted  his  plans, 
and  Mr.  Butler  accepted  the  office  of  Senior  Professor.  The  Law  school  was  soon 
suspended,  and  again  opened  in  1858;  but  it  is  only  during  the  past  few  years  that  it 
has  advanced  to  a  prominent  rank.  As  Prof.  Stoddard  remarks,  in  that  period  "it 
has  changed  its  character  from  a  school  of  law  forms  to  a  school  of  jurisprudence;" 
and  develops  at  once  the  systematic  study  of  statute  law  and  the  observation  of  pro- 
fessional methods  of  research  and  practice.  The  Dean  and  Senior  Professor  is  Aus- 
tin Abbott,  LL.  D. ;  and  there  are  three  other  professors  and  six  lecturers.  The 


LOOMIS   LABORATORY,  UNIVERSITY   MEDICAL  COLLEGE, 
414  EAST  26TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


*77 


course  js  of  two  years,  with  several  advanced  courses  in  the  graduate  year.  There 
are  240  students  (nearly  half  of  them  college  graduates),  including  also  ten  women. 
The  Graduate  Law  School  was  opened  in  1891,  with  40  pupils,  and  requires  the 
completion  of  five  subjects  for  the  degree  of  Master  of  Laws.  The  University  also 
gives  popular  courses  of  lectures  on  law,  in  particular  to  business  women,  every  win- 
ter.   This  lectureship  is  endowed  by  the  Women's  Legal  Education  Society. 

Theology  is  not  taught  by  the  University  ;  but  in  1890  an  alliance  was  formed 
with  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  by  which  students  of  either  institution  are 
admitted  under  easy  conditions  to  the  libraries  and  lecture-courses  of  the  other.  Also, 
the  graduates  of  Union  Seminary  may  receive  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 

The  Faculty  of  Medicine  (University  Medical  College),  founded  in  1841, 
numbered  among  its  earlier  members  Drs.  Valentine  Mott,  Bedford,  Post,  Draper, 
and  Paine.  Its  buildings  are  on  26th  Street,  near  the  East  River,  fronting  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and  near  the  ferry-entrance  to  the  great  city  charities.  They  consist  of 
the  central  edifice,  which  includes  the  offices,  with  the  lecture-room  and  amphi- 
theatre, either  of  which  seats  500  students;  the  west  wing,  in  which  are  the  Dis- 
pensary, and  eight  "section  rooms"  ;  and  the  east  wing,  to  which  the  anonymous 
giver  of  $100,000  for  its  erection  attached  the  name  of  the  Loomis  Laboratory,  after 
the  senior  professor.  Its  five 
floors  contain  the  five  laboratories 
of  Materia  Medica,  Physics, 
Chemistry,  Physiology,  Biology 
and  Pathology.  There  are  23 
professors,  and  35  lecturers. 
Three  winter  courses,  each  com- 
prising eight  months'  study,  are 
required  for  the  degree  of  M.  I). 
The  University  Medical  College 
has  640  students,  of  whom  30 
came  from  Canada,  30  from  Rus- 
sia, and  many  others  from  Central 
and  South  America,  and  other 
countries.  Among  its  6,000  grad- 
uates have  been  many  illustrious 
physicians  and  scientists. 

The  Medical  Schools  bring 
wide  renown  to  the  great  metrop- 
olis for  their  magnitude  and  their 
very  unusual  opportunities  for  im- 
parting a  practical  education. 
Many  of  the  foremost  of  Ameri- 
can physicians  live  in  New  York, 
and  here  also  are  brought  thou- 
sands of  patients  requiring  the 
care  of  the  most  skillful  specialis 
societies  also  afford  rich  stimulus  to  the  student,  and  tend  to  elevate  more  and  more 
the  spirit  of  the  profession.  Here  occur  the  meetings  of  the  laryngological,  derma- 
tological,  clinical,  microscopical,  medico-historical,  medico-legal,  neurological, 
obstetrical,  medico-chirurgical,  surgical,  pathological,  ophthalmological,  therapeutical 
and  other  cognate  societies.     Here  also  are  held  the  fortnightly  meetings  of  the 


278 


KING^S  tfAXi\':U0K  OF  NEW  YORK. 


New-York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  which  dates 
from  1847,  an(l  nas  f°r 
nearly  half  a  century 
studied  how  best  to  pro- 
mote the  public  health, 
to  raise  the  standard  of 
medical  education,  to 
advance  the  honor  of 
the  profession,  and  to 
cultivate  the  science  of 
medicine.  The  Acad- 
emy maintains  a  library 
of  more  than  50,000 
volumes,  which  is  open 
to  the  people  all  day 
long ;  and  it  also  sub- 
scribes for  and  keeps 
on    file    all    the  cur- 


POST -GRADUATE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  AND  HOSPITAL,  226  EAST  20TH  STREET. 

rent  medical  period- 
icals and  monographs,  showing  the  latest  results  of  professional  research  in  all  coun- 
tries. Students  are  able  to  live  in  New  York  at  an  expense  not  exceeding  that 
attending  life  at  other  educational  centres,  and  also  find  more  frequent  opportunities 
for  partial  self-support.  They  are  broadened  by  the  myriad  influences  of  the  metro- 
politan city,  and  may  become  in  a  sense  citizens  of  the  world,  while  preparing  for  the 
arduous  professional  life  before  them.  If  their  opportunities  and  advantages  are 
fully  availed  of,  they  will  enter  upon  the  practice  of  the  healing  art  with  a  better 
equipment  of  special  and  general  knowledge  than  can  usually  be  acquired  by 
students  in  the  quiet  cloisters  of  secluded  rural  colleges. 

The  noted  medical  schools  of  Columbia  College  and  the  University  have  been 
hereinbefore  described. 

Bellevue-Hospital  Medical  College  owes  its  inception  to  the  construction 
of  an  amphitheatre  for  clinical  lectures  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  in  1849,  followed  eight 
years  later  by  the  erection  of  a  pathological  building.  The  college  began  its  work 
in  1 86 1,  with  lectures  on  military  surgery,  a  theme  of  vital  interest  at  that  time  ; 
and  has  since  developed  into  one  of  the  leading  medical  schools  of  America,  under 
the  lead  of  men  like  Mott,  Flint,  Hammond  and  Doremus.  The  institution  occupies 
a  part  of  the  grounds  of  Bellevue  Hospital,  at  the  foot  of  East  26th  Street,  and  close 
to  the  East  River.  The  contiguity  of  the  great  public  hospital,  with  the  numberless 
opportunities  there  afforded  for  obtaining  a  practical  knowledge  of  both  the  duties 
and  the  resources  of  the  medical  profession,  places  it  in  the  power  of  the  Bellevue 
students  to  enter  upon  their  life-duties  competent  to  meet  intelligently  every  emer- 
gency. Almost  every  physical  ill  which  they  may  encounter  in  future  practice  comes 
under  their  observation  here,  and  also  the  most  modern  scientific  and  skilful  means 
of  relief,  as  given  by  sagacious  physicians.  The  hospital  clinics  afford  object-lessons 
in  every  variety  of  disease  requiring  indoor  treatment  ;  and  the  Bureau  of  Medical 
and  Surgical  Relief  for  the  Outdoor  Poor  at  its  clinics  illustrates  the  best  treatments 
in  minor  surgery,  and  of  commoner  and  less  grave  diseases,  especially  in  disorders 
of  children.  The  bureau  was  organized  and  elaborated  by  the  Faculty  of  the  col- 
lege, and  has  been  of  immense  service  to  the  poor,  whose  profound  respect  for  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


279 


skill  of  #the  attendants  is  justly  deserved.  Over  40,000  patients  are  treated  here 
every  year.  The  college  has  graduated  upwards  of  4,000  doctors.  It  has  35  in- 
structors and  550  students  (60  of  whom  are  foreigners,  mainly  from  Canada  and  the 
West  Indies).  A  recent  addition  to  the  college  buildings  is  the  Carnegie  Laboratory, 
a  five-story  building  containing  three  general  laboratories  and  a  large  auditorium. 
The  President  of  the  college  is  William  T.  Lusk,  M.  D. 

The  New-York  Post-Graduate  Hospital  and  Medical  School  has  a  plain 
and  substantial  brick  building  at  226  20th  Street,  near  Second  Avenue.  This  in- 
stitution dates  from  1882,  and  is  intended  to  give  practising  physicians  opportunities 
to  see  and  study  the  newest  discoveries  in  medical  and  surgical  science.  Its  clinics 
diffuse  the  freshest  knowledge. 

The  New-York  Homoeopathic  Medical  College  and  Hospital  received 
its  charter  in  1861,  and  has  been  very  successful.  Its  building,  at  63d  Street  and 
Avenue  A,  is  well  equipped  for  the  curriculum  of  lectures,  clinics,  and  demonstra- 
tions, which  extend  over  a  period  of  three  years.  The  Dean  is  Timothy  Field  Allen, 
M.  1).,  LL.  D.,  with  whom  serves  a  body  of  28  instructors.    The  pupils  number  130. 

The  New-York  College  of  Dentistry,  chartered  in  1865  and  opened  in 
1866,  is  at  23d  Street  and  Third  Avenue,  and  has  40  instructors  and  250  students. 
The  dean  is  Dr.  Frank  Abbott.  It  educates  students  in  the  scientific  and  chirur- 
gical  requirements  of  the  science,  with  series  of  lectures  on  operative  and  mechan- 
ical dentistry,  and  daily  practice  and  demonstration  at  operations  in  the  chair,  and 
careful  laboratory  practice. 

The  College  of  Pharmacy  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  founded  in 
1829,  and  gives  instruction  in  chemistry,  materia  medica,  botany,  pharmacognosy, 
pharmacy,  physiology,  and  physics,  by  afternoon  lectures,  quizzes,  and  laboratory 
work.  The  buildings,  on  West  68th  Street,  near  Ninth  Avenue,  contain  valuable 
museums  and  apparatus,  spacious  laboratories  and  lecture-room,  and  the  largest  phar- 
maceutical library  in  America.  The 
course  includes'  thirty  hours  a  week, 
for  two  years  ;  and  converts  druggists' 
apprentices  into  thoroughly  equipped 
and  scientific  pharmacists,  fitted  to 
understand  and  compound  all  manner 
of  medicines.  There  are  400  students, 
including  about  a  dozen  foreigners. 
The  president  is  Samuel  W.  Fairchild. 

The  Women's  Medical  College 
of  the  New-York  Infirmary  for 
Women  and  Children  was  chartered 
in  1865,  as  an  outgrowth  of  a  dispen- 
sary which  was  founded  in  1854,  and 
the  hospital  which  was  added  thereto 
in  1857.  The  sessions  of  the  college 
are  held  in  a  handsome  and  commodi- 
ous new  building  on  Stuyvesant  Square, 
near  the  Infirmary.  There  are  30  pro- 
fessors and  instructors,  and  about  90 
students  (including  16  foreigners),  the 
course    covering    three    vears.  Dr. 

„     .,  .         *  .     A.  *  '  N.-Y.  COLLEGE  OF  DENTISTRY,  205  EAST  22 

Lmily  Blackwell  is  the  Dean.  near  third  avenue. 


280  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  New-York  Medical  College  and  Hospital  for  Women  dates  from 

1863,  and  has  about  40  students  in  homoeopathic  medicine,  at  213  West  54th  Street. 

The  Eclectic  Medical  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  founded  in  1865, 
is  composed  of  21  instructors  and  80  students.     It  is  at  239  East  14th  Street. 

The  School  of  Ophthalmology  and  Otology  is  connected  with  the  New- 
York  Ophthalmic  Hospital  (201  East  23d  Street),  and  gives  a  complete  course  of 

study  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear  and  throat. 

Nurses'  Training-Schools.—  Earge 
hospitals  find  their  best  development  in  large 
cities  ;  and  among  their  most  valuable  agen- 
cies are  their  corps  of  trained  nurses.  Con- 
versely, the  training-schools  for  nurses  must 
be  intimately  associated  with  hospitals, 
where  the  students  may  daily  observe  the 
practical  workings  of  their  profession.  There 
are  over  300  pupils  in  the  nurses'  training- 
schools  connected  with  the  Charity,  the 
Bellevue,  the  New-York  and  St.  Euke's 
Hospitals.  One  of  the  largest  of  these  is 
the  one  connected  with  the  New-York  Hos- 
pital, where  60  pupils  are  enrolled. 

The  D.  O.  Mills  Training-School 
for  Male  Nurses  occupies  a  substantial 
brick  building  erected  in  1888  in  the  Belle- 
vue-Hospital  grounds,  at  the  foot  of  East 
26th  Street.  It  is  arranged  and  fitted  up  as 
a  home  for  the  nurses  during  their  two-years' 
course  of  study,  which  is  on  the  same  lines 
as  that  of  the  Training-School  for  Female  Nurses,  nearly  opposite.  Two  classes 
have  been  graduated  from  the  school,  and  there  are  now  54  inmates,  all  of  whom 
serve  in  the  male  wards  of  the  hospital.  It  is  a  generous  educational  charity, 
founded  by  Darius  O.  Mills. 

The  Columbia  College  of  Midwifery,  242  West  33d  Street,  is  another  mani- 
festation of  the  healing  art.  It  was  incorporated  in  1883.  Connected  with  it  is  the 
Dispensary  for  Diseases  of  Women. 

The  College  of  Midwifery  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  organized  in  1883, 
and  in  1884  became  connected  with  the  Nurses'  Training-School  of  the  Woman's 
Infirmary  and  Maternity  Home,  247  West  49th  Street. 

The  New-York  College  of  Massage,  also  at  247  West  49th  Street,  was 
organized  in  1884. 

The  New-York  College  of  Fine  Forces,  at  4  West  14th  Street,  was  char- 
tered in  1887.  It  teaches  chromopathy,  mind  cure,  patho -mechanism,  magnetic 
massage,  and  solar  magnetics.    E.  D.  Babbitt,  M.  D.,  is  dean. 

Veterinary  Colleges  and  Hospitals  have  arisen  from  the  vast  investments  in 
American  live-stock,  the  annual  losses  of  millions  of  dollars  by  contagious  diseases, 
the  need  of  scientific  inspection  of  meat  and  milk,  and  the  ruin  caused  by  quack 
horse-doctors.  With  its  organized  Veterinary  Society  of  graduates,  its  two  veterinary 
colleges  and  its  two  hospitals,  New  York  is  one  of  the  foremost  educational  centres 
as  to  the  arts  of  healing  domestic  animals.  The  students  are  taught  the  theory  and 
practice  of  veterinary  medicine,  anatomy  (with  dissections)  and  surgery,  pathology 


ICING* S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


281 


and  obstetrics,  therapeutics  and  microscopy,  ophthalmology,  and  bacteriology  ;  with 
scientific  care,  and  abundant  illustrations  and  experiments. 

The  New-York  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  and  School  of  Com- 
parative Medicine,  chartered  in  1857,  is  at  332  East  27th  Street.  It  has  ten 
professors  and  four  lecturers ;  and  over  100  students,  attending  lectures  on  equine 
anatomy,  bovine  pathology,  horse-shoeing,  and  many  connected  subjects.  Many  of 
its  graduates  are  appointed  veterinary  surgeons  for  the  United-States  Army.  The 
hospital  of  the  college  affords  opportunities  of  observing  the  diseases  of  domestic 
animals,  and  their  treatment,  and  also  of  witnessing  surgical  operations.  The  Presi- 
dent is  Dr.  William  T.  White. 

The  American  Veterinary  College  dates  from  1875;  anc*  has  its  home  at 
141  West  54th  Street,  where  the  American  Veterinary  Hospital  receives  and  treats 
disabled  horses  and  dogs,  admitting  patients  at  all  hours.  The  President  is  Dr  A. 
Liautard;  and  there  are  16  instructors  and  130  students. 

Religious  Instruction. — The  Empire  City  has  long  been  recognized  as  an  ad- 
mirable drill-ground  for  students  in  the  fields  of  religion  and  philanthropy.  Here 
are  thousands  of  the  most  formidable  heathen  in  the  world,  whose  condition  demands 
amelioration;  and  other 
thousands  of  earnest  and 
devoted  Christians,  always 
studying  and  practicing 
methods  of  beneficence. 
Many  of  the  foremost  clergy- 
men in  the  Republic  occupy 
pulpits  here  ;  and  the  head- 
quarters and  conventions  of 
various  denominations  seek 
this  great  metropolitan  focus. 
Large  opportunities  are  also 
afforded  for  students  to  sup- 
port themselves  in  mission- 
work,  teaching  and  parochial 
assistance. 

The  General  Theo- 
logical Seminary  of  The 
Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  was  established  by 
the  General  Convention  in 
181 7  ;  it  began  instructions 
in  1819;  and  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1822.  Since  that 
date,  it  has  graduated  1,200 
men,  of  whom  34  have 
become  bishops.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  the  Bishops  of  the  Church,  the  Dean,  25 
appointees  of  the  House  of  Deputies  of  the  General  Convention,  and  25  men  elected 
by  former  contributing  dioceses.  There  are  twelve  professors  and  instructors,  and 
131  students  in  holy  orders.  Ninety  of  these  are  college-graduates,  including  seven 
from  colleges  in  Sweden,  and  others  from  colleges  in  Canada,  Persia  and  Turkev. 
Tuition  is  free,  to  properly  accredited  candidates.    There  are  rooms  for  117  students 


D.  O.  MILLS  TRAINING  SCHOOL  FOR  MALE  NURSES,  431  EAST  26th  STREET. 


2.82 


KINCS  IfAXDROOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


in  the  seminary  ;  and  each  of  these  pays  $225  a  year  for  the  room  and  its  care,  coal 
and  gas,  and  board.  The  buildings  are  on  Chelsea  Square,  between  20th  and  21st 
Streets  and  Ninth  and  Tenth  Avenues.  In  1880  the  square  was  occupied  only  by  two 
grim  old  stone  edifices  ;  but  since  that  date  there  has  been  erected  a  series  of  hand- 
some brick  and  stone  buildings,  in  collegiate  Gothic  architecture.  The  Memorial 
Chapel  of  the  Good  Shepherd  has  a  melodious  chime  ;  a  reredos  of  exquisitely  carved 


UNION  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,  PARK  AVENUE,  FROM   69th   TO  70TH  STREETS. 

alabaster,  adorned  with  the  Good  Shepherd  and  eight  Evangelists  and  Apostles,  in 
statuary  marble ;  and  ten  storied  windows  of  English  stained  glass.  The  beautiful 
Hobart  Hall  contains  the  library  of  23,000  volumes,  with  an  open  timber  roof,  and 
many  interesting  portraits.  The  velvety  green  lawns  and  the  groups  of  shrubbery 
between  the  buildings  and  the  extent  and  massive  construction,  and  the  quiet  dignity 
of  the  seminary  buildings  make  a  charming  oasis  of  verdure  and  peace  in  the  vast 
whirl  of  the  city's  secular  life. 

The  Union  Theological  Seminary  occupies  a  range  of  handsome  buildings 
oa  Lenox  Hill,  along  Park  Avenue,  between  69th  and  70th  Streets.  This  location 
was  occupied  in  1884;  and  the  buildings  form  a  quadrangle,  and  include  offices  and 
lecture-rooms,  library,  chapel  and  gymnasium,  museum  and  reading-room,  and 
many  furnished  chambers  for  the  students.  The  library,  containing  70,000  volumes 
and  50,000  pamphlets,  was  built  up  on  the  basis  of  the  library  of  Leander  Van  Ess. 
The  seminary  was  founded  in  1836.  Since  1857  the  Directors  have  made  a  yearly 
report  to  the  General  Assembly,  though  now  the  institution  is  not  under  ecclesiasti- 
cal control.  Its  officers  give  their  assent  to  the  standards  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  ;  but  the  seminary  is  open  to  students  from  any  Christian  denomination. 
There  are  13  members  of  the  Faculty,  and  150  students.    Among  the  professors  are 


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Thomas  S.  Hastings  (President),  George  L.  Prentiss,  Philip  Schaff,  Marvin  R.  Vin- 
cent, Charles  A.  Briggs  and  Francis  Brown.  The  seminary  has  endowed  instructor- 
ships  in  vocal  culture,  elocution  and  sacred  music ;  and  lectureships  in  the  evidences 
of  Christianity,  the  relations  of  the  Bible  to  science,  and  hygienic  instruction.  The 
course  of  study  covers  three  years.  The  recent  trial  of  Dr.  Briggs  on  doctrinal 
points  profoundly  affected  Union  Seminary. 

The  Jewish  Theological  Seminary,  founded  in  1886,  in  1892  occupied  the 
handsome  residence  at  736  Lexington  Avenue ;  and  has  three  preceptors  and 

fifteen  students.  The 
course  lasts  nine  years, 
and  educates  young 
Hebrews  to  be  rabbis 
or  teachers.  The  sem- 
inary  is  maintained 
chiefly  by  the  New- 
York,  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore  synagogues. 
The  president  of  the 
Faculty  is  Dr.  Sabato 
Morais. 

The  New-York 
Missionary  Train- 
ing College  aims  to 
prepare  persons  devoid  of  an  elaborate  liberal  education,  for  city  and  foreign  mis- 
sionaries and  evangelists,  by  spiritual  and  scriptural  studies  of  the  Bible  and  theology, 
and  a  practical  and  experimental  training.  The  college,  a  fire-proof  five-story 
building  at  690  Eighth  Avenue,  is  occupied  by  the  men-students.  Berachah  Home, 
at  250  West  44th  Street,  and  the  annex  at  453  West  47th  Street,  are  for  the  women. 
The  course  is  three  years  in  length.  There  are  about  a  dozen  instructors  and  200 
students,  of  whom  90  are  women.  A  score  come  from  Canada,  and  there  are  others 
from  Scotland,  England,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Russia,  India,  Japan  and  Hayti. 

The  New-York  Deaconess  Home  and  Training-School  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  at  241  West  14th  Street,  has  about  a  score  of  inmates, 
studying  the  Bible,  elementary  medicine,  hygiene,  nursing  and  other  requisites  for 
the  sisterhood  of  service  among  the  poor  and  the  sick.  Graduates  of  the  school 
become  probationers,  and  these  become  uniform  deaconesses,  devoted  entirely  to 
Christian  labor  with  the  wandering  and  sorrowing,  the  poor  and  the  orphan,  the 
sick  and  the  dying. 

The  International  Medical  Missionary  Training  Institute  is  at  118 

East  45th  Street,  with  a  ladies'  branch  at  121  East  45th  Street. 

St.  John's  College  was  founded  in  1841  by  Archbishop  John  Hughes,  0:1  the 
famous  old  Rose-Hill  estate  at  Fordham,  and  its  first  President  was  John  McClos- 
key,  who  became  the  first  American  Cardinal.  In  1846  the  college  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Jesuits,  who  have  ever  since  controlled  its  destinies  with  singular  abil- 
ity and  devotion,  preparing  many  young  men  for  high  achievements.  St.  John's 
has  several  massive  and  imposing  stone  buildings,  looking  out  on  a  broad  lawn,  which 
is  adorned  with  a  bronze  statue  of  Archbishop  Hughes.  The  college  conducts  three 
courses  of  study,  collegiate,  academic  and  scientific,  and  about  350  students  are 
engaged  therein.  The  surrounding  country  and  the  St.  John's  estate  are  very  pic- 
turesque and  attractive,  and  the  avenues  of  ancient  elms  add  beauty  to  the  grounds. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  is  a  Jesuit  institution,  opened  in  1847 
and  chartered  in  1 86 1,  and  now  having  twenty  instructors  and  over  300  collegiate 
students.  Its  handsome  and  imposing  buildings  are  at  39  to  59  West  15th  Street 
and  30  to  50  West  16th  Street,  near  Sixth  Avenue.  The  library  contains  25,000 
volumes,  and  the  museum  and  herbarium  have  large  and  valuable  collections. 


286 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Manhattan  College  is  another  great  Catholic  institution.  Its  stately  build- 
ings overlook  Manhattanville  and  many  leagues  of  the  Hudson  River  and  the  Pali- 
sades. It  was  founded  by  the  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools  in  1853,  and  received 
a  charter  in  1863.  It  has  twenty-two  instructors  and  300  students,  one-third  of 
whom  are  collegiate.     It  possesses  a  fine  library  and  museum. 

The  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart  is  at  Manhattanville (130th  Street  and 
St. -Nicholas  Avenue),  where  it  occupies  a  group  of  stone  buildings  in  a  pleasant 


THE  SACRED  HEART,  ST.  NICHOLAS  AVENUE  AND  1 30th  STREET. 


park  of  lawns  and  groves.  It  has  about  250  students,  mostly  boarders,  cared  fur 
by  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  who  also  conduct  a  large  day-school  at  49  West 
17th  Street,  and  a  boarding  and  day  academy  at  533  Madison  Avenue. 

The  Academy  of  Mount  St.  Vincent,  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity,  is  just  above  Riverdale,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River.  Near  the 
academy  stands  the  stone  castle  of  Font  Hill,  built  by  Edwin  Forrest  for  his  home, 
and  now  a  part  of  the  religious  institution,  whose  domain  covers  sixty-three  acres. 
The  200  girls  studying  here  wear  blue  uniform  dresses,  and  French  is  the  language 
spoken.    The  property  of  this  academy  is  valued  at  nearly  $1,000,000. 

St.-Louis  College,  at  224  West  58th  Street,  has  75  pupils.  It  was  founded  in 
1869,  by  Rev.  Pere  Ronay,  for  Catholic  boys  of  refined  families. 

The  La-Salle  Academy,  at  44  and  46  2d  Street,  has  130  pupils,  under  the 
care  of  the  Christian  Brothers. 

The  Holy-Cross  Academy,  is  at  343  West  42d  Street.  It  has  250  girl- 
students. 

St.  Catharine's  Convent  is  at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  81st  Street. 

St.  Vincent  Ferrers  Convent,  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  East  65th  Street, 
has  fine  buildings,  and  a  capable  body  of  teachers. 

Catholic  Parochial  Schools,  with  large  and  costly  buildings  and  appliances, 
are  numerous. 

The  Catholic  Private  Schools,  of  which  there  are  a  dozen  of  a  high  order, 
are  for  Catholic  children.  Among  them  are  the  Ursuline  and  Villa  Maria  Acade- 
mies, the  Holy  Rosary,  St.  Augustine's  and  St.  Cecilia's. 

Trinity-Church  Schools  include  a  group  of  interesting  Episcopal  institutions, 
such  as  the  parochial  school  for  boys,  on  Trinity  Place  ;  the  girls'  school  of  St. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


287 


Paul's  on  Church  Street  ;  and  the  night  schools  for  men  and  women.  The  indus- 
trial schools  of  the  parish  teach  sewing  to  more  than  2,000  women  ;  and  the  Sisters 
of  St.  Mary  conduct  a  training-school  for  girls  to  learn  household  service. 

The  St.  John  Baptist  and  St.  Mary's  Schools  are  private  institutions  for 
girls,  at  231  East  17th  Street  and  8  East  46th  Street.  St.  Mary's  (founded  in  1867) 
has  160  girls,  under  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary.    It  is  an  expensive  and  efficient  school. 

The  Riverside  School,  at  152  West  103d  Street,  is  an  Episcopal  private 
school,  with  100  pupils. 

The  Friends'  Seminary,  at  226  East  16th  Street,  has  125  students. 
St.  Matthew's  Academy,  at  156  Elizabeth  Street,  is  attended  chiefly  by 
children  of  the  Evangelical  Lutherans. 

The  Society  for  Ethical  Culture  was  founded  in  1888  for  the  study  and  prac- 
tical teaching  of  the  science  of  ethics,  based  on  purely  humanitarian  grounds  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  theological  basis  of  Christian  ethics.  Prof.  Felix  Adler  has 
long  been  prominently  identified  with  the  society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders.  Religious  services  are  held  every  Sunday  at  Chickering  Hall,  corner  of 
Fifth  Avenue  and  West  1 8th  Street,  and  the  society  is  actively  engaged  in  benevo- 
lent work.     It  is  about  to  erect  a  half-million-dollar  building  up  town. 

Art  Education. — New  York  is  the  foremost  of  American  cities  in  regard  to 
art,  and  its  public  galleries,  private  collections,  and  sales-galleries  are  of  more  than 
continental  reputation,  and  in- 
clude many  noble  works,  both 
of  the  old  masters  and  of  the 
best  modern  schools.  It  is 
therefore  natural  that  several 
well-attended  art-schools  have 
grown  up  amid  such  surround- 
ings. Even  the  public  schools 
teach  drawing  to  all  their 
pupils  ;  and  several  famous 
artists  admit  to  their  studios 
promising  students.  The 
American  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  was  founded  in  1802, 
mainly  by  merchants,  and 
opened  its  collections  to  art- 
students  in  1825.  But  the 
policy  was  narrow  and  churl- 
ish ;  and  in  the  same  year  the 
students  withdrew  and,  under 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  and  A.  B. 
Durand,  formed  the  New- York 
Drawing  Association. 

The  National  Academy 
of  Design,  whose  art-schools 
occupy  a  part  of  the  Venetian  palace  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  23d  Street,  grew  out  of 
the  New-York  Drawing  Association.  The  schools  are  open  both  to  men  and  women, 
in  morning,  afternoon  and  evening  sessions.  There  are  classes  in  sketching,  and 
drawing  from  antique  statuary  and  living  figures,  with  lectures  on  perspective, 
anatomy,  and  composition.    The  pupils  average  250, 


ACADEMY  OF 


(EART,  49  WEST  17TH  ST.  .  NEAR  SIXTH  AVE. 


288 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  has  art-schools  which  give  careful  techni- 
cal instruction  in  free-hand  and  mechanical  drawing,  designing,  painting,  modelling, 
architecture,  and  other  branches.  A  travelling  scholarship  has  lately  been  endowed, 
to  enable  competent  male  students  in  painting  to  have  the  benefit  of  European 
instruction  also. 

The  Art-Students'  League  of  New  York,  founded  in  1875,  is  in  its  elegant 
new  building  at  215  West  57th  Street ;  and  has  day  and  evening  classes  of  men  and 


MOUNT  ST.  VINCENT  ACADEMY,  RIVERDALE,  BEYOND  THE  HARLEM  RIVER. 

women  studying  portraiture,  composition,  sketching,  modelling,  and  drawing  and 
modelling  from  sculptures  or  from  live  models.    Among  the  students  here  have  been 
Church,  Remington,  De  Thulstrup,  Howard  Pyle,  and  other  well-known  men.  Among 
the  instructors  are  Beckwith,  Mowbray,  Weir,  Chase,  St.  Gaudens  and  Kenyon  Cox. 
The  Gotham  Art  Students  are  at  17  Bond  Street. 

The  Harlem  Art  Association,  at  149  East  125th  Street,  affords  art  instruc- 
tion for  the  residents  of  upper  New  York. 

The  Society  of  Decorative  Art,  at  28  East  21st  Street,  has  classes  in  fine 
needle-work,  china-painting,  fan-painting,  water-colors,  and  other  branches  of  art ; 
and  aims  to  thoroughly  train  women,  each  in  one  kind  of  decorative  work. 

The  School  of  Industrial  Art  and  Technical  Design  for  Women, 
founded  in  1881  by  Mrs.  Florence  E.  Cory,  is  at  134  Fifth  Avenue,  and  successfully 
teaches  designing  for  carpets,  wall-paper,  cretonne,  calico,  silk,  linen,  portieres, 
carved  and  inlaid  work,  stained  glass,  lace,  decorated  cards,  china,  and  all  industrial 
art  manufactures. 

The  American  Art  School  (A.  L.  Blanchard's),  at  326  Fifth  Avenue,  near 
33d  Street,  was  established  in  1879,  an(^  teaches  drawing  and  all  branches  of 
painting,  and  especially  tapestry  painting. 

The  New- York  Institute  for  Artist-Artisans,  at  140  West  23d  Street,  is  a 
school  founded  in  1888  by  eminent  firms,  citizens  and  artists  to  develop  distinctive 
American  art  and  artisanship  combined,  and  to  popularize  art  and  make  it  vital,  domes- 
tic and  national.  A  AT.-  Y.  Times  editorial  says,  ' 4  It  is  by  all  odds  the  best,  most  demo- 
cratic, most  thorough  and  promising  art-school  in  the  country.  It  is  leading  the  van  in 
industrial  art-education."   There  are  departments  in  Illustration,  Painting,  Sculpture, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


289 


Architecture,  Textiles,  Wall-paper,  Ceramics,  Wood-carving,  Metal  and  Jewelry  work. 
The  terms  are  .^50  a  year,  with  a  few  prize-scholarships.  John  Ward  Stimson,  pre- 
viously so  successful  at  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  is  the  educational  director. 

The  Woman's  Art-School  in  the  Cooper  Union  maintains  classes  in 
painting,  oil-color,  drawing  from  the  antique  and  from  life,  photo-color,  photo- 
crayon,  painting  porcelain  photographs,  pen  and  ink  drawing,  retouching  negatives, 
designing  for  silks  and  windows,  and  preparation  for  teaching  art.  It  is  intended 
to  supply  to  women  of  taste  and  capacity,  from  anywhere,  a  free  education  in  some 
one  professional  branch  of  art,  in  morning  and  afternoon  classes.  The  night  school 
of  art  has  over  1,000  pupils  in  cast-drawing,  form-drawing,  decorative  designing, 
ornamental  drawing,  rudimental  drawing,  modelling  in  clay,  perspective  drawing, 
mechanical  drawing  and  architectural  drawing.  The  students  are  instructed  by  able 
artists,  like  Gifford  and  Weir,  and  are  provided  with  lectures  on  various  branches  of 
art.  Over  400  persons  study  in  the  Woman's  Art-School,  and  a  still  larger  number 
in  the  night  school,  and  there  are  always  many  more  applicants  than  can  be  received. 
These  Cooper-Union  schools  are  among  the  very  foremost  enlightening  influences 
in  America,  and  have  disseminated  practical  aesthetic  ideas  for  many  years. 

Music  Instruction  is  well  provided  in  New- York  City,  for  here  is  the  musical 
centre  of  the  Union,  and  all  musicians  depend  mainly  upon  the  New-York  verdict. 
Here  the  German,  English  and  Italian  operas  are  presented  as  nowhere  else  in 
America,  and  the  great  musical  societies  render  the  best  oratorio  and  orchestral  com- 
positions. Music  is  taught  in  the  public  schools;  and  by  hundreds  of  private 
teachers  throughout  the  city. 


ST.   CATHERINE'S  CONVENT,   MADISON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  81ST  STREET. 


The  Metropolitan  College  of  Music  was  founded  in  1886,  as  a  vocal  school, 
and  in  1891  received  incorporation  as  a  college.      It  occupies  many  rooms,  at 
Nos.  19  and  21  East  14th  Street ;  and  has  20  professors,  among  whom  are  Dudley 
Buck,  Harry  Rowe  Shelley,  R.  H.  Woodman  and  other  well-known  musicians. 
19 


290 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  New- York  College  of  Music  was  founded  in  1878,  and  has  more  than 

a  score  of  instructors  and  700  pupils.  The  handsome  building  at  128-130  East  58th 
Street  was  erected  for  the  college,  and  has  a  commodious  concert-hall.  Among  the 
instructors  are  Alex.  Lambert,  Mme  Fursch-Madi  and  Walter  Damrosch. 

The  New-York  Conservatory  of  Music  is  at  5  East  14th  Street. 

The  German  Conservatory  of  Music  is  at  7  West  42d  Street 

The  Liederkranz  Schools  are  free  for  instruction  in  vocal  music  for  young 
men  and  women,  in  the  Liederkranz  building,  on  East  58th  Street. 

Industrial  and  Scientific  Training  is  accomplished  through  numerous  im- 
portant institutions,  like  the  Hebrew  Technical  School,  with  its  140  students  ;  the 
manual-training  department  of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  ;  and  the  Work- 
ingman's  School,  of  the  United  Relief  Works  of  the  Society  for  Ethical  Culture, 
at  109  West  54th  Street,  in  which  Felix  Adler  is  interested. 


MOUNT  SINAI  HOSPITAL.      CHURCH  OF  THE  DOMINICAN  FATHERS.  ST.  VINCENT  FERRERS  CONVENT.  66TH  STREET. 


ST.  VINCENT  FERRERS  CONVENT ,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  65th  STREET. 

The  Cooper  Union,  one  of  the  greatest  popular  educators  in  America,  occupies 
a  seven-story  brown-stone  building,  covering  the  block  at  the  intersection  of  Seventh 
Street  and  the  Bowery,  and  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues.  One  of  its  chief  features 
is  the  Free  Night  School  of  Science,  giving  a  thorough  instruction  in  mathematics, 
and  mechanics,  in  a  five-years'  course.  The  night  schools  of  science  and  art  have 
over  3,000  students,  most  of  whom  work  at  their  trades  during  the  day.  The  pupils 
must  be  fifteen  years  old,  and  acquainted  with  the  rudiments  of  education.  The 
Union  costs  $50,000  a  year,  which  is  derived  from  the  rentals  of  stores  in  the  build- 
ing and  from  the  income  of  the  endowment.  Among  its  interesting  features  are 
the  library  of  32,000  volumes  ;  the  reading-room,  with  500  magazines  and  news- 
papers on  file,  and  visited  by  600,000  persons  yearly  ;  the  evening  Elocution  Class, 
with  150  attendants  ;  the  Literary  Class,  with  200  debaters  and  declaimers  ;  the  free 
Saturday-evening  lectures,  by  celebrated  scholars  and  scientists;  the  free  class  in 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


291 


Stenography  and  Typewriting,  numbering  40  women  ;  the  Free  School  of  Telegra- 
phy for  women,  with  40  women  ;  and  the  Woman's  Art-School. 

Peter  Cooper  was  born  when  New  York  contained  27,000  inhabitants,  and 
reached  only  to  Chambers  Street ;  when  there  was  not  a  free  school  in  the  city  ;  and 
in  the  first  presidency  of  George  Washington.  He  died  in  1883.  He  was  a  plain 
and  practical  man,  and  a  successful  inventor  and  manufacturer  ;  and  a  million  dollars 
of  his  wealth  was  devoted  to  the  construction  and  endowment  of  the  Cooper  Union, 
"dedicated  to  Science,  to  make  life  intelligent,  and  to  Art,  to  make  life  beautiful." 

Columbia  Grammar  School,  on  51st  Street.near  Madison  Avenue,  was  founded 
in  1764,  as  a  Preparatory  Department  of  Columbia  College,  and  was  transferred  by 
the  trustees  to  the  entire  control  of  the  late  Dr.  Charles  Anthon.  It  is  a  first-class 
private  school,  with  20  instructors,  and  fine  school-rooms  and  gymnasium. 


COOPER  UNION,  IN  JUNE,  1893,  JUNCTION  OF  THE  BOWERY,   THIRD  AND  FOURTH  AVENUE  AND  7tm  STREET. 


The  New-York  Trade-School,  at  First  Avenue,  67th  and  68th  Streets, 
was  founded  by  Col.  Richard  T.  Auchmuty,  in  18S1,  to  enable  young  men  to  learn 
certain  trades,  and  to  give  young  men  already  in  those  trades  an  opportunity  to  im- 
prove themselves.  This  school  covers  nearly  an  acre  of  ground,  and  is  attended 
yearly  by  600  young  men,  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Con- 
nected with  the  school  is  a  lodging  house,  accommodating  100  young  men,  where 
well-furnished  rooms  are  rented  at  a  moderate  cost.  The  average  age  of  the  young 
men  in  the  day  classes  is  19  ;  those  in  the  evening  classes  are  younger.  Until  the 
present  year  the  New-York  Trade-School  has  been  supported  as  well  as  managed 
by  Col.  Auchmuty,  but  recently  it  has  received  an  endowment  of  $500,000  from 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan.  The  workshops  at  the  school  are  always  open  to  visitors.  The 
pupils  are  taught  by  skilful  mechanics  the  right  ways  of  working,  and  also  why  work 


292  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

should  be  done  in  a  certain  way,  by  thorough,  direct  and  friendly  methods.  The 
classes  in  Bricklaying  have  erected  several  great  buildings.  The  evening  classes  work 
three  evenings  in  each  week.  The  classes  in  Plumbing,  under  the  careful  supervision 
of  the  Master  Plumbers'  Association,  have  a  shop  37  by  115  feet  in  area,  perfectly 

equipped.  The  classes  in  Carpen- 
try have  built  some  of  the  Trade- 
School  edifices,  in  admirable  style. 
The  classes  in  House,  Sign  and 
Fresco  Painting  are  supervised  by 
the  Master  Painters'  and  Decora- 
tors' Association,  and  have  a  wide 
reputation.  The  classes  in  Stone- 
cutting,  Blacksmith's  Work,  Print- 
ing and  Plastering,  are  all  of  great 
efficiency  and  service. 

The  Nautical  School  is  a 
very  interesting  department  of  edu- 
cation, intended  to  prepare  boys 
for  service  in  the  American  mer- 
chant-marine. It  numbers  about 
80  lads,  between  16  and  20  years 
old,  who  are  under  the  care  of 
United-States  naval  officers,  the 
entire  institution  being  governed  by 
the  city  Board  of  Education.  The 
school  occupies  the  old  war-ship 
St.  Mary's,  sometimes  at  the  foot 
of  East  28th  Street,  or  anchored  in 
baron  hirsch  fund  trade -schools,  225  east  ninth  street.  ^e  harbor,  and  every  year  mak- 
ing long  practice  cruises  to  Europe  or  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic.  Besides  the  usual 
English  branches,  the  lads  are  taught  orally  and  practically  in  making  knots  and 
splices  ;  the  names  and  uses  of  rigging  and  sails,  bending  and  loosing,  reefing  and 
furling  ;  the  management  and  steering  of  boats,  by  rowing,  sculling  or  sailing  ;  the 
compass,  boxing  and  steering,  and  taking  bearings;  heaving  the  lead  and  marking 
log  and  lead  lines  ;  swimming  and  floating  ;  and  many  other  details  needful  for  sea- 
life.  There  is  a  post-graduate  course,  fitting  students  for  the  position  of  mates. 
All  instruction  is  free,  as  the  St.  Mary's  is  practically  one  of  the  New- York  public 
schools.  It  is  in  no  sense  a  reformatory,  and  only  willing  and  well-accredited  boys 
are  admitted. 

Webb's  Academy  and  Home  for  Shipbuilders  was  planned  and  built  by 
William  H.  Webb,  an  eminent  New- York  shipbuilder,  and  incorporated  in  1889. 
It  was  opened  in  1S93,  to  serve  a  double  purpose  :  As  a  home  for  infirm  and 
unfortunate  shipbuilders,  and  their  wives,  and  as  a  school  for  young  Americans  who 
desire  to  learn  how  to  build  ships  and  marine  engines,  and  have  no  money  to  pay 
for  skilled  instruction.  The  tuition  includes  all  the  details  of  shipbuilding  and 
marine  engineering,  theoretical  and  practical  ;  and  the  students  are  boarded  and 
taught  free  of  cost.  The  stately  tall-towered  building  is  in  handsome  Renaissance 
architecture,  and  stands  in  a  park  of  thirteen  acres,  on  Fordham  Heights,  overlook- 
ing the  Harlem  River.  Besides  its  dormitories  and  parlors,  library  and  hospital,  it 
has  spacious  draughting-rooms  and  an  immense  laying-out  room. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK-  OF  NEW  YORK. 


293 


The  Teachers  College,  the  first  established  in  America,  offers  courses  in  peda- 
gogy, and  gives  opportunity  for  studying  children  from  the  kindergarten  to  the  end 
of  the  high  school,  and  also  for  observation  and  practice  in  teaching.  It  has  stu- 
dents from  eighteen  States,  including  many  experienced  teachers  and  college  grad- 
uates. Its  aim  is  to  bring  modern  life  and  the  modern  school  more  into  touch  with 
each  other,  and  to  train  teachers  able  to  accomplish  this  result  by  teaching  in 
accordance  with  the  principles  of  the  new  education.  In  1892  the  college  received 
a  gift  of  a  valuable  building  site  on  Morningside  Heights,  adjoining  the  future  site 
of  Columbia  College,  and  entered  upon  the  work  of  raising  a  building  fund  of 
$700,000.  In  1893  a  permanent  charter  was  granted,  the  name  being  changed  from 
New- York  College  for  the  Training  of  Teachers,  by  which  it  had  been  known  since 


HOLY  CROSS   PAROCHIAL  SCHOOL,  240  V/EST  430  STREET. 

its  foundation  in  18S9,  to  Teachers  College  ;  and  an  alliance  was  formed  with 
Columbia  College  by  which  its  students,  whether  men  or  women,  may  become  can- 
didates for  the  degrees  of  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  and  Ph.  D.,  given  by  Columbia  College,  and 
the  students  of  Columbia  College  may  pursue  courses  in  the  Teachers  College  lead- 
ing to  such  degrees.  An  especial  feature  of  the  work  in  its  new  quarters  will  be  the 
Mechanics-Arts  Building,  than  which  no  more  commodious  edifice  for  a  similar 
purpose  exists.  There  are  34  officers  and  several  hundred  students.  The  college 
occupies  the  old  Union  Seminary,  at  9  University  Place,  pending  the  completion  of 
the  new  structures  on  Morningside  Heights. 


294 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Commercial  Colleges  have  attained  a  high  rank  as  educational  institutions. 

It  is  natural  that  this  great  metropolitan  centre  of  commercial  activities,  the  chief 
port  of  entry  and  clearing-house  of  the  continent,  should  have  thousands  of  students 
of  business  forms  and  principles.  For  many  years  the  commercial  colleges  of  New 
York  have  been  fitting  great  numbers  of  young  people  for  practical  service  in  the 
counting-rooms  and  offices  of  the  city,  and  preparing  them  to  become  expert 
accountants  and  book-keepers  in  positions  of  trust  and  responsibility.  The  standard 
of  commercial  honor  is  higher  in  New  York  than  in  London  or  Paris,  and  among 
most  of  its  business  men  their  word  is  as  good  as  their  bond.  In  the  normal  con- 
dition of  affairs  here,  apart  from  the  infrequent  panic  of  a  financial  crisis  or  the  fever 
of  speculation,  the  rectitude  of  the  commercial  spirit  follows  the  lines  of  absolute 
truth.  Much  of  this  nobility  in  the  life  of  trade  came  from  the  grand  old  merchants 
of  the  early  days  of  New  York,  who  held  honor  as  high  and  stainless  as  the  mem- 
bers of  any  learned  or  military  profession  have  ever  done.  Much  of  it  also  is  derived 
from  the  teachings  of  the  business  colleges  of  the  city,  where  the  sentiments  of 
exactness  and  precision  are  taught  step  by  step  with  those  of  vigilance  and  enter- 
prise. 

Packard's  Business  College  and  School  of  Stenography  is  one  of  the 

institutions  of  New  York.  It  was  located  in  the  then  new  building  of  the  Cooper 
Institute  in  1858,  where  it  remained  five  years,  then  removing  to  more  spacious 


PACKARD'S  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  230  STREET  AND  FOURTH  AVENUE. 


quarters  in  the  Mortimer  Budding,  corner  of  22d  Street  and  Broadway,  where  it 
stayed  seven  years,  when,  in  1870,  it  occupied  the  entire  fourth  story  of  the  Metho- 
dist Building  — now  McCreery's  —  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  nth  Street.  In 
1887  it  took  possession  of  its  present  admirable  quarters,  at  the  corner  of  23d  Street 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


295 


and  Fourth  Avenue,  occupying  the  en- 
tire upper  part  of  the  building  formerly 
held  by  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  The  notable  fact  of  this 
institution  is  its  hold  upon  its  students, 
which  comes  from  its  individualizing 
system  of  instruction  and  government. 
The  Packard  boys  and  girls  are  never 
reckoned  en  masse,  but  have  unusual 
Opportunities  to  impress  their  individu- 
ality upon  their  teachers,  as  they  after- 
wards have  upon  the  world.  While 
being  thoroughly  educated  for  busi- 
ness—  that  is,  for  clerkships  of  all 
kinds  —  they  are  also  educated  for  citi- 
zenship. While  bookkeeping,  arith- 
metic, penmanship  and  phonography 
are  the  principal  technical  studies  of 
the  school,  especial  care  is  given  to  the 
study  of  English,  commercial  law,  civil 


445  EAST 


DRKINGMEN'S  6CHOOL,  SOCIETY  FOR  ETHICAL  CUI 
109  WEST  64th  STREET. 


government,  and  questions  of  pub- 
lic interest.  One  of  the  constant 
exercises  of  the  school  is  public 
speaking,  which  receives  intelli- 
gent and  discriminating  attention, 
and  constitutes  a  charming  feat- 
ure of  the  course  of  training.  Dur- 
ing the  past  thirty-five  years  many 
thousands  of  graduates  have  been 
sent  out  of  this  school,  and  are 
holding  important  places  in  the 
foremost  enterprises  of  the  city. 
Among  its  constituents  are  mer- 
chants, bankers,  legislators,  law- 
yers, ministers,  and  physicians, 
and  among  its  friends  and  patrons 
many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of 
the  country.  Its  proprietor  and 
president,  S.  S.  Packard,  is  a 
recognized  leader  in  his  line  of 
work,  having  given  more  time  and 
achieved  a  fuller  measure  of  suc- 
cess in  it  than  any  other  man. 
He  is,  in  fact,  the  pioneer  busi- 
ness-college man,  and  the  man 
whose  impress  is  most  firmly 
fixed  upon  that  specialty  of  educa- 
tion represented  by  the  business 
college.  Through  Mr.  Packard's 
efforts,  mainly,  has  been  carried 


296 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


forward  the  Business  Education  Exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair,  which  will  undoubtedly 
form  a  remarkable  spectacular  effect,  and  in  impressiveness  will  lead  the  educational 
exhibits  of  the  great  Exposition.  In  short,  the  Packard  College,  while  being  a 
marked  feature  of  the  great  metropolis,  is  a  recognized  American  institution. 

Physical  Culture  is  given  much  consideration.  Among  the  great  gymnasiums 
of  the  city  are  those  of  the  New- York  Athletic  Club,  at  55th  Street  and  Sixth 
Avenue  ;  the  Racquet  and  Tennis  Club,  at  27  West  43d  Street  ;  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  at  23d  Street  and  Fourth  Avenue,  and  at  Mott  Haven  ;  and 
the  Berkeley  Eadies'  Athletic  Association,  on  44th  Street,  near  Fifth  Avenue.  The 
Turnverein  conducts  a  school  for  1,000  children,  between  the  ages  of  six  and  fifteen, 


DICKEL'S  RIDING  ACADEMY,  124  TO  136  WEST  56TH  STREET. 

in  which,  besides  the  usual  studies,  the  young  people  are  taught  in  calisthenics  and 
other  branches  of  gymnastics. 

Dickel's  Riding  Academy,  at  124  to  136  West  56th  Street,  is  the  most 
famous  of  the  excellent  schools  of  equestrianism  which  abound  in  the  vicinity  of 
Central  Park  ;  and  is  also  the  oldest  institution  of  this  kind  in  the  city.  From  the 
very  first  Dickel's  has  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  the  best  families  of  New  York,  and 
therefore  it  has  long  since  acquired  a  social  prestige  of  great  value.  The  riding  takes 
place  in  a  spacious,  airy  and  well-ventilated  hall,  floored  with  tan-bark,  and 
bordered  at  either  end  with  large  galleries.  Every  evening  there  is  a  considerable 
assemblage  of  patrician  equestrians,  who  ride  to  music,  while  their  friends  enter- 
tain themselves  in  the  galleries,  and  watch  the  brilliant  sight.  Instruction  is  given 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  Charles  W.  Dickel,  and  begins  with  the  teaching 
of  persons  entirely  unacquainted  with  riding,  imparting  to  them  confidence,  grace- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


297 


fulness  and  strength  in  the  saddle.  Even  the  most  timid  and  fearful  girls,  who  at 
first  have  to  be  held  onto  the  saddles,  in  a  short  time  acquire  a  notable  mastery  over 
their  steeds,  and  are  able  to  enjoy  the  long  gallops  in  Central  Park.  The  academy 
also  teaches  the  most  difficult  achievements  in  rough  field  riding,  including  profi- 
ciency in  leaping  and  other  delights  of  experienced  horsemen.  At  certain  hours  the 
ring  is  set  apart  for  the  use  of  Troop  A,  N.  G.,  S.  N.  Y.,  which  is  so  celebrated  for 
its  splendid  equestrianism.  It  is  natural  that  this  exercise-ground  of  the  best  fami- 
lies should  be  guarded  against  unworthy  intruders,  and  no  one  can  be  admitted  to 
the  classes  without  satisfactory  introduction  or  references.  The  hall  of  the  ring  is 
of  attractive  and  appropriate  architecture,  with  a  fine  Louvre  roof,  for  copious  air 
and  light,  and  ingenious  truss-supports.  On  one  side  are  a  great  number  of  lockers 
and  dressing-rooms,  from  which  the  equestrian  issues  fully  equipped,  from  spurs  to 


INTERIOR  OF  DICKEL'S  RIDING  ACADEMY,  124  TO  136  WEST  56TH  STREET, 


riding-hat  and  gloves.  The  academy  is  under  the  proprietorship  of  Dickel  & 
Kroehle,  both  well-known  in  the  world  of  horse-lovers. 

Other  Riding  Schools  are  mostly  near  Central  Park,  whose  roads  and  bridle- 
paths afford  fine  opportunities  for  equestrian  practice  and  exercise.  Durland's,  near 
the  Eighth-Avenue  entrance  to  the  Park,  at  the  Grand  Circle,  is  one  of  the  largest 
equestrian  schools  in  the  world.  Other  riding  academies  are  the  Boulevard,  at  6oth 
Street ;  the  Central  Park,  at  58th  Street  and  Seventh  Avenue  ;  the  Belmont,  on  124th 
Street;  the  West  End,  at  139  West  125th  Street;  and  Antony's,  at  90th  Street  and 
Fifth  Avenue.  These  institutions  have  well-equipped  riding-rings  and  saddle-horses, 
with  competent  teachers,  and  some  of  the  evening  classes  are  inspired  by  pleasant 
music. 

Dancing-  Schools  are  numerous  and  varied,  where  this  graceful  art  is  taught  to 
thousands  of  young  people.    Among  the  foremost  terpsichorean  academies  is  Dods- 


298 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


worth's,  whose  patrons  come  from  the  select  circles  of  the  city,  and  are  instructed  in 
all  the  most  modern  forms  of  dancing. 

Rutgers  Female  College,  at  56  West  55th  Street,  was  founded  by  Chancellor 
.Ferris,  in  1838,  and  for  many  years  held  a  very  high  rank.  After  it  lost  its  fine 
buildings  on  Fifth  Avenue,  the  institution  declined;  but  of  late  many  influential 
friends  have  risen  to  sustain  it.  Rutgers  now  has  sixteen  instructors.  The  presi- 
dent is  George  W.  Samson,  D.  D.,  and  the  lady  principal  is  Mrs.  James  T.  Iloyt. 

Fencing  Classes  are  taught  by  Prof.  II.  Armand  Jacoby,  at  the  New- York 
Athletic  Club,  and  at  75  West  44th  Street  (Prof.  Jacoby  is  also  the  instructor  of  Troop 

A);  M.  Gouspy,  at  the 
jg«  Racquet  and  Tennis 
?Q  Club;  Frederick  and 
Heins,  at  the  Turnver- 
ein  ;  M.  Regis  Senac  ; 
and  several  other  masters 
of  swordsmanship. 

The  New-York  In- 
stitution for  the  In- 
struction of  the  Deaf 
and   Dumb,  on  Wa'sh- 


NEW  YORK  INSTITUTION   FOR  THE  INSTRUCTION   OF  THE  DEAF  ANO  DUMB, 
ELEVENTH  AVENUE,  NEAR  162D  STREET. 


ington  Heights, opened 
in  1S18,  as  a  free 
school  for  residents  of 
the  State,  has  16  in- 
structors and  over  300 
pupils,  including  many 
in  articulation  and 
auricular  perception ; 
trade-schools,  with  in- 
structors for  the  several  branches  ;  and  a  department  for  technical  and  applied  art. 

The  Institution  for  the  Improved  Instruction  of  Deaf  Mutes,  on  Lex- 
ington Avenue,  between  67th  and  68th  Streets,  has  20  instructors  and  200  pupils. 
It  was  founded  in  1867,  and  teaches  the  oral  method,  by  articulation  and  lip-read- 
ing, not  using  the  deaf  and  dumb  alphabet.  The  building  is  an  attractive  one  ;  and 
near  it  stands  the  four-story  fire-proof  structure  of  the  Technical  Training  Depart- 
ment and  Art-Studio,  metal-working,  wood-working,  natural  philosophy  and  art- 
studios,  each  having  one  full  floor.  The  children  are  also  taught  sewing,  cooking, 
dress-making  and  other  useful  avocations  ;  and  a  kindergarten  is  provided. 

St.  Joseph's  Institute  for  the  Improved  Instruction  of  Deaf  Mutes,  at 
Fordham,  has  commodious  modern  buildings,  and  an  industrial  department. 

The  New-York  Institution  for  the  Blind,  at  34th  Street  and  Ninth  Avenue, 
is  another  beneficence  of  far-reaching  value,  founded  in  1831,  and  now  occupied  by 
30  instructors  and  240  pupils.  Here  the  unfortunate  who  have  lost  or  never  seen 
the  light  of  day  are  educated  in  literature  and  in  the  essentials  of  a  sound  musical 


K/NG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


299 


education,  and 
also  in  piano- 
tuning  and  other 
useful  avocations, 
with  a  view  to 
becoming  happy 
and  self-support- 
ing members  of 
society.  The 
library  contains 
over  3,000  vol- 
umes, many  of 
them  in  raised  let- 
ters. Since  its 
origin,  upwards 
of  1,500  persons 
have  been  in- 
structed here,  a 
number  of  whom 
have  attained  suc- 
cess and  distinc- 
tion in  the  busi- 
ness and  profes- 
sional walks  of  life.  The  school  has  been 
merits  in  the  methods  and  appliances  used 


INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  IMPROVED  INSTRUCTION  OF  DEAF  MUTES, 
LEXINGTON  AVENUE,   EAST  67tm  AND  EAST  68th  STREETS. 


the  source  of  many  original  improve- 
in  educating  the  blind,  the  latest  and 
most  important  of  which  is  the  New-York  Point  System  of  Tangible  Writing  and 
Printing,  for  literature,  music  and  mathematics. 

Private  Schools,  Seminaries  and  Academies  in  great  numbers  are  found 
scattered  throughout  New-York  City,  giving  every  variety  of  education,  and  largely 
patronized  by  the  well-to-do  families  of  the  city. 

The  American  Academy  of  the  Dramatic  Arts,  19  and  21  West  44th  Street, 
is  the  principal  training  school  for  the  professional  theatrical  stage  in  this  country.  The 

faculty  numbers 
twenty  prominent 
professionals. 
This  academy  was 
founded  in  1884 
under  the  name 
of  The  Lyceum 
Theatre  School  of 
Acting.  It  was 
the  first  and  only 
institution  of  its 
kind  in  this  coun- 
try. Since  1884 
nearly  300  stu- 
dents have  grad- 
uated from  the 
American  Acad- 
emy of  the  Dra- 


NEW-YORK  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND,  NINTH  AVENUE  AND  341 


3°° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


matic  Arts,  and  most  of  them  are  playing  in  various  theatrical  companies.  Its  presi- 
dent is  Franklin  H.  Sargent.  In  1892  it  moved  to  the  Berkeley  Lyceum,  on  West 
44th  Street,  where  it  utilizes  the  beautiful  theatre,  besides  class  and  rehearsal-rooms. 

The  Berkeley  School  has  a  magnificent  new  fire-proof  building,  at  18  to  24 
West  44th  Street,  with  a  front  of  Indiana  limestone  and  Roman  brick,  in  Ionic  archi- 
tecture. On  the  ground  floor  is  the  armory  and  gymnasium,  occupying  85  by  100 
feet.  The  first  floor  contains  a  library,  large  dining-room,  offices  and  reception- 
rooms.  The  library  and  hall  are  embellished  with  four  superb  memorial  windows. 
On  the  second  and  third  floors  are  the  school  and  class-rooms  ;  and  the  upper  floors 

contain  a  studio  and  a  labora- 
tory, with  dormitories  for 
twenty  students.  The  main 
halls  and  toilet-rooms  are 
wainscoted  in  marble  and 
floored  with  mosaic.  The 
building  is  heated  by  hot 
water,  with  inlets  for  fresh  air 
upon  every  floor  and  in  every 
room.  An  original  system  of 
ventilation  is  employed,  by 
which  the  vitiated  air  is  drawn 
from  every  room  through  a 
smoothly-masoned  flue,  to  a 
chamber  on  the  fifth  floor, 
opening  from  which  to  the  out- 
side air  is  a  Blackman  pro- 
peller-fan run  by  an  electric 
motor,  which  can  change  the 
air  in  the  entire  building  in 
four  minutes.  The  athletic 
grounds  of  the  school,  known 
as  the  Berkeley  Oval,  comprise 
ten  acres,  with  thirty  tennis 
courts,  a  quarter-mile  running 
track,  and  a  straight-away  220 
yards  running  track,  together 
with  a  boat-house  and  thirty 
boats  upon  the  Harlem  River. 
The  Oval  is  130  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Harlem  River,  and  affords  a  superb  view  of  the  Harlem  and  Hudson 
valleys.  The  Berkeley  School  has  made  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  preparatory 
school,  and  has  sent  nearly  200  boys  to  the  leading  colleges  within  twelve  years, 
90  per  cent,  of  them  going  to  Harvard,  Yale,  Columbia  and  Princeton,  where  their 
scholarship  has  attested  the  thoroughness  of  their  preparation.  The  systematic  phy- 
sical instruction  afforded,  together  with  the  discipline  and  proficiency  acquired  by  the 
students  in  the  military  drill,  have  been  no  small  factors  in  the  success  which  the 
school  has  obtained.  The  school  was  founded  by  the  present  head  master,  John  S. 
White,  LL.  D.,  a  graduate  of  the  Boston  public  schools  and  of  Harvard  University, 
Class  of  1870,  where  he  took  the  first  classical  honors.  The  Berkeley  School  has  30 
instructors  and  300  students. 


STREET,  NEAR  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


STING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


3QI 


Collegiate  School,  a  private  school  for  boys,  at  241  and  243  West  77th  Street, 
has  a  continuous  history  running  back  to  the  early  settlement  of  the  Island  of  Man- 
hattan by  the  Dutch.  The  first  school-master  was  an  official  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  with  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  in  1633.  This  is,  therefore,  the  oldest 
school  now  in  existence  in  America.  The  new  building,  occupied  in  the  fall  of 
1892,  adjoins  the  new  Collegiate  Church  on  West-End  Avenue.  The  school  has 
classical,  scientific  and  commercial  studies,  and  military  drill.  There  are  twelve 
teachers  in  the  Primary,  Intermediate  and  Senior  departments.  Many  boys  are 
prepared  here  for  gollege.    The  head  master  is  Lemuel  C.  Mygatt,  A.  M. 

Weingart  Institute,  at  22  and  24  East  91st  Street,  between  Madison  Avenue 
and  Fifth  Avenue,  is  a  select  day  and  boarding  school,  with  kindergarten,  under  the 
direction  of  S.  Weingart.  It  occupies  two  handsome  and  commodious  four-story 
buildings  on  the  highest  and  healthiest  ground  in  the  city,  and  within  half  a  block  of 
Central  Park.  One  building  is  devoted  to  school  purposes  entirely,  and  the  other  is 
the  residence  of  the  principal  and  the  boarding  pupils.  The  ground-floor  is  occu- 
pied by  a  spacious  gymnasium,  equipped  with  the  most  approved  modern  appli- 
ances. Both  buildings  are  well  adapted  to  their  educational  uses,  and  are  fitted  up 
in  a  thorough  and  efficient  manner.  The  grades  of  the  school  are  kindergarten, 
primary,  intermediate,  junior  and  senior,  the  latter  department  preparing  for  the 
leading  colleges  and  scientific  schools.  All  the  English  branches  are  taught  by  com- 
petent American  teachers.  As  a  large  portion  of  the  pupils  are  of  Germanic  origin, 
the  German  language  forms  a  regular  part  of  the  course.  The  Weingart  Institute 
was  founded  in  18S2,  on  55th  Street  ;  and  the  thorough  intellectual,  physical  and 
moral  training  it  gives  its  pupils  has  caused  its  continual  growth  and  prosperity. 

The  Lenox  Institute,  founded  in  1888,  at  334  and  336  Lenox  Avenue,  is  prac- 
tically a  German  gymnasium,  or  college  preparatory  school,  with  business,  primary 
and  kindergarten  classes  also.     It  has  men  teachers,  and  boy  and  girl  pupils. 

The  Hebrew  Free  School  Association,  founded  in  1864,  has  four  large 
schools  and  3,200  students,  with  daily  sessions  from  4  to  6  P.  M.  (except  Fridays 
and  Saturdays).    The  pupils  also  attend  the  public  schools. 

The  Baron  Hirsch  Fund,  established  by  a  wealthy  Berlin  banker,  and  with 
headquarters  at  45  Broadway,  conducts  a  series  of  day  and  night  schools  for  chil- 
dren and  adults  of  the  Russian  and  Roumanian  Hebrew  race,  to  teach  them  to 
become  good  citizens,  giving  instruction  in  trades,  and  in  American  elementary 
studies.  It  also  furnishes  tools  to  mechanics  ;  loans  small  sums  to  deserving 
persons  ;  and  endeavors  to  prevent  the  Hebrews  from  congregating  in  the  cities. 

Other  well-known  institutions  include  the  following:  The  Columbia  Gram- 
mar School,  at  34  and  36  East  51st  Street,  near  Columbia  College,  a  preparatory 
school  for  all  colleges  and  scientific  schools  ;  Dr.  Sachs's  Collegiate  Institute,  at  38 
and  116  West  59th  Street,  fronting  on  Central  Park  ;  William  Freeland's  admirable 
and  efficient  Harvard  School,  578  Fifth  Avenue,  corner  of  47th  Street,  fits  many 
lads  for  the  leading  colleges.  Still  others  are  the  Barnard  School  for  boys,  at  119 
West  125th  Street,  with  120  pupils  ;  Callisen's  School  for  boys,  131  West  43d  Street  ; 
Morse's  English  and  Classical  School  for  boys,  423  Madison  Avenue  ;  Dr.  Chapin's 
Collegiate  School  for  boys,  721  Madison  Avenue  ;  Cutler's  Private  School  for  boys, 
2D  West  43d  Street  ;  the  Dwight  School  for  boys,  1479  Broadway  ;  the  Irving  School 
for  boys,  20  West  59th  Street ;  Halsey's  Collegiate  School  for  boys,  34  West  40th 
Street ;  Lyon's  Classical  School  for  boys,  6  East  47th  Street  ;  McMullen's  Private 
School  for  boys,  521  West  161st  Street  ;  Richard's  School  for  boys,  1475  Broad- 
way;  the  University  Grammar-School  for  boys,  1473  Broadway;  the  West-End 


302 


KING' S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Avenue  School  for  boys,  208  West-End  Avenue  ;  the  Woodbridge  School  for  boys, 
32  East  45th  Street ;  Madame  Ruel's  Boarding  and  Day  School  for  girls,  26  East 
56th  Street  ;  the  Brearley  School  for  girls,  6  East  45th  Street ;  the  Classical  School 
for  girls,  1961  Madison  Avenue;  the  Misses  Ely's  School  for  girls,  Riverside  Drive, 
near  85th  Street ;  the  Comstock  School  for  girls,  32  West  40th  Street  ;  the  English 
and  French  Schools  for  girls,  148  Madison  Avenue  and  55  West  47th  Street  ;  Miss 
Perrin's  Girl's  School,  244  Lenox  Avenue ;  the  Van  Norman  Institute  for  girls,  2 
West  71st  Street;  Mrs.  Weil's  School  for  girls,  711  Madison  Avenue;  Misses 
Peebles  and  Thompson's  School  for  Young  Ladies,  32  East  57th  Street ;  Rev.  C. 
K.  Gardner's  School  for  Young  Ladies,  601  Fifth  Avenue ;  the  Misses  Grahams' 
School  for  Young  Ladies,  63  Fifth  Avenue  ;  Miss  Anna  C.  Brackett's  School,  9 
West  39th  Street  ;  Miss  Emily  A.  Ward's  Riverside  School,  50  West  104th  Street; 
and  the  Heidenfeld  Institute,  for  both  sexes,  824  Lexington  Avenue. 

A  commanding  advantage  which  New  York  has  over  other  American  cities,  for 
purposes  of  education,  is  its  massed  treasures  of  art,  literature  and  humanity.  The 
Astor,  Lenox  and  Mercantile  Libraries,  and  other  great  collections  of  books  ;  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  and  several  other  very  rich  collections  in  art ;  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  ;  the  moving  life  of  the  parks  and  avenues,  architecture 
in  every  form,  philanthropy  organized  to  benefit  millions,  oratory  and  dramatic  art, 
consecration  and  self-sacrifice  —  almost  every  form  of  civic  and  social  life  maybe 
observed  and  entered  into,  in  the  proud  metropolis  of  the  New  World.  The  con- 
templation of  these  manifold  phases  makes  versatile  men  and  women. 

Cooking  Schools,  wherein  is  taught  the  art  of  preparing  and  cooking  food  to 
the  best  advantage,  comprise  several  well-equipped  institutions,  ranging  from  the 
simple  cooking-classes  of  the  charity  schools  to  the  scientific  academies. 

The  New-York  Cooking  School,  in  the  United  Charities  Building,  elevates 
the  poor  by  free  lessons  in  plain  cooking,  marketing,  nurses'  cooking,  etc.,  and  has 
nearly  1,000  pupils  yearly.    A  large  dining-room  is  attached. 

Maillard's  New-York  Chocolate  School  is  at  114  West  25th  Street,  where 
free  lessons  are  given  on  Monday,  Wednesday  and  Friday  afternoons,  from  October 
to  June,  in  the  art  of  making  a  cup  of  chocolate  or  cocoa. 

Kindergartens  and  other  peculiar  schools  show  the  imperial  beneficence  of  New 
York.  Here  have  been  instituted  great  numbers  of  schools  for  the  dependent  and 
defective  classes.  The  New- York  Kindergarten  Association  has  opened  numerous 
schools  for  the  very  young  children  in  the  tenement-house  districts. 

The  Children's  Aid  Society  conducts  22  admirable  day  and  night  industrial 
schools,  and  14  kindergartens.  The  15,000  poor  Italians  in  New  York  are  aided  by 
three  industrial  schools  in  Leonard,  Sullivan  and  Crosby  Streets,  where  more  than 
1,200  children  and  adults  are  taught  in  ordinary  studies  and  in  carpentry,  cooking, 
sewing,  etc.  Similar  schools  are  maintained  in  the  Five-Points  Mission  House,  with 
cooking  classes  and  other  practical  features.  The  House  of  Industry,  at  155  Worth 
Street,  teaches  type-setting,  carpentry,  and  other  industries,  to  about  300  children  ; 
and  has  a  well  appointed  kindergarten.  St.  Joseph's  Home,  on  Great  Jones  Street, 
is  an  enormous  Catholic  mission,  with  industrial  and  other  schools  attached.  The 
Catholic  Protectory  has  large  trade-schools  for  boys,  and  sewing-schools  for  girls. 

Besides  these,  are  the  great  reform  schools,  like  the  New-York  Juvenile  Asylum, 
founded  in  185 1,  with  70  instructors  and  1,100  pupils  ;  the  House  of  Refuge,  on 
Randall's  Island,  founded  in  1825,  with  50  instructors  and  1,000  pupils;  and  the 
New- York  Catholic  Protectory,  with  50  instructors  and  1,500  pupils.  These 
enormous  schools  are  liberally  conducted,  and  accomplish  inestimable  good. 


A.rt  Museums  and  Galleries,  Scientific,  Literary,  Musical  and 
l-ti  udred  Institutions,  Societies  and  Organizations. 


IN  THE  interest  of  the  United  States  the  New-Yorkers  never  rest.  They  are  at 
work  unceasingly,  in  order  that  they  may  give  to  the  Americans  all  the  types 
of  beauty  and  of  elegance.  Even  the  least  lavish  among  them  —  those  who  do  not  buy 
miniatures,  vignettes  of  the  eighteenth  century,  art-objects  of  Japan  —  pay  cheerfully 
for  perfection,  the  price  of  which  is  fabulous.  In  their  estimate  of  value,  it  is  not 
the  actual  worth,  but  the  art  truer  than  truth,  that  counts. 

Elsewhere  there  are  skies,  fields,  plains,  forests,  brooks  under  dark  leaves,  delici- 
ous corners  of  shade  ;  but  in  New  York,  there  are  flowers  that  are  living  jewels  made 
of  light.  In  New  York,  myriads  of  periwinkles,  forget-me-nots,  rose-bushes  and 
geraniums,  uniformly  embroidered  on  miles  of  lawn,  are  as  if  cut  out  of  an  endless 
cloth,  regularly  woven  and  inexhaustible. 

Elsewhere  there  are  Queens,  Princesses,  great  ladies,  and  peasants ;  but  in  New 
York  there  are  women  prodigiously  dressed,  young  and  beautiful — not  only  because 
they  are,  but  because  they  wish  to  be  young  and  beautiful — and  representing  plasti- 
cally the  ideal  of  thoughts  human. 

Elsewhere  intelligent  men  read  journals,  books,  scientific  pamphlets,  everything  ; 
and  in  comparison  with  New-Yorkers,  most  of  whom  are  too  busy  to  read,  are 
little  informed  and  provincial,  because  ideas  are  in  New  York  in  the  air  that  one 
breathes.  In  London  and  Paris,  the  only  cities  in  the  world  that  New  York  might 
not  surpass  in  higher  culture  if  it  ceased  to  labor,  art-galleries,  literary,  scientific 
and  artistic  societies,  museums,  are  in  the  charge  of  the  government. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  in  Central  Park,  near  Fifth  Avenue  and 
•  82d  Street,  in  a  stone  and  brick  building  on  the  site  formerly  called  Deer  Park,  was 
formed  as  the  result  of  a  meeting  instigated  chiefly  by  the  art-committee  of  the 
Union  League,  in  October,  1869,  wholly  in  reliance  upon  the  public'spirit  of  New- 
Yorkers.  It  was  incorporated  in  1870,  and  soon  thereafter  purchased  a  collection 
of  pictures,  which  it  exhibited,  together  with  loaned  objects  of  art,  in  a  leased 
building  at  681  Fifth  Avenue.  In  1873,  before  its  lease  had  expired,  it  rented  the 
Douglas  mansion,  126  "West  14th  Street ;  having  in  1872  purchased  from  General  L. 
P.  di  Cesnola  the  antiquities  unearthed  by  him  in  Cyprus.  Gifts  were  received,  in 
money  and  objects  of  art,  with  members'  subscriptions,  and  an  offer  from  the  Park 
Commissioners  to  furnish  a  building  in  the  Park  if  the  museum  should  be  transferred 
thither.  In  187 1  the  Legislature  had  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  Department  of 
Public  Parks  to  erect  a  building  for  the  purposes  of  a  museum,  and  to  enter  into  an 
agreement  for  its  occupancy  by  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.  The  first  portion 
of  the  proposed  building  was  finished  and  inaugurated  in  1880.    By  the  agreement 


3°4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


just  mentioned  the  museum  was  opened  to  the  public  without  charge  four  days  in 
the  week.  The  second,  or  south,  wing  of  the  building  was  completed  and  occupied 
in  1889  ;  the  third  is  now  in  progress.  In  1890  petitions  were  circulated  in  the  city 
requesting  that  the  museum  be  opened  to  the  public  on  Sundays  without  charge. 
The  Trustees  complied,  at  the  cost  of  large  pecuniary  sacrifices,  and  submitting  to  an 
inevitable  deficit.    Out  of  751,856  visitors  in  1892,  246,988  came  on  Sundays.  This 

loss  has  been  in  part  made 
up  by  increased  appropria- 
tions from  the  city. 

The  Cyprus  collection 
has  no  parallel  anywhere  for 
extent  and  value.  It  com- 
prises stone  sculptures,  sar- 
cophagi, inscriptions,  alabas- 
tra,  ivories,  lamps,  pottery, 
terra-cotta  statuettes, 
bronzes,  glass,  gems,  jewelry 
and  other  objects  in  gold  and 
silver  ;  Assyrian,  Egyptian, 
Phoenician,  Greek  and  Ro- 
man in  character,  and  of  dates 
from  the  earliest  times  to  later 
than  the  Christian  era;  many 
of  its  objects  and  classes 
of  objects  are  unique.  The 
museum's  collection  of  glass 
was  increased  by  a  purchase 
from  Charvet  by  Henry  G. 
Marquand,  and  by  him  pre- 
sented to  the  Museum  ;  also 
a  later  collection  presented 

INTERIOR  OF  THE  METROPOLITAN  MUSEUM  OF  ART.  |~  J 'J    Jarves  •    making  tllC 

entire  collection  of  glass  the  most  valuable  known.  There  are  magnificent  collections 
of  Babylonian,  Assyrian,  and  other  ancient  cylinders,  seals  and  inscribed  clay  tablets  ; 
Egyptian,  Greek,  Roman,  Indian  and  American  antiquities,  the  last  in  gold  and  silver, 
as  well  as  pottery  and  stone;  modern  sculptures  and  bronzes;  the  Huntington  collection 
of  memorials  of  Washington,  Franklin  and  Lafayette ;  the  E.  C.  Moore  collection  of 
ancient  terra-coUa  statuettes,  ancient  and  modern  glass,  Oriental  enamelled  and  other 
pottery,  and  objects  of  art  in  metal,  ivory,  etc. ;  the  Coles  collection  of  tapestries  and 
vases;  the  Lazarus  collection  of  miniatures,  enamels,  jewelry  and  fans;  the  Drexel  col- 
lection of  objects  of  art  in  gold  and  silver  ;  the  C.  W.  King  collection  of  ancient  gems, 
purchased  and  presented  to  the  museum  by  John  Taylor  Johnston ;  the  collection  of 
Oriental  porcelain  purchased  from  S.  P.  Avery ;  the  Japanese  swords  from  the  Ives 
collection  ;  the  unique  collection  of  musical  instruments  of  all  nations,  presented  by 
Mrs.  John  Crosby  Brown,  with  a  smaller  collection  presented  by  J.  W.  Drexel ;  the 
Baker  and  other  collections  of  ancient  textile  fabrics  from  the  Fayoum,  in  Egypt  ; 
the  pictures,  gold  medals  and  other  objects  commemorative  of  the  laying  of  the 
Atlantic  Cable,  presented  by  the  late  Cyrus  W.  Field  ;  the  models  of  inventions  by 
the  late  Captain  John  Ericsson,  presented  by  George  H.  Robinson  ;  the  reproduc- 
tions of  ivory  carvings,  exhibiting  the  mediaeval  continuance  of  the  art  }  the  collec- 


306  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 

tion  of  Renaissance  iron  work,  the  Delia  Robbia  altar-piece,  the  metallic  reproduc- 
tions of  gold  and  silver  objects  in  the  imperial  Russian  museums,  all  presented  by 
Henry  G.  Marquand  ;  the  McCullum,  Stuart  and  Astor  laces ;  the  collection  of 
architectural  casts,  made  from  a  fund  bequeathed  by  the  late  Levi  H.  Willard, 
amounting  to  $100,000;  the  sculptural  casts,  presented  by  H.  G.  Marquand  ;  and 
the  beginning  of  a  series  of  casts,  purchased  by  subscription,  intended  to  illustrate 
progressive  art  from  the  earliest  examples  to  the  later  Christian  ;  drawings  by  the 
old  masters,  collected  by  Count  Maggiori  of  Bologna,  Signor  Marietta,  Professor 
Angelini  and  Dr.  Guastala,  purchased  and  presented  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt ;  with 
another  smaller  but  equally  fine  collection  presented  by  Mrs.  Cephas  G.  Thompson  ; 
a  large  collection  of  paintings  by  old  Dutch  and  Flemish  masters  ;  another  exceed- 
ingly important  and  valuable  collection  of  paintings  by  old  masters  and  painters  of 
the  English  school,  presented  by  Henry  G.  Marquand  ;  the  noble  galleries  of  modern 
paintings  bequeathed  by  the  late  Catharine  Lorillard  Wolfe  ;  other  galleries  of 
masterpieces  by  modern  artists,  including  the  most  famous  works  of  Rosa  Bonheur 
(presented  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt)  and  Meissonier  (presented  by  Henry  Hilton). 
The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  would  be  a  museum  of  the  first  class  even  if  it 
were  limited  to  any  one  of  the  collections  that  it  includes  ;  but  its  symmetry  and  ex- 
tent are  as  remarkable  as  its  rapid  growth,  especially  when  we  reflect  that  its  creation 
and  increase  are  due  wholly  to  private  enterprise.  Besides  the  advantages  furnished 
to  artists,  artisans  and  art-students  in  copying  and  designing  from  its  collections,  the 
museum  has  also,  during  the  greater  period  of  its  existence,  maintained  an  institu- 
tion called  the  Art-Schools,  in  which  the  fine  arts  and  decorative  arts,  in  their  chief 
branches,  are  taught,  and  lectures  on  art  are  given.  In  cooperation  with  Columbia 
College  an  arrangement  has  been  made,  under  which  the  College  provides  for  the 
delivery  of  lectures  on  art  during  each  winter  season,  at  the  Museum,  and  the 
Museum  supplies  the  illustrative  material  for  the  lectures.  These  plans  will  have 
much  effect  in  developing  art-taste  in  New  York. 

The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in  Central  Park  (77th  Street 
and  Eighth  Avenue),  was  incorporated  in  1869,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and 
maintaining  in  New- York  City  a  museum  and  library  of  natural  history.  The  first 
president  was  John  David  Wolfe,  who  was  succeeded  by  Robert  L.  Stuart,  now 
both  deceased.  The  present  officers  are  :  Morris  K.  Jesup,  President  ;  James  M. 
Constable  and  D.  Jackson  Steward,  Vice-Presidents  ;  Charles  Lanier,  Treasurer  ; 
John  H.  Winser,  Secretary  and  Assistant  Treasurer  ;  and  William  Wallace,  Super- 
intendent of  Buildings. 

The  "museum  held  its  first  exhibition  in  the  old  arsenal,  where  the  Verreaux  col- 
lection of  natural-history  specimens,  the  Elliot  collection  of  North-American  birds, 
and  the  entire  museum  of  Prince  Maximilian  of  Neuwied  were  displayed.  It  was 
not  until  June,  1 874,  that  the  corner-stone  of  the  first  building  in  Manhattan  Square 
was  laid.  A  new  portion  has  recently  been  added  which  greatly  strengthens  the 
effect  of  the  architectural  design  —  a  not  very  pronounced  tendency  to  the  Roman- 
esque. The  building  proper  is  of  brick,  with  a  front  of  red  granite  from  New 
Brunswick  and  Canada.  The  imposing  and  ornamental  entrance  is  of  Massachusetts 
granite.  The  seven  arches  resting  on  short  polished  pillars  of  stone  make  a  com- 
manding and  dignified  front.  The  structure  is  so  designed  that  it  can  be  extended 
to  occupy  the  whole  of  Manhattan  Square,  which  has  been  set  aside  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  wings  will  be  added  as  the  collections  require  them,  and  the  liberality  of  the 
city  allows.  The  plans  are  now  ready  for  the  addition  of  another  wing,  to  provide 
the  much  needed  additional*  space  for  the  exhibit  of  material  now  stored  in  the 


308  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

building.  The  expenses  are  paid  by  the  city,  by  the  board  of  trustees,  and  by  sub- 
scriptions. In  birds,  mammals,  insects,  fossils,  minerals,  shells,  and  implements  of 
the  aborigines  of  our  own  and  foreign  lands,  the  collections  are  extremely  rich  and 
note-worthy  ;  the  library  on  many  subjects  is  unequaled  by  any  other  in  the  country. 
The  collections  of  woods  and  building  stones  of  the  United  States,  presented  by 
Morris  K.  Jesup,  are  far  the  most  extensive  and  valuable  in  America  and,  possibly, 
in  the  world.  Most  conspicuous  in  the  other  departments  arc  :  The  American 
gems  and  gem  minerals,  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  by  Tiffany  &  Co.  (these 
brilliant  and  precious  stones  were  purchased  for  and  presented  to  the  museum  by 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  one  of  the  trustees);  the  collection  of  Prof.  James  Hall,  the 
State  Geologist;  the  Spang  collection  of  minerals;  the  Jay  collection  of  shells,  pre- 
sented to  the  museum  by  Catherine  L.  Wolfe  ;  the  D.  J.  Steward  collection  of 
shells  ;  and  a  series  of  specimens  on  Mammalian  Palaeontology,  the  result  of  original 
research  and  investigation  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  H.  F.  Osborn.  Prominent 
in  the  department  of  Ethnology  and  Archeology  are  the  collections  of  Lieut. 
Emmons,  H.  R.  Bishop,  Jones,  Terry,  and  Sturgis;  the  celebrated  collection  of 
jade  objects  made  by  George  F.  Kunz ;  the  Harry  Edwards  collection  of  entomo- 
logical specimens  ;  and  the  private  collection  of  Andrew  E.  Douglass. 

The  different  departments  of  the  institution  are  designated  as  : 

Public  Instruction  —  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bickmore,  Curator. 

Geology,  Mineralogy,  Conchology ,  and  Marine  Invertebrate  Zoology  —  Prof.  R.  P. 
Whitfield,  Curator. 

Mammalogy,  Ornithology,  Herpitology,  Ichthyology  —  Prof.  J.  A.  Allen,  Curator. 
Mammalian  Palaeontology  —  Prof.  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn,  Curator. 
Archaeology  and  Ethnology  —  James  Terry,  Curator. 
Taxidermy  —  Jenness  Richardson,  Taxidermist. 
Entomology  —  William  Beutenmuller,  Curator. 
Library  —  Anthony  Woodward,  Ph.  D. ,  Librarian. 

Every  object,  however  small,  is  labeled  with  its  scientific  and  common  appella- 
tion, its  description,  and  its  history.  The  catalogues  record  the  investigations,  the 
researches  and  the  studies  of  ages.  The  trustees  encourage  the  use  of  the  halls  and 
study-rooms  for  the  holding  of  receptions,  exhibitions  and  business  meetings  of  the 
different  scientific  societies  of  the  city  and  country.  The  aim  of  the  institution  is  to 
establish  a  post-graduate  university  of  natural  science,  that  shall  be  as  complete  in 
all  its  appointments  as  any  similar  institution  in  London  or  Paris. 

The  National  Academy  of  Design,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  23d  Street 
and  Fourth  Avenue,  was  formed  in  1826,  of  the  New- York  Drawing  Association, 
and  is  the  American  Ecole  des  Beaux-arts,  the  American  equivalent  of  the  Royal 
Academy  and  of  the  Salon.  In  its  act  of  incorporation,  passed  April  5,  1828,  are 
the  names  of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  Henry  Inman,  Thomas  S.  Cummings,  John  L. 
Morton,  Asher  B.  Durand,  Charles  Ingham,  Frederick  S.  Agate  and  Thomas  Cole. 
It  has  in  its  list  of  students  names  of  the  most  eminent  artists.  The  schools 
directed  by  the  Academicians,  instructed  by  the  ablest  professors,  are  opened  the 
first  Monday  in  October  and  closed  in  the  middle  of  May.  The  instruction  is  free. 
There  are  composition  classes,  costume  classes,  sketching  classes  from  casts,  from 
the  living  model,  draped  and  undraped,  painting  classes,  lectures,  prizes  to  deserv- 
ing students,  and  exhibitions  of  works  by  artists.  The  students  have  access  to  the 
books  of  an  art  library,  the  value  of  which  is  inestimable.  The  spring  and  autumn 
exhibitions  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  introduce  the  work  of  American 
artists  to  the  critics  and  to  the  public. 


KING%S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  309 

The  Academy  building,  designed  by  P.  B.  Wight,  is  of  white  and  dark  marble, 
in  the  beautiful  Venetian  Gothic  architecture.  It  has  a  double  stairway  to  the 
main  entrance,  with  massive  balustrades.  The  building  was  paid  for  by  public 
subscriptions.    There  are  about  100  Academicians  and  50  Associates. 

The  American  Water-Color  Society,  at  52  East  23d  Street,  founded  in 
1866,  makes  a  very  popular  yearly  exhibition  at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  of 
the  works  of  painters  in  water-colors,  members  of  the  society  and  others,  and 
awards  the  William  T.  Evans  prize  of  $500  to  the  painter  of  the  picture  adjudged 
by  a  vote  of  the  society  to  be  the  most  meritorious  of  the  exhibition.  The  society 
has  100  members. 

The  Kit-Kat  Club,  at  20  West  59th  Street,  founded  in  1881,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1884,  is  a  working  club  of  artists.     There  are  classes  three  times  a  week,  at 


night,  without  professors.  The  members  criticise  the  work  of  each  other.  There 
are  informal  receptions  called  smoking  parties,  and  annual  exhibitions  of  tableaux 
vivants. 

The  New-York  Etching  Club  is  at  49  West  22d  Street.  Its  catalogues  con- 
tain an  etching  and  a  portrait  of  every  member  of  the  club,  and  short  essays  on  the 
art  of  the  etcher.    There  are  about  50  members. 

The  Society  of  American  Artists,  at  215  West  57th  Street,  was  founded  in 
1877,  by  artists  dissatisfied  with  the  National  Academy  of  Design.  Several  Acade- 
micians are  members,  and  one,  W.  M.  Chase,  is  President  of  the  society.  Its  pur- 
poses are  the  same  as  those  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design.  It  has  brilliant 
May  exhibitions,  well-contested  prizes,  a  large  membership,  and  Parisian  artistic 
ideals.  Among  the  members  are  Abbey,  Beckwith,  Blashfield,  Bridgman,  Apple- 
ton  Brown,  Chase,  Church,  Duveneck,  Cox,  Gay,  Gifford,  LaFarge,  Millet,  Pearce, 
Picknell,  St.  Gaudens,  Vedder,  Vinton,  and  Weir. 


3i o  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Art-Students'  League,  at  215  West  57th  Street,  was  organized  in  1875, 
and  incorporated  in  1878.  There,  every  day,  are  life,  portrait,  sketch,  modelling, 
composition  and  costume  classes.  There  are  frequent  lectures,  art-receptions  and 
exhibitions.    There  are  a  dozen  class-rooms  in  the  Fine-Arts  Building. 

The  Architectural  League  of  New  York,  at  215  West  57th  Street,  was 
organized  in  1881.  It  has  monthly  meetings,  lectures  and  dinners,  an  annual  exhi- 
bition and  banquet  (in  December)  and  prizes.  Its  president  is  Russell  Sturgis  ;  and 
the  membership  is  large  and  influential,  including  St.  Gaudens,  Ward,  McKim, 
Tiffany,  Ware,  Upjohn,  Kenwick,  Rich,  Port,  Bruce  Price,  Le  Brun,  Hunt,  Gibson, 
Robertson  and  other  well-known  men. 

The  American  Fine-Arts  Society  was  formed  in  1889,  by  a  combination  of 
the  Society  of  American  Artists,  the  Architectural  League  of  New  York,  and  the 

Art  -  Students' 
League  of  New 
York,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  a 
building  for  their 
home,  and  for  a 
headquarters  of  the 
graphic  arts  in  New 
York.  They  jointly 
own  and  occupy  the 
exquisite  building 
erected  by  them,  at 
a  cost  of  .^400,000, 
at  215  West  57th 
Street,  between 
Broadway  and 
Seventh  Avenue. 
The  architect  was 
Henry  J.  Harden- 
bergh  ;  and  the  fa- 
cade reproduces 
that  of  the  house  of 
Francis  I.  in  Paris. 
The  materials  are 
pink  granite  and 
Indiana  limestone. 
The  building  was 
finished  in  1892. 
The  large  Yander- 
bilt  gallery  valued 

AMERICAN  FINE-ARTS  BUILDING,   215  WEST  57th  STREET.  at      $100,000  WaS 

presented    to  the 

society  by  George  W.  Vanderbilt ;  and  together  with  the  South  Gallery,  forms  an 
admirable  place  in  which  to  display  pictures  to  the  best  effect. 

The  Associated  Artists,  at  115  East  23d  Street,  is  a  corporation  founded  by 
Mrs.  Candace  Wheeler,  its  President,  to  paint  ceilings  and  decorative  panels,  and 
for  the  manufacture  of  artistic  patterns  in  silk,  and  artistic  prints  in  cotton.  It  has 
done  a  great  work  in  the  elevation  of  textile  industry,  and  its  goods  have  been 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


largely  copied,  even  by  European  manufacturers.  The  embroideries  and  needle- 
woven  tapestries  which  have  come  from  this  society,  having  been  worked  under 
Mrs.  Wheeler's  supervision,  are 
widely  celebrated  for  their  beauty. 
The  business  is  managed  and  run 
by  women. 

Other  Art  Organizations 
include  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Pastels,  with  its  yearly  exhibi- 
tions ;  the  New- York  Water- 
Color  Society,  which  was  organ- 
ized in  1890  ;  the  Art  Guild,  the 
Salmagundi,  the  Artists'  Fund 
Society  and  others. 

The  New-York  Institute 
for  Artist-Artisans,  at  140 
West  23d  Street,  founded  in  188 1, 
and  directed  by  John  Ward  Stim- 
son,  former  director  of  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art  Schools, 
is  a  training  school  for  all  the 
arts,  kept  constantly  in  touch 
with  the  various  trade  guilds  and 
associations.  The  arts  are  taught 
in  their  application  to  various 
branches  of  trade.  The  school 
is  under  the  patronage  of  influ- 
ential men  and  women  of  the  city, 
and  interests  every  person  who  cares  for  the  progrej 

The  Cooper-Union  Free  Night  Schools 


ASSOCIATED  ARTISTS 


;  of  American  industrial  art. 
of  Science  and  Art,  at  the 
Cooper  Institute,  are  open  to  all  applicants  at  least  fifteen  years  of  age,  whether  they 
are  or  are  not  residents  of  the  city.  In  the  scientific  department  are  taught  mathe- 
matics, chemistry,  astronomy,  electrical  measurements,  mechanics,  mechanical 
drawings.  In  the  art  department  are  taught  mechanical,  architectural,  perspective, 
cast,  form,  ornamental,  figure  and  rudimental  drawing,  decorative  designing  and 
modelling  in  clay.    There  are  lectures,  exhibitions,  prizes  and  diplomas. 

The  Cooper-Union  Woman's  Art-School,  at  the  Cooper  Institute,  is  open 
to  all  applicants  at  least  sixteen  and  not  over  thirty-five  years  of  age.  There  are 
classes  in  oil-painting,  life  and  cast  drawing,  designing  and  normal  drawing,  pen 
and  ink  illustration,  crayon  photograph,  lectures  on  art  and  on  anatomy,  exhibi- 
tions, diplomas.  There  are  supplementary  afternoon  classes  for  women  who  study 
art  as  an  accomplishment,  or  have  the  means  to  pay  for  tuition. 

The  Society  of  Decorative  Art,  at  28  East  21st  Street,  incorporated  in  1878, 
exhibits  and  sells  art-work  of  women,  pottery,  china,  tiles,  plaques,  embroideries, 
hangings,  curtains,  book-cases,  cabinets,  table  and  other  house  linen,  articles  for 
wardrobes  of  infants,  panels  for  cabinet  work,  painting  on  silk  for  screens,  panels 
and  fans,  decorated  bills  of  fare,  and  works  of  like  description.  A  subscriber  of 
fcioo  may  nominate  a  pupil  for  one  year  in  any  of  the  free  classes  taught  by  the 
society.  A  subscriber  of  $10  may  place  one  pupil  unable  to  pay  for  tuition  in  the 
china,  water-color  or  fan-painting  classes,  for  five  free  lessons.     A  subscriber  of  ,$5 


3T2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


may  nominate  one  pupil  for  six  free  lessons  in  art  needlework,  the  pupil's  ability  to 
be  determined  by  the  first  two  lessons.  The  society  charges  io  per  cent,  commis- 
sion on  its  sales,  and  it  sells  nothing  that  its  committees  have  not  approved. 

The  Exchange  for  Women's  Work,  at  329  Fifth  Avenue,  is  devoted  to 
the  sale  of  artistic  articles,  mainly  made  by  poor  gentlewomen,  and  often  of  great 
beauty  and  originality  of  design. 

The  Municipal  Art  Society  was  organized  in  1893,  for  the  development  of 
a  higher  art  taste  in  the  city,  and  a  purer  sentiment  in  its  monuments,  parks  and 
public  buildings,  and  for  the  appropriate  decoration  of  public  places  with  works  of 
sculpture,  painting,  mosaic  or  stained  glass.  Foremost  artists  are  enrolled  in  this 
most  commendable  organization,  which  has  a  semi-official  relation  to  the  municipal 
government.  The  President  is  Richard  M.  Hunt.  The  Executive  Committee 
includes  three  architects  :  E.  H.  Kendall,  W.  B.  Bigelow,  and  Henry  J.  Harden- 
bergh  ;  three  artists  :  E.  H.  Blash field,  Will  H.  Low,  and  George  W.  Maynard  ; 
three  sculptors  :  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  and  Olin  L.  Warner  ;  and 
three  laymen  :    August  Belmont,  J.  Armstrong  Chanler,  and  W.  T.  Evans. 

The  Art  Stores  of  the  American  Art  Association,  6  East  23d  Street  ;  of  Moore, 
in  West  17th  Street ;  of  Thomas  B.  Clarke,  4  East  34th  Street  ;  of  S.  P.  Avery,  Jr., 
W.  C.  Baumgarten  &  Co.,  Boussod,  Valadon  &  Co.,  Cottier  &  Co.,  L.  Christ  Del- 
monico,  Durand  Ruel  Brothers,  H.  J.  Duveen  &  Co.,  Knoedler  &  Co.,  Reichard  & 
Co. ,  Herman  Schaus  and  A.  W.  Conover  (successors  of  Wm.  Schaus),  and  Sypher 
&  Co.,  in  Fifth  Avenue;  of  H.  B.  Herts  &  Co.,  Frank  Hegger,  Tiffany  &  Co.,  and 
Wunderlich,  on  Broadway  ;  of  Frederick  Keppel,  Wernicke  and  many  others,  have 
in  their  books  records  of  private  collections  only  a  little  less  interesting  than  their 
wares,  to  the  public  of  New  York.  But  these  records  are  sealed.  It  is  not  by  them 
that  one  may  know  what  treasures  are  hidden  behind  many  severe,  ordinary,  unin- 
viting brownstone  fronts  of  New-York  houses.  However,  they  may  be  known,  for 
many  of  these  treasures  appear  at  loan  exhibitions  frequently.  When  known,  they 
are  not  difficult  of  access. 

Everybody  in  New  York  is  interested  in  the  industrial  phase  of  the  arts,  if  one 
may  judge  by  the  attraction  which  the  shop-windows  have  for  the  crowds,  the  in- 
creasing taste  for  beauty  being  displayed  everywhere,  the  popularity  of  exhibitions 
of  handicraft,  and  the  interest  displayed  to  learn  the  value,  the  history,  and  the 
names  of  buyers  of  works  of  art. 

The  Private  Art  Collections  of  New  York  include  those  of  Mrs.  Astor, 
Samuel  P.  Avery,  Heber  R.  Bishop,  James  B.  Colgate,  R.  L.  Cutting,  Charles  A. 
Dana,  W.  B.  Dinsmore,  Henry  Hilton,  C.  P.  Huntington,  G.  G.  Haven,  Henry  G. 
Marquand,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  Levi  P.  Morton,  Darius  O.  Mills,  Oswald  Otten- 
dorfer,  J.  W.  Pinchot,  Charles  Stewart  Smith,  Mrs.  Paran  Stevens,  Mrs.  W.  H. 
Vanderbilt,  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  W.  K.  Yanderdilt  and  C.  F.  Woerishoffer.  The 
most  valuable  collection  is  the  one  formed  by  William  H.  Yanderbilt.  Not  one  is 
limited  to  paintings.  Samuel  P.  Avery  has  paintings,  bronzes  of  Barye,  and  the 
greatest  private  collection  of  etchings  extant  ;  Heber  R.  Bishop  has  an  unsurpassable 
collection  of  jades  ;  Charles  A.  Dana,  of  vases  of  china  ;  and  Henry  G.  Marquand 
has  classified  in  appropriately  designed  rooms,  Persian,  Japanese,  Arabic  and 
Hispano-Moresque,  the  most  valuable  antique  tapestry,  porcelain  arms  and  art- 
objects.  The  value  of  the  private  art-collections  in  New  York  is  calculated  at 
$8,000,000.  In  1885  the  paintings  collected  by  George  I.  Seney,  285  in  number, 
brought  $650,000.  Meissonier's  "  1807,"  presented  by  Henry  Hilton  to  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  cost  the  late  Alexander  T.  Stewart  $67,000.    The  portrait 


3*4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


by  Rembrandt,  which  Henry  G.  Marquand  bought  from  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne 
and  presented  to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  cost  $25,000  and  expenses.  The 
paintings  shown  at  one  of  the  annual  receptions  of  the  Union  League  were  insured 
for  $400,000.  In  1883  a  loan  collection  of  paintings  and  various  objects  of  art  at 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  was  insured  for  more  than  $1,000,000.  The  sales 
at  one  exhibition  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  aggregated  $40,000.  Mr. 
Drewry,  secretary  of  the  Kit-Kat  Club,  and  art-editor  of  the  American  Press  Asso- 
ciation, estimates  at  4,000  the  number  of  professional  artists  in  New  York.  Among 
these  are  the  foremost  painters  and  sculptors  of  America,  enriching  the  Empire  City 
with  the  art  of  Paris,  the  statuary  of  Athens,  the  architecture  of  Italy. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Art-Galleries  are  famous  all  over  the  continent,  wherever 
there  are  connoisseurs  and  lovers  of  the  best  works  of  art.    They  occupy  a  building 

admirably  designed  for  the 
purpose,  at  366  and  368 
Fifth  Avenue,  between  the 
houses  of  the  Manhattan 
Club  and  the  New- York 
Club.  This  perfectly  planned 
structure  was  erected  ex- 
pressly for  the  purpose,  by 
the  Caswell  estate,  after 
plans  wrought  out  by  the  late 
Henry  O.  Avery,  the  well- 
known  architect.  The  upper 
floor,  only  one  flight  from  the 
street,  is  occupied  by  the 
commodious  and  well- 
lighted  galleries  in  which 
Samuel  P.  Avery,  Jr.,  dis- 
plays constantly  the  choicest 
works  of  European  and 
American  art.  Mr.  Avery 
has  devoted  himself  to  this 
business  for  over  twenty 
years,  and  makes  annual 
visits  to  Europe  to  give  com- 
missions to  celebrated  artists, 
and  to  purchase  the  choicest 
paintings  at  the  great  art- 
centres.  In  these  unrivalled 
galleries  may  be  seen  examples  of  almost  all  the  best-known  painters  of  Europe 
and  America,  exquisite  French  landscapes,  genre  pictures,  brilliant  marines,  and  all 
the  wide  range  of  modern  art.  The  patrician  mansions  of  New  York  secure  their 
choicest  pictures  here,  and  many  a  hamlet  among  the  New-England  hills  or  on  the 
limitless  Western  prairies  has  been  enriched  by  paintings  from  this  magnetic  centre 
of  art.  The  works  exhibited  and  sold  here  have  been  selected  with  the  finest  and 
most  highly-trained  aesthetic  taste,  and  are  the  crown-jewels  of  each  year's  studios 
and  salons.  The  Avery  galleries  are  lighted  from  above,  with  broad  sky-lights ;  and 
what  may  be  called  the  domestic  effect  of  pictures  is  shown  also  in  the  contiguous 
private  rooms,  where  the  paintings  are  exhibited  in  the  side-lights  from  windows. 


i—  !  « — • 

FIFTH-AVENUE  ART  GALLERIES,  366  AND  368  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


315 


Ortgies  &  Co.,  the  best-known  and  longest-established  art-auctioneers  in  New 
York,  occupy  the  great  galleries  on  the  ground-floor  of  the  Fifth-Avenue  Art-Gal- 
leries building,  extending  around  to  35th  Street.  These  galleries  have  5,000  square 
feet  of  hanging  space,  and  5,300  square  feet  of  floor  area,  with  perfect  overhead 
lighting.  They  were  specially  designed  for  the  exhibition  and  sale  by  auction  of 
paintings,  sculptures,  books,  bric-a-brac,  engravings,  etc.  During  the  past  twenty 
years  this  firm  has  conducted  nearly  thirty  picture-sales,  each  of  which  brought  over 
830,000,  at  least  seven  bringing  over  $100,000  each.  Among  these  were  the  collec- 
tions of  John  Taylor  Johnston,  $328,286;  Albert  Spencer,  $284,025;  and  J.  F. 
Kensett,  $137,944.  At  times  of  these  great  sales,  or  when  unique  collections  of 
porcelains  and  other  artistic  property  are  offered,  the  galleries  are  crowded  with  the 
very  flower  of  metropolitan  society.  The  firm  is  made  up  of  John  Ortgies  and 
Robert  Somerville,  with  Samuel  P.  Avery,  Jr.,  as  special  partner. 

Frank  Hegger's  Photographic  Depot,  at  152  Broadway,  is  the  best-known 
and  most  popular  establishment  of  its  kind  in  America.    The  spacious  store  is  a 


HEGGER'S  ART  ESTABLISHMENT,    152  BROADWAY,   NEAR  LIBERTY  bTREET. 

magazine  packed  with  everything  that  is  choice  in  water-colors,  etchings,  en- 
gravings, photographs  of  every  possible  description,  and  unmounted  views  from 
all  parts  of  the  globe.  "  If  you  can't  get  them  at  Hegger's,  you  can't  get  them  in 
this  country,"  is  a  well-deserved  compliment  and  literally  true.  Hegger's  is  always 
abreast  with  the  time,  and  the  selections  which  continually  replenish  his  stock  are 
made  with  the  taste  and  judgment  of  a  man  of  travel  and  a  knowledge  of  the  best 


316 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


one  sees  as  a  traveller.  It  is  a  case  of  a  man  fitted  by  every  natural  inclination  and 
gift  to  his  vocation,  and  who  has  become  conspicuous  among  us  by  the  natural 
development  and  vast  public  utility  of  his  business.  The  absence  of  the  Ilegger 
establishment  from  New  York  would  leave  an  aching  void  to  the  eyes  of  thousands 
to  whom  his  show-windows  and  port-folios  are  a  perpetual  source  of  intellectual 
refreshment  and  cesthetical  delight.  The  Broadway  sidewalk  is  often  blockaded  by 
the  throng  attracted  by  his  ever  freshly  renewed  and  ever  novel  and  interesting 
displays,  and  brokers  and  business  men,  hot  with  the  fever  of  mid-day  business, 
break  suddenly  away  from  their  drive  for  gain  to  "run  in  and  see  what  Hegger  has 
new,"  and  jostle  grave  divines  and  college  professors  in  their  investigations  of  the 
huge  sample  books. 

The  Tiffany  Glass  and  Decorating  Company  of  New  York. —  It  is  with- 
out doubt  evident  to  every  careful  observer  that  a  strong  artistic  taste  is  rapidly 
developing  among  us,  and  that  the  American  people  are  ultimately  destined  to  be- 
come deeply  imbued  with  an  unprecedented  love  for  all  forms  of  material  beauty, 

architectural,  pic- 
torial and  decora- 
tive. The  phenom- 
enal growth  and 
expansion  of  the 
Tiffany  Glass  and 
Decorating  Com- 
pany, of  333-341 
Fourth  Avenue,  are 
sufficient  evidence 
of  this  fact,  as  such 
an  organization 
could  not  exist 
without  a  large 
clientage  of  art- 
loving  people. 
Take  the  subject 
alone  of  colored 
glass  windows,  and 
it  is  in  the  memory 

TIFFANY  GLASS  AND  DECORATING  COMPANY,   FOURTH  AVENUE  AND  25th  STREET.  c      ..      .  .  J 

of  all  that  only  a 

few  years  ago  most  Americans  were  contented  with  imported  windows,  or  with  poor 
imitations  made  here.  In  both  cases  the  windows  were  but  copies  of  mediaeval 
work,  seldom  equalling  the  originals,  and  never  showing  an  advance,  either  in  artistic 
qualities  or  improvement  of  method,  or  even  mechanical  skill,  over  the  windows  of 
the  Middle  Ages.  All  this  is  now  a  thing  of  the  past.  To-day  America  leads  the 
world  in  the  making  of  colored  glass  windows  ;  a  result  brought  about  mainly  through 
the  investigations  and  experiments  of  Louis  C.  Tiffany,  an  artist  of  rare  ability, 
having  a  most  exquisite  appreciation  of  color  values  and  their  relations,  one  to 
another.  He  intuitively  took  up  the  subject  where  the  medievalist  left  off,  viz.: 
The  study  and  the  unfolding  of  the  inherent  properties  of  the  glass  to  their  fullest 
extent,  both  in  color  and  in  texture,  in  order  to  obtain  in  the  glass  itself  light  and 
shade,  through  depth  and  irregularity  of  color,  in  union  with  inequality  of  surface, 
in  that  way  hoping  to  avoid  the  dullness,  opacity  and  thinness  which  invariably 
accompany  the  use  of  paint,  and  are  marked  characteristics  of  European  glass-work. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


317 


Moreover,  he  endeavored  to  obtain  effects  in  this  obstinate  material  which  were 
hitherto  deemed  impossible.  Among  other  things  he  introduced  the  use  of  opales- 
cent glass.  I  Ie  softened  the  hard 
lead  lines  by  plating  glass  over 
glass,  and  he  developed  the  mo- 
saic system  of  work,  substituting 
it  for  glass-painting. 

In  a  word,  he  originated  a  sys- 
tem of  work  which  requires  the 
strictest  attention  of  the  artist,  a 
method  founded  on  the  most  per- 
fect practice  of  the  mosaic  sys- 
tem, an  artistic  method  par  excel' 
lence.  The  result  is  that  a  Tiffany 
window  made  by  the  company 
that  bears  his  name  is  indeed  a 
thing  of  beauty,  and  for  which  the 
demand  is  growing  from  day  to 
day,  and  so  fast,  that  the  com- 
pany is  compelled  to  carry  con- 
beethoven  M/tNNERCHOH,  210  fifth  street.  stantly  in  stock  over  a  hundred 

tons  of  glass  in  the  raw  state,  and  employ  a  large  corps  of  artists  exclusively  for  this 
branch  of  its  business.  Just  as  the  Glass  Department  has  grown,  in  the  same  way 
every  other  one  has  developed,  until  in  the  studios  of  the  company  all  forms  of 
artistic  handicraft  are  found.  Churches,  houses,  hotels  and  theatres  are  decorated 
and  furnished  throughout.  In  fact,  both  domestic  and  ecclesiastical  work  of  every 
description  is  undertaken  by  the  company.  The  demand  for  its  work  has  been  so 
great  that  an  increase  of  capital  became  a  necessity,  and  the  company  now  has  a 
paid-up  cash  capital  of  $400,000.  The  artistic  department  is  under  the  immediate 
direction  of  Louis  C.  Tiffany  ;  the  general  management  is  under  the  care  of  Pringle 
Mitchell  ;  while  the  Board  of  Direction  is  composed'  of  a  number  of  well-known 
men,  viz. :  John  C.  Piatt, 
John  DuFais,  Henry  W.  de 
Forest,  George  Holmes,  Von 
Beck  Canfield  and  J.  A. 
Holzer. 

Music  in  New  York 
has  shown  a  remarkable  and 
vigorous  development.  This 
city  knew  ull  Wagner  before 
Paris  accepted  Lohengrin. 
It  has  capital  orchestras, 
choral  societies,  music  clubs, 
conservatories,  professors, 
lectures  by  musical  experts, 
and  exquisite  private  per- 
formances. 

The  Philharmonic  So- 
ciety, organized  in  1842  by 
Uriah  C.  Hill,  a  violinist, 


318  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

native,  of  New  York,  who  had  studied  with  Spohr  at  Cassel,  is  composed  of  pro- 
fessional orchestra  players  and  a  non-professional  president.  It  gave  at  the  first 
concert,  December  7,  1842,  the  Symphony  in  C  Minor  of  Beethoven,  which  seemed 
far  above  the  faculty  of  appreciation  of  a  public  so  little  educated  musically  as  the 
public  of  New  York  was  then  ;  but  it  had  a  high  aim  and  never  faltered.  It  led  the 
public  taste.  In  1867  the  membership  was  increased  to  100  players.  At  that  time 
Carl  Bergman  was  its  conductor,  and  remained  in  office  until  1876.  Dr.  Leopold 
Damrosch  was  conductor,  1876-77;  Theodore  Thomas,  1877-1878;  Adolph  Neuen- 
dorff,  1878-79;  Theodore  Thomas,  1878-91  ;  and  Anton  Seidl. 

The  Symphony  Society  was  organized  in  1880  by  Dr.  Leopold  Damrosch. 
Its  Symphony  Orchestra,  the  only  permanent  one  in  New  York,  is  directed  by  Wal- 
ter Damrosch.     Its  concerts  are  brilliant  social  events. 

The  Oratorio  Society,  organized  in  1873,  's  under  the  skilful  direction  of 
Walter  Damrosch.    Its  predecessors  in  the  place  that  it  occupies  were  the  Church 

Music  Association,  the  Men- 
delssohn Union  and  the  Har- 
monic Society.  Like  the 
Harmonic  Society,  it  gives 
every  year  during  Christmas 
week  a  performance  of  the 
Messiah.  It  has  given  and 
continues  to  give,  with  per- 
fect art,  works  like  Bach's 
Passion  Music,  Berlioz's 
Messe  des  Moris,  Handel's 
Judas  Maccabeus,  Haydn's 
Creation  and  Seasons,  Schu- 
mann's Paradise  and  the  Peri, 
Liszt's  Christies,  GreWsA/issa 
Solemnis,  and  the  cantatas 
of  Dr.  Damrosch. 

The  Mendelssohn  Glee 
Club  was  organized  in  1866 
by  Joseph  Mosenthal,  a  vio- 
linist, a  pupil  of  Spohr,  and 
a  native  of  Cassel,  who  be- 
came an  influential  organist 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
New  York,  and  resigned  from 
Calvary  Church  not  to  yield  to  a  fashionable  craze  for  boy  choirs.  The  club  gives 
concerts  invariably  excellent. 

The  Manuscript  Society,  organized  in  1889  for  the  performance  in  public  of 
unpublished  works  of  American  composers,  has  for  president  Gerritt  Smith. 

The  Musurgia,  devoted  exclusively  to  part  songs  for  men's  voices,  is  under  the 
direction  of  William  R.  Chapman,  who  also  directs  the  Rubenstein  (part  songs  for 
women)  and  Metropolitan  Musical  Societies,  for  the  study  of  music. 

Orpheons,  of  Swiss  and  French,  are  represented  by  several  organizations. 
Church  Choral  Societies,  which  Trinity  Church  encouraged  so  effectively 
when  New  York  had  no  other  music  than  the  music  of  churches,  have  been  organ- 
ized in  various  sections. 


LIEDERKRANZ,  58TH  STREET,  BETWEEN  LEXINGTON  AND  FOURTH  AVENUES. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


319 


The  New-York  Maennerchor,  founded  in  1870,  in  1887  erected  its  spacious 

and  handsome  building  on  56th  Street. 

Maennerchors  and  Saengerbunde,  mainly  Germans,  are  numerous. 

The  Deutscher  Liederkranz,  at  the  north  side  of  East  58th  Street,  between 
Park  and  Lexington  Avenues,  gave  to  New  York  the  fervor  of  German  lyrism.  It 
was  organized  in 
1847,  and  incor- 
porated in  i860, 
and  it  has  steadily 
given,  in  concerts, 
in  cantatas,  in 
courses  of  instruc- 
tion that  have  pow- 
erful influence,  the 
best  works  of  the 
German  c  o  1a  - 
posers.  It  has  ad- 
mirably produced 
workslikeMozart's 
Requiem,  Liszt's 
Prometheus,  and 
Mendelssohn's 
Walpu  rgis  n  ach  t. 
Its  membership  is 
composed  of  active 

,  .  ARION  SOCIETY.    PARK  AVENUE  AND  EAST  59TH  STREET. 

members  who  are 

musicians  or  students  in  the  perfect  school  of  vocal  music  provided  by  the  club,  and 
others  to  whom  the  seductive  social  features  only  of  the  club  have  appealed.  Its 
membership  includes  1,200  Germans  and  German- Americans,  200  Hebrew- Ameri- 
cans, and  100  Americans  of  British  origin.  There  are  female  choruses.  The  con- 
ductor is  Heinrich  Zollner,  of  Cologne,  whom  the  club  called  to  New  York  in  1890. 
The  festivals  of  the  Liederkranz,  especially  the  annual  Carnival,  are  thoroughly 
artistic.  The  club-house  of  the  Liederkranz  is  a  large  brownstone  building  in  the 
style  of  the  German  Renaissance.    The  president  is  William  Steinway. 

The  Arion  Society,  with  its  home  at  the  corner  of  Park  Avenue  and  59th 
Street,  was  organized  by  fourteen  seceding  members  of  the  Liederkranz  in  1854. 
They  gave  their  first  concert  in  the  Apollo  Rooms,  at  Broadway  and  Canal  Street  ; 
produced  an  operetta  Mordgrunbruck,  in  1855  ;  another,  Der  Gang  Zum  Eisenham- 
mer,  in  1856  ;  furnished  the  choruses  in  the  first  Wagner  opera  performed  in  America, 
Tannhduser,  August  27,  1 859  ;  performed  Der  Freischutz  in  1 869  ;  and  gave  bril- 
liant Carnival  meetings  and  masquerade  balls  that  are  still  maintained.  In  187 1, 
the  Arion  brought  Dr.  Leopold  Damrosch  from  Breslau.  In  1870,  it  occupied  19 
and  21  St.  Mark's  Place,  and  in  1887  it  entered  its  present  beautiful  palace.  It  is, 
unlike  the  Liederkranz,  almost  exclusively  German.  It  has  no  chorus  of  mixed 
voices.  It  gives  concerts,  balls,  and  operettas  in  the  large  hall  on  the  third  floor  of 
its  graceful  building.  The  lower  story  is  of  Berea  sandstone,  the  rest  of  buff  brick 
and  terra  cotta.  The  style  is  early  Italian  Renaissance.  The  groups  of  heroic  size 
at  the  roof  are  Arion  on  a  huge  shell  borne  by  dolphins  accompanied  by  Tritons  on 
the  Park-Avenue  side,  and  Prince  Carnival  with  Terpsichore  and  the  Genius  of 
Music  on  the  59th-Street  side. 


IP  §  ■  MJfci! 


320  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Music  Hall,  founded  by  Andrew  Carnegie,  at  the  corner  of  57th  Street 

and  Seventh  Avenue,  has  a  main  hall  or  auditorium  for  concerts,  smaller  rooms  for 
chamber  music,  studios,  rehearsals,  fairs,  and  a  gymnasium.  The  building,  opened 
in  May,  189 1,  is  of  mottled  brick  and  terra  cotta,  in  the  style  of  the  Venetian  Renais- 
sance. The  house  decoration  is  of  pale  salmon  color,  produced  by  a  stencilling  of 
white  on  a  background  of  old  rose.  Music  Hall  is  the  home  of  the  Oratorio  Society. 
The  Symphony  and  other  societies  play  there. 

The  Lenox  Lyceum,  on  Madison  Avenue,  near  59th  Stre  et,  on  the  site  of 
the  Old  Panorama,  has  the  most  beautiful  but  not  the  best  in  acoustics  of  the  New- 
York  music  halls.  The  stage  is  under  a  shell-shaped  building.  The  facade  is  of 
colored  marbles.  The  style  is  early  Italian  Renaissance.  The  building  was  opened 
in  January,  1890,  and  is  fitted  for  concerts,  fairs,  banquets,  balls  and  other  festivals. 

Semi-Artistic  Societies  and  Scientific  Organizations  find  in  New  York 
their  great  headquarters  on  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  their  collections  and  pro- 
ceedings win  the  attention  of  the  world. 

The  New-York  Historical  Society,  at  170  Second  Avenue,  southeast  cor- 
ner of  nth  Street,  founded  in  1804,  incorporated  in  1809,  has  a  library  of  100,000 
volumes  of  reference,  in  large  collections  of  scarce  pamphlets,  maps,  newspapers, 
manuscripts,  paintings  and  engravings,  records  of  every  phase  in  the  progress  of 
New  York.  Egbert  Benson,  DeWitt  Clinton,  William  Linn,  Samuel  Miller,  John 
N.  Abeel,  John  M.  Mason,  David  Hosack,  Anthony  Bleecker,  Samuel  Bayard, 
Peter  G.  Stuyvesant  and  John  Pintard  were  its  founders  ;  and  it  never  lacked  the 
liberality,  the  public  spirit,  the  influence  and  the  labor  of  men  like  these.  John 
Pintard  gave  paintings,  books  and  manuscripts  ;  James  Lenox,  marbles  of  Nineveh  ; 
Luman  Reed,  Thomas  J.  Bryan,  Louis  Durr,  the  New-York  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts 
and  the  American  Art  Union,  paintings,  books  and  statuary.  The  home  of  the 
society  was  in  the  City  Hall  from  1804  to  1809,  in  the  Government  House  from  1809 
to  1816,  in  the  New-York  Institution  from  1816  to  1832,  in  Remsen's  Building  in 
Broadway  from  1832  to  1837,  in  the  Stuyvesant  Institute  from  1837  to  ^41,  in  the 

New- York  University  from  1 841  to 
1857.  It  could  not  be  predicted  in 
1857,  when  the  society  took  posses- 
sion of  its  present  edifice,  that  in 
less  than  half  a  century  the  rooms 
would  be  over-crowded.  They  are 
a  solid  mass  of  books  and  paintings 
and  statuary  and  antiquities.  In 
the  Department  of  Antiquities,  the 
larger  collections /Consist  of  the 
celebrated  Abbott  Collection  of 
Egyptian  Antiquities,  purchased  for 
the  institution  in  1859;  the  Nine- 
veh Sculptures  ;  and  a  considerable 
collection  of  relics  of  the  American 
aborigines.  The  Gallery  of  Art 
includes  835  paintings  and  63 
pieces  of  sculpture.  Here,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  society's  early  collec- 
tion of  paintings  and  sculpture,  is 
the  largest  and  most  important  gal- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


lery  of  historical  portraits  in  the  country,  together  with  the  original  water-colors, 
474  in  number,  prepared  by  Audubon  for  his  work  on  Natural  History  ;  the  famous 
Bryan  Gallery  of  Old  Masters,  presented  to  the  society  by  the  late  Thomas  J.  Bryan 
in  1867;  and  the  extensive  Durr  Collection,  presented  in  1881.  The  society  is  to 
erect  a  new  building  on  a  site  which  it  has  purchased,  facing  Central  Park  and  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  on  Central  Park  West,  between  76th  and  77th  Streets. 
It  will  have  a  fire-proof  building  for  its  invaluable  library,  gallery  and  museum,  and 
a  large  hall  for  meetings  and  lectures. 

The  American  Institute,  for  the  promotion  of  domestic  industry,  at  111 
to  115  West  38th  Street,  gives  every  year  in  the  fall,  for  two  months,  in  the  large 
building  on  Third  Avenue,  between  63d  and  64th  Streets,  an  exhibition  of  the  latest 
inventions  for  advancing  commerce,  agriculture,  manufactures  and  the  arts.  It 
awards  premiums  and  certificates  of  merit,  and  publishes  reports  of  its  proceedings. 
Its  library,  of  15,000  volumes,  interesting  to  scientific  men,  is  freely  opened  to  all  the 
members  and  friends  of  the  Institute.  The  American  Institute  was  founded  in  1828, 
and  now  has  2,000  members.  The  Polytechnic  Association,  Farmers'  Club,  and 
Photographic  Section  of  the  Institute 
hold  frequent  public  meetings,  lectures, 
and  discussions. 

The  American  Geographical 
Society,  at  1 1  West  29th  Street, 
founded  in  1852  and  chartered  in  1854, 
had  for  its  first  President  the  historian 
George  Bancroft.  It  has  a  library  of 
25,000  volumes,  an  extensive  collection 
of  8,000  maps,  a  treasury  of  valuable 
information  not  easily  accessible  else- 
where, and  here  well  classified.  It  gives 
lectures  by  famous  travellers  and  geog- 
raphers, and  issues  a  quarterly  bul- 
letin. Its  privileges  and  advantages 
are  for  its  1 , 500  members,  whose  annual 
dues  are  $10. 

The  New-York  Academy  of 
Sciences  was  founded  in  181 7,  under 
the  name  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History,  which  was  changed  in  1876. 
It  began  in  1824  the  publication  of 
Annals,  and  in  1 88 1  of  Transactions,  wherein  its  labors  are  recorded.  It  has  a 
valuable  library  of  8,000  volumes  ;  and  meetings  Monday  evenings  in  Hamilton  Hall 
of  Columbia  College.     It  has  300  members.     Prof.  John  S.  Newberry  is  President. 

The  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  founded  in  1852,  has  an  active 
membership  of  about  1,600,  composed  of  engineers  of  good  standing,  and  at  least 
ten  years'  experience.  Its  house,  at  127  East  23d  Street,  contains  a  large  lecture 
hall,  a  library  of  17,000  volumes  —  the  finest  and  most  comprehensive  library  on 
civil  engineering  in  the  country  —  and  various  other  apartments.  There  are  meet- 
ings of  the  society  twice  a  month  at  its  house,  and  an  annual  convention,  which  is 
held  in  the  larger  cities  in  rotation.  The  Transactions  of  the  society  are  published 
monthly,  and  make  two  large  volumes  a  year.  The  President  is  William  Metcalf ; 
the  Secretary,  Francis  Collingwood ;  and  the  Treasurer,  John  Bogart. 
21 


322  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  organized  in  1880,  with 

40  members,  now  has  on  its  membership  roll  the  names  of  1,600  mechanical  engi- 
neers of  good  standing.    Among  the  honorary  members  are  Prof.  Francis  Reuleux  of 

Berlin,  and  Sir  Henry  Bessemer  of 
England.  There  are  two  stated  meet- 
ings of  the  organization  a  year  —  the 
annual  meeting  in  November,  which  is 
held  in  a  large  hall  in  the  society's 
house  at  12  West  31st  Street,  and  an 
annual  convention  in  the  spring,  which 
may  meet  in  any  city.  The  society  has 
a  free  public  library,  purely  technical, 
of  about  4,000  volumes.  The  Trans- 
actions of  the  society  are  published 
yearly,  in  a  volume  of  about  1,000 
pages.  The  President  is  Eckley  B. 
Coxe,  of  Drifton,  Pa. ;  the  Secretary, 
Prof.  Frederick  R.  Mutton  of  Colum- 
bia College  ;  and  the  Treasurer,  Wil- 
liam M.  Wiley. 

The  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers,  founded  in  1871, 
numbers  2,000  members,  including  also 
metallurgists  and  chemists,  many  of 
them  foreigners.  It  usually  has  three 
meetings  a  year,  in  different  cities,  and 
the  proceedings  are  published.     The  secretary  is  R.  W.  Raymond,  13  Burling  Slip. 

The  American  Numismatic  and  Archaeological  Society  of  New  York 
has  frequent  meetings  in  its  rooms  at  the  Academy  of  Medicine  Building,  17  West 
43d  Street.  It  was  founded  in  1858,  and  has  225  members.  The  cabinets  contain 
8,ooocoins  and  medals  ;  and  the  library  is  the  finest  collection  of  numismatic  books 
in  America. 

The  American  Ethnological  Society  was  organized  in  1842,  by  Albert 
Gallatin,  John  R.  Bartlett,  George  Folsom,  A.  I.  Cotheal,  Francis  L.  Hawks, 
Theodore  Dwight,  Jr.,  Edward  Robinson,  Charles  Welford,  W.  W.  Turner,  Henry 
R.  Schoolcraft,  A.  W.  Bradford,  John  L.  Stephens,  and  Frederic  Catherwood.  Its 
first  president  was  the  Hon.  Albert  Gallatin,  followed  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Edward 
Robinson,  the  Hon.  George  Folsom,  and  Dr.  John  Torrey.  Its  objects  are  the 
prosecution  of  inquiries  into  the  origin,  progress,  and  characteristics  of  the  various 
races  of  men,  especially  into  the  origin  and  history  of  the  aboriginal  American 
nations,  and  the  phenomena  connected  therewith  ;  the  diversity  of  languages,  the 
remains  of  ancient  art,  and  traces  of  ancient  civilization  in  Mexico,  Central  America, 
and  Peru  ;  the  arts,  sciences  and  mythology  of  the  American  nations ;  and  the  earth- 
works and  other  monuments  of  the  United  States.  Besides  its  resident  membership, 
the  society  has  numerous  corresponding  members  in  different  countries.  It  has 
published  three  volumes  of  ethnological  contributions,  and  gathered  a  considerable 
library  and  many  ancient  relics,  which  are  deposited  in  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  where  its  regular  meetings  are  held.  The  officers  are  :  President, 
Alex.  I.  Cotheal ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  A.  S.  Bickmore ;  Recording  Secretary, 
Rev.  Dr.  Browne  ;  Librarian,  Anthony  Woodward. 


AMERICAN   SOCIETY  OF  MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS. 
12  WEST  31ST  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


323 


The  New-York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society,  incorporated  in 
1869,  designs  to  procure  and  perpetuate  whatever  may  relate  to  genealogy  and 
biography,  particularly  of  families  and  persons  associated  with  the  State  of  New 
York.  Its  library  and  hall,  at  the  Berkeley  Lyceum,  23  West  44th  Street,  are  open 
to  members  and  to  others  introduced  by  them.  Gen.  James  Grant  Wilson  is  the 
president.  Meetings  are  held  on  the  second  and  fourth  Fridays  of  each  month, 
excepting  in  July,  August  and  September.  The  New- York  Genealogical  and  Bio- 
graphical Record,  now  in  its  24th  volume,  is  published  under  its  supervision.  The 
society  has  also  published,  as  its  first  volume  of  collections,  "Marriages  from  1639 
to  1 801  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  New  York."  Other  volumes  will  follow, 
the  intention  being  to  print  correctly  the  Record  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
New  Amsterdam  and  New  York. 

The  American  Chemical  Society,  organized  in  1876,  has  meetings  in 
December  and  August,  in  various  cities,  and  includes  nearly  all  the  leading  Ameri- 
can and  many  foreign  chemists.  It  has  published  many  valuable  papers  and  jour- 
nals. The  New-York  Section  meets  monthly  at  the  University,  on  Washington 
Square. 

The  New-York  Mathematical  Society  is  of  a  national  character.  Among 
its  250  members  are  the  prominent  mathematicians  in  America.  The  meet- 
ings are  held  at  Columbia  College,  on  the  first  Saturday  of  each  month.  The 
society's  Bulletin  is  the  only  journal  in  the  English  language  devoted  to  historical 
and  critical  mathematical  work.  The  officers  are :  President,  Dr.  Emory  Mc- 
Clintock  ;  Yice-President,  Prof.  Henry  B.  Fine;  Secretary,  Dr.  Thomas  S.  Fiske  ; 
Treasurer,  Harold  Jacoby  ;  Librarian,  Prof.  D.  A.  Murray  ;  other  members  of  the 
Council,  Prof.  Thomas  Craig,  Prof.  W.  Woolsey  Johnson,  Prof.  J.  E.  Oliver,  Prof. 
J.  K.  Rees,  and  Prof.  J.  H.  Van  Amringe. 

The  American  Microscopical  Society  devotes  itself  to  a  study  of 
microscopy,  histology,  optics,  and  kindred  works.  It  was  founded  in  1865, 
and  five  years  later  was  incorporated.  It  holds  fortnightly  meetings  at  12  East 
22d  Street. 

Other  learned  bodies  are  :  Academy  of  Anthropology,  in  the  Cooper  Union ; 
American  Metrological  Society  on  49th  Street,  near  Madison  Avenue  ;  New-York 
Horticultural  Society,  26  West  28th  Street ;  New- York  Public  Health  Association,  12 
West  31st  Street;  Electric  Club,  17  East  21st  Street;  Sorosis,  a  society  of  women  ; 
and  the  Archaeological  Institute. 

Debating  and  other  Societies  ;  clubs  of  authors,  artists,  newspaper  men ; 
informal  meetings  in  modest  rooms  of  lovers  of  poetry,  worshippers  of  the  beautiful, 
searches  of  light  and  truth,  merchants  who  are  art-lovers  ;  artists  who  are  not  Bohe- 
mians ;  exalted  dilettantism,  are  contributors  to  the  greatness  of  New  York  as 
active,  as  indefatigable  as  its  famous  men  of  business.  The  rapid  growth  of  a  high 
civic  pride  in  New  York  is  largely  attributed  to  these  agencies  of  enlightenment, 
stimulating  among  the  people  a  municipal  self-respect  almost  equal  to  that  of 
Athens,  or  Florence,  or  Chicago. 

The  Fowler  &  Wells  Company  is  a  scientific  institution  that  has  a  world- 
wide reputation.  For  nearly  sixty  years  its  founders  and  owners  have  maintained  an 
office  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  have  been  the  recognized  leaders  in  the  phreno- 
logical, physiological  and  hygienic  sciences,  and  for  half  a  century  they  have  been 
the  main  educators  in  these  branches  of  useful  study.  They  are  classed  in  a  business 
way  as  phrenologists  and  publishers,  but  they  might  well  be  called  a  scientific  and 
educational  institution.    They  occupy  the  building  at  27  East  21st  Street,  near 


324 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Broadway,  where  is  carried  on  the  work  inaugurated  by  Orson  S.  Fowler  and 
Lorenzo  N.  Fowler  in  1835.  These  men  were  the  first  in  America  to  give  the 
science  of  phrenology  a  practical  value  by  making  special  delineations  of  character. 
They  began  work  in  a  small  way,  but  steadily  increased  its  scope.  In  1843  tnev 
were  joined  by  Samuel  R.  Wells,  who  subsequently  married  Charlotte  Fowler,  the 
sister  of  his  partners.  In  course  of  time  both  the  Fowlers  withdrew  from  the  house. 
Orson,  who  was  one  of  the  most  famous  phrenologists  of  the  world,  died  in  1887. 
Lorenzo  still  practices  his  profession  in  London.  Mr.  Wells  conducted  the  business 
of  the  original  house  until  his  death,  in  1875,  and  his  widow,  Charlotte  F.  Wells, 
assumed  the  management  until  1884.  Then  the  Fowler  &  Wells  Company  was 
incorporated,  with  Charlotte  Fowler  Wells,  President ;  Nelson  Sizer,  Vice-President 
and  phrenological  examiner;  Dr.  H.  S.  Drayton,  Secretary  and  general  editor  of 
the  company's  publications  ;  and  Albert  Turner,  Treasurer  and  business  manager. 

The  company  publishes  The 
Phrenological  Journal,  of 
which  the  ninety-fifth  vol- 
ume has  just  been  completed, 
a  number  of  serial  publica- 
tions, and  a  large  list  of 
standard  works  on  phrenol- 
ogy, physiognomy,  ethnol- 
ogy, physiology,  psychology 
and  hygiene.  It  has  hand- 
some business  offices  and 
spacious  editorial  rooms,  lec- 
ture-rooms and  phrenologi- 
cal parlors,  where  examina- 
tions are  made  and  charts 
given  daily,  indicating 
choice  of  pursuits,  means  of 
culture,  etc.  An  outgrowth 
of  the  business  of  the  con- 
cern is  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Phrenology,  which 
was  incorporated  as  an  edu- 
cational institution  in  1866. 
Among  the  original  incor- 
porators were  Horace 
Greeley,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel 
Osgood,  Judge  Amos  Dean, 
Henry  Dexter,  Samuel  R. 
Wells,  Lester  A.  Roberts, 
Ldward  P.  Fowler,  M.  D.,  and  Nelson  Sizer.  Each  year,  beginning  on  the  first 
Tuesday  in  September,  a  course  of  instruction  in  practical  phrenology  is  given  by 
a  corps  of  experts,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Sizer,  the  President  of  the  Institute. 
An  interesting  feature  in  the  lecture-room  of  the  Fowler  &  Wells  Company's  build- 
ing is  a  large  collection  of  casts  of  the  heads  of  people  who  have  been  prominent  in 
various  ways  in  past  years;  also,  skulls  from  many  nations  and  tribes,  as  well  as 
animal  crania,  illustrative  of  phrenology,  and  constituting  a  free  public  museum,  and 
material  for  instruction  in  the  institute. 


FOWLER  &  WELLS  CO.  AND  AMERICAN   INSTITUTE  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 
27  EAST  21ST  STREET,  NEAR  BROADWAY. 


The  Literary  Culture 


Libraries  and   Reading  Rooms.     Public,   Club,  Society 
and  Private. 


THE  libraries  of  New  York  are  nearly  perfeet.  They  have  not  only  quantity 
and  quality  ;  they  have  availability.  In  this  respect  they  are  easily  in  ad- 
vance of  those  of  the  great  cities  of  Europe.  There  books  accumulate,  while 
librarians,  literary  men  whom  the  government  has  rewarded  with  sinecures,  study 
special  works,  or  write  on  special  subjects.  The  American  business  education  has 
admirably  mingled  book-lore,  literary  tact  and  commercial  order  in  the  formation 
and  management  of  libraries.  Here  books  are  classified,  catalogued,  inventoried, 
better  than  was  ever  imagined.  If  the  treasures  be  not  as  rich  as  in  countries  that 
have  lived  ages,  the  service  of  such  treasures  as  there  are  is  quicker,  surer  and  more 
gratifying.  At  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  one  may  obtain  any  books,  but  the  pro- 
cess is  slow,  and  at  the  end  of  it  one  is  in  a  doubt  that  may  not  be  solved,  for  there 
is  no  way  of  telling  if  the  books  obtained  were  not  less  valuable  than  others  obtain- 
able.    The  libraries  of  New  York  are  without  secrets. 

The  Astor  Library,  on  the  east  side  of  Lafayette  Place,  is  an  ideal  public 
library  of  works  of  reference.  As  it  has  no  artificial  light,  the  building  must  be 
closed  at  sunset.  As  it  has  a  perfect  system  of  classification,  book  catalogues,  card 
catalogues,  and  the  quickest  and  ablest  of  librarians  and  assistants,  its  hours  count 
double.  There  are  not  all  the  treasures  of  the  British  Museum  and  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationale,  but  the  fact  is  not  easily  discovered.  "He  gives  twice  who  gives  quickly," 
says  the  ancient  proverb.  The  Astor  Library  gives  quickly.  Suggested  by  Wash- 
ington Irving  and  Dr.  T.  C.  Cogswell  to  John  Jacob  Astor,  the  library  was  founded 
by  virtue  of  a  codicil  of  Mr.  Astor's  will,  which  bequeathed  for  the  purpose  $40x3,000. 
It  was  incorporated  January  1,  1S49.  The  trustees  were  Washington  Irving,  Wil- 
liam B.  Astor,  Dr.  Cogswell,  and  others.  Then  there  were  20,000  volumes,  the  cost 
of  which  had  been  $27,000.  In  1854  the  library  was  opened  to  the  public.  In 
1859  William  B.  Astor,  son  of  the  founder,  built  a  second  hall  in  Lafayette  Place, 
and  gave,  in  all,  $550,000.  In  1864  Dr.  Cogswell  made  a  printed  catalogue  of  the 
library,  which  then  numbered  100,000  volumes.  In  1 88 1  John  Jacob  Astor,  grand- 
son of  the  founder,  erected  the  third  hall  of  the  library,  his  gifts  exceeding  $800,000. 

The  building,  of  brownstone,  has  200  feet  of  front  and  100  feet  of  depth.  The 
exterior  is  graceful,  the  interior  is  as  bright  as  a  house  of  glass.  The  entrance  is 
through  a  Pompeian  vestibule,  bordered  with  pedestals  of  colored  marble,  on  which 
are  busts  in  white  marble,  sculptured  by  a  Florentine  artist,  of  the  great  and  wise 
men  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome.  There  is  a  wide  stairway  to  the  Middle  Hall, 
where  are  the  librarians  and  the  catalogues,  tables  for  women,  a  department  for 
students  of  patents,  alcoves  for  special  students,  and  in  glass-covered  cases  curious 


326  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

autographs,  specimens  of  missals,  books  of  hours,  early  typography  and  marvels  of 
the  art  of  book  binding.  The  south  building  is  the  hall  of  science  and  art  ;  the 
north  building  is  that  of  history  and  philosophy.  There  are  90  alcoves  ;  each  al- 
cove has  20  presses;  each  press  has  7  shelves,  with  a  capacity  for  175  volumes. 


ASTOR  LIBRARY,  LAFAYETTE  place,  between  astor  place  AND  GREAT  JONES  STREET. 


The  ground  floor,  yet  unused  for  books,  may  hold  250,000  volumes.  There,  in  the 
south  room,  used  by  the  trustees  for  their  meetings,  is  a  collection  of  paintings, 
presented  to  the  library  by  William  Waldorf  Astor,  comprising  works  of  Saintin, 
Madrazo,  Toulmouche,  Knaus,  Gifford,  Leroux,  Muller,  Meissonier,  Schreyer,  Berne- 
Bellecour  and  Lefebvre.  There  are  marble  busts  of  John  Jacob  Astor,  Dr.  Cogs- 
well and  Washington  Irving  ;  a  portrait  of  William  B.  Astor,  by  Eastman  Johnson  ; 
of  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  Huntington  ;  of  Daniel  Lord,  by  Hicks  ;  and  of  Fitz- 
Greene  Halleck,  by  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse.  This  collection  is  open  to  the  public 
every  Wednesday.    Frederick  Saunders  is  the  chief  librarian. 

The  Astor  Library  contains  250,000  books  and  15,000  pamphlets.  Each  year  the 
library  has  more  than  50,000  readers,  reading  nearly  200,000  books,  besides  8,000 
visitors  to  the  alcoves.  The  trustees  are  the  Mayor,  ex-ojficio,  Hamilton  Fish,  Dr. 
T.  M.  Markoe  (president),  Prof.  Henry  Drisler  (secretary),  J.  L.  Cadwalader,  Rt. 
Rev.  H.  C.  Potter,  S.  V.  R.  Cruger,  Robbins  Little  (superintendent),  Stephen  H. 
Olin,  Edward  King  (treasurer)  and  Charles  H.  Russell.  This  is  the  foremost 
American  library  in  mathematics,  Egyptology,  South  American  and  Mexican  history, 
and  Orientalia.  It  is  a  free  reference  library,  open  all  day,  and  affording  a  delight- 
ful retreat  for  scholars. 

The  Lenox  Library,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  between  70th  and  71st  Streets,  is  a 
curiosity  of  the  world.  It  is  the  library  of  a  bibliophilist,  made  public.  The  gift  of 
James  Lenox,  a  retired  merchant  of  New  York,  who  loved  books  immeasurably,  it 
was  incorporated  January  20,  1870.     It  was  the  private  collection  of  Mr.  Lenox,  a 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


327 


mysterious,  fabulously  beautiful  and  valuable  collection,  guarded  in  a  house  which 
was  a  fortress  ;  it  became  a  public  collection,  as  free  as  the  trees  in  the  Central 
Park.  Mr.  Lenox  would  not  show  his  books  to  his  friends  ;  braved  public  opinion 
by  refusing  to  let  Prescott  consult  his  Mexican  manuscripts  ;  barred  the  great  book- 
binder, Matthews,  between  two  doors  of  a  vestibule,  that  he  might  neither  quit  nor 
catch  a  glimpse  of  the  sacred  library  room  ;  and  at  one  stroke,  in  the  gravest  deliber- 
ation, gave  his  treasures  to  the  world.  He  named  nine  trustees,  including  himself; 
gave  the  land,  the  books,  and  funds  for  a  building  ;  and  in  1S75  the  Lenox  Library 
was  a  dream  realized.  The  building  is  of  white  stone,  a  solid  and  graceful  struc- 
ture, with  two  projecting  wings.  The  entrance  is  by  two  massive  gateways,  a  court, 
wide  stairs,  and  a  vestibule  laid  in  tiles  of  white  marble,  between  walls  skirted  with 
a  dove-colored  marble  base.  The  stairs  to  the  upper  stories  are  of  stone,  and  have 
balustrades  in  iron  scroll-work.  The  rooms  have  vaulted  ceilings,  the  walls  priceless 
paintings,  the  cases  for  books  inestimable  works.  There  are  missals,  Bibles,  incun- 
abula, Americana,  master-pieces  of  ancient  and  modern  literature  in  original  editions, 
curiosities  of  printing  that  most  book-lovers  have  heard  of  and  never  seen  elsewhere. 
There  are  autographs,  ceramics,  glassware.  There  are  paintings  by  Landseer,  Gains- 
borough, Bierstadt,  Turner,  Ruysdael,  Peale,  Delaroche,  Stuart,  Reynolds,  Munkacsy. 
There  are  marble  busts  of  great  sculptors.    There  are  the  marvelous  Drexel  musical 


LENOX  LIBRARY,  FIFTH  AVENUE,  70th  AND  71st  STREETS. 


library,  and  the  Robert  Lenox  Kennedy  collection.  There  are  the  admirable  books 
of  the  R.  L.  Stuart  legacy,  and  those  of  Evert  A.  Duyckinck.  The  number  of  vol- 
umes exceeds  70,000.  The  library  is  open,  free,  from  10  to  5,  except  in  July, 
August  and  September.    The  architect  of  the  building  was  Richard  M.  Hunt. 


3 28  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Mercantile  Library  is  at  the  junction  of  8th  Street,  Astor  Place  and 
Lafayette  Place,  on  the  sixth  and  seventh  floors  of  a  substantial  building  of  buff 
brick  and  red  sandstone,  erected  by  the  trustees  of  the  library  and  the  Clinton-Hall 
Association.     It  is  a  reference  library  and  a  circulating  library  for  members,  whose 

annual  dues  are  $5. 
Works  of  art  and 
other  costly  publi- 
cations must  remain 
in  the  library  rooms 
as  books  of  refer- 
ence, but  standard, 
instructive,  popular, 
historical  and  scien- 
tific books  are  kept 
in  circulation.  Tin: 
library  was  founded 
November  9,  1820, 
by  clerks  of  mer- 
chants. In  1821, 
in  one  room  at  49 
Fulton  Street,  it  had 
1 50  members  and 
700  volumes.  in 
1826,  in  the  build  - 
ing  of  Harper  & 
Brothers,  in  Cliff 
Street,  it  had  6,000 
volumes.  In  1828 
the  merchants, 
made  enthusiastic 
by  the  achievement 

MERCANTILE  LIBRARY,  ASTOR  PLACE,  STH  STREET  AND  LAFAYETTE  PLACE.  of  the  cld'ks  Organ- 

ized the  Clinton-Hall  Association  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  building  to  the  library. 
This  association,  in  1830,  erected  the  first  Clinton  Hall,  on  the  corner  of  Nassau 
and  Beekman  Streets,  where  Temple  Court  now  stands,  In  1854  the  association 
and  its  books  were  removed  to  the  Astor-Place  Opera-House,  which  had  been  re- 
modelled for  the  purpose.  In  189 1  the  historic  opera-house  was  taken  down,  and 
in  its  place  was  built  the  present  Clinton  Hall.  The  library  rooms  have  shelf  space 
for  475,000  volumes.  There  are  50,000  volumes  in  the  department  of  works  of 
reference,  and  245,000  in  the  entire  library.    The  librarian  is  W.  T.  Peoples. 

The  New- York  Society  Library  is  the  oldest  in  the  city.  It  was  at  first 
the  Public  Library,  founded  in  1700  during  the  administration  of  the  Earl  of  Bello- 
mont  ;  augmented  in  1729  with  the  library  presented  to  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  by  Dr.  Millington,  Rector  of  Newington,  Eng- 
land ;  and  until  1754  in  the  inefficient  charge  of  the  corporation  of  the  city.  Then 
several  citizens  united  with  it  their  private  libraries,  and  placed  the  entire  collection, 
which  they  called  the  City  Library,  in  the  charge  of  trustees.  In  1772  George  III. 
granted  a  charter  to  the  trustees,  in  the  name  of  the  "New- York  Society  Library." 
The  establishment  is  still  the  property  of.  a  corporation,  the  shares  in  which  have  a 
market  value,  but  any  person  may,  with  the  approbation  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


329 


become  a  member  of  the  corporation  and  be  entitled  to  one  right  in  the  library  for 
every  sum  of  $25  paid  to  the  treasurer.  There  are  yearly  dues  on  all  shares,  except 
the  free  shares.  The  amount  has  been  increased  at  various  times  since  18 19,  when 
it  was  $4.  Now  the  maximum  is  $10.  These  annual  dues  may  be  commuted  by 
the  payment  of  $125  for  the  annual  payment  of  $10,  $75  for  the  annual  payment  of 
$6,  and  $50  for  the  annual  payment  of  $4,  on  the  respective  rights  subject  to  these 
payments.  Until  1795  the  library  was  in  the  City  Hall,  and  it  was  in  reality  the 
first  Library  of  Congress.  Then  a  building,  large  and  remarkable  for  its  time,  was 
erected  especially  for  the  library  in  Nassau  Street,  opposite  the  Middle  Dutch 
Church.  In  1836  this  building  was  sold.  The  books  were  removed  to  the  rooms 
of  the  Mechanics'  Society,  in  Chambers  Street,  and  remained  there  until  1840,  when 
a  new  building  of  the  library,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard  Street,  was 
finished.  In  1853  this  edifice  was  sold,  and  the  books  were  kept  in  the  Bible  House 
until  1856,  when  the  present -library  building,  at  67  University  Place,  was  finished. 
In  1793  there  were  5,000  volumes;  in  1813,  13,000;  in  1825,  16,000;  in  1838, 
25,000  volumes.  There  are  at  present  90,000  volumes.  Many  valuable  gifts  have 
been  made  to  the  library.  The  most  notable  one  was  made  by  Mrs.  Sarah  H. 
Green,  a  gift  of  .$50,000  from  the  estate  of  her  husband,  John  C.  Green.  The  in- 
come is  used  for  the  purchase  of  books,  one  half  of  which  circulate  among  the  mem- 
bers. The  other  half  are  costly  illustrated  works  and  are  placed  in  a  department 
called  the  "  John  C.  Green  Alcove."  The  librarian  is  Wentworth  S.  Butler.  He 
was  appointed  in  1856,  and  is 
the  sixth  incumbent  since 
1793.  A  list  of  persons  hold- 
ing rights  in  the  Society  Li- 
brary includes  nearly  all  of 
the  most  ancient  and  wealthy 
families  of  the  city. 

The  Free  Library  of  the 
General  Society  of  Me- 
chanics and  Tradesmen 
(formerly  the  Apprentices'  Li- 
brary), at  18  Last  16th  Street, 
circulates  its  books,  without 
charge,  among  persons  ap- 
proved by  the  General  Society 
of  Mechanics  and  Trades- 
men. Tins  society,  founded  in 
1785  for  the  relief  of  widows 
and  orphans,  gave  free  instruc- 
tion to  apprentices,  when 
there  were  no  free  schools. 
When  its  exclusive  benevo- 
lence in  that  respect  was  a  little 

.  r     .   vv  c  NEW-YORK  SOCIETY  LIBRARY,  67  UNIVERSITY  PLACE. 

impaired  by  the  establishing  of 

public  schools,  the  society  began  to  circulate  freely  the  books  of  its  library.  The 
library  was  formed  in  1820,  in  rooms  of  the  Free-School  Building.  In  1821  it  was  in 
the  society's  building  in  Chambers  Street ;  in  1832,  in  a  building  in  Crosby  Street,  ex- 
tending to  472  Broadway.  The  present  building  was  adapted  to  library  purposes  in 
1878.    In  the  cases  on  the  walls  are  interesting  relics,  old  books,  deeds,  flags,  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 

skull  (yellow  as  ivory)  of  a  famous  pirate, 
an  iron  key  of  the  Bastile,  old  newspapers 
and  playbills.  There  are  95,000  volumes, 
having  a  yearly  circulation  of  250,000, 
absolutely  free,  with  the  exceptions  of  books 
of  the  De  Milt  bequest,  the  charge  for 
which  is  trivial.  William  Wood,  who 
originated  the  idea  of  forming  the  Appren- 
tices' Library  of  New  York,  established  the 
one  in  Boston.  He  also  signed  the  first  call 
for  a  meeting  which  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Mercantile  Library.  J.  Schwartz 
is  the  librarian. 

The  New-York  Historical  Society 
maintains,  at  170  Second  Avenue,  an  estab- 
lishment that  is  at  once  a  library,  an  art- 
gallery  and  a  museum.  It  has  been  in 
existence  since  1804.  There  are  in  the 
library  100,000  books,  2,700  bound  volumes 
of  newspapers  and  large  collections  of 
pamphlets  and  manuscripts.  On  American 
history  and  genealogy  a  vast  quantity  of  information  is  available.  The  art-gallery 
contains  many  works  of  the  earliest  American  artists,  such  as  Benjamin  West,  the 
Peales,  Stuart,  Trumbull  and  Durand,  and  also  a  large  number  of  paintings  by  old 
Italian  masters.  The  Abbott  collection  of  Egyptian  antiquities,  the  Lenox  collection 
of  Assyrian  sculptures,  rare  and  curious  medals  and  coins  and  specimens  of  Mexican 
and  Indian  antiquities  constitute  the  museum.  The  establishment  is  open  daily 
excepting  Sundays  and  the  month  of  August.  Admission  may  be  had  by  means  of 
an  introduction  by  a  member  of  the  society. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Library  occupies  a  rectangle 
in  the  magnificent  building  of  the  Association,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  23d  Street 
and  Fourth  Avenue.  There  are  three  tiers  of  books,  on  three  sides.  The  books  in 
the  upper  tiers  are  reached  by  winding  stairways  and  balconies.  William  Niblo 
bequeathed  s  150, 000  to  the  Association  for  the  purchase  of  books  and  the  support  of 
the  library.  In  1870  there  were  3,500  volumes;  there  are  at  present  42,000.  The 
northern  end  of  the  room  is  occupied  by  the  librarian,  Reuben  B.  Poole,  and  his 
assistants.  He  has  classified  the  library  in  accordance  with  the  Dewey  decimal  sys- 
tem and  Cutter's  dictionary  catalogue.  The  library  is  varied  and  valuable.  It  has 
43  early-printed  Bibles  which  antedate  1700,  including  the  Koburger  Bible  of  1477, 
Luther's  Bible  of  1541,  the  Bishop's  Bible  of  1568,  and  one  in  French  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  bound  in  marvellous  covers  of  mosaic  leather.  A  relic  of  great 
interest  is  a  musical  manuscript  of  the  thirteenth  century,  containing  the  Ambrosian 
ritual  for  the  entire  year.  The  manuscript  is  decorated  with  brilliant  miniatures  and 
initial  letters.  It  has  an  autotype  of  the  Codex-Alexandrinus,  a  printed  fac-simile 
of  the  Frederico-Augustanus  Codex,  and  a  photographic  fac-simile  of  the  Codex- 
Vaticanus  (1889-90).  It  has  many  works  on  art  useful  to  architects  and  decorators, 
and  representative  works  in  different  languages.  The  collected  portraits  number 
about  17,000,  including  one  unique  collection  of  8,000,  in  35  volumes,  formed  mainly 
by  John  Percival,  Earl  of  Egmont,  A.  D.  I  to  1736.  This  library  is  almost  the  only 
one  that  is  open  evenings  and  holidays.    The  hours  are  from  8.30  A.  M.  to  10  P.  M. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


331 


Membership  in  the  Association  includes  the  privileges  of  the  library  ;  and  all  reputa- 
ble persons,  male  or  female,  are  admitted  to  its  use,  whether  members  or  not. 

The  Cooper-Union  Library,  in  the  Cooper  Institute,  is  one  result  of  the 
work  of  the  six  intelligent,  benevolent  and  public-spirited  trustees,  to  whom  Peter 
Cooper  deeded  in  fee  simple,  on  April  29,  1 859,  an  extensive  property,  with  the  in- 
junction that  it,  "together  with  the  appurtenances  and  the  rents,  issues,  income  and 
profits  thereof,  shall  be  forever  devoted  to  the  instruction  and  improvement  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  in  practical  science  and  art."  There  are  34,000 
bound  volumes,  besides  471  newspapers  and  periodicals  on  file,  and  a  complete  set 
of  the  Patent-Office  reports.  All  are  accessible  to  the  public  every  day,  including  a 
part  of  Sunday.    There  were  last  year  1,650  readers  daily. 

The  Maimonides  Library,  203  East  57th  Street,  corner  of  Third  Avenue, 
was  founded  by  District  Grand  Lodge  No.  1  of  the  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith,  in  accord- 
ance with  it>  law  that  commands  intellectual  advancement.  It  contains  about 
40,000  volumes.  The  library  is  general  in  character  and  contents.  Its  depart- 
ments of  political  and  social  science  and  education  are  very  full.  Special  inter- 
est is  devoted  also  to  Jewish  literature.  There  are  books  written  by  Jews  and  other 
writers  on  Judaic  topics,  in  all  languages,  besides  books  in  every  branch  of  knowl- 


edge. The  library  is  easily  accessible  to  the  public  every  day  except  Saturdays  and 
Jewish  holidays.    The  librarian  is  Max  Cohen. 

The  Free  Circulating  Library  has  four  library  buildings,  situated  at  49 
Bond  Street,  135  Second  Avenue,  226  West  42d  Street  and  251  West  13th  Street, 
and  a  distributing  station  at  1943  Madison  Avenue,  near  125th  Street.  The 
library  was  incorporated  March  15,  1880,  and  re- incorporated  under  special  charter 
April  18,  1884.  Its  object  is  clearly  defined  in  its  title.  In  March,  1880,  it  occu- 
pied two  rented  rooms  at  36  Bond  Street,  and  circulated  1,004  volumes.     In  May, 


332 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1883,  it  had  a  new  library  building  at 
49  Bond  Street,  and  then  gave  circula- 
tion to  6,983  volumes.  It  has  a  special 
Woman's  Fund,  founded  in  1882,  for 
the  employment  of  women  and  the  pur- 
chase of  books.  In  1884  Oswald  Otten- 
dorfer  founded  the  Second-Avenue 
Branch,  in  the  centre  of  the  German 
district.  It  is  called  the  Ottendorfer 
Library,  and  is  maintained  with  the  aid 
of  a  special  fund  of  $  10,000  and  of  fre- 
quent contributions  of  the  founder.  In 
1887  Miss  Catherine  Wolfe  Bruce 
founded  the  42d-Street  Branch,  and 
gave  $30,000  for  its  maintenance.  The 
building  was  opened  in  1888.  It  is 
called  the  George  Bruce  Memorial 
Library.  The  I3th-Street  Branch, 
founded  by  George  W.  Vanderbilt,  was 
opened  July  6,  1888.  The  ten  founders 
who  contributed  $5,000  or  more  each, 
were  John  Jacob  Astor,  Miss  Catherine 
Wolfe  Bruce,  Andrew  Carnegie,  Mrs. 
Benjamin  H.  Field,  Julius  Hallgarten, 
Henry  G.  Marquand,  Oswald  Ottendor- 
fer, Jacob  II.  Schiff,  George  W.  Van- 
derbilt and  Mrs.  C.  F.  Woerishoffer. 
There  were  also  22  patrons,  each  of  whom  gave  $1,000  ;  80  life-members,  each 
contributing  $200  ;  62  associate  members,  paying  $25  a  year  ;  and  154  annual  mem- 
bers, at  $10  a  year  each.  The  city  government  grants  to  the  library  from  $10,000 
to  $15,000  a  year,  in  accordance  with  the  State  Legislative  Act  of  1886,  to  encourage 
the  growth  of  free  public  libraries.  The  library  has  65,000  volumes,  and  a  yearly 
circulation  of  500,000.  The  cost  of  distribution  per  volume  is  smaller  than  in  the 
great  libraries  of  Boston,  Chicago  or  Baltimore. 

The  Columbia-College  Library,  at  41  East  49th  Street,  has  160,000  vol- 
umes, beside  the  libraries  of  the  Huguenot  Society,  the  New- York  Academy  of 
Science,  and  Townsend's  Civil-War  Record.  The  Avery  Architectural  Library 
has  9,000  volumes,  richly  illustrated,  on  architecture,  decoration  and  the  allied  arts. 
Over  900  different  serials  are  currently  received.  The  library  includes  all  the 
standard  works  of  reference  indispensable  to  students,  the  costly  classics,  the 
masterpieces  of  literature,  the  scientific  works  and  books  of  law.  The  library 
is  open  day  and  evening,  to  students  and  scholars.    George  H.  Baker  is  librarian. 

The  Law  Libraries  include  the  noble  collection  of  the  Law  Institute,  in  the 
Post-Office  Building;  the  41,000  volumes  of  the  Bar  Association's  Library,  at  7 
West  29th  Street,  between  Broadway  and  Fifth  Avenue  ;  and  the  admirable  and 
extensive  collections  of  the  law-schools  of  Columbia  College  and  the  University. 
The  Harlem  Law  Library,  on  West  125th  Street,  near  Lenox  Avenue,  is  for  refer- 
ence. The  Law  Library  of  the  Equitable  Life- Assurance  Society,  at  120  Broadway, 
is  intended  for  the  use  of  the  officers  of  the  society,  the  tenants  of  the  building,  and 
members  of  the  Lawyers'  Club.     It  has  14,000  volumes. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


333 


Theological  Libraries  of  great  value  are  found  at  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary (70,000  volumes)  and  the  General  Theological  Seminary  (23,000  volumes),  in- 
cluding several  special  collections  of  historical  interest.  There  is  also  one  in  the 
Methodist  Book-Concern  building. 

Medical  Libraries. — The  Mott  Memorial  Library,  at  64  Madison  Avenue,  has 
3,000  medical  and  surgical  books,  mainly  collected  by  Dr.  Valentine  Mott,  and  free 
to  medical  students  and  physicians.  The  library  of  the  New- York  Academy  of 
Medicine  (50,000  volumes)  is  at  17  West  43d  Street  ;  that  of  the  New- York  Hos- 
pital (25,000  volumes),  6  West  16th  Street,  founded  in  1796,  and  open  free  daily. 
The  great  medical  schools  have  very  extensive  and  valuable  libraries. 

Special  Libraries  include  those  of  the  American  Numismatic  and  Archaeologi- 
cal Society  (6,000  books  and  pamphlets),  at  17  West  43d  Street;  the  American 
Geographical  Society  (25,000  volumes  and  8,000  maps),  at  1 1  West  29th  Street; 
the  Gaelic  Society  (1,200  volumes),  at  17  West  28th  Street;  the  New  York  Genea- 


logical and  Biographical  Society  (2,500 
volumes),  at  19  West  44th  Street;  the 
American  Institute  Library  (14,000 
volumes),  at  1 13  West  38th  Street ;  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  Library 
(27,000  volumes),  in  Central  Park 
West  ;  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers  (17,000  volumes),  at  127 
East  23d  Street ;  and  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  (5,000 
volumes),  at  12  West  31st  Street. 
There  is  a  Free  Circulating  Library 
for  the  Blind  at  296  Ninth  Avenue. 

The  Produce  Exchange  and  the 
Maritime  Exchange  have  good  libraries 
for  their  members. 

The  Masonic  Library  is  at  Sixth 
Avenue  and  23d  Street  ;  and  the  Odd 
Fellows'  Library  is  at  2374  Park 
Avenue. 

The  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  at  7  East  15th  Street,  has 
a  library  of  13,000  volumes  ;  and  there 
are  other  libraries  for  women  at  19  Clin- 
ton Street,  and  16  Clinton  Place. 

Seamen's    Libraries   are  pro- 


vided by  benevolent  persons,   to  be      mott  memorial  free  medical  library,  64  madison 
carried  away  on  ships  for  the  diver-  avenue,  near  east  27tm  street. 

sion  and  solace  of  the  mariners.  The  headquarters  of  this  work  ot  the  Seamen's 
Loan  Libraries  is  at  76  Wall  Street,  under  the  care  of  the  American  Seamen's 
Friend  Society.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Mission  Society  Library  for  seamen  is  aj 
21  Coenties  Slip  ;  the  Seamen's  Library,  at  34  Pike  Street;  the  New- York  Port 
Society  Library,  at  46  Catherine  Street. 

Miscellaneous  Libraries  include  the  First-Ward,  at  135  Greenwich  Street ; 
the  Broome-Street;  the  Five-Points  Mission  at  63  Park  Street;  the  Benjamin- 
Townsend,  at  the  foot  of  East  26th  Street  ;  the  Children's,  at  590  Seventh  Avenue  ; 


334 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  Harlem,  at  2,238  Third  Avenue ;  St.  Mark's  Memorial,  at  228  East  10th  Street ; 
Washington-Heights,  at  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  156th  Street  ;  St.  Barnabas,  at 
38  Bleecker  Street  ;  the  Lorraine,  at  41  West  31st  Street. 

The  Aguilar  Free  Library  was  established  in  1886,  and  has  departments  at  197 
East  Broadway,  721  Lexington  Avenue,  and  624  East  5th  Street. 

The  libraries  of  clubs  like  the  University,  Century,  Lotos  and  Press  Clubs  have 
invaluable  standard  and  reference  books.  The  (irolier  Club  has  an  inimitable  collec- 
tion of  books  about  books  ;  the  Players'  Club,  a  valuable  collection  of  books  about 
the  drama  ;  the  Aldine  Club  is  forming  a  collection  of  books  about  book-making. 

The  Private  Libraries  of  Robert  Hoe,  missals,  manuscripts  and  general  liter- 
ature; of  William  Loring  Andrews,  typographical  curiosities,  New- York  City  relics 
and  books  bound  by  Roger  Payne  ;  of  Samuel  P.  Avery,  master-pieces  of  book- 
binding;  of  George  Beach  de  Forest,  Elzevirs,  books  with  vignettes  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  books  with  original  illustrations  ;  of  C.  Jolly-Bavoillot,  Roman- 
ticists of  France  ;  of  Marshall  Lefferts,  Americana  ;  of  C.  B.  Foote,  works  by 
modern  English  and  American  authors  ;  of  Rush  C.  Hawkins,  first  books  printed 
everywhere,  Incunabula  ;  of  Beverly  Chew,  works  of  the  Elizabethan  era  ;  are  easily 
accessible  to  serious  students. 

Three  hundred  members  of  the  Grolier  Club  are  men  who  have  formed  libraries. 
Every  literary,  artistic  or  simply  social  circle  has  its  library.  In  New  York  where 
men  have  the  distinctive  business  air  of  the  ancient  Venetian  merchants,  the  fate  of 
a  man  in  search  of  a  fortune  may  not  be  enviable,  but  the  fate  of  a  man  in  search  of 
knowledge  is  the  fate  of  a  favorite  of  the  gods. 


FlfTH  AVENUE,  LOOKING  NORTH  FROM  42D  STREET. 


t 


Shrines  of  Worships  § 


Catheclr?il*s,  Churches,  Synairoguea   and    Other    I  Maces  of 
Religious   Worship   mid  Work. 


XT  EARLY  all  religious  creeds  are  represented  in  New  York.  The  ecclesiastical 
INI  annals  of  the  city  form  a  most  interesting  chapter  in  its  history,  and  the 
churches  have  played  an  important  part  all  through  its  development.  Earnest  men 
have  filled  its  pulpits.  Many  of  its  charitable,  educational  and  reformatory  institu- 
tions owe  their  origin  to  the  labors  of  the  clergy,  nobly  seconded  by  zealous  laymen. 

The  multiplication  of  churches  has  kept  a  fairly  even  pace  with  the  increase  in 
population.  Erom  163S  to  1697  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  was  the  only  place  of 
worship.  The  coming  of  the  British  in  1664  gave  the  Church  of  England  a  foothold 
on  the  island,  and  in  1697  its  first  house  of  worship  was  erected,  on  the  site  of  the 
modern  Trinity.  From  1697  to  1770  the  number  of  churches  increased  but  slowly, 
and  in  the  latter  year  fifteen  ecclesiastical  edifices  sufficed  for  the  ten  different  de- 
nominations. The  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  temporarily  suspended  all  thoughts 
of  church  extension,  and  it  was  not  until  the  coming  of  more  peaceful  times  that  the 
churches  began  to  multiply.  In  1845  there  were  245  houses  of  worship  in  the  city. 
Now  there  are  6bo,  with  nearly  an  equal  number  of  Sunday-schools.  The  average 
attendance  is  150,000.  These  600  churches,  representing  nearly  all  religious  faiths, 
and  many  styles  of  architecture,  provide  sittings  for  nearly  half  a  million  worship- 
pers, and,  with  the  land  on  which  they  stand,  have  a  valuation  of  $75,000,000. 
Their  yearly  disbursements,  including  salaries,  amount  to  85,000.000.  The  com- 
bined membership  of  all  the  religious  societies  of  the  city,  including  Protestant, 
Catholic  and  Hebrew  organizations,  is  not  far  from  700,000,  not  quite  one-half  the 
total  population.  This  includes,  however,  the  large  claims  made  by  the  Catholic 
Church,  whose  method  of  including  baptized  infants,  as  well  as  adults,  in  estimating 
church-membership,  differs  wholly  from  that  of  the  Protestant  Church. 

The  religious  history  of  New  York  is  remarkably  free  from  the  bitter  persecu- 
tions that  characterized  the  early  history  of  many  of  the  other  colonies.  The  early 
Dutch  settlers  were  a  kindly  and  tolerant  folk,  in  the  main,  and  the  English  had 
not  been  long  in  possession  of  the  Province  when  the  outbreak  and  successful  issue 
of  the  War  of  Independence  gave  liberty  of  conscience  and  faith  to  all  religious 
opinions.  The  early  law,  forbidding  the  holding  of  public  worship  other  than 
that  allowed  by  the  authorities,  never  very  strictly  enforced,  and  easily  evaded  ;  the 
brief  imprisonment  of  a  few  Quaker  refugees  from  Massachusetts  ;  the  hanging  of 
a  Roman  Catholic  for  alleged  complicity  in  the  Negro  Riot  of  1 741,  with  the  added 
accusation  of  being  a  Catholic  priest  ;  a  Baptist  and  a  Presbyterian  clergyman 
imprisoned  for  brief  periods,  and  a  Lutheran  minister  forbidden  to  preach  in  the 
Province  —  these  form  the  scanty  annals  of  religious  persecution. 


336 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  churches  have  shared  in  the  northward  migration  of  the  citizens.  The  early 
edifices  were  in  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  the  island  ;  but  when  the  city  began 
its  journey  to  the  north,  they  began  to  desert  the  old  historic  sites,  and  seek  new 
ones  in  the  up-town  districts,  leaving  scarcely  a  score  in  their  old  locations.  To-day 
the  finest  of  the  city's  churches  stand  where  forty  years  ago  were  green  fields  and 
the  pleasant  country-scats  of  the  magnates  of  the  city. 

The  Collegiate  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  was  the  first  eccle- 
siastical organization  in  New  York.  In  1628  the  Rev.  Jonas  Michaelius  reached  the 
"  Island  of  Manhattas,"  and  immediately  organized  a  church,  with  the  worthy 
Director  Minuit  as  one  of  the  elders.  The  meetings  were  held  in  the  loft  of  a 
horse-mill  until  1633,  when  a  small  wooden  church  was  built  in  Broad  Street.  In 
the  same  year  the  Rev.  Everardus  Bogardus  came  over  from  Holland,  with  Adam 

   Roclandsen,     a     schoolmaster,  who 

[  ,  opened    the    first    church-school  in 

I  America,  the  latter  still   in  existence 

as   the  Collegiate  Grammar  School. 
&  ^9     *n    l&42   a.  small   stone  church  was 

at  ^Bflj     erected  within  the  walls  of  Fort  Am- 

W\  H     sterdam,  and  called  St.  Nicholas,  in 

'  I      honor  of  the  patron  saint  of  Manhat- 

«H  tan,  and  here  for  half  a  century  the 

I     1  early  Dutch  settlers  met  for  worship. 

WBm  Jj     The  first  Dutch  church  outside  the 

L**r£'  in      walls  of  the  fort  was  built  in  1 693  in 

I  '  *  }  jfill     Garden  Street  (now  Exchange  Place), 

flft  JH     The  Old  Middle  Church  was  built  in 

]      1729.  in  Xassau  Street,  and  the  North 
Church  in   1769,   in  William  Street. 
'<  $  For  nearly  a  century  and  a  half  these 

I   .^J  three  churches,  forming  but  one  parish, 

then  and  now  called  the  Collegiate 
fpaSSSv  Reformed    Protestant    Dutch  Church 

( although  the  name  does  not  appear 
upon  the  records,  and  has  no  legal 
authority),  were  the  only  Reformed 
Dutch  churches  in  the  city. 

The  Collegiate  Church  received  a 
royal  charter  from  King  \Villiam  III.  in 
1696  ;  and  now  has  four  churches  and 
as  many  mission  chapels,  all  under  the 
1             .    I        a     fSr^H     control  of  a  central  body  called  the 
~  JBr  >  ?  '  *  V     Consistory,  composed  of  the  ministers 
f  TwraWkj     °^  tne  f°ur  congregations,  with  twelve 
.   ^|       ?      ,          T     *   '         elders  and  twelve  deacons,  chosen  from 
I                ~  *nc    congregations.     During  the  264 
  ««— — - — -   ■   ■ 1  — -     years  of  its  existence  the  church  has 

COLLEG,ATE  CHURCH,  5XH  AVENUE  AND  WEST  48TH  STREET.        ^  different  q{ 

and  thirty-one  ministers,  many  of  the  latter  widely  known  for  eloquence  and 
commanding  influence,  including  John  Henry  Livingston,  William  Linn  (who 
was  chaplain   of   the   first  Congress  of   the  United    States),   Jacob  Brodhead, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


337 


Philip  Milledoler,  John  Knox,  Thomas  De  Witt,  Joseph  T.  Duryea, 
William  Ormiston,  and  Thomas  E.  Vermilye. 

The  consistory  of  the  parish  meets  monthly,  in  the  consistory-room 
of  the  church  at  48th  Street  ;  and  the  congregations,  besides  holding 
their  own  communion  services,  join  in  the  reception  of  the  Lord's 
Supper  once  yearly,  in  the  church  at  29th  Street.    The  parish  has 
2, 146  communicants.    The  Reformed  Dutch  churches  in  the  city  num- 
ber 22,  besides  several  missions  and  chapels.  Of 
these,  the  four  churches  mentioned  as  under  the 
control  of  the  consistory  of  the  Collegiate  Church 
constitute,  technically,  a  single  parish,  as  is  the 
case  in  the  Episcopal  Church  with  Trinity  and  its 
chapels.    These  four  are  at  Second  Avenue  and 
7th  Street ;  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  29th  Street  ;  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and  48th  Street,  and  at  West-End 
Avenue  and  77th  Street.    The  senior  minister  of 
the  Collegiate  Church  is  the  Rev.  Talbot  W. 
Chambers,  S.  T.  D.,  LL.  D. ,  and  as  such  he  has 
a  general  oversight  of  the  whole  parish. 

The  Middle  Collegiate  Church  built  its 
first  shrine  in 
1729,  on  Nas- 
sau Street,  on 
the  site  now  oc- 
cupied by  the 
Mutual  Life-in- 
surance Com- 
pany. Its  sec- 
ond church, 
[839  to  1887,  was  in  Lafayette  Place.  In 
92  a  third  edifice  was  erected,  at  Second 


MIDDLE  COLLEGIATE  CHURCH,  SECOND 
AVENUE  AND  7th  STREET. 


from 
1891 

Avenue  and  7th  Street,  to  hold  a  site  for  religious 
worship  well  down-town.  It  is  a  handsome  struct- 
ure in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  built  of 
limestone,  with  a  graceful  spire.  The  pulpit  is  an 
object  famous  among  old  New-Yorkers,  having 
originally  been  in  the  church  in  Lafayette  Place. 
It  is  of  pure  statuary  marble.  The  windows  are  of 
stained  glass,  made  by  the  Tiffany  Glass  and  Deco- 
rating Co.;  and  present  a  unique 
and  very  brilliant  feature  by  reason 
of  receiving  their  illumination,  day 
and  night,  from  electric  lights  be- 
hind the  glass.  The  subjects  of 
the  windows  are  from  the  life  of 
Christ,  after  designs  by  Heinrich 
Hoffmann  of  Dresden.  The  min- 
ister in  charge  of  the  Middle  Church 
is  the  Rev.  John  Hutchins.  In  con- 
nection with  this  church  is  a  hand- 
22 


COLLEGIATE  CHURCH,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  WEST  29th  STREET. 


338 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


some  Church  House,  facing  on  7th  Street,  and  thoroughly  equipped  with  reading- 
rooms,  gymnasium,  and  all  the  appliances  for  aggressive  modern  church  work. 

The  Marble  Collegiate  Church,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  29th  Street  (popularly 
known  as  "the  Marble  Church"),  is  a  massive  marble  building,  erected  in  185 1  — 
1854,  in  a  simple  type  of  Gothic  architecture.  The  large  auditorium  is  attractively 
decorated,  and  contains  a  triple  organ,  with  electric  wires  connecting  the  different 
parts.  The  old  bell  which  hung  in  the  belfry  of  one  of  the  Collegiate  churches 
stands  at  the  left  of  the  entrance,  bearing  an  inscription  stating  that  it  was  cast  in 
Amsterdam  in  1768.  A  special  feature  of  the  church  is  its  work  among  the  apart- 
ment-houses and  large  hotels  in  the  vicinity,  and  its  courtesy  to  strangers  is  famous. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  David  James  Burrell  is  the  minister  in  charge,  with  two  assistants. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Collegiate  Church,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  48th  Street,  is  a 
strikingly  beautiful  edifice,  of  Newark  sandstone,  in  the  decorated  Gothic  architec- 


COLLEGI ATE  REFORMED  CHURCH,  AT  WEST-END  AVENUE  AND  77th  STREET. 


ture  of  the  fourteenth  century,  with  a  lofty  spire,  flying  buttresses,  numerous  gables, 
and  a  colonnaded  entrance-porch  on  the  avenue.  A  flying  buttress  on  the  northern 
corner  supports  a  small  spire,  which  adds  to  the  symmetry  of  the  front.  The  interior 
has  a  lofty  groined  roof,  resting  upon  exquisitely  carved  stone  and  marble  pillars. 
The  organ-gallery  is  picturesque,  and  the  walls  are  delicately  tinted.  The  church 
was  dedicated  in  1872.  The  minister  in  charge,  Dr.  Edward  B.  Coe,  is  one  of  the 
most  esteemed  preachers  in  the  city. 

The  West-End  Avenue  Collegiate  Church,  at  West-End  Avenue  and  77th 
Street,  was  built  in  1891-92,  after  designs  by  R.  W.  Gibson  ;  and  is  a  large  and 
imposing  structure  in  quaint  Flemish  architecture,  with  decorated  crow-step  gables 
and  many  pinnacles,  and  ornate  dormer-windows  in  the  roof.  The  interior  is  deco- 
rated in  old  ivory  effects  and  harmonious  tints  of  orange.     Dark  cross-beams  under 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


339 


the  roof  carry  out  the  Flemish  idea.  Pillars  of  Tennessee  marble  support  the 
arches.  The  pulpit  and  choir-stalls  are  elaborately  carved  ;  and  the  communion- 
table is  copied  from  that  in  Leonardo  de  Vinci's  picture  of  "The  Last  Supper." 
The  minister  in  charge  is  the  Rev.  Henry  Evertson  Cobb. 

The  Fulton-Street  Prayer-Meeting  is  the  outcome  of  a  missionary  enter- 
prise of  the  Collegiate  Reformed  Church,  and  the  meetings  have  been  held  in  the 
Consistory  building,  at  113  Fulton  Street,  since  they  were  begun,  in  1857,  with  no 
deviation  from  the  original  plan,  which  was  "to  give  merchants,  mechanics,  clerks, 
strangers  and  business  men  generally,  an  opportunity  to  stop  and  call  upon  God 
amid  the  daily  perplexities  incident  to  their  respective  avocations."  The  meetings 
are  held  daily,  at  noon,  and  continue  for  one  hour,  but  the  visitor  is  at  liberty  to 
leave  at  any  time.  When  the  desire  is  expressed,  prayer  is  offered  for  individual 
needs  and  perplexities,  and  the  meetings  have  been  a  source  of  comfort  and  encour- 
agement to  thousands. 

The  First  Collegiate  Reformed  Church  of  Harlem  began  with  the  election 
of  John  LaMontagne  as  deacon,  in  the  year  1660,  when  Harlem  was  a  venturesome 
journey  from  the  little  burgh  of  New  Amsterdam.  For  the  long  period  of  105  years 
the  good  burghers  of  Harlem  were  compelled  to  depend  upon  their  "  Vorleser,"  or 
reader,  and  the  help  of  neighboring  clergy- 
men, for  their  Sunday  instruction  in  the 
Scriptures.  Good  old  Dominie  Selyns  occa- 
sionally used  to  ride  over  to  the  little  settle- 
ment on  the  Harlem  from  his  Brooklyn 
charge,  in  the  days  of  Peter  Stuyvesant ;  and 
later,  Dominies  Drisius  and  Niewenhuysen 
came  now  and  then  from  the  lower  end  of 
the  island  for  a  Sunday  service  ;  but  it  was 
not  until  just.,  before  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution  that  a  minister  was  settled  over 
the  church,  Rev.  Martinius  Schoonmaker, 
who  has  had  eight  successors.  The  present 
church,  a  plain  building  with  pillared  front, 
on  121  st  Street,  near  Third  Avenue,  was 
dedicated  in  1835.  Its  minister  is  Rev.  Dr. 
Joachim  Elmendorf.  m 

The  Second  Collegiate  Reformed 
Church  of  Harlem  has  its  beautiful  Gothic 
house  of  worship  at  267  Lenox  Avenue,  at 
the  corner  of  123d  Street.  Rev.  W.  J. 
Harsha  is  the  pastor. 

The  South  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  3Sth  Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest  ecclesiastical  organiza- 
tions in  the  city.  Its  earlier  history,  previous  to  the  year  181 2,  is  connected  with 
that  of  the  Collegiate  Church,  of  which  it  formed  a  part.  The  first  South  Church, 
erected  in  Garden  Street,  in  1693,  was  a  solid  and  substantial  building,  with  an 
imposing  belfry  and  round-arched  windows.  The  old  church  was  torn  down  in 
1807,  to  make  room  for  a  larger  building,  destroyed  by  fire  in  1835.  Previous  to 
this,  in  1812,  the  South  Church  had  become  independent  of  the  North  and  Middle 
Collegiate  Churches,  and  assumed  the  title  of  "The  Ministers,  Elders  and  Deacons 
of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  Garden  Street  in  the  City  of  New 


SECOND  COLLEGIATE  R 
LEM ,  LENOX  AVENUE 


RCH  OF  HAR- 
3o  STREET. 


34° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


York,"  which  is  still  the  legal  title  of  the  society.  Differences  of  opinion  regard- 
ing the  advisability  of  rebuilding  on  the  old  site  led  to  the  formation  of  a  new 
society,  which  built  the  church  now  owned  by  the  Asbury  Methodists,  in  Washing- 
ton Square,  while  the  old  society  erected  a  church  in  Murray  Street,  followed  in 

1849  Dy  a  larger  and  more  imposing 
building  on  Fifth  Avenue.  This  was 
sold  in  1890,  and  the  present  Gothic 
stone  church,  formerly  Zion  Episcopal 
Church,  was  purchased  and  re-deco- 
rated. The  large  memorial  window 
in  the  west  end,  representing  the  Na- 
tivity, Baptism  and  Resurrection  of 
Our  Lord,  is  the  work  of  the  Tiffany 
Company.  The  first  minister  of  the 
vSouth  Church  after  its  separation  from 
the  Collegiate  Church  was  Dr.  James 
M.  Matthews,  who  became  Chancellor 
of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  in  1834.  The  Rev.  Roderick 
Terry,  D.  D.,  is  now  in  charge,  and 
the  parish  is  prospering. 

The  Madison-Avenue  Re- 
formed Church,  at  the  corner  of  57th 
Street,  an  imposing  Gothic  brownstone 
building,  was  erected  in  1870.  The 
society,  formerly  known  as  the  North- 
west Reformed  Church,  was  organized 
in  1808,  and  worshipped  in  a  church 
on  Franklin  Street  until  1854,  when  it 
moved  to  a  more  eligible  location  on 
East  23d  Street.  The  Madison-Ave- 
nue Church  has  a  seating  capacity  of 
1,000,  and  with  its  galleries,  groined 
roof  and  picturesque  arrangement  of 
round  arches,  the  interior  is  extremely  attractive  and  commodious.  The  minister  is 
Rev.  Dr.  Abbott  E.  Kittredge. 

The  Thirty-Fourth  Street  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  at  307  West  34th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1823,  and  its  first  church  was  a  modest  brick  structure  at 
Broome  and  Greene  Streets.  Under  the  ministerial  care  of  Dr.  Jacob  Brodhead 
and  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Van  Vranken  it  attracted  large  and  fashionable  congregations. 
Dr.  Brodhead  was  one  of  the  most  eloquent  preachers  of  his  day,  and  Dr.  Van 
Vranken  possessed  pulpit  talents  of  a  high  order.  Later,  the  ministerial  charge 
was  assumed  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  George  H.  Fisher  and  the  Rev.  Henry  V.  Voorhees, 
both  noted  preachers.  In  i860  the  present  large  Gothic  church  was  built.  It  is  of 
brick,  with  yellow  stone  front  and  double  towers,  and  the  interior  is  plain  and  com- 
fortable, with  free  pews  and  a  very  sweet-toned  organ.  Previous  to  the  building  of 
the  new  church,  the  members  of  the  Livingston  Reformed  Church,  then  worship- 
ping in  a  hall  on  33d  Street,  united  with  the  34th-Street  parish,  adding  materially 
to  its  strength  and  influence.  The  minister  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  Peter  Stryker,  a  writer, 
lecturer,  and  active  worker  in  the  temperance  cause. 


SOUTH   REFORMED   DUTCH    CHURCH,    MADISON  AVENUE 
AND  38th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


341 


The  Bloomingdale  Reformed  Church  is  at  68th  Street,  where  it  crosses  the 


Boulevard.    It  is  one 
in  this    region,  and 
Peters  is  the  pastor. 
Trinity  Church 

Church,  which  main- 
two  centuries  ago, 
Bishop  Henry  C. 
is  ministered  to  by 
Frenchmen,  Italians, 
for  soldiers,  seamen. 


MADISON -AVENUE   REFORMED  CHURCH,  MADISON  AVENUE 
AND  EAST  57TH  STREET. 

wooden  building  was  opened  on  the  site  of  the 
This  stood  unchanged  for  nearly  forty  years,  when 
The  close  of  the  Revolution  left  the  Episcopalians, 
mained  loyal  to  King  and  Parliament,  in  small  favor 
with  the  patriots ;  but  with  the  restoration  of  order 
came  wiser  counsels.  The  ritual  was  revised  by 
omitting  the  obnoxious  prayer  for  the  King,  J 
and  with  the  consecration  of  the  first 
American  bishops  in  1784,  and  the 
General  Convention  in 

1785,  which  organized  X  V  

the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church  in  the  States 
of  America,  officially 
declared  to  be  loyal  to 
the  new  government, 
came  the  beginning  of 
a  growth  that  has  made 
that  church  the  most 
powerful  Protestant  de- 
nomination in  New 
York.    St.  George's  and 


of  the  most  impressive  and  stately  of  all  the  churches 
has  a  noble  Gothic  spire.     The  Rev.  Madison  C. 

is  the  chief  edifice  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
tains  the  prestige  that  it  secured  as  the  State  Church 
and  in  wealth  and  influence  easily  distances  all  rivals. 
Potter  is  at  the  head  of  the  diocese,  and  the  Church 
men  of  wide  fame.  It  has  churches  for  Englishmen, 
Germans,  Africans,  Chinese,  and  Spaniards ;  and 
deaf-mutes,  and  prisoners. 

Trinity  Church  is  the  second  oldest  religious  or- 
ganization  in  the  city  proper.     It  was 
organized  under  the  provisions  of  an  Act 
passed    by   the  Colonial 
Assembly  of  1 693,  but  the 
royal  charter  establishing 
the    Parish     of  Trinity 
Church  was  not  granted 
until  1697.    The  services 
of  the  Church  of  England 
had  been  introduced  im- 
mediately after  the  arrival 
of  the  British  fleet  in  1664, 
and  were  held  in  old  St. 
Nicholas  Church,  within 
the  Fort,  until  March, 
1697,    when     a  small 
present  Trinity  Church, 
it  was  virtually  rebuilt, 
many  of  whom  had  re- 


342 


KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


St.  Mark's  remained  the  only  other  Episcopal  churches  in  the  city  until  1794, 
when  the  increasing  population  necessitated  a  second  parish,  and  Christ  Church 
was  organized.  As  the  population  has  increased,  other  parishes  have  been 
formed,  and  new  churches  erected  ;  and  there  are  now  84  Episcopal  churches  and 
chapels  in  the  city,  with  35, OCX)  communicants,  and  a  vast  network  of  parochial 
charities.  Trinity  still  remains  the  wealthiest  single  church  corporation  in  the  United 
States.  Most  of  its  annual  income  of  half  a  million  dollars  comes  from  what 
remains,  after  many  generous  gifts,  of  the  royal  grant  of  the  Queen's  Farm,  made  in 
1705,  and  comprising  a  large  tract  of  land  along  the  North  River,  between  Chris- 
topher and  Vesey  Streets,  now  in  the  heart  of  the  business  part  of  the  city.  This 
property  is  valued  at  $9,000,000.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  Trinity  was 
closed  for  a  time,  owing  to  the  persistent  refusal  of  the  clergy  to  omit  the  prayer 
for  the  King.  It  was  re-opened  after  the  British  occupation,  only  to  be  destroyed 
a  few  days  later  in  the  great  fire  of  1 776.  The  second  church  was  built  in  1788,  on 
the  same  site  on  Broadway,  opposite  the  head  of  Wall  Street.  The  third,  that  is 
to  say,  the  present  Trinity  Church,  was  finished  in  1846,  from  the  designs  of  Richard 
Upjohn.  It  is  a  stately  Gothic  edifice,  with  an  exquisite  sharply  pointed  ornate  spire, 
rising  to  a  height  of  284  feet,  and  carrying  a  melodious  chime  of  bells.  On  cither 
side  is  a  quiet  graveyard,  with  many  interesting  memorials  of  men  and  women  of  the 
past.  The  interior  is  lofty  and  spacious,  with  a  groined  roof  borne  aloft. by  sand- 
stone columns.  The  pews  are  of  carved  oak.  The  chancel  is  enriched  by  a  fine 
altar  and  reredos  of  white  Caen  stone,  with  mosaics  and  cameos,  a  memorial  to 
William  B.  Astor  from  his  sons.  Of  the  many  benefactions  of  Trinity,  from  its 
early  gift  of  a  communion-service  and  an  altar-cloth  to  a  church  at  Rye,  down  to 
the  present  time,  none  has  been  of  greater  service  to  the  city  than  the  numerous 
chapels  which  she  has  erected  and  still  maintains.  The  first  was  St.  George's,  now 
an  independent  parish,  opened  in  1753,  and  endowed  by  Trinity  with  a  generous 
gift  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  ;  then  came  St.  Paul's,  in  1766  ;  St.  John's, 
in  1807;  Trinity  Chapel,  in  1856;  St.  Chrysostom's,  in  1869;  St.  Augustine's,  in 
1877  ;  and  St.  Agnes'  and  St.  Luke's,  in  1892.  Trinity  has  over  6,000  communi- 
cants. The  music  in  this  church  is  famous  for  its  beauty,  a  full  cathedral  service 
being  sung  every  Sunday  morning,  with  a  full  choral  vesper  service  later  in  the  day. 

Of  the  large  income  enjoyed  by  Trinity  not  a  cent  is  hoarded.  The  expenses  of 
keeping  up  the  estate  ;  the  support  of  the  chapels  ;  the  large  yearly  grants  to 
twenty-four  parishes  ;  the  payment  of  taxes  and  assessments  ;  and  the  maintenance 
of  the  several  parochial  schools  and  other  parish  charities  exhaust  the  yearly  income. 
Of  the  former  rectors  of  Trinity  three  have  been  made  bishops  of  the  Church,  and 
one  was  banished  from  the  State  for  his  royalist  proclivities,  and  became  bishop  of 
Nova  Scotia.    The  Rev.  Dr.  Morgan  Dix  is  the  rector  of  the  parish. 

St.  Paul's  Chapel  is  the  oldest  church  edifice  now  remaining  in  the  city,  and 
the  oldest  of  the  chapels  of  Trinity  Parish.  It  stands  in  its  ancient  location  at  the 
corner  of  Broadway  and  Vesey  Street,  Vesey  being  the  name  of  the  first  rector  of 
the  mother  church.  It  was  built  in  1764-66,  before  the  troublous  times  of  the  War 
of  Independence,  and  with  its  simple  but  impressive  architecture  of  the  style  of  a 
century  and  a  half  ago  ;  its  exquisite  spire,  recalling  one  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren's, 
standing  where  seemingly  it  ought  not,  on  what  is  now  the  rear  end  of  the  building  ; 
and  its  quiet  God's  Acre  surrounding  it,  it  is  one  of  the  picturesque  features  of 
lower  Broadway.  The  spacious  interior  is  interesting,  not  so  much  for  its  architec- 
tural or  decorative  beauties  (of  which  indeed  it  makes  but  scanty  show),  as  for  its  old- 
fashioned  look,  and  the  hints  it  gives  of  the  simple  taste  and  moderate  ideas  of 


KING'S  II A. XD BOOK  OF  NEW.  YORK. 


343 


344 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


splendor  which  belonged  to  the  men  of  the  past.  Many  interesting  events  have  taken 
place  within  St.  Paul's,  but  none  surpass  in  impressiveness  the  solemn  service  of 
thanksgiving  there,  which  Washington  and  the  civic  authorities  attended  in  simple 
state,  after  the  inauguration  ceremonies  in  1789  of  the  first  President  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  old  City  Hall,  hard  by.  The  centennial  anniversary  thereof  was 
celebrated  within  these  walls  in  1889.  A  tablet  in  the  rear  wall  of  the  chapel, 
facing  Broadway,  commemorates  the  bravery  of  General  Richard  Montgomery,  the 
hero  of  Quebec  ;  and  in  the  churchyard  are  monuments  to  Emmet,  the  Irish  patriot ; 
George  Frederick  Cooke,  and  others.  The  Rev.  Dr.  James  Mulchahey  is  in  charge. 
The  music  is  rendered  by  a  double  quartette  and  a  chorus  choir  of  27  voices. 

St.  John's  Chapel,  on  Varick  Street,  was  built  by  Trinity  Parish,  between 
1803  and  1807,  in  a  region  then  just  beginning  to  be  fashionable  for  homes.     It  is 


factories  and  tene- 
The  front  presents  a 
sive  columns  of  sand- 
tive  park,  with  trees 
which  St.  John's  oc- 
esque  object,  as  seen 
below  Canal  Street, 
rises  above  the  sur- 
Philip  A.  H.  Brown 


a  quaint  and  venerable  edifice,  surrounded  by 
ments,  and  the  only  church  within  a  great  area, 
high  Corinthian  porch,  supported  by  four  mas- 
stone.  The  church-yard,  in  effect  like  a  diminu- 
and  shrubbery,  lies  on  either  side.  The  position 
cupies  makes  it  a  conspicuous  as  well  as  a  pictur- 
from  the  Sixth- Avenue  Elevated  Railroad,  just 
Its  quaint  hewn-oak  spire,  with  a  tower  clock, 
rounding  buildings,  214^4  feet  high.  The  Rev. 
is  in  charge.    The  music  is  famous. 

Trinity  Chapel,  on  25th  Street,  near  Broad- 
way, was  erected  in  1851-56  by  Old  Trinity,  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  up-town  communi- 
cants of  the  parish.  It  is  a  pleasing  brownstone 
Gothic  edifice,  of  the  most  substantial  construc- 
tion ;  and  is  probably  the  only  one  of  the 
chapels  of  Trinity  which  could  support 
itself  if  the  aid  of  the  mother-church 
were  withdrawn.  The  plans 
of  the  building  were  de- 
signed by  Richard  Upjohn,  ..  --'jSA 
and  the  interior  is  peculiar  . 
in  being  simply  a  lofty  nave, 
with  arcades  along  the  sides 
to  indicate  the  position  of 
the  aisles,  if  they  had  not 
been  omitted.  This  causes 
the  building  to  seem  very 
long  and  narrow ;  but  the 
great  height  of  the  walls  and 
the  open  roof  make  an  impressive  and  satisfactory  interior.  The  spacious  chancel 
ends  in  an  apse  of  seven  bays,  and  paintings  fill  the  tympanums  of  the  sanctuary. 
The  interior  is  chastely  decorated,  the  corbel  pillars  in  the  nave  being  ornamented 
with  gold  leaf.  The  reredos  is  of  Caen  stone  and  alabaster.  Adjacent  to  the 
church  are  the  vestry-room  and  the  parish-school  building.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Swope 
was  a  long  time  in  charge  of  Trinity  Chapel,  which  is  now  ministered  to  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  William  H.  Vibbert.  The  music  at  the  chapel  is  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  Walter  B.  Gilbert,  organist  and  choir-master,  and  is  largely  of  modern  forms. 


CHAPEL,  PfiOTESTANT  EPISCOPAL 


KIArG'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


345 


ST.  PAUL'S  CHAPEL—PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL. 

BROADWAY  AND  CHURCH  STREET,  FROM  FULTON  STREET  TO  VESEY  STREET. 


346 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


4APEL,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  WEST  25l 
BROADWAY  AND  SIXTH  AVENUE. 


STREET,  BETWEEN 


St.  Chrysostom's 
Chapel,  at  the  corner 
of  Seventh  Avenue  and 
West  39th  Street,  is  a 
commodious  (iothic 
edifice,  of  brownstone, 
equipped  with  auxiliary 
schools  and  mission  and 
guild  rooms.  It  dates 
from  1869,  and  is  a 
power  for  good  in  a 
crowded  poor  district. 
Rev.  T.  H.  Sill  is  the 
clergyman. 

St.  Augustine's 
Chapel  is  one  of  the 
striking  architectural 
features  of  the  city. 
One  of  the  chapels  of  Old  Trinity,  erected  in  1876-77  in  East  Houston  Street, 
between  the  Bowery  and  Second  Avenue,  it  stands  in  the  most  densely  populated 
part  of  New  York,  and,  according  to  the  London  Times,  of  the  whole  world.  The 
church  cure  is  a  region  where  all  grades  of  poverty,  and  almost  all  forms  of  vice 
abound.  The  buildings  consist  of  the  chapel  proper  and  the  Mission  House.  The 
former,  entered  through  a  broad  archway  with  tiled  walls  and  floor,  and  timbered 
ceiling,  is  cruciform,  with  an  open  Gothic  roof  and  richly  decorated  in  warm  colors. 
It  is  handsomely  and  completely  furnished,  and  seats  nearly  a  thousand.  The  font  is 
a  Caen  monolith,  and  the  black  iron  lectern  and  oaken  altar,  placed  in  Trinity  Church 
at  its  consecration,  are  fine  specimens  of  the  ecclesiastical  art  of  that  period.  In  the 
west  transept  Roger's  statue  of  '  Isaac'  is  seen.    There  are  four  services  on  Sunday, 

the  spire  cross  be- 
ing illuminated  at 
all  night  services. 
The  bell  is  one  of 
the  oldest  in  the 
country,  having 
been  made  in 
1700,  and  given  in 
1704  by  the  Bishop 
of  London  to  the 
first  English  par- 
ish-church in  New 
York.  The  Mis- 
sion House  con- 
tains a  large  hall, 
rooms  for  the  day 
and  night-schools, 
guild-rooms,  a 
music-room,  and 
(  various  offices.  <~- 

west  39th  street.  sides  the  Sundav- 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


347 


school,  that  occupies  twenty  different  rooms,  ten  of  which  are  in  the  basement  of 
the  chapel  proper,  there  are  a  day-school  for  boys,  a  night-school  for  young  men 
and  women,  a  sewing-school  with  dressmaking  and  millinery  classes,  a  house-school 
for  teaching  girls  all  kinds  of  housework,  the  parish  cooking-school,  and  a  number  of 
guilds  and  societies.  The 
Rev.  Dr.  Arthur  C.  Kimber 
is  in  charge,  with  three 
assistants. 

St.  Cornelius'  Chapel, 
on  Governor's  Island,  is 
maintained  by  Trinity 
Church,  under  an  arrange- 
ment with  the  War  Depart- 
ment, for  army  officers  and 
soldiers  who  may  desire  to 
attend  divine  services ;  and 
for  baptisms,  burials,  wed- 
dings and  other  ceremonials 
in  the  garrison. 

St.  Agnes'  Chapel, 
near  the  Boulevard,  on  West 
92d  Street,  is  the  newest  and 
most  magnificent  of  Trinity's 
chapels.  Its  cost  was  about 
£800,000,  and  it  was  opened 
for  public  services  in  1892. 
St.  Agnes'  is  .a  cruciform 
Romanesque  building,  of 
striking  design  and  treat- 
ment. The  main  front  is 
of  brownstone,  flanked  and 
crowned  by  plain  granite 
walls.  The  lower  stage  is 
occupied  by  a  portal  of  three 
deep  and  heavily-moulded 
arches.  The  upper  stage  is 
pierced  by  a  large  arched 
window,  and  the  intervening 
frieze  is  decorated  with  em- 
blems of  the  four  Evange- 
lists. The  tower  is  a  straight 
shaft  of  granite,  with  belts  of  brownstone 
arches  and  spandrils  of  the  same  material. 


ST.  AUGUSTINE'S  CHAPEL,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL. 
107  EAST  HOUSTON  STREET. 


and  the  belfry  stage  is  ornamented  with 
A  large  square  lantern  rises  above  the 
roof-line,  at  the  intersection  of  the  nave  and  transepts,  and  forms  the  dominating 
feature  of  the  exterior.  The  interior  treatment  is  elaborate  and  costly,  the  richest 
effects  centering  in  the  aspidal  chancel,  which  has  a  massive  rail  of  white  marble, 
filled  with  rich  inlaid  work  in  green  marble.  The  same  material  is  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  pulpit,  lectern  and  altar.  The  ceiling  has  a  background  of 
gold,  upon  which  are  painted  in  rich  colors  heroic  figures  of  the  Apostles,  each 
bearing  an  emblem.    In  the  centre  is  a  large  representation  of  Christ,  the  Triumphant 


348 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


King,  seated  upon  a  throne.  The  walls  of  the  chancel  are  broken  by  window 
openings,  arches  communicating  with  the  vestries,  and  recesses  backed  with  glass 
mosaics,  having  ornamental  work  in  relief.  The  beautiful  Morning  Chapel  is  on 
the  west  side,  opening  into  the  transept  and  nave  by  two  large  archways.  In  the 
rear  of  the  church  are  the  parish-house  and  the  rectory.  The  chapel  seats  about 
1,200  people.  All  the  interior  decorative  work,  including  the  windows,  was  done 
by  the  Tiffany  Glass  and  Decorating  Company.  The  architect  was  William  A. 
Totter.  The  minister  in  charge  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  A.  Bradley.  The  grounds 
surrounding  St.  Agnes'  are  effectively  adorned  with  lawns,  trees  and  shrubs. 

Grace  Church,  on  Broadway,  near  10th  Street,  is,  with  the  exception  of 
Trinity,  the  wealthiest  Episcopal  corporation  in  New  York.  The  parish  was  organ- 
ized in  1808,  and  the  first  church  stood  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Rector 
Street,  then  a  fine  residen-     I  ■  


ST.  AGNES'   CHAPEL,  PROTESTANT   EPISCOPAL,  NEAR  THE  BOULE- 
VARD, ON  WEST  91ST  AND  WEST  920  STREETS. 


1844,  and  was  thought  to  be  very  far  up-town.  The  graceful  white  limestone  church, 
in  the  Decorated  Gothic  style,  is  one  of  the  architectural  features  of  Broadway,  and 
its  spire,  once  of  wood,  but  now  of  marble,  is  one  of  the  most  exquisite  in  the  city. 
The  group  of  buildings  belonging  to  Grace  Church  comprises  the  rectory,  on  the 
north,  connected  with  the  church  by  Grace  House,  erected  in  1880  by  Miss  Cath- 
erine L.  Wolfe,  and  containing  the  vestry  and  clergy-rooms,  library  and  reading- 
room  ;  the  Chantry,  adjoining  the  church  on  the  south,  also  the  gift  of  Miss  Wolfe  ; 
and  Grace  Memorial  House,  in  the  rear,  on  Fourth  Avenue,  erected  by  the  Hon. 
Levi  P.  Morton  in  1880  in  memory  of  his  wife,  and  used  as  a  day-nursery  for  small 
children.  Grace  Chapel,  at  132  East  14th  Street,  was  erected  by  the  parish  in 
1876  to  replace  the  former  chapel,  built  in  1852,  and  destroyed  by  fire  in  1872. 
Grace-House-by-the-Sea,  at  Far  Rockaway,  Long  Island,  was  opened  in  1S83  as  a 


GRACE  CHURCH —PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL. 

BROADWAY,  NEAR  10th  STREET.  AT  THE  HEAD  OF  LOWER  BROADWAY. 


35 o  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

summer  home  for  poor  women  from  tenement  houses.  Liberal  support  is  given  to 
this  and  the  many  other  parochial  charities,  and  generous  contributions  are  made  to 
aid  benevolent  work  outside  the  parish  limits.  The  architect  of  Grace  Church  was 
James  Renwick. 

Few  if  any  of  the  churches  surpass  Grace  in  beauty  of  interior  design  and  decora- 
tion. It  is  impressive  and  magnificent.  In  the  eastern  end  a  large  chancel 
window,  the  gift  of  Miss  Wolfe  (as  are  also  the  altar  and  the  lofty  reredos),  is  filled 
with  English  stained  glass.  The  groined  roof  of  the  nave  is  supported  by  graceful 
columns  ;  and  the  clere-story  and  side  windows  contain  some  of  the  finest  examples 
of  the  glass-worker's  art.  A  beautiful  memorial  porch  forms  the  entrance  ;  and  the 
chime  of  bells  in  the  belfry  rivals  that  of  Trinity  in  sweetness.    Grace  has  long  been 

noted  for  fashionable  weddings.  The 
Bishop  of  New  York,  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Henry  C.  Potter,  was  long  rector  of  the 
parish.  He  was  succeeded  in  1883  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  William  R.  Huntington. 

Christ  Church  was  the  second  par- 
ish of  the  Episcopal  Church  organized 
in  New  York,  dating  back  to  1794,  when 
a  church  was  built  on  Ann  Street.  Here 
a  goodly  congregation  soon  gathered, 
under  the  Rev.  John  Fillmore,  one  of  the 
first  Wesleyan  itinerants  sent  over  from 
England,  who  labored  for  a  time  with 
the  brethren  of  the  John-Street  Church, 
but  later  joined  the  Episcopalians.  The 
parish  grew  rapidly,  and  in  1823  its 
former  accommodations  became  too 
straitened  for  its  needs,  and  a  larger 
church  was  built  on  Worth  Street,  where 
the  parish  remained  in  peace  and  pros- 
perity until  it  migrated  up-town  in  1854, 
building  and  occupying  the  present  St. 
Ann's  Church  on  West  18th  Street.  In 
1859  a  church  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  35th 
Street  was  purchased  from  the  Baptists, 
and  here  again  the  parish  rested  and 
throve  for  more  than  thirty  years.  In 
1890  Christ  Church  removed  to  its  present  site,  at  the  corner  of  71st  Street  and  the 
Boulevard.  The  architect  was  C.  C.  Haight.  Among  the  prominent  rectors  of 
the  parish  have  been  Dr.  F.  C.  Ewer,  the  founder  of  the  ritualistic  church  of  St. 
Ignatius  ;  the  Rev.  Hugh  Miller  Thompson,  a  preacher  of  nervous  and  picturesque 
force  ;  and  Dr.  William  McYickar.  Dr.  J.  S.  Shipman  has  been  the  rector  for 
sixteen  years. 

St.  George's  Church  began  its  independent  existence  in  1812.  The  first 
church,  a  chapel  of  Trinity,  was  built  in  1752,  at  Beekman  and  Cliff  Streets.  The 
more  modern  building,  erected  in  1845,  is  a  graceful  brownstone  structure,  in  the 
Gothic  style,  and  a  prominent  landmark  on  the  East  Side,  in  Stuyvesant  Square. 
Formerly  it  had  two  noble  spires,  but  they  became  weakened,  as  the  result  of  a 
fire.     They  were  taken  down,  and  have  never  been  replaced.     For  many  years  the 


GRACE  MEMORIAL  HOUSE,  FOURTH  AVENUE,  NEAR  10TH 
STREET,  IN  REAR  OF  GRACE  CHURCH. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


351 


Rev.  Dr.  Stephen  H.  Tyng,  the  elder,  was  rector,  and  his  sturdy  preaching  brought 
the  church  well  to  the  front  in  the  Episcopal  body.  The  Rev.  Dr.  William  S. 
Rainsford  became  rector  in  1881,  and  since  then  many  changes  and  improvements 
have  been  made  in  the  working  methods  of  the  parish;  which  is  one  of  the  most 
active  in  the  city,  and  the  largest  in  the  country,  having  2, 600  communicants.  One 


ST.   MARK'S  CHURCH, 
PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL, 
STU YVESANT  STREET 
AND    SECOND  AVENUE. 


of  the  most  important  of  its  parochial 
House,  adjoining  the  church.  It  was 
pont  Morgan,  in 
Tracy.  It  is  built 
rooms,  club-rooms, 
and  reading-room, 
anthropic  work 
neighborhood. 

St.  Mark 
The  present  church 
Street  was  conse- 
few  survivors  of  the 
astical  architecture, 
a  sharply  tapering 
preserves  its  olden 
ingly  decorated, 
adorn  the  walls  ;  and 
outer  wall,  an  an- 
cient   stone  bears 


agencies  is  St. 
erected  in  1888, 
memory  of  Mr 


George's  Memorial 
the  gift  of  J.  Pier- 
and  Mrs.  Charles 
of  red  sandstone,  and  contains  school- 
clergy-rooms,    gymnasium,  library 
and  is  the  centre  of  much  phil- 
among  the  poorer  classes  in  the 

Church  was  organized  in  1 791 . 
at  Second  Avenue   and  10th 
crated  in  1829,  and  is  one  of  the 
old  colonial  style  of  ecclesi- 
with  lofty  pillared  porch  and 
steeple.      The  interior 
quaintness,  and  is  pleas- 
Many  memorial  tablets 
on  the  east  side  of  the 


ST.  GEORGE'S  CHURCH,  PROTEST/ 
STU YVESANT  SQUARE  AND  EAST 


ST  EPISCOPAL, 
16TH  STREET. 


witness  to  the  fact  that  Governor  Petrus 
Stuyvesant  lies  buried  in  the  vault  below. 
When  the  doughty  Dutch  Captain -General 
retired  from  office,  after  the  surrender  of 
the  province  to  the  English,  he  withdrew 
to  his  "  Bouwerie,"  or  farm,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  present  Stuyvesant  Square,  then  two 
miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  He  built 
a  small  chapel  adjoining  his  manor-house, 
and  here  the  Rev.  Henry  Soleyns  was  wont 
to  preach  on  Sunday  afternoons.  In  a  vault  underneath  the  chapel  the  Governor  was 
laid  to  rest,  after  his  death  in  1682,  to  be  followed,  in  169 1,  by  Henry  Sloughter, 
the  English  royal  governor,  and  still  later,  by  Daniel  Tompkins,  an  early  governor 


CHURCH  OF  THE  HEAVENLY  REST,  PROTESTANT 
EPISCOPAL,  FIFTH  AVENUE,  ABOVE  45TH  STREET. 


352  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

of  the  State.  At  one  time  the  Methodists  held  meetings  in  the  chapel,  commonly 
called  the  "Two-Mile-Stone  Meeting  House,"  from  its  distance  from  the  centre  of 
the  city.  It  was  taken  down  in  1793,  and  the  offer  of  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  a  descend- 
ant of  the  Governor,  to  present  the  ground  and  800  pounds  in  money  to  Trinity  for 
a  church,  was  accepted.  The  church  was  built  in  the  years  1795-99,  and  long  bore 
the  name  of  "St.  Mark's  in  the  Bowery."  It  is  still  the  spiritual  home  of  many 
descendants  of  the  old  families.    The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Rylance  is  the  rector. 

The  Church  of  the  Heavenly  Rest,  at  551  Fifth  Avenue,  was  built  through 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Robert  S.  Howland,  then  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Apos- 
tles. The  parish  originated  in  services  held  in  the  hall  of  Rutgers  Female  College,  in 
1865.   The  narrow  front  of  the  church,  ornamental  in  design  and  surmounted  by  angelic 

figures,  gives  little  promise  of 
the  spaciousness  of  the  interior, 
which  is  cruciform  in  shape,  and 
contains  some  of  the  finest  wood- 
carving  and  stained-glass  windows 
in  the  country.  Polished  marble 
pillars  support  the  roof ;  the  walls 
are  richly  frescoed  and  adorned 
with  beautiful  paintings ;  and 
Ary  Schcffer's  Christus  Consolator 
forms  the  altar-piece.  The  entire 
effect  of  the  interior  is  one  of  ex- 
treme and  satisfying  richness,  re- 
finement, beauty  and  peace.  The 
Church  of  the  Heavenly  Rest  is 
one  of  the  fashionable  shrines  of 
the  city,  and  the  wealth  of  its 
members  is  shown  in  their  liberal 
support  of  public  and  parochial 
charities.  The  rector  is  the  Rev. 
Dr.  D.  Parker  Morgan. 

St.  Thomas's  Church,  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and  53d  Street,  was 
organized  in  1823  ;  and  its  first 
church  stood  at  Broadway  and 
Houston  Street,  then  a  rural  sub- 
urb. The  parish  attained  to  a 
high  degree  of  prosperity  under 
the  rectorship  of  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  but  as  early  as  1843  tne  need  of  a  location 
farther  up-town  began  to  be  felt,  and  in  1870  the  present  magnificent  edifice  was 
opened  for  worship.  The  church  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  architectural  features 
of  the  city,  and  was  regarded  by  the  architect,  Upjohn,  as  the  masterpiece  of  his  long 
career  as  a  church  architect.  The  church  and  the  adjoining  rectory  are  built  of 
brownstone,  in  the  Gothic  style  ;  and,  with  the  grounds  and  furnishings,  represent  a 
value  of  nearly  one  million  dollars.  The  interior  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  city,  with 
monolithic  columns  supporting  the  nave,  a  central  dome  at  the  intersection  of  the 
nave  and  transept,  an  apsidal  chancel  adorned  with  a  series  of  cartoons  by  LaFarge, 
and  a  reredos  in  old  gold  by  St.  Gaudens,  representing  the  Adoration  of  the  Cross  by 
cherubs  and  angels.     The  chancel  is  flanked  by  shallower  recesses,  in  which  is  built 


ST.  GEORGE'S  MEMORIAL  HOUSE,  207   EAST   16th  6TREET, 
IN  REAR  OF  ST.    GEORGE'S  CHURCH. 


353 


354 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  great  organ,  in  two  parts,  for  a  double  choir,  whose  rendering  of  church  music 
is  famous  throughout  the  country.  The  entire  decoration  of  the  chancel,  including 
the  costly  works  of  LaFarge  and  St.  Gaudens,  is  a  memorial  from  Charles  II. 
Housman  to  his  mother  ;  and  to  his  generosity  the  church  also  owes  the  angelic 
figures  with  musical  instruments,  after  Fra  Angelico,  by  LaFarge,  which  form  the 
decorations  above  the  organ.  Other  memorials  are  the  chime  of  bells  in  the  tower, 
rivalling  those  of  Trinity  in  sweetness,  the  cross  surmounting  it,  and  many  stained- 
glass  windows  and  other  fittings  of  the  interior.  While  St.  Thomas's  is  a  church 
for  the  wealthy,  it  is  by  no  means  neglectful  of  the  claims  of  the  poorer  classes.  In 
addition  to  its  numerous  benevolent  societies,  it  maintains  St.  Thomas's  Chapel,  on 
6oth  Street  ;  a  German  mission  ;  and  St.  Thomas's  House,  in  the  rear  of  the  chapel, 
erected  in  1872  by  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Roswell  P.  Flower  as  a  memorial  to  their  son, 
Henry  Keep  Flower.  The  rectors  of  St.  Thomas  have  been  :  Rev.  Cornelius  R. 
Dufne  ;  Rev.  Dr.  George  Upfold,  later  bishop  of  Indiana  ;  Rev.  Henry  J.  White- 
house,  some  time  bishop  of  Illinois  ;  Rev.  Dr.  Fdmund  Neville  ;  Rev.  Dr.  William 
F.  Morgan  ;  and  the  present  incumbent,  Rev.  Dr.  John  W.  Brown. 

St.  James's  Church  grew  out  of  a  chapel-at-ease  erected  in  1S10  at  69th  Street 
and  Park  Avenue,  for  the  convenience  of  those  New-York  families  whose  country- 
seats  were  in  the 
vicinity  of  Hamil- 
ton Square  (now 
Lenox  Hill).  This 
was  succeeded  by 
an  edifice  erected 
in  1869  on  the 
north  side  of  J2d 
Street,  between 
Lexington  and 
Third  Avenues, — 
the  present  church 
having  been  built 
in  1884  at  the 
northeast  corner 
of  Madison  Ave- 
nue and  71st 
Street.  It  is  an 
imposing  Gothic 
building,  designed 
to   have    a  lofty 

tower  in  the  Florentine  style.  It  has  an  apsidal  chancel  at  the  side  of  the  tower  ;  a 
smaller  round  tower  ;  and  a  loggia,  with  bold  projections,  forming  with  the  two 
gables  a  very  beautiful  and  picturesque  effect.  The  interior  is  extremely  pleasing. 
A  tower-room,  with  a  notable  stairway,  opens  upon  the  chancel,  which  is  very  deep, 
with  two  arches  and  an  apsidal  sanctuary.  At  the  east  end  is  a  large  gallery.  The 
interior  finish  is  oak,  and  the  entire  scheme  of  decoration  is  chaste  and  harmonious. 
There  is  a  vested  choir ;  and  the  building  contains  two  choir-rooms,  a  large  parish- 
room,  a  library,  a  guild-room,  and  a  kitchen.  In  the  tower  are  three  large  brass 
tablets,  having  representations  of  the  two  former  buildings  of  the  parish,  and 
inscribed  with  the  names  of  former  vestrymen.  The  rector,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cornelius 
B.  Smith,  began  his  work  in  1867. 


ST.  JAMES'S  CHURCH,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  MADISON  AVENUE 
AND  EAST  71ST  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


355 


St.  Luke's 
Church,  at  Con- 
vent Avenue  and 
141st  Street,  is  an 
impressive  R  o  - 
manesque  brown- 
stone  church,  de- 
signed by  R.  H. 
Robertson,  and 
opened  in  1892.  It 
cost  $275,000.  It 
occupies  very  high 
ground,  on  Wash- 
ington Heights  ; 
and  the  rectory  is 
the  old  mansion  of 
Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, known  as 
"The  Grange." 
Old  St.  Luke's, 
at  483  Hudson 
Street,  was  built 
in  1821,  in  Green- 
wich Village,  and  in  1892  became  a  chapel  of  Trinity  Parish.  It  is  in  a  densely 
settled  part  of  the  city,  and  is  supported  as  a  mission.  When  it  was  sold  to  Trinity, 
the  records  and  traditions  of  the  parish  were  transferred  to  the  new  and  magnificent 
church  on  Washington  Heights.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Isaac  H.  Tuttle,  rector  of  old  St. 
Luke's  for  42  years,  is  now  rector  emeritus  of  the  migrated  parish  ;  and  the  Rev. 
Dr.  John  T.  Patey  is  the  active  rector. 


OTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  AND  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON'S 
CONVENT  AVENUE  AND  141ST  STREET. 


Calvary  Church  was 


CHURCH,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  FOURTH  AVENUE  AND  EAST  21ST  STREET. 


organized  in  1835,  anc^  *ts  nrs*  church  was 
Avenue,   near    35th   Street.      The  location 
town  for  the  prosperity  of  the  parish,  and  in 
842  the  church  was  moved  to  the  corner  of 
21st  Street.    Five  years  later  it  was  taken 
down,  and  the  present  brownstone  building 
erected,  in  the  old  English  style  of  architec- 
ture.     The  interior  arrangements 
and  decorations  are  ex- 
tremely good.  The 
lofty  groined  roof 
is   supported  by 
slender  columns 
springing  out  in 
graceful  pointed 
arches  ;  the  side 
walls    are  pan- 
elled ;    and  the 
arched  windows 
are     filled  with 
richly  colored 


356 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


glass.  Calvary  has  long  been  one  of  the  leading  Episcopal  parishes,  and  with  Cal- 
vary Chapel  and  the  Galilee  Rescue  Mission  on  East  23d  Street,  and  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  parochial  charities,  it  is  the  centre  of  much  beneficent  activity.  There  are 
1,600  communicants.  The  rector  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  H.  Y.  Satterlee.  The  congrega- 
tional singing  at  Calvary  is  very  fine,  trained  singers  being  scattered  throughout  the 
congregation.  The  new  building  which  is  to  be  occupied  by  the  Church  Missions 
House  is  slowly  rising  into  view,  on  Fourth  Avenue,  just  north  of  Calvary  Church. 

The  Church  of  the  Ascension,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  10th  Street,  is  an 
attractive  brownstone  edifice,  erected  in  1840.  Its  founder  was  Dr.  Manton  East- 
burn,  afterwards  bishop  of  Massachusetts  ;  who  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Gregory 
T.  Bedell,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ohio  ;  Dr.  John  Cotton  Smith  ;  and  Dr.  E.  Win- 
chester Donald,  who  in  1892  succeeded  Phillips  Brooks  as  rector  of  Trinity' Church, 
in  Boston.  In  18S8-89  the  church  was  beautified  by  a  new  chancel,  furnished  by 
Stanford  White,  and  adorned  with  angel  figures  by  St.  Gaudens,  mosaics  by  Mait- 
land  Armstrong,  a  richly  carved  memorial  pulpit  and  walls  of  Siena  marble.  Above 
these  is  the  largest  ecclesiastical  painting  in  America,  representing  the  Ascension. 

This  magnificent  picture  was  the  work 
of  John  LaFarge,  and  took  two  years 
to  execute,  its  cost  having  been  $30,- 
000.  It  was  the  gift  of  the  Misses 
Rhinclander.  The  parish  has  been 
widely  known  for  its  generous  gifts, 
including  a  hall  at  the  Theological 
School  near  Alexandria,  Va. ;  a  hall 
and  church  for  Kenyon  College,  at 
Gambier,  Ohio  ;  and  the  Church  of  the 
Ascension,  at  Ipswich,  Mass. 

St.  Andrew's  Church  was  organ- 
ized in  1829,  and  built  its  first  ecclesi- 
astical home  during  the  following  year.. 
The  early  growth  of  the  parish  was 
feeble,  owing  to  its  remote  situation, 
far  up-town  ;  and  it  was  not  until  the 
year  1873  that  the  need  of  large  accom- 
modations became  sufficiently  urgent 
to  cause  the  erection  of  a  more  spacious  church,  which  remained  in  use  until  the 
opening  of  the  present  edifice,  in  1S89,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  127th  Street.  The 
exterior  is  picturesque  in  appearance,  with  a  stately  corner  tower  carrying  a  sweet 
chime  of  bells,  gabled  entrances,  and  a  pleasing  roof-line.  The  interior  is  churchly 
and  impressive  in  the  best  sense,  with  lofty  nave,  lower  side  aisles,  transepts,  bap- 
tistery and  apsidal  chancel.  Slender  shafts,  surmounted  by  a  clere-story  pierced  with 
many  windows,  and  spanned  by  graceful  pointed  arches,  support  the  lofty  arched 
roof.  Two  narrow  lancet  windows  light  the  chancel,  and  between  them  is  a  large 
painting  of  The  Call  of  St.  Andrew,  the  patron-saint  of  the  church.  The  chancel 
and  transepts  open  out  into  smaller  spaces  through  pointed  arches,  adding  greatly 
to  the  perspective  effect.  The  color  scheme  is  in  terra  cotta,  relieved  by  lighter 
lines  on  the  faces  of  the  arched  ribs  of  the  roof.  The  first  rector  of  the  parish  was 
the  Rev.  George  L.  Hinton.  Later  incumbents  have  been  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  R. 
Bailey,  who  withdrew  to  join  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  became  Archbishop 
of  Baltimore  ;  the  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  Lobdell  ;  and  the  present  rector,  the  Rev.  Dr. 


6T.  ANDREW'S  CHURCH,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  FIFTH 


AVENUE  AND  EAST  127TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


357 


George  R.  Van  De  Water,  one  of  the  strongest  preachers  and  leading  organizers  in 
the  city.  The  communicant  list  numbers  1,500  ;  and  St.  Andrew's  is  noted  for  the 
variety  and  liberality  of  its  gifts. 

The  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion,  at  Sixth  Avenue  and  20th  Street,  was 
erected  in  1846  by  Mrs.  Anna  C.  Rogers,  in  obedience  to  the  dying  request  of  her 
husband,  that  "a  church  might  be  built,  to  the  glory  of  God,  where  rich  and  poor 
might  meet  together."  Mrs.  Rogers's  brother,  Dr.  William  A.  Muhlenberg,  the 
founder  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  became  the  first  rector.  It  was  a  free  church  from 
the  beginning,  and  the  first  in  the  country  to  establish  early  communions,  weekly 
celebrations,  daily  prayers,  and  a  boy  choir,  and  the  first  to  organize  a  sisterhood. 
The  group  of  buildings  includes  the  church  and  rectory,  in  brownstone,  after  designs 
by  Upjohn  ;  a  Sisters'  House  ;  a  home  for  aged  women  ;  and  other  edifices.  The 
church  is  cruciform  in  shape,  and  the  interior  is  plain  but  churchly  in  its  decora- 
tions.   The  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Mottet  is  rector. 

The  Church  of  the  Transfiguration,  at  5  East  29th  Street,  is  better  known 
as  "The  Little  Church  around  the  Corner,"  from  the  fact  that  its  rector  once 


CHURCH  OF  THE  TRANSFIGURATION   (THE  LITTLE  CHURCH  AROUND  THE  CORNER),  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL, 
EAST  29tm  STREET    BETWEEN  FIFTH  AND  MADISON  AVENUES. 


read  th  •  funeral  service  of  the  Church  over  the  body  of  an  actor,  after  a  neighbor- 
ing clergyman  had  refused,  telling  the  friends  of  the  deceased  to  go  to  "the  little 
church  around  the  corner."  This  simple  incident  has  made  the  church  an  object  of 
affectionate  regard  to  the  whole  dramatic  profession,  many  of  whom  have  shown 
their  interest  in  a  substantial  manner.  The  parish  was  organized  in  1849  by  the 
present  rector,  Dr.  George  H.  Houghton,  and  early  in  the  following  year  a  part  of 
the  rambling  but  picturesque  church  was  erected.  The  building  has  grown  by 
degrees,  as  need  arose  and  funds  were  forthcoming,  and  is  now  a  long  low  structure, 
with  a  single  transept  and  many  beautiful  and  costly  decorations.  The  church  has 
600  communicants,  and  is  recognized  as  a  very  earnest  body  of  communicants. 
Services  are  conducted  three  times  a  day  throughout  the  year.  The  rectory  adjoins 
the  church.  There  is  a  Transfiguration  Chapel  on  West  69th  Street,  between  the 
Boulevard  and  Columbus  Avenue. 


358 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


St.  Ann's  Church  is  engaged  in  an  interesting  field  of  work  among  the  deaf- 
mutes,  in  whose  behalf  the  parish  was  organized  by  the  rector  emeritus,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Thomas  Gallaudet,  in  1852.  For  several  years  the  services  were  held  in  the 
chapel  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  lecture-room  of  the 
New- York  Historical  Society.  The  church,  on  1 8th  Street,  near  Fifth  Avenue, 
was  purchased  in  1859.  The  main  interest  attaching  to  the  parish  is  its  peculiar 
field  of  work  among  the  deaf-mutes,  of  whom  there  are  more  than  100  among  the 


communicants.  This  free 
two  on  every  other  day,  and 
meditation.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
parish  in  1892,  being  pastor 
devoting  his  energies  to  the 
berlain  is  a  co-laborer  with 
to  Deaf-Mutes,  incorporated 
St.  Bartholomew's 
fashionable  in  the  city,  was 
many  years  worshipping  in  a 
ing  building  at  Madison  Ave- 
1876.  It  is  a  fine  example  of 
decorated  front  and  a  cam- 
terior  is  handsomely  treated 
granite  columns,  carrying  a 


church  has  five  services  on  Sunday,  and 
is  open  all  day  for  private  prayer  and 
Edward  H.  Krans  became  rector  of  the 
of  the  hearing  persons,  Dr.  Gallaudet 
deaf-mutes.  The  Rev.  John  Cham- 
Dr.  Gallaudet  in  the  Church  Mission 
in  1S72. 

Church,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
organized  in  1835,        congregation  for 
church  in  Lafayette  Place.    The  impos- 
nue  and  44th  Street  was  finishec1  in 
the  Lombardo-Gothic  style,  with  lofty 
panilc  tower  with  open  belfry.    The  in- 
in    polychrome.      Polished  Scotch 
triforium  gallery  and  a  clere-story, 
support  the  lofty  nave  roof,  and 
all  the  appointments  bespeak 
the  wealth  of  the  congrega- 
tion.  The  rector  is  the 
Rev.   Dr.   David  H. 
Greer.      Aside  from 
the  usual  benevolent 
and  missionary  activi- 
ties of  a  well-organ- 
ized parish,  there  is  St. 
Bartholomew's  Parish 
House,  on   East  42d 
Street,  near  Third 
Avenue,  erected  in 
1891,  the  gift  of  Mrs. 
William  H.  Vander- 
bilt  and  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt.      It  is  a 
costly  stone  and  brick 
building,  and  is  made 
the  centre  of  an  im- 
portant religious  and  humane  work  among  the  poor  of  the  East  Side. 

All  Souls'  Church,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  66th  Street,  is  one  of  the  most 
attractive  Episcopal  temples  in  the  city,  and  is  the  home  of  the  parish  ministered  to 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  R.  Hcber  Newton,  the  somewhat  iconoclastic  preacher.  The 
parish  was  organized  in  1859,  and  early  in  1861  its  first  edifice,  on  West  48th  Street, 
was  consecrated  as  a  memorial  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Anthon.  Tn  1890  the  parish 
bought  the  property  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  selling  its  former  place  of 


IURCH,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  MADISON  AVENUE 
ANO  EAST  44th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


359 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL, 
EAST  66TH  STREET. 


MADISON  AVENUE  ANO 


worship,  and  taking 
possession  of  the  beau- 
tiful stone  church 
which  it  now  occupies. 
The  building  is  in  the 
Romanesque  style,  with 
a  massive  tower  and 
an  imposing  front  on 
Madison  Avenue  ;  and 
the  interior  is  quaint 
and  attractive,  with 
richly  tinted  walls  and 
a  series  of  fine  paint- 
ings on  the  rear  wall  of 
the  chancel. 

The  Church  of 
Zion  and  St.  Timo- 
thy was  formed  in  1S90 
by  the  union  of  the  two 
Episcopal  parishes  of 
Zion  and  St.  Timothy, 
the  latter  having  an  organization  dating  back  to  1853,  while  the  former  was  formed  in 
1 8 10,  when  the  English  Lutheran  Church  Zion  conformed  to  the  Episcopal  Church. 

The  new  Church  of  Zion  and  St. 
Timothy, at  332  West  57th  Street, 
was  erected  in  1 89 1.  It  is  early 
Gothic  in  design,  treated  in  a 
simple  and  massive  manner,  and 
with  an  avoidance  of  carving  and 
minute  detail,  in  order  to  bring 
the  design  within  the  rightful  use 
of  brick  and  stone,  the  latter  be- 
ing employed  only  when  needed 
to  strengthen  the  walls.  A  mas- 
sive tower,  with  strongly  marked 
pier-braces  at  the  corners,  is 
placed  in  the  north  of  the  main 
front,  the  plainness  and  severity 
of  the  latter  being  relieved  by  the 
staircase  pinnacle  and  the  deeply 
recessed  doors  and  windows.  On 
the  57th-Street  elevation  three 
sharply  pointed  gables  relieve  the 
monotony  and  give  character  to 
the  design.  The  same  simplicity 
of  treatment  marks  the  interior. 
The  level  of  the  sanctuary  is 
several  feet  above  the  choir  floor, 
giving  greater  dignity  to  altar 
ST.  Bartholomews  parish  house,  205  east  420  street.       and  reredos,  and  the  use  of  the 


36° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


customary  chancel-arch  has  been  avoided.  The  roof  and  side  walls  are  on  the  same 
lines  as  those  of  the  nave,  but  greatly  enriched  by  extra  braces  in  the  open  timber- 
work  of  the  roof.  A  system  of  double  trusses,  supported  by  clustered  stone  columns 
at  the  four  transept  angles,  divides  the  nave  from  the  aisles  and  chancel,  giving  an 
appearance  of  greater  length  to  the  interior.  The  roofs  are  constructed  entirely  in 
open  timber-work,  in  natural  hard  pine,  colored  to  suit  the  expression  of  the  interior, 
the  walls  of  which  are  finished  in  red  brick,  relieved  by  gray  brick  in  wide  bands. 
Connected  with  the  church  there  is  a  large  parish-house,  of  similar  construction. 
The  combined  parish  is  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Lubeck,  with  the  former  rector 
of  Zion  Church,  Dr.  Charles  C.  Tiffany,  as  rector  emeritus. 

The  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  42d  Street, 


Central    Depot,    and  its 
lofty  corner  tower  make  it 
founded  in   1864,  by  the 
of  his  early  labors  was  a 
In  1888  the  Rev.  E.  Wal- 
was  called  to  the  rector- 
agencies  for  increasing  the 
has  always  been  marked 
practical  character  of  its 
"evangelical"  school  of 
commendable  boy  choir, 
nearly  a  score  of  societies. 
Virgin,   at   228  West 
the  Episcopal  churches 


was  erected  in  1873.    It  is  near  the  Grand 
variegated  brick  and  ivy-covered  walls  and 
a  conspicuous  object.    The  parish  was 
younger  Stephen  H.  Tyng,  and  the  result 
remarkable  growth  in  many  directions, 
pole  Warren,  an  English  "  missioner," 
ship.     He   has  introduced  many  new 
effectiveness  of  the  parish.    Holy  Trinity 
by  the  co-operation  of  its  laymen,  the< 
preaching,  and  its  adherence  to  the 
churchmanship.     It   has  a  specially 
The  parish  has  840  communicants,  with 
The  Church  of  St.  Mary  the 
45th  Street,  is  the  most  ritualistic  of 
of  New  York,  with  a  daily  celebra- 
tion, an  elaborate  ceremonial,  and 
all  the  usages  of  the  advanced  Anglo- 
Catholic  school.      The  parish 
was  organized  in  1868,  and 
the  church  was 
opened  in  1870. 
It   is  a  small 
Gothic  building, 
and  the  interior 
is  chiefly  notable 
for    its  white 
marble  altar, 
tabernacle  and 
altar-screen  ;  the 
hanging  sanctu- 
ary  lamps,  and 
the  sculptured 
figures  of  Christ, 

the  Virgin  and  St.  John  ;  and  of  St.  Paul  (as  founder  of  the  British  Church),  on  the 
pulpit.  The  Sunday  and  festal  services  are  largely  choral,  and  of  the  most  elaborate 
and  beautiful  character.  The  parish  is  active  in  good  work  among  the  poor,  sup- 
porting mission-house,  schools,  guilds,  and  other  agencies  for  charitable  work.  The 
Rev.  Thomas  McKee  Brown  is  rector  and  founder  ;  and  the  church  has  600  com- 
municants, lovers  of  good  deeds  as  well  as  aesthetic  forms. 


CHURCH  OF  THE 


■IOLY  TRINITY,  PROTESTANT   EPISCOPAL,  MADISON  AVENUE 
AND   EAST  42D  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Church  of  the  Incarnation,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  35th  Street,  is 
a  modern  Gothic  temple,  in  a  pleasant  residence-quarter.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Arthur 
Brooks  is  the  rector  ;  and  the  Rev.  Newton  Perkins  has  charge  of  the  Chapel  of  the 
Reconciliation,  at  246  East  31st  Street.  The  church  is  a  picturesque  structure, 
built  of  dark  sandstone,  with  many  buttresses,  a  quaint  entrance  porch  on  the  Madi- 
son-Avenue front,  and  a  solid-looking  square  tower,  at  the  corner  nearest  the  inter- 
section of  the  street  and  avenue.  The  spire  was  carried  in  1892,  after  remaining 
thirty  years  incomplete,  to  its  present  height,  as  seen  in  the  illustration.    The  front 


thickly  around  the 
quite  concealing  the 
city. 

End  Avenue  and 
came  into  existence 
building  in  what  is 
by  102  feet,  and  is 
device  of  placing  it 


of  the  church  is  literally  covered  with  ivy.  It  grows 
bases  of  the  buttresses  at  the  side  of  the  building, 
size  of  the  church,  which  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the 

All  Angels'  Church,  at  the  corner  of  West- 
West  8 1  st  Street,  was  built  in  1890.  The  society 
about  the  middle  of  the  century,  and  had  its  first 
now  Central  Park.  It  occupies  a  corner-lot  of  100 
140  feet  long,  the  builders  having  adopted  the  shrewd 
diagonally.  Dr.  Charles  F.  Hoffman  is  the  rector, 
and  Rev.  S.  DeLancey  Townsend,  associate  rector. 

The  Church  of  Holy  Trinity,  at  Lenox  Ave- 
nue and  I22d  Street,  Harlem,  is  one 
of  the  recently  erected 
Episcopal  shrines.  The 
building  was  conse- 
crated in  1888,  and  is 
Italian  Gothic  in  style, 
and  substantially  con- 
structed of  rough-faced 
Indiana  limestone, with 
brownstone  trimmings. 
A  massive  tower  with 
long,  narrow  openings 
surmounts  the  main  en- 
trance on  I22d  Street, 
and  the  long  frontage 
on  Lenox  Avenue  is 
agreeably  diversified  by 
two  gables  and  a  small  spire,  breaking  the  monotony  of  the  roof-line.  The  main 
feature  of  the  spacious  interior,  which  has  a  seating  capacity  of  1,200,  and  is 
cruciform  in  shape,  with  lofty  arched  roof,  is  the  chancel,  which  is  extremely 
decorative  in  its  treatment.  An  oaken  communion  table,  surrounded  by  the 
chancel  rail,  occupies  the  centre,  and  the  Bishop's  chair  is  behind  it.  The  walls 
are  finished  in  polished  variegated  marble,  above  which  the  effect  of  small  galleries 
is  produced  by  arched  openings.  There  are  two  transept  galleries,  and  the  walls 
are  decorated  in  terra  cotta  and  buff.  On  the  first  floor  of  the  Lenox- Avenue  side 
are  the  parish  parlors,  and  above  them,  the  Sunday-school  rooms.  The  parish  was 
organized  in  1868,  and  the  Rev.  William  N.  McVickar  became  the  first  rector.  He 
was  succeeded  in  1884  by  Dr.  Randolph  H.  McKim,  during  whose  term  of  office 
the  parish  grew  rapidly,  establishing  in  1884  Holy  Trinity  Chapel  and  Holy  Trinity 
Mission  House  and  Day  Nursery,  on  East  112th  Street.  The  first  church  was  built 
in  1870,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  at  the  corner  of  125th  Street.    Under  its  successive 


OF  THE  INCARNATION,    PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,    MADISON  AVENUE 
AND  EAST  35th  STREET. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


I 


rectors,  Holy  Trinity  has  enjoyed  a  continually  increasing  measure  of  prosperity, 
culminating  in  the  present  beautiful  edifice,  and  a  communicant  list  of  1,000.  The 
Rev.  Dr.  C.  D'Witt  Bridgman  is  rector.     The  architect  was  William  A.  Potter. 

St.  Michael's  Church,  at  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  99th  Street,  is  one  of  the 
five  picturesque  and  impressive  ecclesiastical  buildings  which  the  Episcopalians  have 
recently  erected  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city.  St.  Michael's  parish  was  organized 
in  1807,  the  first  church  having  been  built  the  previous  year.  The  second  church 
was  erected  in  1854,  and  for  many  years  the  parish  had  but  a  feeble  growth,  owing 
to  its  situation  far  up-town.  But  in  recent  years  the  city  has  stretched  out  in  this 
direction,  and  the  increase  in  population  has  brought  increasing  prosperity,  together 
with  the  need  of  larger  accommodations.  The  pres- 
ent stately  structure,  of  Indiana  limestone,  in  the 
Italian  style  of  the  twelfth  century,  was  conse- 
crated in  1891,  and  it  is  a  noteworthy  instance 
of  modern  intelligent  ecclesiastical  architec- 
ture, planned  by  Robert  W.  Gibson,  the  sides 
of  the  nave,  aisles,  and  outer  cloister  porch  rise 
one  behind  the  other  in  three  successive 
groups,  all  surmounted  and  dominated  by  the 
massive  corner  tower,  rising  to  a  height  of  180 
feet,  and  carrying  a  chime 
of  bells.  The  windows  and 
arcades  are  round-arched. 
The  interior,  in  the  shape  of 
a  Latin  cross,  is  spacious 
and  impressive.  Massive 
square  columns  separate 
nave  from  aisles,  and  sup- 
port the  lofty  roof,  which 
is  panelled  in  wood.  The 
wide  round  arches  have 
ornamental  faces,  and  the 
side  walls  are  treated  in 
terra  cotta.  The  windows 
are  filled  with  cathedral 
glass,  and  there  are  two 
large  windows  in  the  transepts.  The  church  has  sittings  for  1,600  people.  ^The 
total  cost  of  the  building,  which  is  the  crowning  success  of  the  48  years'  toiling  of  the 
rector,  the  Rev.  Dr.  T.  M.  Peters,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  was  nearly  $200,000. 

The  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine.— In  1885  the  authorities  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  New  York  began  to  agitate  the  subject  of  a 
cathedral,  worthy  of  the  increasing  growth  of  the  Church,  and  for  a  centre  of  its 
numerous  religious  and  charitable  activities.  The  result  of  the  preliminary  meetings 
and  the  public  agitation  of  the  subject  was  the  receipt  of  subscriptions  sufficient  to 
warrant  the  purchase,  at  $850,000,  of  an  eligible  site  between  Iioth  and  113th 
Streets  and  Morningside  and  Tenth  Avenues,  then  occupied  by  the  Leake  and  Watts 
Orphan  Asylum.  Designs  were  then  invited  from  the  leading  architects  of  the  world  ; 
and  after  careful  examination  of  the  plans  submitted,  four  were  chosen  for  a  second 
competition.  Those  of  Heins  &  LaFarge  were  finally  accepted,  as  a  basis  for 
beginning  the  work,  the  details  of  which  will  be  determined  as  it  proceeds.  The 


CHURCH  OF  THE   HOLY  TRINITY,    PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL, 
AVENUE  ANO  WEST  1220  STREET. 


364 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


corner-stone  was  laid  on  St.  John's  Day,  December  17,  1892,  by  Bishop  Potter.  In  the 
amended  drawings  the  ground-plan  has  the  shape  of  a  cross,  the  arms  of  which  are 
formed  by  the  nave  and  transepts  and  chancel,  with  central  and  side  aisles.    The  gen- 


eral, exterior  design  is  that  of  a  group  of 
two  at  the  west  front ;  a  large  central  tower 
the  crossing  of  the  transepts  and  nave ;  and 
flanking  towers  at  the  angles  of  the  cross, 
be  entrances  in  each  of  these  flanking  towers, 
those  on  the  west.  The  central  tower  alone 
a  spire,  which  is  to  dominate  the  group, 
chancel  will  be  seven  apsidal  chapels,  each 

arcaded 


-SI 


seven  towers  ; 
or  lantern  over 
four  smaller 
There  are  to 
as  well  as  in 
is  crowned  by 
Around  the 
capable  of 
balustrade  will 
buttresses  will 


seating  150  persons;  and 
crown  the  cornices  of  the  side-aisles 
be  surmounted  by 
figures  of  angels  with 
folded  wings.  The 
cathedral  will  face  to- 
wards the  west,  and 
the  chapels  will  ap- 
pear to  rise  abruptly 
from  the  retaining 
wall  of  Morningside 
Park. 

The  principal  di- 
mensions of  the  cathe- 
dral, as  proposed,  are 
as  follows  :  Total 
length  outside,  520 
feet.  Width  across 
the  front,  192  feet ; 
across  the  transepts, 
290  feet.  Width  of 
the  front  towers,  57 
feet,  and  their  height 
248  feet.  The  width 
of  the  four  flanking  towers  will  be  43  feet,  and  their  height  158  feet.  The  total 
exterior  diameter  of  the  central  tower  is  to  be  116,  and  its  interior  diameter  96  feet, 
with  a  height  of  253  feet  for  the  vaulting,  and  445  feet  from  the  floor  of  the  cathe- 
dral to  the  top  of  the  cross.  The  chancel  will  have  a  depth  of  120  feet,  and  the 
nave  will  be  60  feet  in  width,  with  a  length  of  180  feet  and  a  height  of  105  feet, 
while  the  front  gable  will  tower  aloft  to  the  height  of  164  feet.  The  building  will  be 
constructed  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  and  its  total  cost  will  probably  reach 
$6,000,000  or  more,  of  which  it  is  proposed  to  expend  $200,000  yearly  until  the 
construction  is  completed.  As  seen  from  the  streets  of  Harlem  the  spire  of  the 
cathedral  will  appear  higher  than  that  of  the  Cologne  Cathedral,  and  with  the  exception 
of  Ulm  Minster  and  the  Eiffel  Tower,  it  will  be  the  highest  structure  in  the  world 
when  measured  from  the  street-level.  Years  will  elapse  before  its  completion,  but 
when  finished  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine  will  be  the  noblest  ecclesias- 
tical building  in  America,  rivalling  the  grand  cathedrals  of  England  and  the 
Continent. 


LL  ANGELS'  CHURCH 


END  AVENUE  AND 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  365 

The  First  Presbyterian  Church  is  the  oldest  local  society  of  that  denomina- 
tion. It  was  formed  in  1 71 7,  and  the  early  meetings  were  held  in  the  City  Hall. 
In  1 7 19  the  famous  Wall-Street  Church  was  opened,  and  here  George  Whitefield 
preached  in  1740.  The  church  now  occupied  by  the  parish,  on  Fifth  Avenue, 
between  West  nth  and  12th  Streets,  was  erected  in  1S45.  I*  's  a  Tlc^  Gothic 
structure,  of  graceful  and  stately  proportions,  and  with  a  dignified  and  spacious 
interior.  The  first  pastor  was  James  Anderson,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  installed  in 
1 7 1 7.     1  >r.  John  Rodgers,  "the  Father  of  Presbyterianism "  in  New  York,  was 

another  early  minister.  Dr.  Howard  Duffield 
is  now  in  charge. 

The  Presbyterians  began  their  services  in 
1706,  with  private  meetings  at  the  houses  of 
a  few  families  of  Presbyterian  sympathies. 
In  1707  the  Rev.  Francis  McKemie  preached 
to  a  small  congregation  in  a  private  house, 
and  baptized  a  child.     He  was  arrested  by 
order  of  Lord  Cornbury  and  thrown  into 
prison,  but  was  soon  released.     From  1 7 19 
to    1809  there   was  but  one  Presbyterian 
church,  the  Wall-Street,  with  the  church  in 
Beekman  Street,  erected  in  176S,  and  that  in 
Rutgers  Street,  built  in  1797, 
as   Collegiate  charges. 
The  Collegiate  re- 
lation   was  dis- 
solved   in  1809. 
The  Presbyterian 
churches   of  the 
city   are  divided 
among  the  Pres- 
byterians proper, 
the  Reformed 
Presbyterians  and 
the  United  Pres- 
byterians. The 
first  is  much  the 
strongest,  having 
53  churches,  while 
the   others  have 

but  five  each.  The  Presbyterian  Church  is  to  New  York  what  Congregationalism  is 
to  New  England,  a  strong  and  aggressive  religious  force.    It  has  30,000  members. 

The  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  recently  on  14th  Street,  was  organized 
in  1756  by  a  party  of  seceders  from  the  old  Wall-Street  Church,  under  the  name  of 
the  First  Associate  Reformed  Church.  The  chief  cause  of  the  formation  of  the  new 
society  was  difference  of  opinion  regarding  the  use  of  musical  instruments  in  the 
church.  The  first  pastor  was  the  Rev.  John  Mason,  a  Scottish  clergyman,  and  the 
first  church  stood  on  Cedar  Street.  In  1837  the  congregation  removed  to  a  church 
on  Grand  Street  ;  and  in  1853  the  church  on  West  14th  Street  was  opened.  Rev. 
Dr.  David  G.  Wylie  is  the  pastor.  The  church  in  1893  occupied  a  new  edifice, 
at  96th  Street  and  Central  Park  West. 


FIRST   PRESB YTERIA 


FIFTH  AVENUE.  BETWEEN 


I2TH  STREETS. 


366 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


BRICK  MEETING-HOUSE,  PARK  ROW,  NASSAU  AND  BEEKMAN  STREETS,  IN  1800. 


The  Brick  Presbyterian  Church,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  37th  Street,  one  of  the 

most  important  Presbyterian  churches  in  the  city,  was  erected  in  1858,  supplanting 
the  old  Brick  Church,  which  had  stood  since  1767  on  the  corner  of  Beekman  and 

Nassau  Streets. 
The  new  church 
is  a  partial  repro- 
duction in  brick 
and  brownstoneof 
the  older  edifice, 
on  a  much  larger 
scale  ;  and  its  in- 
terior, recently  re- 
decorated by  La- 
Farge,  is  very  at- 
tractive.  The 
parish  was  formed 
by  members  of 
the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  and 
for  forty-two  years 

the  two  branches  continued  their  organic  connection,  with  one  session  and  the  same 
trustees.  The  first  pastor  was  the  famous  Dr.  John  Rodgers.  He  was  succeeded  in 
1 8 10  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gardiner  Spring,  who  remained  in  office  for  sixty-two  years. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  G.  T.  Shcdd,  late  of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  was  one  of 
his  colleagues.  The  present  pastor, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke,  was 
installed  in  1883,  and  his  ability  as  a 
pulpit  orator  has  attracted  a  large 
and  representative  congregation.  Its 
Christianity  is  simple,  practical,  and 
non-sectarian. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Presbyte- 
rian Church  was  organized  in  1808, 
and  its  first  church  was  erected  on 
Cedar  Street  in  that  year.  The  Rev. 
John  Brodhead  Romeyn  became  the 
first  pastor,  retaining  his  connection 
with  the  parish  until  his  death,  in 
1825.  In  common  with  all  the  earlier 
churches,  the  Cedar-Street  parish  made 
several  removals  farther  up-town  ;  in 
1834,  to  Duane  Street  ;  in  1852,  to  its 
first  Fifth-Avenue  church,  at  the  corner 
of  19th  Street,  when  the  corporate 
name  was  changed  to  the  present  title  ; 
and  again,  in  1875,  *°  ^s  present  loca- 
tion, at  the  corner  of  55th  Street.  It 
is  an  ornate  Gothic  structure  of  impos- 
ing proportions,  and  the  interior  differs 
widely  from  the  traditional  simplicity 


I 


BRICK   PRESBYTERIAN   CHURCH,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF 
FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  37TM  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


367 


and  plainness  of  the  older  Presbyterian  churches.  There  is  an  abundance  of  rich 
coloring  and  elaborate  carving  ;  light  woods  are  effectively  used  in  the  panelling  of 
the  walls ;  and  the  floor  slopes  gradually  down  from  the  entrance  to  the  pulpit,  giv- 
ing something  of  the  effect  of  a  public  hall.  The  pastor,  Rev.  John  Hall,  D.  D., 
LL.  D.,  was  installed  November  3,  1867.  The  church  is  fcemost,  probably,  in  its 
gifts  to  missionary  and  benevolent  work  in  the  Presbyterian  denomination,  if  not  in 
the  United  States  ;  and  occupies  a  position  of  noble  prominence  among  the  Christian 
societies  of  the  world. 

The  University-Place  Presbyterian  Church  was  organized  in  184.5,  by  a 
colony  from  the  older  Duane-Street  Church.    The  present  substantial  stone  church, 

on  University  Place,  at  the  corner  .  ,,.„    _ 

of  East  ioth  Street,  was  erected  in  f  \ 
1S44  by  private  subscription.  In 
iS*o  the  congregation  received  a 
large  and  important  addition  to  its 
numbers  from  the  Mercer-Street 
Church,  which,  after  a  prosperous 
existence  since  1835,  had  been  so 
greatly  weakened  by  the  building 
of  up-town  churches  that  it  was 
compelled  to  sell  its  place  of 
worship  to  the  Church  of  the 
Strangers,  and  unite  with  the  Uni- 
versity-Place congregation.  Thus 
strengthened  and  invigorated,  the 
parish  has  enjoyed  continued  pros- 
perity. The  Rev.  Dr.  George 
Alexander  is  pastor. 

The  West  Presbyterian 
Church  was  organized  in  1829, 
with  eighteen  members,  and  its 
first  house  of  worship  was  erected 
on  Carmine  Street,  in  1832.  There, 
for  many  years,  the  congregation 
grew  and  prospered.  The  present 
ecclesiastical  structure,  on  West 
42d  Street,  near  Sixth  Avenue,  was 
erected  in  1S62.  It  is  a  noble  ex- 
ample of  the  decorative  Gothic 
style,  with  lofty  roof  and  gabled 
entrance  and  tapering  spire.  The 
auditorium,  seating  1,200,  is  strik- 
ing and  attractive.  Four  broad 
and  sweeping  arches  span  the  interior,  one  at  either  side  and  end,  crossing  near  their 
spring  from  the  gallery  floor.  The  large  round  arch  at  the  pulpit  end  is  supported 
by  massive  pillars  of  polished  stone,  and  roomy  galleries  sweep  in  a  circle  around 
three  sides  of  the  auditorium.  A  large  chapel  and  spacious  parish-rooms  are  con- 
nected with  the  church.  Under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  R.  Paxton,  one  of 
the  best-known  preachers  in  the  city,  the  West  Church  has  gathered  a  large  and 
fashionable  congregation,  with  a  goodly  record  of  practical  charities. 


FIFTH-AVENUE   PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
55TM  STREET. 


FIFTH  AVENUE  AND 


368 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Fourth-Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  at  286  Fourth  Avenue,  corner 

of  22d  Street,  was  long  in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Howard  Crosby,  so  well  known 
as  a  reformer  and  earnest  worker  in  the  temperance  cause.  The  church  was  built 
in  1856,  and  Dr.  Crosby,  in  virtue  of  his  prominence  in  public  affairs,  as  well  as  his 
solid  merits  as  a  pulpit  orator,  attracted  a  large  and  influential  congregation.  The 
Fourth-Avenue  Church  became  one  of  the  most  noted  in  the  city,  active  in  reform 
movements  and  greatly  given  to  practical  Christian  work  among  the  poor  and 
wretched.  The  church  is  substantially  built,  after  the  Gothic  manner,  and  has  an 
attractive  interior,  but  its  chief  claim  to  public  notice  is  its  goodly  record  in  the  past. 
It  adjoins  the  23d-Street  Branch  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and  a 
view  of  the  church  is  shown  elsewhere  with  the  Association  Building. 

The  Madison-Square  Presbyterian  Church,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  24th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1S53,  in  response  to  the  growing  demand  for  churches  in 

what  was  then  the  up- town 
portion  of  the  city.  Its  origi- 
nal membership  was  drawn 
mainly  from  the  Central 
Presbyterian  Church,  in 
Broome  Street,  and  the  Rev. 
Dr.  William  Adams  left  the 
pastorate  of  the  Central 
Church  to  assume  that  of  the 
new  organization.  Public 
worship  was  begun  in  the 
chapel  of  the  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary  ;  and  sub- 
sequently the  services  were 
held  in  Hope  Chapel,  on 
Broadway,  until  the  present 
building  was  ready  for  occu- 
pancy, in  December,  1S54. 
The  church  is  built  of 
brownstone,  in  a  simple  style 
of  Gothic  architecture  ;  and 
contains,  besides  the  audi- 
torium, which  has  a  seating 
capacity  of  1,200,  a  large 
Sunday-school  room  and  lec- 
ture-room. In  November, 
1873,  after  a  long  and  fruit- 
ful pastorate  of  more  than 
twenty  years,  Dr.  Adams 
tendered  his  resignation,  in 
order  to  assume  the  duties  of  the  Presidency  of  the  Union  Theological  Seminary.  In 
1875  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Tucker  was  installed  as  pastor.  He  resigned  in  1879,  to 
assume  the  chair  of  sacred  rhetoric  in  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  The  present 
pastor,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  H.  Parkhurst,  was  installed  in  1S80.  The  history  of 
the  church  has  been  a  record  of  continuous  progress,  and  its  present  membership  is 
nearly  800.  A  mission  Sunday-school,  started  in  1S58,  has  gradually  grown  into 
the  Adams  Memorial  Church,  at  211  East  30th  Street,  which  is  fiow  ecclesiastically 


MA2ISON-SQUARE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  MADISON  AVENUE  AND 
24th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ADAMS  MEMORIAL  CHURCH,   PRESBYTERIAN,  211 
EAST  30TM  STREET. 


independent,  and  dependent  financially 
only  in  a  slight  degree.  The  resources 
of  the  parent  church,  no  longer  re- 
quired in  this  direction,  are  now  de- 
voted to  the  maintenance  of  the  Mis- 
sion and  Church  House  at  30th  Street 
and  Third  Avenue,  where  there  is  being 
carried  on  a  variety  of  religious  and 
humane  work. 

The  Church  of  the  Covenant 
was  founded  in  1S60  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
George  L.  Prentiss,  in  the  interest  of 
the  New  School  of  Liberal  Presbyte- 
rians. For  some  time  the  services  were 
held  in  the  chapel  of  the  Home  for 
the  Friendless,  in  East  23d  Street. 
The  church  was  formally  organized  in 
1S62,  and  the  graceful  stone  building  at 
Park  Avenue  and  35th  Street  was  dedi- 
cated in  1S65.  Few  of  the  more  modern 
structures  surpass  it  in  beauty  of  de- 
sign, spaciousness  and  attractiveness. 
Dr.  J.  H.  Mcllvaine  is  the  pastor. 

The  Westminster  Presbyte- 
rian Church,  at  210  West  23d  Street, 
has  500  members.  Its  commodious  stone  edifice,  near  Seventh  Avenue,  has  recently 
been  extensively  improved  ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  church  will  long  maintain  this 
valuable  down-town  position.  The  pastor  is  Dr.  Robert  F.  Sample,  well  known  as 
a  preacher  and  author. 

The  Madison-Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  was  organized  in  1S44,  and 
in  1871  took  possession  of  the  Gothic  building  which  had  been  erected  at  Madison 
Avenue  and  53d  Street,  to  meet  the  need  of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  that  vicinity. 

It  is  a  lofty  brown- 
stone  structure,  in 
the  simple  Gothic 
style  so  much  af- 
fected in  the  ec- 
clesiastical archi- 
tecture of  the  mid- 
dle of  the  present 
century,  which 
was  largely  imita- 
tive in  character. 
The  large  audi- 
torium, seating 
near'y  i,Coo,  is 
decorated  in  neu- 
tral tints.  The 
church  has  en- 
joyed the  services 


37° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


WfcSTMIiNSTtR  PHESBYTERIAN  Cl 
210  WEST  230  STREET. 


gregation  of  nearly  1,000  members, 
ministers  the  church   has  prospered,  becoming  one  of 
Presbyterian  societies.    Its  pastor  is  Rev.  Dr.  W.  Merle 

The  Phillips  Presbyterian  Church,  at  Madison 
East  73d  Street,  built  in  1858,  is  a  lofty  brick  edifice  in  the 
architecture.  The  auditorium  is  nearly  square,  with 
and  pleasing  decorative  work  on  the  walls.  The  organ 
elevated  position  at  the  east  end  of  the  church  and 
either  side  by  two  small  galleries.  The  parish  was 
1844,  and  its  church,  erected  by  the  generous  gifts  of 
stood  in  East  15th  Street.     Rev.  Dr.  George  L.  Spining 

The  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  at  86th  Street 
dam  Avenue,  was  founded  in  1853,  and 
called  the  84th-Street  Presbyterian  Church. 
Francis  L.  Patton,  President  of  Princeton  ML^R. 
University,  was  pastor  for  awhile.  In  1879 
the  present  pastor,  Rev.  Anson  P.  Atter- 
bury,  took  charge.  In  1 882  a  new  location 
was  purchased ;  and  two  years  later  the 
society  moved  into  the  new  building.  The 
church  is  prospering  greatly. 

The  West-End  Presbyterian 
Church,  at  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  105th 
Street,  is  an  example  of  the  rapid  multipli- 
cation of  new  and  beautiful  church  edifices 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  city.  The  church 
was  organized  in  1888,  and  for  two  years 
worshipped  in  its  attractive  chapel  in  the 


of  a  succession  of  powerful  preachers. 
Under  the  pastorate  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Charles  L.  Thompson  it  has  become  one 
of  the  most  influential  of  the  Presby- 
terian churches  in  the  city.  In  1892  it 
was  converted  into  a  People's  Church, 
with  free  pews,  and  a  variety  of  educa- 
tional, philanthropic  and  religious  enter- 
prises. 

The  Central  Presbyterian 
Church,  at  220  West  57th  Street,  was 
built  in  1878.  It  is  a  large  and  sightly 
stone  structure,  with  tower  and  pinna- 
cles, and  a  spacious  auditorium,  deco- 
rated with  light  colors.  The  society 
was  formed  by  the  Rev.  William  Patton, 
w  ho  in  1820  began  preaching  to  a  hand- 
ful of  people  in  a  school-room  on  Mul- 
berry Street.  A  church  was  built  on 
Broome  Street  in  1821.  Dr.  Patton 
continued  with  the  parish  until  1834, 
building  up  a  strong  and  zealous  con- 
During  all  its  changes  of  location  and 
the  prominent 


Smith. 

Avenue  and 
Gothic  style  of 
arched  ceiling 
occupies  an 
is  flanked  on 
f  o  r  m  ed  in 
James  Lenox, 

is  the  pastor. 

and  Amster- 


CENTRAL   PRESBYTERIAN  CHUKCH 
220  WEST  57TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


371 


rear  of  the  church, 
pending  the  com- 
pletion of  the  lat- 
ter. The  corner- 
stone was  laid  June 
22,  1  891.  The 
church  is  construct- 
ed of  yellow  pressed 
brick,  with  orna- 
mental line  work, 
in  the  Romanesque 
style,  and  presents 
an  extremely  pic- 
turesque external 
appearance,  with  its 
stately  corner  tower 
and  highly  deco- 
rated round-arch 

entrances  on  the  avenue.  The  auditorium  is  spacious  and  tastefully  decorated,  and 
a  large  gallery  extends  around  three  sides.  The  Rev.  Dr.  John  Balcom  Shaw  is 
the  pastor. 

The  Church  of  the  Puritans,  at  15  West  130th  Street,  near  Fifth  Avenue,  is 
one  of  the  leading  churches  of  Harlem,  and  has  grown  with  great  prosperity  and 


vigor.     It  was  organized  in    1872,   as  the 
Church  of  Harlem.    The  present  name  arose 
the  Rev.  Dr.  George  B.  Cheever,  who  gave  to 
funds  resulting  from  the  sale  of  the  lease 
Puritans  in  Union  Square,  which  had  for 
reputation  from  the  character  of  its  people 
and  ability  of  Dr.  Cheever.    This  noble 
was  coupled  with  the  condi- 
tion that  the  Harlem 
church  should  adopt 
the  name  of  the  older 
society.     One  of  the 
finest    church  build- 
ings in  Ne  w  York  was 
then  erected  and  fully 
paid  for,  by  the  aid  of 
the  Church  Extension 
Committee  of  the 
New- York  Presbytery 
and  the  self-sacrific- 
ing  offerings   of  its 
members.  The  church 
is  Gothic  in  architec- 
ture, and  beautifully 
decorated,   in  simple 
and   elegant  taste, 
much  of  the  carved 


Second  Presbyterian 
from  the  generosity  of 
the  new  church  the 
of  the  Church  of  the 
long  years  a  national 
and  the  public  spirit 
gift  of  about  $87,000 


86TH  STREET. 


372 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


woodwork  and  plaster-work  hav- 
ing been  designed  and  executed 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  L.  Clark, 
the  pastor  for  more  than  twenty 
years,  until  1893.  The  church 
has  steadily  advanced  in  a  noble 
and  liberal  spirit  of  Christian  love 
and  charity.  It  has  partaken  of 
the  wide  influence  of  the  church 
after  which  it  was  named,  and  has 
been  a  power  for  righteousness  in 
the  great  community  of  Harlem. 

The  Washington-Heights 
Presbyterian  Church,  at  155th 
Street  and  Amsterdam  Avenue, 
was  built  in  i860.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Charles  A.  Stoddard  was  its  pas- 
tor for  25  years,  during  which 
time  the  church  was  built  and 
paid  for.  Ho  resigned  to  become 
editor  of  the  New-  York  Observer. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  John  C.  Bliss  is  the 
present  pastor.  Isaac  L.  Peet, 
LL.  I).,  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institution,  the  officers  of  the  w/ 
Juvenile  Asylum  and  the  Colored 
Orphan  Asylum,  Shepherd  Knapp,  Wil 
others,  have  been,  or  are,  members  of 
ground  which  once  formed  part  of  the 
which  the  battle  of  Harlem  Heights 
battle  were  found  in  digging  for  founda 
in  a  prosperous  and  healthy  condition. 


liam  A.  YVheelock,  F.  N.  DuBois  and  many 
this  congregation.  The  building  occupies 
estate  of  Audubon,  the  naturalist,  and  over 
was  fought  ;  and  some  mementoes  of  this 
tions.  The  church  is  free  from  debt,  and  is 
It  is  a  landmark  in  this  locality. 

The  Rutgers 
Riverside  Presby- 
terian Church  dates 
back  to  1798,  when 
this  and  the  Brick  and 
Wall- Street  societies 
formed  the  three  col- 
legiate Presbyterian 
churches  of  New  York. 
Milledoler,  McClellan, 
McCauley  and  Krebs 
were  its  early  pastors. 
The  handsome  church 
on  Madison  Avenue 
pertained  to  the  Madi- 
son-Avenue society, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


373 


church  was  sold  to  the  Freemasons.     This  famous  old  society  is  now  flourishing 


R.  K.  Booth  is  the  pastor. 

The  Riverdale  Presbyterian  Church  was  organized  in  1863,  and  the  present 
church-building,  a  very  pretty  Gothic  structure,  designed  by  Renwick,  was  com- 
pleted the  same  year.  The  first  pastor  was  Rev.  Dr.  George  M.  Boynton.  He  was 
followed  in  1867  by  Rev.  Dr.  H.  H.  Stebbins,  in  1874  by  Rev.  Charles  H.  Burr, 
and  in  1879  by  ^ev«  William  R.  Lord.  Rev.  Ira  S.  Dodd  was  installed  in  1883, 
and  is  the  present  pastor.  For  many  years  the  Riverdale  Church  has  maintained  a 
mission  at  Spuyten  Duyvil.  In  1SS9  a  beautiful  new  chapel,  called,  after  the  old 
one,  the  Edgehill  Chapel,  was  completed  at  Spuyten  Duyvil,  where  it  is  the  only 

house  of  worship.  The  evening  ser- 
vice of  the  church  is  now  held  there. 
There  is  also  a  flourishing  Sunday- 
school  and  Society  of  Christian  En- 
deavor at  Spuyten  Duyvil.  The  morn- 
ing service  is  held  at  the  church  at 
Riverdale.  The  Riverdale  Church  is 
the  most  northerly  in  the  New-York 
Presbytery.  The  gray  stone  church 
and  parsonage  are  among  the  most 
picturesque  and  beautiful  in  suburban 
New  York. 

The  First  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church,  at  123  West  Twelfth 
Street,  was  opened  in  1S49.  The  so- 
ciety, organized  in  1797,  was  the  first 
Reformed  Presbyterian  organization  in 
America.  The  early  meetings  were 
held  in  school-rooms,  shops  and  other 
humble  places,  until  the  building  of  a 
small  church  in  Chambers  Street,  in 
1 801.  In  1845  tne  Union  Presbyterian 
Church  on  Prince  Street  was  pur- 
chased. For  nearly  three-quarters  of 
a  century  the  church  had  but  two  pas- 
tors, Dr.  Alexander  McLeod  and  his 
son,  Rev.  John  Niel  McLeod,  who 
labored  faithfully  for  this  devoted 
flock.  Later  pastors  have  been  Wm.  Wylie,  1874;  J.  M.  Stephens,  1887;  and 
James  D.  Steele,  Ph.  D.,  the  present  incumbent,  installed  in  1891. 

The  John-Street  Methodist-Episcopal  Church,  the  first  organized  society 
of  that  denomination  in  America,  was  formed  by  Philip  Embury  in  1766,  with  four 
or  five  members.  The  meetings  were  held  in  Embury's  house,  and  later  in  a  rigging 
loft  on  William  Street,  until  1 768,  when  a  stone  church,  60  feet  long  and  42  in 
width,  was  built  in  John  Street,  and  called  Wesley  Chapel.  The  exterior  walls  of 
the  church  were  covered  with  blue  plaster,  and  for  some  years  the  interior  was  left 
unfinished,  the  only  means  of  ascent  to  the  galleries  being  by  means  of  ladders.  At 
that  period  in  the  colonial  history  no  public  services  could  be  performed  in  churches 
except  such  as  were  established  by  law,  and  a  fire-place  and  chimney  were  among 


FIRST  METHODIST   PLACE  OF  WORSHII 
120  WILLIAM  STREET. 


374 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


JOHN-STREET  METHODIST-EPI8CC 
44   JOHN  STREET. 

Its  pastor  is  the  Rev.  F.  G. 
Howell.  The  Methodist- 
Episcopal  Church  was  for- 
mally organized  in  America 
in  1773.  In  1 81 7  there  were 
five  churches  of  that  denom- 
ination '  in  New  York  :  the 
John-Street  ;  the  Forsyth- 
Street,  consecrated  in  1789; 
the  Duane-Street,  in  1797; 
the  Two-Mile-Stone  (now 
Seventh-Street)  ;  and  the 
Allen-Street.  The  denomi- 
nation now  ranks  among 
the  foremost  in  the  city, 
with  57  churches  and  14,000 
members. 

The  Seventh-Street 
Meth  odist-Episcopal 
Church  was  formed  in  1786 
by  the  Rev.  William  Veloe,  a 
zealous  local  preacher  from 
the  John-Street  Church. 
The  earlier  meetings  were 
held  in  a  private  residence, 


the  internal  fittings  of  the  build- 
ing, in  order  that  it  might  legally 
be  regarded  as  a  private  dwelling. 
A  second  church  was  erected  on 
the  same  site  in  181 7  ;  and  in 
1 841  the  third  and  present  struc- 
ture was  built,  somewhat  smaller 
than  the  earlier  building,  with  two 
brick  houses,  one  on  each  side,  as 
a  source  of  income.  The  external 
appearance  of  the  church,  which 
is  Doric  in  its  style,  is  simple  and 
plain,  and  the  interior  is  devoid  of 
any  striking  features.  The  only 
relics  of  the  old  John-Street 
Church  which  have  been  pre- 
served are  its  venerable  clock,  the 
gift  of  John  Wesley,  and  its 
library.  The  site  of  the  church, 
44  John  Street,  has  been  called 
"  the  cradle  of  American  Metho- 
dism." The  John-Street  Church 
has  been  the  mother  of  many 
churches.  It  has  long  been  the 
Mecca  of  American  Methodists. 


ASBURY  METHODIST-EPISCOPA 


WASHINGTON  SQUAhE 


AND  WASHINGTON  PLACE. 


AVXG'S  HA  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


and  were  known  as  the 
"Two  -  Mile  -  Stone  Meet- 
ings." Later  the  Village 
Academy  on  the  Bowery 
was  used  for  the  meetings, 
and  here  Bishop  Asbury 
preached.  The  first  church 
edifice  was  erected  in  1818, 
near  the  Academy,  and  be- 
came known  as  the  Bowery 
Village  Church.  The  build- 
ing was  soon  removed  to  7th 
Street,  near  Second  Avenue, 
and  here  the  tumult  of  a 
long  revival  so  troubled  the 
wealthy  families  who  had 
colonized  St.  Mark's  Place, 
that  they  gladly  offered  to 
give  two  lots  near  Third 
Avenue  and  other  considera- 
tions to  have  the  church  re- 
moved. The  offer  was  ac- 
cepted, and  the  church  was 
moved  to  the  present  site. 
The  more  modern  edifice 
was  erected  in  1S36,  and  is 
a  plain  brick  structure  of 
the  Grecian  temple  style,  with  large  columns  at  the  front.  The  chief  interesx  of  the 
church  is  its  age.    The  pastor  is  the  Rev.  J.  V.  Saunders. 

The  Asbury  Methodist-Episcopal  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Washington 
Square  East  and  Washington  Place,  is  a  rich  old  society,  with  an  average  Sunday 
congregation  of  fewer  than  a  hundred,  owing  to  the  general  occupation  of  the  vicinity 

by  foreigners.  Its 
two  towers  are 
familiar  features  in 
the  picturesque 
environment  of 
Washington 
Square.  In  1S93 
its  members  joined 
the  Washington- 
riaceM.E.Church. 

The  Madison- 
Avenue  Metho- 
d  i  s  t-  Episcopal 
Church,  an  im- 
pressive brown- 
stone  building  in 
the  Romanesque 
style,  at  Madison 


,  METHOOIST-EPISCOPAL, 
EA6T  80rN  STREET. 


A 


«  "  tlltt 


91 
19 

w 


ST.  ANDREA'S   METMOOIST- E FISCOPAl  CmoRCM,  WEST 
NEAR  COLUVBUS  AVENUE. 


37^> 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THODIST-EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  LEXINGTON 
AVENUE  AND  EAST   520  STREET. 


pleted  and  dedicated  June  8,  1890.  It  is  in 
style,  the  front  being  of  Indiana  limestone  ; 
somest  Methodist  churches  in  the  city.  Be- 
a  chapel  and  parsonage.  The  interior  is 
place  of  worship,  and  has  several  exquisite 
and  the  whole  is  admirably  lighted  and  venti- 

The  Swedish  Methodist-Episcopal 
spacious  structure  at  the  corner  of  Lexington 
Avenue  and  East  52d  Street,  and  has  a 
large  and  devout  constituency 
among  the  Scandina- 
vians of  the  city. 

Calvary  Metho- 
dist-Episcopal 
Church  is  said  to  have 
the  largest  congrega- 
tion of  any  church  of 
that  denomination  in 
the  city,  although  it  is 
of  recent  formation, 
the  organization  having 
been  effected  in  1SS3. 
In  1887  a  commodious 
brick  edifice  was  built 
at  the  corner  of  Seventh 
Avenue  and  129th 


Avenue  and  East  60th  Street,  was 
built  in  1882.  Its  most  striking 
external  features  are  the  graceful 
tower  and  the  pleasing  variation 
of  its  lines.  The  auditorium  is 
large  and  tastefully  decorated. 
This  was  General  Grant's  spiritual 
home  during  his  last  years ;  and 
the  large  and  fashionable  congre- 
gation sustains  many  practical 
and  beneficent  charities. 

St.  Andrew's  Methodist- 
Episcopal  Church,  on  76th 
Street,  near  Columbus  Avenue, 
has  grown  out  of  a  prayer:meet- 
ing  held  25  years  ago,  on  West 
69th  Street,  by  Townsend  II. 
Harrington.  Under  the  auspices 
of  the  New-York  City  Sunday- 
School  and  Missionary  Society  it 
began,  in  1882,  to  occupy  a  neat 
stone  chapel  at  West  71st  Street, 
near  Columbus  Avenue.  The 
present  church  was  com- 
the  early  Romanesque 
and  is  one  of  the  hand- 
sides  the  church,  there  is 
novel  and  charming  as  a 
stained-glass  windows ; 
lated. 

Church  is  a  plain  and 


CALVARY   METHODIST-EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  SEVENTH  AVENUE  AND 
WEST   129TM  STREET. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


377 


Street,  under  the  pastorate  of  Rev.  F.  M.  North,  D.  D.,  and  largely  through  the 
generosity  of  the  late  J.  B.  Cornell.  In  1890,  in  the  pastorate  of  Rev.  James  R. 
Day,  D.  D.,  this  edifice  was  more  than  doubled  in  its  seating  capacity,  and  is  now 
the  largest  Protestant  church  auditorium  in  the  city.  The  church  is  Romanesque  in 
style,  with  a  massive  tower,  impressive  from  its  size  but  not  strikingly  picturesque  in 
treatment.  It  is  attractively  furnished  and  decorated,  and  abundantly  lighted  from 
three  large  Catharine-wheel  windows  and  numerous  smaller  ones,  and  from  a  beauti- 
ful stained-glass  opening  in  the  flat  panelled  ceiling.  A  spacious  gallery,  with  grace- 
ful horseshoe  curve,  accommodating  800  people',  sweeps  around  three  sides  of  the 
auditorium,  and  there  is  a  feeling  of  roominess  and  light  which  adds  to  the  general 
attractiveness.  A  large  lecture-room  and  several  Sunday-school  rooms  are  con- 
nected with  the  church.    The  pastor  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  R.  Day. 

The  Park-Avenue  Methodist-Episcopal  Church  is  at  the  corner  of  Park 


is  an  ancient  so- 
when  its  little  con- 
chamber  over  a 
at  the  house  of 
and  afterwards  it 
erected  it  at  Third 
shippers  retained 


Avenue  and  86th  Street,  near  Central  Park.  It 
ciety,  dating  its  origin  from  about  the  year  1S36, 
gregation  of   five  members  began  to  meet  in  a 
grocery  store.     Then  for  a  time  it  held  meetings 
Gilbert  Bates,  at  Third  Avenue  and  84th  Street  ; 
bought  the  church  of  the  Bowery  Village,  and  re- 
Avenue  and  86th  Street.     This  little  band  of  wor- 
ks connection  with  the  I  larlem  Mission  until  after 
the  great  revival  of  1842,  when  it  became  inde- 
pendent.    Its  new  church  on  the  old  site 
was  dedicated  by  Bishop  Janes, 
in  1859;  and  in  1 SS4  its  pres- 
ent   handsome  brownstone 
church  was  dedicated  by  Bish- 
op Warren.   Under  the  place 
where   the   preacher  stands 
are  several  of  the  great  tim- 
bers shaped  by  Philip  Em- 
bury, and  used  in  the  origi- 
nal John-Street  Church,  and 
afterwards    in    the  Bowery 
Church.      The    society  has 
now  600  members,   and  is 
flourishing  nobly,  under  the 
ministration  of  the  Rev.  Fer- 
dinand C.  Iglchart. 

St.  Ja  nes'  Methodist-Episcopal  Church,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  126th 
Street,  is  a  noble  outgrowth  of  the  historic  Harlem  Mission.  Its  early  meetings 
were  held  at  John  James's  house,  on  125th  Street,  between  Third  Avenue  and  Lex- 
ington Avenue;  in  a  store  on  Third  Avenue  ;  in  183 1  in  the  Academy  on  120th 
Street,  between  Second  and  Third  Avenues;  and  in  its  church  built  in  1834  on 
125th  Street  between  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues.  In  1869  the  society  bought 
land  at  its  present  site;  and  in  1870  Bishop  Janes  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the 
present  fine  brownstone  church,  which  was  dedicated  in  1 87 1,  at  which  time  the 
society  received  the  name  of  St.  James's.  This  handsome  and  attractive  edifice  is 
adjoined  by  a  chapel  and  a  parsonage.  The  society  has  over  700  members.  Its 
pastor  is  the  Rev.  Jacob  E.  Price,  D.  D. 


JDIST-EPISCOPAL 
AND  86th  STREI 


378 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  First 
Baptist  Church 

was  formed  in 
1762,  by  the  re- 
organization of  the 
Gold-Street  con- 
gregation, and  un- 
der the  zealous 
ministry  of  the 
Rev.  John  Gano, 
which  lasted 
through  the  Revo- 
lutionary era,  when 
the  people  were 
scattered,  and  the 
church  became  a 
stable.  A  larger 
stone  church  was 
opened  in  1802; 
followed  by  a  still 

more  spacious  temple,  at  Broome  and  Elizabeth  Streets,  in  1842.  In  1871  the  great 
Gothic  church  at  Park  Avenue  and  39th  Street  was  dedicated  ;  and  when  the 
encroachments  of  trade  made  this  locality  undesirable,  the  property  was  sold,  in 
1890,  and  the  society  occupied  the  brick  chapel  on  West  8ist  Street.    The  First 


RE  AND  THOMPSON  STREET. 


Church  has  had  but 
them  were  the  Rev. 
chaplain,  who  offered 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Spencer 
ican  and  Foreign 
Union,  and  one  of 
Scriptures ;  and  Rev. 
to  1878,  a  genial, 
Isaac  M.  Ilaldeman 


nine  pastors,  in  131  years;  and  among 
John  Gano,  the  patriotic  Revolutionary 
the  prayer  of  thanksgiving  at  Newburgh  ; 
H.  Cone,  long-time  President  of  the  Amer- 
Bible  Society  and  the  American  Bible 
the  leaders  in  the  re-translation  of  the 
Dr.  Thomas  B.  Anderson,  pastor  from  1862 
scholarly  and  eloquent  divine.  The  Rev. 
became  pastor  in  1884.  The  new  edifice 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church  on  81st  Street, 
between  West-End  Avenue  and  the  Boule- 
vard, is  an  architectural  gem,  and  has 
but  few  superiors  in  the 
|  t  :  metropolis. 

The  Baptists  began  work 
in  New  York  before  1669; 
and  their  first  preacher,  Wil- 
liam Wickenden  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  imprisoned  for 
several  months.  The  first 
church,  founded  in  1712, 
died  in  1 720;  and  its  suc- 
cessor, founded  in  1745,  ad- 
vanced but  slowly,  holding 
worship  for  some  years  in  a 
rigging-loft   in    Horse  and 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


379 


Cart  Lane  (now  William  Street).  In  1760  the  society  built  a  small  stone  church  on 
Gold  Street.  The  city  now  has  44  Baptist  churches,  with  14,000  members,  who 
support  many  commendable  institutions. 

The  Judson  Memorial  Baptist  Church,  on  Washington  Square,  succeeds 
the  old  Berean  Baptist  Church,  organized  in  1838,  and  formerly  worshipping  in 
Downing  Street.  The  imposing  group  of  buildings  in  Washington  Square  was  com- 
pleted in  1892,  at  a  cost  of  $450,000,  as  a  memorial  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Adoniram  Jud- 
son, the  first  American  foreign  missionary.  The  main  building,  Greco-Romanesque 
in  style,  is  a  handsome  structure  of  ornate  buff  brick,  with  a  conspicuous  tall  square 
tower,  surmounted  by  a  cross  which  at  night  is  illuminated  by  electricity.  It  con- 
tains a  beautiful  auditorium,  with  massive  columns  and  marble  wainscoting,  and 

stained  windows ;  a  spacious  Sunday- 
school  room  ;  a  day-school,  where  chil- 
dren under  ten  years  of  age  receive 
religious  and  secular  instruction  ;  and 
the  young  men's  apartments,  including  a 
social  room,  reading-room  and  library, 
and  gymnasium.    A  house  for  children 
and  other  apartments  occupy  the  square 
tower  ;  and  adjoining  is  the  Judson,  a 
large   apartment-house  be- 
longing to  the  church,  its 
revenue  being  devoted 
to  the  support  of  the 
Children's  House 


FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH,  BOULEVARD  AND  WEST  79th  STREET. 

and  other  philanthropic  activities.  The  excellent  music  is  rendered  by  a  chorus 
choir  of  100  young  persons.  The  work  of  the  church  is  mainly  among  the  crowded 
population  of  the  neighborhood,  which  is  rapidly  increasing,  owing  to  the  replace- 
ment of  small  old-fashioned  dwellings  by  tall  apartment-houses,  holding  from  twelve 
to  sixteen  families  each.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  Judson  is  pastor.  The  architects 
were  McKim,  Mead  &  White. 


38o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Baptist  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  Madison  Avenue  and  64th  Street,  is  the 

home  of  a  strong  religious  organization.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  Baptist  societies  in 
the  city,  with  a  history  running  back  in  unbroken  succession  to  the  year  1 79 1 ,  when 
a  few  members  of  the  Second  Baptist  Church  organized  the  Fayette-Street  Baptist 
society,  and  in  1795  erected  a  small  wooden  meeting-house,  on  the  corner  of 
Oliver  and  Henry  Streets.  There  the  congregation  remained  until  i860,  when  a 
new  church  was  built  in  33d  Street.  Still  later,  a  larger  and  finer  church  was 
occupied,  on  53d  Street,  but  a  troublesome  lawsuit  led  to  the  dispossession  of  the 
congregation,  and  the  erection  of  the  present  brownstone  Gothic  edifice  in  1882. 
The  Madison-Avenue  front  is  quite  imposing,  with  its  lofty  gable  and  double 

towers.  The  attractively 
decorated  auditorium  has 
a  high  open  roof,  and 
seats  about  1,000. 

Calvary  Church  is 
one  of  the  strongest  Bap- 
tist congregations,  as  its 
ecclesiastical  home  is  one 
of  the  finest.  The  parish 
was  organized  in  1846; 
its  first  pastor  and  many 
of  its  members  coming 
from  the  old  Stanton- 
Street  Baptist  Church. 
Its  first  place  of  worship 
was  Hope  Chapel,  on 
Broadway  ;  but  so  great 
was  the  success  of  the 
work,  under  the  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Dowling,  that 
in  1854  a  large  brown- 
stone  edifice  was  erected 
on  23d  Street.  One  of 
the  noted  pastors  of  the  church  was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gillette,  who  acted  as  the  spiritual 
adviser  to  the  conspirators  who  murdered  President  Lincoln.  The  present  pastor  is 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Robert  S.  MacArthur,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  preachers  in  the  city. 
The  church  was  erected  in  1883.  It  occupies  a  commanding  position  on  West  57th 
Street,  near  Seventh  Avenue,  and  close  by  the  new  Music  Hall.  It  is  Gothic  in 
style,  substantially  built  of  Albion  red  sandstone  and  Lockport  stone  ;  and  with  its 
tall  steeple,  smaller  tower,  and  long  extended  front  it  makes  an  imposing  show. 
Above  the  central  doors  is  a  magnificent  Catharine-wheel  window,  twenty  feet  in 
diameter,  filled  with  richly  stained  and  jewelled  glass.  The  interior  appointments 
are  beautiful  and  complete.  The  main  auditorium,  sloping  down  from  the  entrance 
toward  the  pulpit,  has  a  seating  capacity  of  nearly  1,500,  and  is  abundantly  lighted 
by  many  windows  of  richly  colored  glass,  some  of  them  being  memorials.  In  the 
centre  of  the  lofty  ceiling  is  a  large  lantern,  whose  central  part  is  carried  up  into  a 
dome,  with  sides  and  top  filled  with  painted  glass,  producing  a  very  rich  effect. 
Galleries,  in  a  horseshoe  curve,  are  carried  around  three  sides  of  the  auditorium, 
and  behind  the  imposing  bronze  pulpit  and  over  the  baptistery,  a  triplet  of  richly 
carved  panels  with  central  medallions  form  an  effective  background.     The  organ  is 


BAPTIST  CHURCH   OF  THE   EPIPHANY ,  MADISON   AVENUE  AND 
EAST  64TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  the  city,  containing  41  speaking  registers,  divided 
among  three  manuals.  On  the  east  of  the  auditorium  is  a  beautiful  chapel  for 
special  services.  The  membership  is  over  1,900,  and  the  parish  is  the  centre  of 
much  religious  and  humane  work,  one  of  its  adjuncts  being  a  mission  on  ^8th 
Street,  near  the  Boulevard,  which  is  doing  a  valuable  work  in  that  vicinity. 

The  North  Baptist  Church,  at  234  West  nth  Street,  was  erected  in  1882, 
to  replace  the  church  on  Christopher  Street,  which  had  been  built  in  182S.  It  is  an 
attractive  Gothic  building,  with  a  large  and  pleasant  auditorium.  The  society  was 
organized  in  1827,  with  twelve  members,  and  the  early  meetings  were  held  in  the 
school-house  on  Amos  (now  West  iotM  Street.    The  congregation  afterwards 

removed  to  the  old  Green-    p?  ;  ^—  ' 

wich-Village  Watch-house, 
where  the  Rev.  Jacob  H. 
Brouner  began  a  long  and 
successful  pastorate.  Rev. 
John  J.  Brouner,  the  present 
pastor,  was  installed  in  1S69. 

Trinity  Baptist 
Church  was  founded  in 
1S66  by  Dr.  J.  Stanford 
Holme,  who  began  preach- 
ing in  a  small  hall  on  West 
52d  Street.  A  large  congre- 
gation was  soon  gathered, 
and  in  1S70  the  church  of 
the  Eleventh  Presbyterian 
society,  at  141  East  55th 
Street,  was  purchased,  and 
here  the  congregation  has 
remained  and  prospered. 

The  Baptist  Taber- 
nacle, at  166  Second  Ave- 
nue, adjoining  the  Historical 
Society,  was  formed  in  1S39 
by  members  of  the  older 
Mulberry-Street  Church.  In 
1850  the  church  left  Mul- 
berry Street,  and  erected  the 
present  Gothic  edifice  during 
Dr.  Edward  Lathrop's  pastorate.  In  1SS6  the  present  pastor,  Dr.  D.  C.  Potter, 
remodelled  the  interior,  making  it  an  amphitheatre.  He  also  added  the  large  parish- 
house  adjoining.  The  church  has  important  missions  and  country  houses,  and  one 
of  the  largest  and  finest  organs  in  the  city.  The  late  Dr.  A.  C.  Kendrick  and  Dr. 
Wayland  Hoyt  were  among  its  pastors. 

The  Madison-Avenue  Baptist  Church  is  another  of  the  leading  societies  of 
this  denomination.  It  was  organized  in  1839,  as  the  Rose-Hill  Baptist  Church.  Its 
first  meeting-house,  on  Lexington  Avenue,  is  now  occupied  by  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren. The  substantial  stone  edifice  at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  31st  Street  was 
erected  in  1S58.  The  large  auditorium,  seating  nearly  1,200,  is  tastefully  deco- 
rated.    Dr.  Henry  M.  Saunders  is  the  pastor. 


CALVARY   BAPTIST  CHURCH,  5?TM  STREET,  BETWEEN   SIXTH  AND 
SEVENTH  AVENUES. 


3^2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


MACISON-AVENUE  BAPTIST   CHURCH,  MADISOr. 

AND  EAST  31ST  STREET. 


The  Fifth-Avenue  Baptist 
Church,  at  6  West  46th  Street,  was 
erected  in  186 1.  It  is  a  plain  brown- 
stone  building,  with  a  large  and  taste- 
fully decorated  auditorium.  Its  pulpit 
was  acceptably  filled  for  forty  years  by 
Dr.  Thomas  Armitage,  who  resigned 
in  1888.  The  society  was  organized 
in  1 841,  and  before  the  removal  to 
46th  Street  it  worshipped  in  a  church 
on  Norfolk  Street.  Because  of  its 
prominent  and  wealthy  members,  it  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  foremost  Baptist 
congregations  of  New  York. 

St.  Matthew's  Church,  at  354 
Broome  Street,  is  the  oldest  Lutheran 
society  in  the  city.  In  1841  the  church 
in  Walker  Street  was  purchased  from 
the  English  Lutherans,  and  in  1868  the 
church  in  Broome  Street  was  bought 
from  the  Baptists,  and  has  ever  since 
remained  the  ecclesiastical  house  of 
the  German  Lutherans  in  its  vicinity. 
The  Lutherans  were  early  comers  to 
New  York.  They  first  attempted  to  hold  services  in  1653,  about  the  time  of  the 
Indian  massacres  at  Pavonia  and  Hoboken ;  but  Governor  Stuyvesant  issued  a 
proclamation,  the  first  in  New  Y'ork  against  freedom  of  conscience,  forbidding  the 
people  to  assemble  for  any  public  service  contrary  to  that  of  the  Reformed  Church. 
He  was  rebuked  by  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company 
for  his  intolerance,  and  the 
Rev.  Ernestus  Goetwater 
was  sent  out  from  Holland 
to  organize  a  Lutheran 
church.  But  he  was  igno- 
miniously  sent  back,  and 
the  members  were  heavily 
fined.  According  to  the  old 
Dutch  records,  still  extant, 
and  in  the  custody  of  this 
church,  the  congregation 
again  sought  recognition  in 
1656,  but  it  was  again  re- 
fused. The  Lutheran  Church 
was  formally  recognized  by 
the  English  Governor,  Rich- 
ard Nicolls,  The  document 
bears  date  1664.  Their  first 
church-edifice  stood  near 
where  now  Bowling  Green 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


3S3 


is.  According  to  an  order  of  the  Dutch,  who  had  again  taken  possession  of  the 
island,  it  was  razed  to  the  ground,  with  many  other  buildings,  because  it  was  deemed 
an  obstacle  to  a  proper  defence  in  case  of  an  attack.  But  the  government  paid  the 
congregation  45  guilders  in  cash,  and  gave  it  a  new  plot  of  ground  to  build  on. 
The  documents  bearing  on  this  transaction  bear  the  signatures  of  A.  Colve,  Gover- 
nor, and  N.  Bayard,  Secretary.  The  property  which  the  government  gave  in  lieu  of 
the  former  ground  and  church  is  designated  as  "  No.  5,  west  of  Broadway,  between 
the  property  of  George  Cobbet  and  the  City-wall";  date,  "May  22,  1674."  It  was 
four  rods  square.  Up  to  1749  the  services  were  held  entirely  in  the  Dutch  language, 
although  the  Germans  preponderated  as  eight  to  one.  From  that  time  the  Germans 
demanded  services 
in  their  own  tongue. 
When  this  was  re- 
fused, they  sepa 
rated,  and  organ- 
ized as  the  Luther- 
an German  Christ 
Church,  and 
bough  t  an  old 
brewery  on  what 
is  now  Cliff  Street. 
In  1767  they  built 
the  ''Swamp 
Church,"  at  the 
corner  of  Frank- 
fort and  William 
Streets.  In  the  year 
1789  the  two  con 
gregations  united 
again,  under  the 
name  "United 
German  Lutheran 

Churches  in  the  City  of  New  York."  In  the  year  1866  their  name  was  changed  by  an 
act  of  the  Legislature  to  "German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  St.  Matthew." 
The  pastor  of  this  venerable  and  historic  church  is  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Sicker. 

St.  James'  Lutheran  Church,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  East  73d  Street,  is 
the  home  of  the  first  English  Lutheran  congregation  organized  in  the  city.  The 
society  was  formed  in  1827,  and  its  first  church,  the  gift  of  Pierre  Lorillard,  was  in 
Orange  Street.  Following  the  constant  up-town  movement,  it  has  made  three 
removals  ;  in  1S43  to  Mulberry  Street  ;  then  to  Stuyvesant  Square  ;  and  in  1890  to 
its  present  location.  The  church  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  Gothic  Roman- 
esque. It  is  built  of  pink  Milford  stone,  with  brownstone  trimmings.  A  portico, 
with  a  balcony  and  carved  pillars,  surmounted  by  a  stone  cross,  forms  the  Madison- 
Avenue  entrance.  Stone  pillars  with  embossed  capitals  separate  the  nave  from  the 
aisles,  and  lofty  Gothic  arches  span  the  chancel  and  transepts.  The  richly  deco- 
rated chancel,  with  a  beautiful  marble  altar;  the  great  rose  window  on  Madison 
Avenue,  representing  Christ  in  glory  ;  the  baptismal  font,  modelled  after  Thor- 
waldsen's  Angel  of  Baptism,  in  the  Copenhagen  Cathedral  ;  and  other  works  of  art, 
make  the  interior  attractive.  All  the  interior  decorations  and  the  memorial  window 
are  the  work  of  the  Tiffany  Company.    The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  B.  Remensnyder  is  the  pastor. 


ST.  JAMES'  LUTHERAN  CHURCH,  MADISON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  730  STREET. 


3^4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  at  47  West  21st 
Street,  was  organized  in  1868  by  a  few  members  of  St.  James's  Church,  to  provide 
an  English  service  for  the  Lutheran  residents  of  the  West  Side.  The  Rev.  G.  F. 
Krotel,  then  pastor  of  St.  Mark's  Lutheran  Church,  in  Philadelphia,  accepted, a  call 
to  the  pastorate  ;  and  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  formerly  the  scene  of  the  min- 
istry of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Bethune,  was  leased,  and  named  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  in  memory  of  the  original  Trinity  Lutheran  Church,  built  on  Manhattan 
Island  two  hundred  years  before.  During  the  25  years  of  its  history  it  has  grown 
to  be  the  largest  English  Lutheran  congregation  in  the  city,  and  has  contributed 
liberally  to  general  church  work.  The  building  has  recently  been  re-decorated. 
Dr.  Krotel  still  retains  his  position  as  pastor. 

St.  Peter's  Lutheran  Church,  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  East  46th  Street, 


is  a  sombre  struc- 
the  avenue,  and  its 
front.  The  society 
pered.    The  Rev. 

The  Gusta- 
Gustaf  Adolf 
East    22d  Street 


ture  in  appearance,  with  its  high  gable,  fronting  on 
severe  square  tower  rising  from  the  centre  of  the 
was  organized  in  the  year  1862,  and  has  been  pros- 
Dr.  E.  F.  Moldenke  is  the  pastor, 
vus  Adolphus  Church  (or  Svenska  Lutherska 
Kyrkan,  as  it  is  called  in  the  Swedish  tongue),  is  in 
near  Third  Avenue.     It  is  attended  by  a  consider- 
able number  of  Swedish  people,  and  the  affairs  of 
the  congregation  arc  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
The  Broadway  Tabernacle  Church  (Con- 
gregational) was  organized  in  1840,  and 
until  1857  worshipped  in  the  Taber- 
nacle built  in   1836,  by  an 
earlier  Congregational  soci- 
ety,  on  Broadway,  between 
Leonard  and  Worth  Streets. 
During  the  long  pastorate  of 
Dr.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  a 
great    anti-slavery  preacher 
and   worker,    many  stirring 
scenes  were  enacted  within  its 
walls.    The  present  church, 
a  large  Perpendicular  Gothic 
building  of  stone,   at  Sixth 
Avenue  and  34th  Street,  was 
completed  in  1859,   and  re- 
modelled in  1872.    The  Rev. 
Dr.  William  M.  Taylor  was 
pastor  from  1872  to  1892.    The  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  A.  Stimson  became  pastor  in  1893. 

The  first  Congregational  minister  to  hold  services  in  the  city  was  the  Rev.  John 
Townley,  about  1804,  and  a  Congregational  church  was  formed  in  1805.  .Its  first 
building  was  erected  in  Elizabeth  Street,  in  1809,  but  after  a  few  years  of  fruitless 
struggle,  under  a  heavy  debt,  it  was  sold  to  the  Asbury  colored  Methodists,  and  the 
congregation  disbanded.  An  Independent  Congregational  church  was  organized  in 
1817,  but  in  1821  it  was  united  with  the  Presbyterians.  Other  organizations  were 
made  later,  but  the  strength  of  the  closely  related  Presbyterian  denomination  has 
acted  unfavorably  upon  the  growth  of  New-England  Congregationalism  in  New 
Vork,  and  there  are  only  seven  churches  in  the  city. 


6VE.NSKA   LUTHERSKA   GUSTAF  ADOLF  KYRKAN,  LUTHER 
22D  STREET,  NEAR  THIRD  AVENUE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


385 


All  Souls'  Church,  at 

245  Fourth  Avenue,  was  the 
first  Unitarian  organization 
in  New  York.  The  society 
was  incorporated  in  1819,  as 
the  <;  First  Congregational 
Church  of  New  York,"  from 
the  outcome  of  a  few  ser- 
vices held  by  William  Ellery 
Channing.  Edward  Everett 
preached  at  the  dedication 
of  the  church,  in  Chambers 
Street,  in  1820.  The  Rev. 
Henry  Ware,  Jr.,  was  the 
first  pastor,  and  his  succes- 
sor was  Dr.  Henry  W.  Bel- 
lows, the  President  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  during 
the  war.  The  present  church 
was  erected  in  1855  J- 
Wray  Mould,  the  famous 
and  eccentric  architect.  It 
is  of  brick,  trimmed  with 
Caen  stone,  in  the  form  of 
a  Greek  cross,  and  was  the 
first  experiment  made  in  this 
country  toward  a  Byzantine 
style  of  architecture,  though  the  remarkable  tower  drawn  in  the  original  design  was 
never  completed.  The  full-length  bronze  bas-relief  of  Dr.  Henry  W.  Bellows,  by 
Augustus  St.  Gaiulens,  is  considered  one  of  his  best  works.  It  can  be  seen  by  ringing 
the  bell  at  the  north  door.  The  entrance-porch  is  effective  in  treatment,  and  the  large 
auditorium  is  unobstructed  by  pillars.     A  central  lantern  rises  above  the  roof,  and 


BROADWAY  TABERNACLE,  CONGREGATIONAL,  SIXTH  AVENUE 
WEST   34TM  STREET. 


2  ^  ALL  SOULS'    UNITARIAN  CHURCH,  FOURTH   AVENUE  AND  EAST  20th  STREET. 


386 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  transepts  are  spanned  by  lofty  round  arches.  A  large  parish-house  adjoins  the 
church.  Rev.  Theodore  C.  Williams  is  the  pastor.  All  Souls'  was  the  church  of 
the  poet  Bryant  and  of  Peter  Cooper,  and  among  its  present  attendants  are  Joseph 
H.  Choate,  Dorman  B.  Eaton  and  Daniel  H.  Chamberlain. 

The  Church  of  the  Messiah  is  a  well-proportioned  brownstone  building  in 
the  Gothic  style,  with  a  large  and  attractive  interior.  The  parish  was  formed  in 
1825  by  a  few  members  of  the  older  Chambers-Street  society.  The  first  church,  in 
Prince  Street,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1837  ;  and  two  years  later  another  was  built 
on  Broadway,  near  Washington  Square,  and  called  the  Church  of  the  Messiah.  In 
1867  the  present  church  was  erected,  at  the  corner  of  Park  Avenue  and  East  34th 
Street.  Orville  Dewey  was  once  pastor  of  the  church,  which  is  now  in  charge  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Robert  Collyer. 

The  Lenox-Avenue  Unitarian  Church,  the  youngest  Unitarian  society  in 
New  York,  has  a  handsome  new  building  at  Lenox  Avenue  and  121st  Street.  Rev. 

Merle  St.  Croix 
Wright  is  pastor. 

The  Church 
of  the  D  ivine 
Paternity  is  the 
strongest  Uriversal- 
ist  congregation. 
The  building  is  a 
brownstone  Gothic 
edifice  at  Fifth  Ave- 
nue and  45th  Street, 
anddatesfrom  1865. 
The  society  was 
formed  in  1839, 
and  the  first  church 
stood  in  Elizabeth 
Street,  running 
through  to  the  Bow- 
ery, between  Hester 
and  Canal  Streets. 
In  1845  lne  societ>' 
moved  to  more  com- 
modious quarters, 
in  Murray  Street, 
just  west  of  Broad- 
way. In  1848  a 
third  building  was 
erected,  on  Broad - 

CHURCH  OF  THE  MESSIAH,  UNITARIAN,  PARK  AVENUE  AND  EAST  34th  STREET.  ,  . 

way,  between  Prince 

and  Spring  Streets  ;  and  here,  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  H.  Chapin,  the  parish 
increased  rapidly  in  strength  and  influence.  The  Rev.  Charles  H.  Eaton  is  the 
present  pastor. 

The  society  was  the  fourth  Universalist  organization  in  the  city.  Towards  the 
close  of  the  last  century  the  Rev.  John  Murray  and  other  preachers  of  Universalism 
held  services,  and  induced  several  prominent  members  of  the  John-Street  Methodist 
Church  to  unite  in  the  "Society  of  United  Christian  Friends  of  New  York,"  formed 


KING'S  HA  XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


33? 


in  1796.  The  next  year  a  small  church  was  built,  in  Vandewater  Street,  and  Edward 
Mitchell  was  installed  as  pastor.  He  was  an  eloquent  preacher,  and  in  1S1S  a 
large  brick  church  was  erected  in  Duane  Street.  Mr.  Mitchell  died  soon  afterward  ; 
and  the  congregation  disbanded.  A  second  society  was  organized  in  1824.  There 
are  now  three  Universalist  churches  in  New  York. 

The  Church  of  The  Strangers,  at  299  Mercer  Street,  was  purchased  by 
Commodore  Vanderbilt  in  1 870,  and  presented  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  F.  Deems, 
as  a  token  of  interest  in  his  work.  Dr.  Deems,  who  had 
been  a  Methodist-Episcopal  clergyman,  in  North  Carolina, 
came  to  the  city  in  1S66,  and  began  to  preach  in  the 
chapel  of  the  University  of  New  York.  His  practical 
and  independent  presentation  of  the  truths  of  Christianity 
attracted  large  audiences,  and  in  1S6S  a  church  was 
organized  and  called  The  Church  of  The  Strangers,  on 
account  of  its  special  field  of  work  among  sojourners  in 
the  city.  It  has  no  organic  connection  with  any  of  the 
denominations,  and  remains  faithful  to  its  original  work, 
which  is  a  source  of  great  blessing 


to  the  strangers  within  our  gates. 

The  Broome-Street  Taber- 
nacle, at  395  Broome  Street,  is  a 
station  of  the  New-York  City  Mis- 
sion and  Tract  Society,  and  the 
centre  of  an  important  work  among 
the  60,000  English-speaking  people 
in  its  vicinity,  for  whom  there  is  no 
other  Protestant  church.  It  is  a 
substantial  brick  building*  with  a 
large  auditorium^  a  reading-room 
and  library,  a  gymnasium,  and 
numerous  smaller  rooms.  The 
Lodging- House  Missionary  Society 
carries  on  an  aggressive  missionary 
work  in  the  lodging-houses  in  the 
vicinity  of  the    Tabernacle,  and 

numerous  other  societies  are  ac-  

tively   engaged    in    philanthropic         M  avenue  and  we 

work,  resulting  in  great  good  in 

this  populous  district.  The  minister  in  charge  is  the  Rev.  C. 


H.  Tvndall. 


The  Church  of  the  New  Jerusalem,  at  114  East  35th  Street,  a  substantial 
stone  building  in  the  Doric  style,  was  erected  in  1859.  The  founder  of  the  New 
Church  (often  called  Swedenborgian)  in  New  York  was  Edward  Riley,  who  came 
from  England  in  1S05.  The  society  was  organized  in  1S16,  with  the  name  of  The 
Association  of  the  City  of  New  York  for  the  Dissemination  of  the  Heavenly  Doc- 
trines of  the  New  Jerusalem  ;  and  in  1S21  a  small  church  in  Pearl  Street  was  pur- 
chased, and  the  Rev.  Charles  I.  Doughty  installed  as  pastor.  The  Pearl-Street 
church  was  sold  to  the  Zion  Baptist  society  in  183S,  and  the  services  were  held  in 
various  places  until  the  erection  of  the  35th-Street  building  ;  and  this,  and  a  mission 
at  356  West  44th  Street,  and  a  German  church  on  Chrystie  Street,  are  the  only 
New-Church  places  of  worship  in  the  city.    Rev.  Samuel  S.  Seward  is  pastor. 


388 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Church  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ,  at  323 

West  56th  Street,  a  sub- 
stantial brick  building  in  the 
Gothic  style,  was  erected  in 
1883,  and  is  the  spiritual 
home  of  the  oldest  local  con- 
gregation of  that  denomina- 
tion. Its  pastor  is  the  Rev. 
Dr.  B.  B.  Tyler.  At  differ- 
ent periods  in  its  history  the 
society  has  worshipped  in 
halls  and  churches  on  Hu- 
bert, Greene,  17th  and  West 
28th  Streets,  and  it  has 
grown  and  increased  with 
gratifying  certainty. 

The  Disciples  date  from 
about  the  year  1827.  Their 
purpose  is  to  unite  Christians 
in  a  visible  fellowship  on  the 
basis  of  Primitive  Chris- 
tianity, as  described  in  the 
New  Testament  —  its  creed 
—  its  ordinances — its  life. 
They  number  nearly  1,000,- 
000.  Their  greatest  strength 
is  in  the  West  and  South, 
where  they  are  known  as 
"Christians,"  or  "  Christian 
Church."  They  are  sometimes  called  "  Campbellites "  (which  name,  however, 
they  repudiate),  from  Alexander  Campbell,  one  of  their  early  preachers.  There 
are  three  churches  of  Disciples  in  New  York. 

The  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  is  a  handsome  structure,  at  417  West  57th 
Street.  The  congrega- 
tion was  organized  in 
1850,  and  the  early 
services  were  held  in  a 
small  room  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of 
New  York.  About 
1855  a  church  was  pur- 
chased in  West  16th 
Street.  This  was  sold 
to  the  French  Presby- 
terian society  in  1886, 
when  the  present  edi- 
fice was  opened.  The 
Catholic  Apostolic  peo- 
ple are  better  known  as 


RANGERS.  299   MERCER  STREE 


CHURCH  OF  THE   NEW  JERUSALEM 


EAST  35TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


3*9 


The  pastor  is 
Professor  K. 

The  Reading-Room  and  Church  for  Seamen  is  a  pic- 


BROOME- STREET  TABERNACLE,  BROOME  STREET  AND 
CENTER  MARKET  STREET. 


Irvingites,  from  the  Rev.  Edward 
Irving,  a  Scottish  clergyman,  who 
is  popularly  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  the  movement.  (This 
name  they  themselves  repudiate.) 
One  of  the  distinctive  features  of 
the  sect  is  a  return  to  apostolic 
methods  and  principles ;  another 
is  "the  preparation  of  the  church 
as  a  body  for  the  coming  and 
kingdom  of  the  Lord."  Daily 
services  are  held  at  6  A.  M.  and  5 
P.  M.,  and  the  Holy  Communion 
is  celebrated  every  Sunday  morn- 
ing. There  are  about  400  members. 
The  church  building  was  planned 
by  F.  H.  Kimball.  There  is  also 
a  small  German  congregation. 

The  Swedish  Evangelical 
Bethesda  Church,  at  240  East 
45th  Street  and  on  127th  Street, 
supports  three  missionaries  in 
China  and  three  in  Kongo, 
Africa.  The  church  was  or- 
ganized in  1878,  by  a  few  mem- 
bers of  the  Swedish  Lutheran 
Church,  who  left  that  body  by 
reason  of  differences  of  opinion 
on  matters  of  doctrine  and  dis- 
cipline.   There  are  300  members. 

the  Rev. 
Erixon. 


structure  at  the  corner  of  Houston  and  West  Streets,  in 
the  busy  North-River  traffic  district.  It  is  maintained  by  the 
Society  for  Promoting  the  Gospel  among  Seamen. 

The  Friends'  Meeting-House,  on 
Stuyvesant  Square,  a  plain  but  substan 
tial  brick  building,  with  a  large  school- 
house  connected,  was  erected  in 
i860,  and  is  one  of  the  two  Quaker 
places  of  worship  in  the  city,  the 
other  being  an  equally  plain  build- 
ing with  a  brownstone  front,  on 
Gramercy  Park.    The  first  Quak- 
ers came  to  New  Amsterdam  in 
1657,  fugitives  from  New  England, 
and  received  but  scanty  welcome 
from  Peter  Stuyvesant,  who  ar- 
rested  two    of  the   women  for 


turesque 
midst  of 


READING-ROOfi 


ND  CHURCH  FOR  SEAH 
WEST  STREETS. 


39° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


preaching  in  the  streets.  One  of  the  men,  Robert  Hodgson,  was  arrested  at  Hemp- 
stead, Long  Island,  whither  he  had  gone  intending  to  preach,  and  haled  before  Gov. 
Stuyvesant,  who  used  him  harshly  until  Mrs.  Bayard,  the  Governor's  sister,  prevailed 
upon  him  to  allow  the  unwelcome  visitof  to  depart  in  peace.  The  first  meeting- 
house was  built  in  Little  Green  Street  in  1700,  and  in  1775  a  second  was  erected  in 
Fearl  Street.  After  the  great  schism  of  1827,  the  Orthodox  Friends  built  a  third 
meeting-house  in  Henry  Street,  leaving  the  Hicksite  party  in  possession  of  the 
others.     Later,  these  were  sold,  and  the  two  now  in  use  were  erected. 

The  First  Moravian  Church,  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  30th  Street,  is  the 
fourth  edifice  occupied  by  this  congregation  since  the  corner-stone  of  its  first  church 

was  laid,  Jjune  16,  1 751,  at  the  corner  of 
Fulton  and -Dutch  Streets,  by  Bishop 
Peter  Boehler  and  the  pastor,  Rev. 
Owen  Rice,  a  native  of  Wales. 
Its   present   pastor   is  Rev. 
Edward  T.  Kluge.    The  so- 
ciety was  formed  in  1 741 . 
The  present  pastor  of  the 
German  Moravian  Church, 
636  Sixth  Street,  between 
Avenues  B  and  C,  ic  Rev. 
William  H.  Rice,  a  great- 
great-grandson  of  the  pastor 
of  1 75 1.    This  second  Mo- 
ravian congregation  was  or- 
ganized in  1853. 

The  First  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church,  at 
Madison  Avenue  and  East 
55th  Street,  is  the  only 
church  of  that  denomination 
in  the  city.  It  is  a  hand- 
some stone  structure,  with  a 
large  and  simply  decorated 
auditorium.  It  was  built  in 
1876,  soon  after  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Reformed  Epis- 
copal Church,  which  was 
organized  by  a  number  of 
Episcopal  clergymen  and 
laymen,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Bishop  G.  D.  Cummins,  who  objected  to  what  they  considered  the  Roman- 
izing tendencies  of  the  Prayer  Book.  Rev.  Dr.  William  T.  Sabine,  a  former  Epis- 
copal clergyman,  is  in  charge  of  the  parish. 

The  Hebrew-Christian  Church,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  America,  began  in 
1882  with  its  present  pastor,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Freshman,  a  converted  Jew,  who  had 
resolved  to  devote  himself  to  evangelizing  the  Hebrews  of  New  York.  For  some 
time  the  meetings  were  held  in  a  small  room  in  the  Cooper-Union  building,  and  in 
the  lecture-room  of  the  Fourth-Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  ;  but  in  the  year  1885  a 
private  house,  at  17  St.  Mark's  Place,  was  purchased  and  fitted  up  for  the  work.  The 


CATHOLIC  APOSTOLIC   CHURCH,  WEST  57TH  STREET,  BETWEEN 
NINTH  AND  TENTH  AVENUES. 


*  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


39* 


audience-room,  seating 
about  150,  and  lighted 
by  stained-glass  win- 
dows, is  on  the  ground 
floor,  while  the  remain- 
ing rooms  are  used  by 
the  missionary  for  vari- 
ous purposes  connected 
with  the  work,  which 
has  met  with  a  fair 
degree  of  success. 

St.  Patrick's  Ca- 
thedral is  the  head  of 
the  great  Archdiocese 
of  New  York.  Roman  friends-  chui 
Catholics  visited  Man- 
hattan Island  as  early  as  1629,  but 
visit  the  island,  came  here  in  1643 


XD  SEMINARY,  STUYVESANT  SQUARE, 
CORNER  OF  RUTHERFORD  PLACE. 


hen  Father  Isaac  Jogues,  the  first  priest  to 
after  his  escape  from  the  Mohawks,  he  found 
only  two  of  his  co-religkmists.  Jesuit  fathers  labored  here  at  intervals  between  16S3 
and  1785,  when  the  first  congregation  was  formed.  Severe  laws  were  enacted  against 
the  Catholics,  but  with  no  serious  results,  until  the  execution  of  John  Ury  for  alleged 
participation  in  the  Xegro  Riot  of  1 741,  and  on  suspicion  of  being  a  Catholic  priest. 
Governor  Dongan  was  an  ardent  Catholic,  as  was  his  royal  master,  King  James,  and 
during  his  administration,  in  the  closing  years  of  the  seventeenth  century,  a  number 
of  Catholic  families  of  repute  settled  in  the  city,  and  a  college  was  founded.  In 

1785  Sieur  de  St.  Jean  de  Crevecreur, 
the  French  consul,  and  three  others 
were  incorporated  as  the  Trustees  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  and  from  that  time  the 
Church  has  steadily  grown  in  numbers 
and  power,  largely  through  the  immense 
foreign  immigration.  There  are  83 
Catholic  churches  and  a  long  list  of 
homes,  asylums  and  schools.  There  are 
400,000  Roman  Catholics  in  the  city, 
and  besides  the  churches  for  English- 
speaking  persons,  there  are  others  for 
Germans,  Italians,  Frenchmen,  Canadi- 
ans, Bohemians,  Syrians,  Afro-Ameri- 
cans, Poles  and  other  nationalities. 

St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  on  5th  Ave- 
nue, between  50th  and  51st  Streets,  is 
one  of  the  grandest  ecclesiastical  build- 
ings in  the  country,  and  has  cost  the 
greatest  sum  of  money.  It  was  pro- 
jected by  Archbishop  Hughes,  in  1850, 
and  soon  afterward  the  plans  were 
drawn,  by  Tames  Renwick,  the  architect 

FIRST  REFORMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURXH,  MADISON  '      7   J  ww» 

avenue  and  east  55tH  street.  of  Grace  Church.     The  corner-stone 


392 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


was  laid  in  1858,  and  the  Cathedral  was  opened  in  1879..  The  building  is  now 
nearly  completed,  according  to  the  original  plans,  only  the  Lady  Chapel  remaining 
to  be  constructed.  The  style  of  the  architecture  is  the  Decorated  Gothic  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  of  which  the  cathedrals  of  Rheims  and  Cologne  are  examples  ;  and, 
with  the  mansion  of  the  archbishop  and  the  rector's  residence,  it  occupies  the  entire 
block  bounded  by  Fifth  and  Madison  Avenues,  and  50th  and  51st  Streets.  It  is  built 
of  white  marble,  and  its  leading  dimensions  are  :  Length,  322  feet ;  breadth,  includ- 
ing chapels,  120  feet;  breadth  of  nave  and  choir,  97  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  172 
feet;  height  of  nave,  100  feet;  height  of  aisles,  54  feet.    The  principal  front,  on 


i 


♦ 


ST.  PATRICK'S  CATHEDRAL,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC,  MADISON -AVENUE  AND  51 ST-STREET  SIDES. 


Fifth  Avenue,  consists  of  a  central  gable,  156  feet  in  height,  flanked  by  twin  spires, 
328  feet  high.  The  grand  portal  is  richly  decorated,  and  buttresses,  pinnacles  and 
carved  ornamentation  abound  in  rich  profusion. 

The  interior  is  particularly  impressive.  Massive  clustered  marble  columns  sup- 
port the  lofty  groined  roof ;  the  organ-gallery  in  the  nave,  between  the  towers,  has  a 
richly  moulded  front  and  ceiling  ;  and  a  magnificent  rose  window,  26  feet  in  diam- 
eter, filled  with  costly  glass,  dominates  the  western  end,  and  forms  a  fitting  pen- 
dant to  the  high  altar  in  the  sanctuary,  in  the  eastern  end.  The  altar  was  made  in 
Italy  of  purest  Carrara  marble,  and  its  front  is  inlaid  with  alabaster  and  precious 
stones.  The  lower  front  is  divided  into  niches  and  panels  ;  the  former  containing 
statues  of  the  four  Evangelists,  and  the  latter  presenting  in  bas-reliefs  the  Last  Sup- 
per, the  Carrying  of  the  Cross,  the  Agony,  and  the  Betrayal.    The  tabernacle, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  393 


ST.  PATRICK'S  CATHEDRAL,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC. 

FIFTH  AVENUE,  50th  AND  51ST  STREETS. 


394 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


in 


above  the  altar,  was  carved 
Prance,  and  its  three  niches  con- 
tain statues  of  Our  Lord,  St.  Peter, 
and  St.  Paul.  The  altar  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin,  at  the  eastern  end 
of  the  north  aisle,  is  made  of 
French  stone,  delicately  sculptured 
in  panels,  on  which  are  carved 
scenes  connected  with  the  life  of 
Christ.  At  the  eastern  end  of  the 
south  aisle  is  the  bronze  altar  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  with  four  statues, 
representing  the  sacrifices  of  the 
old  dispensation  and,  in  the  central 
niche,  Jesus  holding  a  chalice.  The 
columns  on  each  side,  surmounted 
by  statues  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
were  the  gift  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
West  of  the  sacristy  is  the  elaborate 
bronze  altar  of  St.  Joseph,  and  in 
a  side  chapel  is  the  altar  of  the 
Holy  Family,  above  which  hangs  a 
fine  painting  of  the  Holy  Family,  by  Costazzini.  The  Cathedral  is  seated  for  2,600 
people,  and  nearly  as  many  more  can  be  accommodated  in  the  aisles.  The.  interior 
is  lighted  by  70  windows,  the  majority  being  memorial  windows  made  in  Chartres, 
France,  at  a  cost  of  over  $  too, 000.  The  total  cost  of  the  building  has  been  not  far 
from  $3,000,000,  and  $500, 000  will  be  necessary  to  complete  it. 

St.  Peter's  Church,  at  Barclay  and  Church  Streets,  is  the  oldest  Roman  Catho- 


IBISHOP'S  RESIDENCE,  ST.  PATRICK'S  CATHEDRAL, 
MADISON  AVENUE  AND  50tm  STREET. 


lie  organization  in  the  city 
81  feet  long,  was  erected 
in  1786,  and  torn  down 
in  1836,  when  the  pres- 
ent stone  church  in  the 
Ionic  style  was  erected 
in  its  place.  The  interior 
is  spacious,  and  contains 
a  fine  marble  altar.  The 
ceiling  is  frescoed,  and 
there  are  12  large  stained- 
glass  windows. 

St.  Patrick's 
Church  is  the  oldest 
existing  Catholic  church- 
building  in  the  city.  It 
was  built  in  181 5,  at  Mott 
and  Prince  Streets,  and 
until  the  opening  of  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  in 
1879,  i*  was  tne  cathedral 
church    of   the    See  of 


The  first  church,  a  brick  building,  48  feet  wide  and 


PETER'S  CHURCH,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC,  BARCLAY  AND  CHURCH  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  395 


ST.  PATRICK'S  CATHEDRAL,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC. 

THE    HIGH    ALTAR    IN    THE    SANCTUARY,    AT    THE    EASTERN  END. 


396 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


New  York.  In  earlier  days 
the  massive  Gothic  building, 
with  its  richly  decorated 
auditorium,  was  one  of  the 
sights  of  the  city  ;  but  with 
the  departure  of  the  Arch- 
bishop it  lost  much  of  its 
ancient  fame,  and  is  now 
merely  the  parish-church  of 
the  Catholics  who  live  in  the 
neighborhood. 

The  Church  of  St. 
Benedict  the  Moor  is  an 
impressive  classic  building, 
at  2ioBleeckcr  Street,  in  one 
of  the  ancient  and  crowded 
quarters  of  the  city.  The 
congregation  is  mainly  com- 
posed of  colored  people. 
St.  Stephen's  Roman  Catholic  Church  was  organized  in  1850,  and  a  portion 
of  the  large  Italian  Renaissance  building,  on  28th  Street,  between  Third  and  Lex- 
ington Avenues,  was  opened  in  1855.  This  was  enlarged  and  richly  decorated  in 
1865.  It  extends  through  to  29th  Street.  It  is  cruciform  in  shape,  and  the  interior 
is  extremely  beautiful.  Above  each  of  the  transept  galleries  are  large  rose-windows, 
and  the  side  windows  of  the  nave  are  filled  with  richly  stained  glass.  A  fine  paint- 
ing of  the  Crucifixion  surmounts  a  lofty  marble  altar  in  the  sanctuary.  The  beauti- 
ful high  altar  and  the  two  rich  side  altars  cost  $40,000.  St.  Stephen's  has  long 
been  one  of  the  fashion- 
able Catholic  churches, 
and  for  many  years  its 
choir  has  been  ac- 
knowledged as  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  coun- 
try. The  Rev.  Dr.  J. 
W.  Cummings  founded 
this  church,  and  Dr. 
Edward  McGlynn  held 
the  pastorate  from  1866 
until  1887.  During  his 
term  of  office  a  large 
Orphans'  House  and 
an  Industrial  School 
for  girls  were  built. 
Father  Colton  is  now 
the  rector. 

The  church  prop- 
erty extends  through 
the  whole  block  from 

28tll     Street      tO     29th  CHURCH  OF  6T.  BENEDICT  THE  MOOR,  ROMAN  catholic, 

Street.  210  bleecker  street. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


397 


St.  Francis  Xavier's  Church,  at  36  West  16th  Street,  near  Sixth  Avenue, 
was  erected  in  1882,  and  is  in  charge  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers.  It  is  a  massive  stone 
structure  in  the  Roman  Basilica  style,  and  is  constructed  in  the  substantial  manner 
which  characterizes  the  work  of  the  Jesuits.  A  lofty  porch,  with  massive  stone 
pillars,  and  a  vestibule,  both  with  vaulted  stone  ceilings,  give  entrance  to  one  of  the 
grandest  church  interiors  in  the  city.  The  church  is  cruciform  in  shape ;  and  the 
lofty  vaulted  and  richly  decorated  ceiling  of  the  nave  is  supported  by  stone  columns 
carrying  a  triforium  gallery,  pierced  with  round-arched  openings.  The  prevailing 
tone  of  the  decorations  gives  an  effect  of  luminosity,  and  there  is  a  profusion  of 
ornamentation  in  relief.  The  high  alt,ar  is  a  costly  marble  structure,  and  on  either 
side  of  the  sanctuary  stand  the  altars  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  St.  Joseph.  In  the 
transepts  are  the  altars  of  St.  Aloysius  and  the  Sacred  Heart,  all  in  marble,  with 
statues  and  carvings.  The  walls  are  filled  with  large  paintings  of  Scriptural  scenes. 
Twelve  hundred  electric  lights  have  been  placed  in  the  church,  which  is  illustrated 
on  page  2S5.  On  this  site  stood  the  old  church  of  the  same  name,  founded  in  1847. 
The  Infanta  Eulalia  of  Spain  visited  St.  Francis  Xavier's  in  1893. 

The  Church  of  St.  Paul  the  Apostle,  at  Ninth  Avenue  and  59th  Street, 


is  one  of  the  greatest  Catholic  churches  in 
Cathedral    in  size  and  magnificence 
Fathers,  a  missionary  order  founded 
Isaac  Ilecker,   who,   with  four 
autism,  began  a  remarkable 
out  the  United  States.  The 
lished  has  since  increased  to 
sixteen  theological  students, 
all  the  time  they  can  spare 
preparation   and    spread  of 
connection    with    the  great 


CHURCH  OF  ST.  PAUL  THE  APOSTLE,    ROMAN   CATHOLIC,  NINTH  AVENUE 
AND  WE8T  59TH  STREET. 


the  city,  second  only  to  the 
It  is  in  charge  of  the  Paulist 
in  1858  by  the  late  Very  Rev. 
other  converts  from  Protest- 
series  of  missions  through- 
community    then  estab- 
twenty-five     priests  and 
The  Paulist  Fathers  devote 
from  the  missions  to  the 
Catholic    literature.  In 
Church  of   St.  Paul  they 
large  convent  and 
school-house,  and 
lately  built  a 
printing  -house, 
from  which  they 
issue  their  month- 
ly publications, 
The  Catholic 
World,  The  Young 
Catholic,  calen- 
dars, sermons, 
tracts,  etc.  The 
cornerstone  of  the 
first  church  was 
laid  in  1859,  and 
of  the  present 
church   in  1876, 
while  the  solemn 
opening  took 
place  in  1885.  lt 
is   the  second 
largest  church  edi- 


398 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


fice  in  the  country,  being  284  feet  long  and  132  feet  wide.  The  walls  are  con- 
structed of  rough  stone,  and  there  is  very  little  attempt  at  mere  ornament,  the 
architect  aiming  to  obtain  simplicity  and  dignity  by  the  size  and  massiveness  of  the 
building,  correctness  of  detail  and  harmonious  grouping.  The  main  facade,  on 
Ninth  Avenue,  approached  by  a  double  flight  of  granite  steps,  is  134  feet  wide, 
with  a  central  compartment  flanked  by  two  towers  38  feet  square,  and  with  a  total 
height  of  300  feet  when  the  spires  are  built.  The  style  of  architecture  is  the 
Thirteenth-Century  Gothic,  adapted  to  meet  the  special  needs  of  the  Fathers.  The 
spacious  and  impressive  interior,  with  its  side  aisles  and  passages,  has  a  seating 
capacity  of  nearly  5,000.  The  lofty  nave  arches  are  carried  by  columns  of  polished 
Syracuse  limestone,  four  feet  in  diameter,  alternately  round  and  octagonal,  with 
carved  caps  and  moulde'd  bases  over  each  arch  ;  the  tracery  windows  of  the  clere- 
story give  ample  light  from  above,  leaving  a  large 
expanse  of  wall  space  for 
effective  decorative  work. 
The  windows,  twenty-seven 
feet  in  length  and  twelve  in 


ACADEMY  OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS  FOR  YOUNG  LADIES,  AND  CHURCH  OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS,   ROMAN  CATHOLIC, 
335-343  WEST  420  STREET. 

width,  are  of  the  finest  workmanship.  Those  in  the  sanctuary  represent  the 
Queen  of  Angels  surrounded  by  hundreds  of  angels  in  the  centre,  and  flanked  on 
either  side  by  the  four  great  archangels,  all  in  adoration  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament  on 
the  altar.  These  were  made  in  Munich.  The  fourteen  tracery  windows  in  the  nave, 
the  work  of  the  American  artist  LaFarge,  are  unrivalled  for  richness  of  color.  The 
sanctuary  floor  is  well  elevated  above  that  of  the  nave,  and  contains  the  high  altar, 
of  variegated  marble,  with  a  lofty  baldichino,  whose  canopied  roof  is  supported  by 
polished  columns  of  Numidian  marble.  The  great  organ  stands  behind  the  high  altar, 
and  on  each  side  are  the  stalls  for  the  choir  and  the  dignitaries  of  the  Church.  On 
the  left  of  the  sanctuary,  at  the  head  of  the  south  aisle,  is  the  altar  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin,  constructed  of  Siena  marble  and  beautiful  Mexican  onyx,  and  surmounted 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


399 


by  a  lofty  canopy,  beneath  which  is  a  large  marble  statue  of  the  Virgin.  At  the 
head  of  the  north  aisle  is  the  altar  of  St.  Joseph,  similar  in  treatment,  with  a  marble 
statue  of  the  saint.  At  the  end  of  the  south  aisle,  and  near  the  entrance,  is  a  beau- 
tiful baptistery,  with  marble  font,  enclosed  by  a  substantial  marble  rail.  In  the  side 
chapels  of  the  same  aisle  are  altars  of  St.  Agnes,  The  Annunciation  and  St.  Jus- 
tinus  the  Martyr.  The  side  chapels  of  the  north  aisle  contain  the  altars  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  St.  Catharine  of  Genoa  and  St.  Patrick.  The  total  cost  of  all  the 
altars  was  not  far  from  $50,000,  and  of  the  whole  church  $500,000.  The  magni- 
tude of  the  interior  is  best  shown  by  a  few  figures  :  The  length  of  the  nave  and 
chancel  is  257  feet,  the  width  60  feet,  and  the  height  96  feet,  while  the  aisles  have 


.T.  CECILIA'S  CHURCH,  ROMAN  CATHOLIC,  EAST   106th  STREET,  NEAR  LEXINGTON  AVENUE. 


a  combined  width  of  50  feet,  giving  an  auditorium  of  immense  size  and  striking  and 
impressive  perspective  effect.  The  impression  of  immense  space,  height  and  soli- 
tude of  the  interior  is  increased  by  the  treatment  of  the  ceiling,  which  is  painted  a 
deep  blue  and  studded  with  stars.  It  is  concave  in  form,  and  the  stars  and  con- 
stellations which  thickly  stud  its  surface  are  arranged  from  exact  maps  made  by  one 
of  the  Paulist  Fathers,  to  represent  their  positions  on  January  25,  1885,  the  festival 
of  the  conversion  of  St.  Paul,  the  patron-saint  of  the  church.  The  decoration  of 
the  church  is  in  the  hands  of  the  well-known  artist  LaFarge,  and  looks  its  best 
when  lighted  at  night.  The  Annunciation  altar  has  a  fine  copy  of  the  Michael 
Angelo  at  Bruges  ;  and  St.  Justinus'  altar  has  a  bronze  reredos,  by  James  Kelly. 
Here,  every  Sunday  evening,  can  be  heard  the  best  congregational  singing  of  Eng- 
lish hymns  in  New  York.  The  singing  at  the  other  regular  services  is  done  by  a  sur- 
pliced  choir  of  100  men  and  boys.  The  group  of  buildings  of  which  St.  Paul's  is 
the  centre  forms  orie  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  Catholicism  in  New  York. 


400 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHURCH   OF  OUR   LADY  OF  GOOD  COUNSEL,  ROMAN  CATHOi. 
236  EAST  90th  6TREET. 


The  Church  of  Our 
Lady  of  Good  Counsel, 

at  236  East  90th  Street,  is 
one  of  the  youngest  of  the 
Catholic  churches.  The 
building,  a  handsome  struc- 
ture in  the  decorated  Gothic 
style  of  architecture,  with  a 
front  of  Rutland  marble,  was 
completed  in  1892,  and  ded- 
icated on  September  18th. 
There  are  two  entrance- 
porches  recessed  into  the 
front  of  the  church,  with 
steps  which  turn  toward  each 
other  and  unite  in  an  outer 
lobby,  which  is  screened 
from  view  by  the  front  main 
wall.  There  are  a  number 
of  handsome  stained-glass 
windows,  which  were  made 
in  Munich.  The  high  altar 
of  marble  came  from  Venice, 
and  four  smaller  altars  were 
made  in  the  quarries  of 
Carrara.  Five  paintings, 
over  the  high  altar,  are  the 
work  of  Sig.  Rossi,  a  prize- 
winner of  the  Paris  Salon. 
The  parish 


a  new  one. 


established  in  1886,  and  the  corner-stone  of  the  church  was 
laid  in  May  of  that  year.  Rev.  William  J.  O'Kelly  is  the 
lector,  and  he  has  four  assistants. 

Other  Interesting  Catholic  Churches  are  St.  An- 
drew's,  away  down-town,   at  City-Hall  Place  and  Duane 

Street ;  St.  Bernard's,  a  noble  Gothic  build-   

ing  on  West  14th  Street  ;  the  Holy  Cross, 
on  West  42d  Street ;  and  St.  Cecilia's,  on 
East  1 06th  Street. 

The  B'Nai  Jeshurun,  "Children  of 
Jeshurun,"  is  the  oldest  Anglo-German 
Hebrew  congregation  in  the  city.  It  was 
founded  in  1825  by  a  few  German  and 
Polish  Jews,  who  left  the  Spanish  syna- 
gogue on  Mill  Street,  and  adopted  the 
Polish  or  German  ritual,  in  place  of  the 
Portuguese,  in  use  in  the  former  congrega- 
tion. The  early  meetings  were  held  in  a 
small  hall  in  White  Street,  but  in  1826  the 
former  Presbyterian  Church  in  Elm  Street 


ST.  ANDREW'S  CHURCH,  ROMAN   CATHOLIC,  DUANE 
6TREET  AND  CITY-HALL  PLACE. 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NE If  YORK. 


401 


was  purchased 
and  remodelled. 
In  1850  a  large 
synagogue  was 
erected  on  Greene 
Street,  followed 
in  1866  by  a  sec- 
ond in  West  34th 
Street.  In  18S5 
the  large  and  im- 
pressive edifice  on 
Madison  Avenue, 
near  East  65th 
Street,  was  erect- 
ed, at  a  cost  of 
$200,000.  It  is 
built  of  stone  and 
pressed  brick,  in 
the  Spanish-Mo- 
resque style,  with 
twin  towers,  and 
an  imposing  fa- 
c,ade.  The  audi- 
torium is  decorated  in  white  and  gold,  and  harmonizes  with  the  Moorish  exterior. 
Its  seating  capacity  is  1,200,  and  the  congregation  is  the  leading  orthodox  Hebrew 


BERNARD'S  CMUHCM,  ROMAN   CATHOLIC,  332   WEST    14TH  STREET. 


TEMPLE  EMAMJ-EL,  HEBREW,  FIFTH  AVE,xU=  AND  430 


2o 


KING '  S  *  HA  NDB  00  K  OF  NEW  YORK. 


earlier  meet- 
1850 


body  in  the  city,  holding  conservatively  to  the  old  Mosaic  standards,  and  paying 
little  regard  to  the  changeful  spirit  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Dr.  Henry  S.  Jacobs 
is  the  Rabbi;  and  Rev.  Stephen  S.  Wise  the  junior  minister. 

The  Jews  were  early  settlers  in  Manhattan,  and  in  1695  there  were  twenty 
Hebrew  families  in  the  city  ;  but  their  petition  for  permission  to  establish  a  place  of 
worship  was  refused  by  the  Provincial  authorities.  A  Jewish  congregation  was 
formed  early  in  the  last  century,  and  in  1 729  the  first  synagogue  was  opened,  in 
Mill  Street,  near  Beaver.  The  Crosby-Street  Synagogue  was  a  spacious  and  elegant 
building.  With  the  rapid  increase  in  the  Jewish  population,  others  have  been 
erected,  and  there  are  now  47  synagogues  and  temples,  some  of  them  magnificent 
edifices,  and  many  charitable  institutions,  well-supported  by  the  Jewish  people. 

The  Temple  Emanu-El,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  East  43d  Street,  is  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  costly  synagogues  in  the  world.  The  congregation  was  formed 
in  1845,  as  a  reformed  Hebrew  society.  It  was  "a  day  of  t  small  things"  with 
the  infant  congregation  for  some  years,  and  the 
ings  were  held  in  the  Grand-Street  court-room, 
church  on  Chrystie  Street,  which  had  been  de- 
serted by  its  Christian  congregation,  was 
purchased  and  remodelled.  The  first 
Rabbi  was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Leon  Merz- 
bacher,  one  of  the  early  Jewish  re- 
formers. In  1856  the  Baptist 
church  on  East  12th  Street 
was  secured  for  the  con- 
grega  tion,  and  _^Jg 
here  they  re- 
mained until  1868, 
when  their  mod- 
ern magnificent 
temple  was  com- 
pleted, at  a  cost  of 
nearly  $600,000. 
Like  all  the  finer 
Jewish  syna- 
gogues of  the  city, 
it  is  Moorish  in 
design  and  deco- 
ration, with  twin 
towers  and  an  im- 
pressive front  on 

Fifth  Avenue.  The  auditorium  will  seat  nearly  2,000  people.  The  decorations  are 
of  the  most  elaborate  character,  conceived  and  carried  out  in  the  Moorish  manner, 
with  massive  columns  spanned  by  the  peculiar  Saracenic  arch,  a  lofty  clere-story, 
and  a  fine  pulpit  and  ark.  Leopold  Eidlitz  was  the  architect.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Samuel  Adler,  father  of  Felix  Adler,  was  long  the  Rabbi  of  the  congregation,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  liberal  in  the  city,  as  it  was  the  first  established  ;  and  it  is  now 
the  only  one  maintaining  regular  Sunday  services,  in  addition  to  the  usual  Saturday 
service.  Its  music  is  celebrated  for  stateliness  and  brilliancy,  and  very  effectively 
accompanies  the  impressive  ritual  of  the  ancient  Hebrew  Church.  The  present 
Rabbis  are  the  Rev.  Drs.  Gustav  Gottheil  and  Joseph  Silverman. 


111 


TEMPLE  BETI 


FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  76TH  STREET,  OPPOSITE 
CENTRAL  PARK. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


6HAARAI   TEPHILA  S' 


NAGOGUE,  HEBREv 
»tm  STREET. 


The  Temple  Beth-El,  at  Fifth 
Avenue  and  76th  Street,  is  one  of  the 
costliest  and  most  imposing  religious 
builaings  in  the  city.  It  is  constructed 
of  Indiana  limestone,  and  its  architec- 
tural features  show  a  blending  of  the 
Byzantine  and  Moorish  styles.  Its 
front  is  102  feet  long  on  Fifth  Avenue, 
and  it  extends  back  150  feet  on  76th 
Street.  The  land  and  building  cost 
$750,000.  The  main  entrance  takes 
the  form  of  a  massive  arch,  with  a 
screen  of  columns  and  small  arches, 
and  richly  foliated  bronze  gates.  The 
dome  is  enriched  with  lines  of  gilded 
ribbing.  The  main  audience-hall  has 
a  lofty  arched  ceiling  and  galleries 
surmounted  by  large  round  arches. 
Beneath  the  great  arch  at  the  eastern 
end  is  an  apsidal  recess,  containing 
the  organ-loft,  pulpit  and  shrine,  the 
latter  a  magnificent  structure  of  onyx 
columns  and  arches  with  capitals  of  gold,  all  richly  decorated.  The  Congregation 
Beth-El  was  formed  in  1874  by  the  union  of  the  Congregations  Anshi-Chesed  and 
Adas-Jeshurun,  the  former  being  the  first  German  Jewish  congregation  in  the 
country,  dating  back  to  1828.  The  Adas-Jeshurun  Congregation,  under  the  minis- 
try of  the  Rev.  Dr.  D.  Einhorn, 
became  the  leading  Jewish  re- 
formed synagogue,  and  when  the 
Beth-El  Congregation  was  formed, 
it  worshipped  in  the  Lexington- 
Avenue  synagogue  until  the 
Temple  Beth-El  was  completed 
in  1891.  Under  Dr.  Einhorn's 
successor,  the  Rev.  Dr.  K.  Koh- 
ler,  the  reforming  tendencies  of 
the  congregation  have  steadily 
strengthened,  and  it  is  now  the 
leading  exponent  of  modern  lib- 
eral Judaism. 

The  Shaarai  Tephila, 
"Gates  of  Prayer,"  at  127  West 
44th  Street,  was  erected  in  1865. 
It  is  a  magnificent  building  in  a 
modified  Moorish  style  of  archi- 
tecture, of  Newark  freestone,  with 
trimmings  of  Dorchester  stone. 
The    spacious   interior,  seating 

AHAVATH  CHESED  SYNAGOGUE,  HEBREW,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  1 '  2°°'  ^  ^Orated  in  COn- 

ano  east  64th  street.  trasting  colors.    Four  slender  iron 


+      . •     A   iii Alii 


404 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


columns  support  the  roof 
on  transverse  and  longi- 
tudinal arches,  and  all 
the  interior  fittings  are 
of  the  most  costly  charac- 
ter. Above  the  richly 
inlaid  and  carved  ark  or 
shrine  is  a  large  rose  win- 
dow. The  synagogue 
cost  $200,000.  The  con- 
gregation was  formed  in 
1845  members  of  the 
Elm-Street  Synagogue. 
The  Rabbi  is  the  Rev. 
Dr.  F.  de  Sola  Mendes. 

The  Rodoph  Sho- 
lom,  "Followers  of 
Peace.''  organized  in 
1842,  and  formerly  wor- 
shipping in  Clinton 
Street,  now  owns  the 
former  Beth-El  Syna- 
gogue, erected  in  1873 
at  a  cost  of  $250,000.  It 
stands  at  Lexington  Ave- 
nue and  63d 


SHEARITH 


ISRAEL.  HtBREW,  5  WEST  19TH  STREET 
NEAR  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


Street,  and  i, 
a  lofty  stom 
building 


in  the  Spanish-Moresque  style.  The  interior  is  elaborately  deco- 
rated in  the  Oriental  manner  prevailing  among  the  Jewish  syna- 
gogues. The  congregation  is  large  and  influential.  The  Rabbi  is 
the  Rev.  Aaron  Wise. 

The  Ahavath  Chesed,  "Neighborly  Love 
founded  in  1850  by  some  of  the  moderate  reform 
Hebrews.     For  some  years  it  occupied  a  former 
Christian  church  on  Avenue  C.     The  stately 
synagogue,  at  652  Lexington  Avenue,  was  erected 
in  1872.    It  is  built  of  stone,  in  the  Moorish  style, 
and  the  front  has  five  elevations ;  a 
central  one  for  the  main  entrance,  with 
a  tower  and  a  stairway  wing  on  each 
side.    The  towers  are  122  feet  high, 
square  at  the  base,  changing  to  octagons 
near  the  top,  and  crowned  by  gilded 
metal   cupolas.     The  interior  is  very 
beautiful,   with    arabesque  decorations 
and  graceful  Moorish  arches  and  tall 
pillars.     The  Rabbi  is  the  Rev.  Alex- 
ander Kohut. 


CONGREGATION  ?ICHRON   EPHRAIW,  HEBREW,  EAST 
67TH  STREET,  NEAR  THIRD  AVENUE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


4°5 


The  Temple  Shearith  Israel,  in  West  19th  Street,  close  to  Fifth  Avenue,  is 
one  of  those  structures  of  unfamiliar  appearance  which  makes  New  York  cosmopoli- 
tan in  architecture.  The  front  presents  the  appearance  of  two  very  high  stories, 
each  with  its  capital  supported  by  double  columns.  The  entrance  is  broad  and 
high,  and  the  windows  are  capped  with  semi-circular  arches.  The  temple  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  Moorish  dome,  which  is  prominent  for  a  considerable  distance. 
The  Temple  Shearith  Israel  looms  high  over  the  houses  of  West  19th  Street,  with 
its  classic  front  and  ponderous  dome. 

The  congregation,  which  is  of  the  orthodox  type,  and  is  composed  mainly  of 
English-speaking  Hebrews,  is  in  a  sense  an  offshoot  from  a  very  old  Portuguese  con- 
gregation of  Newport,    j  ;  — 1 

R.  L,  and  as  such  it  '  * 
claims  to  be  the  oldest 
Jewish  congregation 
now  existing  in  New 
York.  Rev.  H.  Pereira 
Mendes  is  the  Rabbi, 
and  Rev.  Abraham  H. 
Niets  assistant. 

The  Sichron 
Ephraim  synagogue, 
on  East  67th  Street, 
near  Third  Avenue,  is 
a  handsome  piece  of 
Saracenic  architecture, 
with  a  North-African 
sentiment  in  its  tall  and 
unique  tower  and  the 
arcades  along  its  front. 

The  synagogue  was 
built  in  1890,  by  Jonas 
Weil,  a  wealthy  He- 
brew, and  a  new  con- 
gregation was  organ- 
ized from  the  orthodox 
Hebrews  residing  in  the 
vicinity.  A  portion  of 
the  work  of  the  organi- 
zation is  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  religious  school,  which  holds  sessions  on  Tuesday  and  Thursday  after- 
noons and  Sunday  forenoons.     Rev.  Dr.  Bernard  Drachman  is  the  Rabbi. 

The  Beth  Israel  Bikur  Cholim  synagogue,  in  a  fine  neighborhood,  at 
Lexington  Avenue  and  72d  Street,  is  a  spacious  and  commodious  temple,  with  a 
rich  and  vivid  interior.  The  society  was  formed  in  1S59,  by  the  union  of  the  Con- 
gregation Beth  Israel  and  the  Society  Bikur  Cholim  ;  and  worshipped  in  White 
Street  and  then  in  Chrystie  Street  until  1887,  when  it  joined  the  great  up-town 
movement  of  the  churches.  It  is  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  orthodox  Jewish  con- 
gregations.   The  Rabbi  is  Herman  Lustig. 

Other  forms  of  worship  abound  in  the  great  metropolis,  in  many  sects,  and 
with  hundreds  of  societies,  conclaves,  missions  and  chapels.    There  are  Christian 


ISRAEL  BIKUR  CHOLIM,  HEBREW,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND 
EAST  720  STREET. 


406 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Israelites,  Reformed  Catholics,  German  Evangelicals,  True  Dutch  Reformed, 
Christian  Scientists,  and  many  others. 

The  Greek  Church  holds  its  services  at  340  West  53d  Street,  for  the  members 
of  the  lar^e  Greek  colony.    The  Rev.  Paisius  Ferendinos  is  archimandrite. 

The  First  Society  of  Spiritualists,  the  only  organized  Spiritualistic  society 
in  the  city,  holds  weekly  meetings  in  Music  Hall,  on  West  57th  Street.  "  Seances" 
and  meetings  of  the  Spiritualists  are  also  held  in  private  houses. 

.Mahommedanism  is  being  preached  to  the  New-Yorkers  by  Mohammed  Webb, 
a  native  of  this  city,  and  longtime  a  consul  in  the  East  Indies.  He  is  supplied  with 
large  funds,  by  wealthy  Moslems  of  Bombay  and  Allahabad,  and  lectures  and  dis- 
tributes Mohammedan  literature. 

The  Chinese  Joss  House  occupies  the  upper  floor  of  a  building  at  10  Mott 
Street.  It  is  a  small  room  containing  the  shrine,  before  which  lights  are  kept  con- 
stantly burning.    The  shrine  is  a  magnificent  specimen  of  Chinese  carved  work. 

Religious  Societies  and  Associations,  devoted  to  the  advancement  of  the 
cause  of  religion,  in  charities,  preaching,  literature,  and  many  other  ways,  abound 

throughout  this  great  city. 

The  magnificent  system  of 
the  Catholic  hierarchy  is  ex- 
emplified here  in  a  perfect 
manner,  and  all  the  vast  in- 
terests connected  with  the 
Papal  Church  are  governed 
with  the  precision  and  se- 
curity of  an  ancient  province 
of  Rome. 

The  Church  Missions' 
House,  at  Fourth  Avenue 
and  East  27th  Street,  is  one 
of  the  noblest  of  the  new 
buildings  of  the  year  1893. 
The  architects  are  R.  W. 
Gibson  and  Edward  J.  N. 
Stent,  and  the  style  is  a  very 
rich  and  unusual  variety  of 
the  Flemish,  with  clustered 
columns,  pinnacles  and  stat- 
ues. The  lower  part  is  of 
rock-faced  granite,  and  the 
rest  of  the  building  of  In- 
diana limestone,  with  a  steel 
frame.  The  land  and  struc- 
ture cost  $420,000.  Its  central  gable  is  crowned  by  a  statue  ot  Faith.  This  edifice 
is  not  a  diocesan  affair,  but  pertains  to  the  whole  American  Church,  by  whose  free- 
will offerings  it  was  erected.  Here  are  to  be  the  headquarters  of  the  Domestic  and 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  and  other  great  Episcopal  associations. 

The  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America,  at  22  Bible  House,  was 
founded  in  1820  and  incorporated  in  1846.  It  supports  21  bishops  and  gives 
stipends  to  1,200  missionaries  ;  and  has  missions,  orphanages,  hospitals,  schools  and 


CHINESE  JOSS  HOUSE,  18  MOTT  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


colleges  in  Africa,  China,  Japan,  Greece  and  Hayti ;  also  among  the  negroes  and 
Indians.  It  supports  many  lay-readers  and  women-workers.  This  society  is  the 
established  agency  of  the  entire  Ameriean  Episcopal  Church,  and  is  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  General  Convention.    It  disburses  $600,000  yearly. 

The  Diocesan  House,  29  Lafayette  Place,  was  opened  in  1888,  as  a  See 
House  for  the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  New  York.  The  house  originally 
belonged  to  Miss  Catherine  L.  Wolfe,  the  munificent  benefactor  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum  of  Art  and  of  Grace  Church  ;  and  was  given  by  her  for  its  present 
purpose.  Extensive  alterations  were  made  in  the  original  building,  and  the 
Diocesan  House  is  now  an  ecclesiastical-looking  edifice,  conveniently  arranged  for 
the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended,  containing  the  offices  of  the  Bishop  of  the 
Diocese,  Arch-deacon  of  New  York,  Presiding  Bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
Standing  Committee  of  the  Diocese,  Secretary  of  the  House  of  Bishops,  a  large 
reception-room,  a  reading-room,  sleeping-rooms  for  the  members  of  the  Clergy 
Club,  and  a  large  hall,  called  Ho- 
bart  Hall,  in  memory  of  the  great 
bishop  of  that  name,  in  which  is 
kept  the  Diocesan  library. 

The  New-York  Protestant 
Episcopal  City  Mission  Socie- 
ty was  founded  in  1830,  and  char- 
tered in  1S33  "to  preach  the  Gospel 
to  the  poor,  and  to  relieve  the  un- 
fortunate." Acting  under  its  char- 
ter, the  society  led  the  way  in  the 
establishment  of  free  churches  for 
the  middle  and  poorer  classes  of 
the  city  population.  Later,  when 
this  need  no  longer  existed,  it  in- 
augurated a  mission  work  among 
the  public  institutions  of  the  city 
and  adjacent  islands,  and  out  of 
this  work  have  grown  many  of  the 
best  benevolent  institutions  of  the 
city,  such  as  the  House  of  Mercy ; 
St.  Barnabas'  House  ;  the  Mid. 
night  Mission  ;  the  New- York  In- 
fant Asylum  ;  the  Sheltering  Arms  ; 
the  House  of  Rest  for  Consump- 
tives ;  and  many  others.  The  so- 
ciety now  employs  eleven  clergymen,  two  lay-readers,  and  women  visitors  in  its  work 
at  its  mission  stations,  the  city  jails,  hospitals  and  courts.  The  missions  of  the 
society  are  St.  Ambrose  Chapel,  on  Thompson  Street ;  the  Rescue  Mission,  on  Mott 
Street ;  St.  Barnabas'  Chapel,  mission-house  and  schools,  on  Mulberry  Street  ;  and 
three  chapels.  The  yearly  expenditure  is  about  $50,000.  The  Mission-House  is 
at  38  Bleecker  Street,  where  there  is  a  free  reading-room  for  males. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  Missionary  Society  for  Seamen 
in  the  City  and  Port  of  New  York,  at  77  Houston  Street,  was  founded  in  184 1.  It 
supports  three  chapels,  as  many  reading-rooms,  and  a  sailors'  heme.  Every  Episco- 
pal Church  in  the  city  is  required  to  make  a  yearly  contribution  for  this  society. 


CHURCH  MISSION  HOUSE,  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL,  FOURTH 
AVENUE  AND  220  STREET. 


4o8  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Presbyterian  House,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  12th  Street,  was  the  former 

residence  of  the  Lenox  family,  and  the  scene  of  many  notable  events  in  the  social 
history  of  the  city.  This  stately  old  mansion  now  contains  the  Home  and  Foreign 
Mission  Board  rooms,  the  Board  of  Church  Erection,  the  Woman's  Boards,  and 
other  great  Presbyterian  societies.     It  was  virtually  a  gift  from  the  Lenox  family. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  at  the 
Presbyterian  House,  53  Fifth  Avenue,  was  established  in  1834,  and  received  its 
charter  in  1862.  The  Foreign  Board  sustains  missions  in  China,  India,  Siam, 
Japan,  Korea,  Africa,  Central  America,  Brazil,  Chile,  Columbia,  Mexico,  Syria, 
Persia,  and  among  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  in  the  United  States,  expending 

$1,000,000  yearly. 

The  Board  of  Home  Mis- 
sions of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  U.  S.  A.,  began  its  work 
in  1802,  and  received  its  present 
charter  in  1872.  It  employs  about 
2, 100  missionaries  and  teachers,  in 
nearly  every  State  and  territory  of 
the  Union,  including  Alaska, 
maintaining  missions  among  for- 
eign populations,  Indians,  Mexi- 
cans, Mormons,  Alaskans  and 
mountain-whites.  Its  yearly  ap- 
propriations are  $950,000. 

The  Methodist  Mission 
House  is  a  noble  stone  and  brick 
building,  eight  stories  high,  erected 
in  1889,  at  a  cost  °f  $1,000,000. 
It  contains  the  offices  and  sales- 
room of  the  Publishing  Agents,  the 
press-rooms,  composing-rooms  and 
bindery,  where  thousands  of  books 
and  pamphlets  are  manufactured 
yearly;  the  offices  of  the  mission- 
ary society  ;  a  large  chapel ;  the 
library ;  Board-room ;  Bishop's 
room  ;  and  a  number  of  private  offices.    A  picture  will  be  found  in  another  chapter. 

The  Methodist  Book  Concern,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  20th  Street,  is  the 
eldest  auxiliary  of  American  Methodism.  It  was  established  in  1779,  when  the  Rev. 
John  Dickins  was  appointed  book  steward,  and  began  publishing  books  for  the 
Methodist  Church,  with  a  borrowed  capital  of  $600.  The  first  New- York  office  of 
the  Concern  was  in  Church  Street.  Later  the  business  was  transferred  to  Mulberry 
Street  ;  still  later  to  Broadway  and  nth  Street ;  and  then  to  Fifth  Avenue  and  20th 
Street.  The  profits  of  the  Concern  are  used  for  the  support  of  old  and  disabled 
ministers,  widows  and  orphans,  and  during  the  century  of  its  existence  it  has  paid 
the  Methodist  Church  for  these  purposes  more  than  $1,500,000. 

The  New-York  City  Church  Extension  and  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  was  chartered  in  1866  to  plant  and  support  Sunday- 
schools,  churches  and  missions  in  the  city  of  New  York.  It  extends  financial  aid  to 
23  churches  and  missions,  at  an  annual  expense  of  $40,000. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


409 


The  Reformed  Church  Building,  at  25  East  22d  Street,  contains  the  Boards 
of  Domestic  Missions,  of  Foreign  Missions,  of  Publication,  of  Education,  and  the 
Women's  Committees  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Missions.  Here  also  is  a  large 
assembly-room  for  the  special  use  of  the  clergy. 

The  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America, 
at  25  East  22d  Street,  was  formed  in  1832  to  promote  the  extension  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  Church  in  America.  At  present  the  Board  aids  115  missionary  pastors,  and 
supplies  ministers  to  170  churches  and  missions,  at  a  yearly  expense  of  $65,000. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America, 
at  25  East  22d  Street,  was  organized  in  1S37.  It  has  missions  in  China,  India  and 
Japan,  where  it  maintains  66  missionaries  and  325  native  assistants.  About  %\  10,000 
are  disbursed  yearly. 

The  New-York  City  Baptist  Mission  Society,  in  the  United  Charities 
Building,  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  Street,  was  founded  in  1870,  and  re-organized 


PRESBYTERIAN  HOUSE,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  EAST  12th  STREET. 


in  1 89 1,  to  sustain  missions  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  ;  to  establish  new  churches 
in  the  upper  part  ;  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the  foreign  populations  ;  to  circulate 
religious  and  denominational  literature  ;  to  promote  Baptist  educational  work  ;  to 
provide  for  the  training  of  Sunday-school  teachers,  and  other  Christian  workers  ; 
and  to  conduct  various  charities  in  connection  with  churches  and  missions. 

The  Bible  House,  owned  by  the  American  Bible  Society,  is  a  great  brick 
edifice  covering  the  whole  block  bounded  by  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues  and  Astor 
Place  and  Ninth  Street.  It  is  six  stories  high  and  has  an  open  court  in  the  centre. 
The  original  cost  of  the  property  was  about  $300,000,  provided  for  by  special  con- 
tributions, so  that  not  a  dollar  of  the  ordinary  benevolent  contributions  to  the  society 
was  used  in  the  purchase  of  the  lot  or  the  erection  of  the  building.  It  contains  the 
offices,  library,  and  publishing  departments  of  the  society,  and  is  the  local  head- 
quarters of  the  following  societies  :    American  Sunday-School  Union  ;  American 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Home-Missionary  Society ;  Congregational  Church  Building  Society ;  American 
Missionary  Association  ;  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions ; 
Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  ; 
American  Church  Building  Fund  Commission  ;  New- York  Sabbath  Committee  ; 
New- York  Bible  Society  ;  Christian  Aid  to  Employment  Society  ;  National  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  ;  Women's  Union  Missionary  Society ;  Willard  Tract 
Repository  ;  the  Christian  Herald,  and  a  number  of  other  religious  publications. 

The  American  Bible  Society  was  organized  in  the  City  of  New  York  in 
May,  1816,  by  delegates  from  35  local  Bible  societies  which  had  been  previously 
formed  in  various  portions  of  the  United  States.  Its  constitution  declares  that  its 
sole  object  is  to  encourage  a  wider  circulation  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  without  note 
or  comment.  Its  field  is  the  world.  Its  founders  expressed  the  purpose  to  extend 
its  operations  to  other  countries,  whether  Christian,  Mohammedan  or  Pagan.  It  is 
an  unsectarian  institution.  Its  36  elected  managers  are  identified  with  various 
branches  of  the  Christian  Church,  while  its  affairs  are  conducted  without  denomi- 
national bias  or  control.  It  is  also  a  benevolent  institution.  Its  founders  and  their 
successors  have  always  aimed  by  all  wise  methods  to  place  the  Holy  Scriptures 
within  the  reach  of  all.  Its  publications  are  in  no  case  sold  at  a  profit.  Those  who 
can  may  buy  them  at  the  mere  cost  of  manufacture,  while  those  who  cannot  are 
supplied  without  price.  The  total  receipts  of  the  Society  to  March  31,  1893,  were 
$26,546,248,  but  over  eleven  millions  of  this  amount  were  received  in  payment  of 
books  sold  at  cost  or  less  than  cost.  This  aggregate  also  includes  over  $4,500,000 
received  from  legacies.  The  Society  has  "aided  in  the  translation,  printing  or  distri- 
bution of  the  Scriptures  in  95  languages  and  dialects.  The  total  number  of  volumes 
issued  to  April,  1893,  was  56,926,771.  The  issues  of  the  past  five  years  are  equal  to 
those  of  the  first  forty  years  of  the  Society's  operations.  The  Society  has  four  times 
conducted  a  general  Bible  supply  of  the  United  States.  The  entire  distribution  of 
the  Scriptures  in  the  fourth  re-supply  was  8, 146, 808  volumes,  in  27  different  languages. 
Besides  these  special  efforts  the  Society  has  constantly  supplied  the  Scriptures  to 
seamen,  the  immigrants,  the  freedmen,  the  soldiers,  the  inmates  of  humane  and 
criminal  institutions,  and  to  mission  churches  and  Sabbath -schools.  The  foreign 
work  is  conducted  directly  by  its  own  agents  and  colporteurs,  and  indirectly  through 
the  foreign  missionary  societies  of  the  various  Christian  denominations  in  the  United 
States,  or  through  the  Bible  societies  established  in  other  lands.  There  are  six 
special  agencies  on  the  Western  Continent  —  LaPlata,  Peru,  Yenezuela,  Brazil, 
Mexico  and  Cuba.  During  the  ten  years  ending  March  31,  1893,  538,237  volumes 
were  sent  from  the  Bible  House  to  Latin  America,  including  Cuba.  There  are 
five  special  agencies  on  the  Eastern  Continents,  —  the  Levant,  Persia,  China,  Siam, 
and  Japan  and  Korea.  The  Scriptures  are  circulated  in  the  Levant  Agency  in  about 
thirty  languages,  and  the  total  issues  for  35  years  to  December  31,  1892,  amount  to 
1,306,814  copies.  Over  2,500,000  copies  have  been  circulated  in  China  since  1876. 
The  Society's  work  is  helped  by  buying  and  circulating  its  publications  ;  by  com- 
mending the  Scriptures  to  others  ;  by  cooperating  with  the  auxiliary  Bible  societies  ; 
by  donations  to  the  Society  for  its  benevolent  work.  During  the  77  years  of  the 
Society's  history  eleven  persons  have  held  the  office  of  president  —  the  first  being  the 
Hon.  Elias  Boudinot,  LL.  D.,  and  the  present  being  the  Hon.  Enoch  L.  Fancher, 
LL.D.  The  Rev.  Edward  W.  Gilman,  D.D.  ;  Alexander  McLean,  D.D.  ;  and 
Albert  S.  Hunt,  D.  D.,  are  the  corresponding  secretaries.  William  Foulke  is  treas- 
urer, and  Caleb  T.  Rowe  is  general  agent.  The  noble  work  of  the  American  Bible 
Society  has  helped  to  shed  God's  light  on  all  lands,  heathen  or  Christian. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


411 


412 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  New-York  Bible  Society  was  organized  in  1823,  and  incorporated  in 

1866,  as  an  auxiliary  of  the  American  Bible  Society,  to  distribute  copies  of  the 
Bible  in  the  city  and  harbor  of  New  York,  and  to  raise  funds  in  aid  of  the 
former  society.  Its  office  is  in  the  Bible  House.  During  1891  it  distributed  nearly 
100,000  copies  of  the  Bible. 

The  New-York  Sabbath  Committee,  31  Bible  House,  was  formed  in  1857, 
by  prominent  laymen  of  different  denominations,  to  protect  and  promote  the  observ- 
ance of  Sunday,  by  securing  and  enforcing  just  and  wise  Sunday  laws,  and  by  cul- 
tivating a  sound  public  sentiment  by  documents,  addresses  and  the  press.  The  com- 
mittee was  incorporated  in  1884.  It  has  exerted  a  wide  influence  over  our  land,  and 
a  number  of  its  documents  have  been  reprinted  in  Europe. 

The  New-York  City  Mission  and  Tract  Society,  in  the  United  Chari- 
ties Building,  was  established  in  1827  and  incorporated  in  1866.    It  is  the  leading 


FUUIII  A.lNUt  P«ES8YTEB|AN  CHURCH.  ASSOCIATION   HAIL.  2  3  D  STREET. 


YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION,  230  STREET  AND  FOURTH  AVENUE. 

city  missionary  society,  and  its  field  of  work  is  New  York  below  14th  Street.  It 
sustains  six  mission  stations,  five  Sunday-schools  and  sixty  missionaries,  at  a  yearly 
expense  of  $70,000.     It  is  entirely  undenominational. 

The  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  at  34  Bible  House,  was  organized 
in  1826  and  incorporated  in  1871,  "to  assist  congregations  unable  to  support  the 
Gospel  ministry,  and  to  send  the  Gospel  and  the  means  of  Christian  education  to 
the  destitute  within  the  United  States."  It  is  the  home  missionary  society  of  Con- 
gregationalism, and  now  employs  2,000  missionaries,  expending  yearly  not  far  from 
$700,000  in  its  religious  and  educational  work. 

The  American  Tract  Society,  at  150  Nassau  Street,  was  organized  in  1825 
for  the  publication  and  circulation  of  religious  literature.    It  is  undenominational, 


414 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


kRLEM  BRANCH,  YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTI 
ASSOCIATION,  5  WEST  125th  STREET. 


and  has  issued  more  than  8,000  distinct  publica- 
tions, books,  tracts,  wall-rolls,  etc.,  including 
supplies  for  immigrants  in  many  languages.  The 
work  is  carried  on  largely  through  colporteurs, 
of  whom  there  are  now  174  working  in  different 
States.  It  has  published  thousands  of  books 
and  tracts  at  foreign  mission-stations.  The 
society  expends  over  $300,000  yearly. 

The  American  Seamen's  Friend  So- 
ciety was  established  in  1828  to  promote  the 
spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  seamen.  It 
supports  missionaries  and  homes  in  numerous 
home  and  foreign  ports,  and  provides  loan 
libraries  for  ships,  besides  rendering  aid  to  suf- 
fering and  needy  seamen.  Its  annual  expendi- 
tures are  about  $40,000  ;  and  it  has  an  office  at 
76  Wall  Street. 

The  Society  for  Promoting  the  Gospel 
Among  Seamen  in  the  Port  of  New  York 
is  better  known  as  the  New- York  Port  Society. 
It  was  founded  in  181 8,  and  its  headquarters 
are  at  46  Catharine  Street,  where  it  maintains  the  Mariner's  Church,  a  library  and  a 
reading-room  at  a  yearly  cost  of  $16,000. 

The  Salvation  Army  has  been  working  here  for  nearly  ten  years,  and  now  has 

500  officers  and  soldiers  in  the  city. 
The  National  headquarters  of  the 
Army  are  at  in  Reade  Street. 
There  are  large  "  barracks  "  where 
nightly  and  Sunday  meetings  are 
held,  at  122  West  14th  Street,  14 
Fourth  Avenue,  39th  Street  and 
Sixth  Avenue,  232  East  125th 
Street,  West  nth  and  Bleecker 
Streets,  153  East  72d  Street,  and 
340  East  8th  Street.  There  is  a 
large  Food  and  Shelter  Depot,  and 
three  Slum  Posts,  a  Slum  Creche, 
and  a  Rescue  Home  for  fallen 
women.  The  Army  is  doing  ener- 
getic and  blessed  work  in  its  hearty 
fashion  among  classes  of  people 
who  most  need  help. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  was  organized  in 
1852,  for  the  mental,  social,  physi- 
cal, and  spiritual  improvement  of 
young  men.  The  main  Association 
Building,  at  Fourth  Avenue  and 
East  23d  Street,  is  a  large  stone 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


415 


6500,000.  It  con- 
tains reception- 
room,  parlors,  read- 
ing-room, a  lecture 
and  concert  hall, 
seating  1,300  peo- 
ple, a  smaller  lec- 
ture-room, numer- 
ous class-rooms,  a 
library  of  42,000 
volumes,  a  gym- 
nasium, bowling- 
alleys  and  baths. 
To  aid  in  its  work 
among  the  young 
men  of  the  city,  the 
Association  has  es- 

GERMAN  BRANCH,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  140  AND  142  SECOND  AVENUE,  NEAR  9th  STREET.  tablished  fourteen 

branches  in  different  sections,  and  employs  the  endeavors  of  8 1  young  men  in  super- 
intending its  work.  Seven  fully  equipped  gymnasiums,  in  charge  of  competent  men, 
afford  facilities  for  physical  culture.  The  well-stocked  libraries,  containing  over 
60,000  volumes  ;  the  various  reading-rooms,  where  more  than  1,000  newspapers, 
magazines  and  reviews  are  kept  on  file  ;  and  the  class-room  instruction  in  23  differ- 
ent lines  of  practical  study,  provide  mental  food  for  the  studious-minded.  Frequent 
religious  meetings,  Bible-classes,  and  public  addresses  minister  to  the  spiritual  needs 
of  the  members  and  their  friends  ;  while  the  social  element  is  fostered  by  frequent 
entertainments,  lectures  and  receptions.  The  total  membership  of  the  various 
branches  is  7,200,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  for  1892  was  nearly  4,000.  A 
prominent  feature'  of  the  Association  work  is  aiding  deserving  young  men  to  obtain 
situations  ;  and  recently  a  Students'  Movement  has  been  organized,  to  maintain 
religious  meetings  and  Bible-classes  in  the  colleges  in  the  city.  The  general  offices 
of  the  Association  are  at  40  East  23d  Street,  just  west  of  the  main  Association 
Building,  which  is  now  designated  as  the  23d-Street  branch.  It  was  made  a  branch 
in  1887,  and  is  the  centre  of 
local  Association  work,  and 
of  many  kindly  and  civilizing 
influences. 

The  Bowery  Branch,  1 53 
Bowery,  was  organized  in 
1872,  to  aid  young  men  out 
of  employment  and  in  tem- 
porary destitution,  with  free 
meals  and  beds. 

The  Harlem  Branch, 
formed  in  1868,  has  an  at- 
tractive building,  at  5  West 
125th  Street,  containing  a 
reading-room,  parlor,  library, 
gymnasium,  entertainment 
hall  and  class-rooms. 


4i6 


KING'S  HAND BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  East  86th-Street  Branch  was  organized  in  1884,  and  occupies  two  buildings 
at  153  and  155  East  86th  Street,  with  a  well-equipped  gymnasium,  bowling  alleys, 
lecture-hall  and  bath-rooms.  The  buildings  also  contain  a  reading-room,  library, 
parlor,  reception-room,  bicycle  room  and  junior  department  rooms. 

The  Young  Men's  Institute,  at  222  Bowery,  is  a  branch  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  and  was  built  in  1885,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  The  building  is  in 
the  style  of  the  English  Renaissance,  with  a  frontage  of  50  feet  on  the  Bowery,  and 
a  depth  of  96  feet.  The  first  story  is  trimmed  with  Nova-Scotia  sandstone,  and 
special  prominence  is  given  to  the  entrance  vestibule.  An  impression  of  height  is 
conveyed  by  the  gables  and  the  mansard  roof,  on  which  has  been  constructed  a 
flooring  for  summer-evening  meetings  and  entertainments.  There  are  six  stories  in 
the  front  and  two  in  the  rear,  and  the  interior  is  conveniently  divided.  On  the 
ground  floor,  at  the  right  of  the  spacious  vestibule  of  tiled  brick  and  oak,  is  the 
large  reception-room,  attractively  finished  and  furnished,  with  a  wide-mouthed  fire- 
place and  cushioned-seats.    A  well-equipped  gymnasium  is  in  the  rear  of  the 

reception-room ;  and  be- 
neath are  the  bowling- 
alleys,  locker-rooms,  and 
baths.  The  second  story 
contains  a  large  reading- 
room  and  the  library, 
finished  in  mahogany,  a  lec- 
ture-hall, and  other  rooms. 
On  the  third  story  are  sev- 
eral large  class  and  com- 
mittee rooms,  finished  in 
cherry,  and  connected  with 
each  other  by  sliding  doors. 
Several  large  class-rooms 
and  the  secretary's  private 
room  occupy  the  fourth 
story,  and  on  the  fifth  floor 
there  are  private  bath- 
rooms, a  large  class-room 
and  the  janitor's  apart- 
ments. The  object  of  the 
Institute  is  to  provide  for 
the  physical,  intellectual 
and  spiritual  welfare  of 
sTiAN* association,  7  east  isth  street,  the  young  men  living  in 
near  fifth  avenue.  its  vicinity.     Its  member- 

ship is  over  600,  with  an  average  daily  attendance  of  200.  There  are  classes  in 
technical  studies ;  and  summer  outings. 

The  German  Branch,  on  Second  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1881  for  work  among 
the  East-Side  Germans,  by  whom  it  is  greatly  appreciated. 

The  French  Branch,  at  114  West  21st,  was  formed  in  1889;  and  it  offers  the 
attractions  of  a  reading-room,  library,  gymnasium,  restaurant,  employment  bureau 
and  parlor  to  the  great  numbers  of  French-speaking  young  men  in  its  vicinity. 

The  Washington- Heights  Branch,  on  155th  Street,  near  the  Boulevard,  fur- 
nishes a  reading-room,  library,  parlors,  gymnasium  and  bowling-alley. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


417 


The  Railroad  Branch  was  organized  in  1S75,  anc*  occupies  the  beautiful  and 
elegantly  equipped  Railroad  Men's  Building,  erected  for  it  in  1887  by  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt,  at  a  cost  of  875,000.  The  building  is  on  Madison  Avenue  and 
45th  Street.  It  is  unique  in  many  respects,  and  is  the  outgrowth  of  Mr.  Vander- 
bilt's  desire  to  provide  the  employees  of  the  railroads  which  enter  the  Grand  Central 
station  with  a  modern  club-house,  suited  to  their  needs.  It  contains  a  reading- 
room,  a  library  of  7,000  volumes,  social  rooms,  a  gymnasium,  bowling-alleys, 
sleeping-rooms,  and  a  lunch-room. 

The  \Vest-72d-Street  Branch  was  organized  in  1 889,  and  provides  a  reading- 
room,  library,  sleeping-rooms  and  lunch-room  at  the  round-house  of  the  New- York 
Central  &  Hudson-River 
Railroad. 

The  Association  Boat 
House  is  on  the  Harlem 
River ;  and  the  athletic 
grounds  are  at  Mott  Haven. 

The  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association 
was  founded  in  1870,  and  in- 
corporated in  1873,  to  aid 
self-supporting  young  women 
by  providing  special  training 
in  such  industries  as  are 
adapted  to  them  ;  to  assist 
them  to  obtain  employment; 
and  to  provide  opportunities 
for  self-culture.  The  build- 
ing of  the  Association  is  at 
7  East  15th  Street,  and  con- 
tains a  library  of  20,000 
volumes,  a  reading-room, 
and  numerous  class-rooms.^ 
A  Bible-class  and  social 
meetings  are  features  of  the 
work  ;  and  there  is  an  em- 
ployment bureau,  a  board 
directory,  and  free  classes  in 
type- writing,  stenography, 
physical  culture,needle-work 
and  art,  and  a  salesroom  for 
the  work  of  consignors.  The  Association  conducts  a  seaside  cottage.  There  is  a 
branch  at  1509  Broadway,  with  classes  in  cooking,  millinery  and  physical  culture. 

The  Margaret  Louisa  Home  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
is  at  14  and  16  East  16th  Street,  communicating  with  the  main  building  of  the  As- 
sociation. It  is  a  beautiful  six-story  structure,  designed  by  R.  H.  Robertson,  in  the 
Romanesque  style,  fire-proof,  and  everywhere  abounding  in  light  and  air.  The 
main  floor  has  the  parlors,  offices  and  restaurant ;  and  four  floors  above  are  occupied 
by  78  chambers,  with  104  beds.  This  institution  is  for  Protestant  self-supporting 
women,  with  references,  as  a  safe  and  very  comfortable  temporary  home,  at  mod- 
erate rates  of  board.  The  building  was  erected  (at  a  cost  exceeding  $200,000; 
27 


apprentices'  Library. 

MARGARET  LOUISA  HOME  OF  THE 


EAST  16th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


and  presented  to  the  Association  by  Mrs.  Elliott  F.  Shepard,  the  oldest  daughter  of 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt.  At  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  in  December,  1889,  the 
services  were  conducted  by  the  Rev.  Drs.  John  Hall  and  W.  R.  Huntington,  and 
Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew.    The  home  was  opened  to  the. public  January  19,  1891. 

The  Hebrew  Institute,  dedicated  in  1 891,  at  East  Broadway  and  Jefferson 
Street,  is  a  noble  fire-proof  building,  87  by  92  feet,  and  five  stories  high.  The 
lower  part  is  occupied  by  an  entertainment  and  lecture  hall,  seating  7 10  persons  ;  the 
first  floor,  by  kindergarten  and  industrial-school  rooms  ;  the  second  and  third  floors, 
by  ten  class-rooms,  and  the  Aguilar  Free  Library  and  Y.  M.  H.  A.  reading-room  ; 
the  top  floor,  by  a  gymnasium,  lockers  and  baths,  a  cooking-room  and  the  manual 
training  workshop;  and  the  paved  roof  by  a  summer-garden. 

The  Young  Men's  Hebrew  Association  was  founded  in  1873  to  advance 


and  their  friends.  During  the  summer  of  1 89 1  the  association  opened  a  summer- 
home  for  working  girls  at  Sea  Cliff,  Long  Island,  at  nominal  rates. 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  enormous  continual  outlay  of  money,  talent  and  toil 
in  the  behalf  of  religious  work  on  Manhattan  Island,  and  especially  among  the  poor 
and  degraded  classes,  who  stand  most  in  need  of  elevation  and  up-building.  Cer- 
tainly the  religious  people  of  the  city  do  not  withhold  from  giving  most  liberally,  not 
only  of  their  funds,  but  also  (and  of  greater  importance)  of  their  own  individual  and 
personal  efforts.  The  splendid  churches  from  the  Battery  to  Harlem  River  have  all 
been  erected  by  voluntary  contributions,  and  the  immense  cost  of  their  maintenance 
is  similarly  borne.  In  like  manner,  continuous  streams  of  money  are  flowing 
through  the  treasuries  of  the  great  missionary  and  philanthropic  societies,  to  do 
good  all  over  the  wide  world.  However  sordid  some  aspects  of  New  York  may 
appear,  it  has  much  of  the  heroic,  the  beautiful  and  the  noble.  This,  however,  is 
not  much  in  evidence,  in  obedience  to  the  injunction  of  the  Divine  Teacher,  and  its 
benevolent  activities  are  conducted  quietly,  in  the  secret  shadow  of  humility. 


the  moral,  social,  intellectual 
and  religious  welfare  of  He- 
brew young  men.  It  adopts 
the  general  methods  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, and  occupies  the 
building  at  721  Lexington 
Avenue,  with  a  branch  at 
East  Broadway  and  Jefferson 
Street. 


EAST   BROADWAY  AND  JEFFERSON  STREET. 


The  Young  Women's 
Hebrew  Association,  at 

721  Lexington  Avenue,  and 
at  the  Hebrew  Institute,  cor- 
ner of  Jefferson  Street  and 
East  Broadway,  was  founded 
in  1888.  The  rooms  are 
open  for  conversation,  games 
and  dancing  for  members,  as 
well  as  for  instruction.  En- 
tertainments of  a  musical  and 
literary  character  are  fre- 
quently given  for  members 


Institutions  and  Associations  for  the  Poor  and  Unfortunate — 
Homes,  Asylums,  and  Temporary  Relief. 


THE  many  public  and  private  organized  charities  of  the  city  are  bewildering  in 
their  variety  and  all-comprehensive  in  their  work.  The  useful  New-  York 
Charities  Directory,  published  yearly  by  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  summa- 
rizes the  benevolent  resources  of  the  city  as  follows  :  Public  charities,  28  ;  for  tem- 
porary relief,  83  ;  for  special  relief,  51  ;  for  foreigners'  relief,  26  ;  for  permanent 
relief,  67  ;  for  medical  relief,  101  ;  for  defectives,  16  ;  reformatory,  16  ;  miscellane- 
ous, 232  ;  making  a  grand  total  of  nearly  700  charitable  and  benevolent  institutions. 

The  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction,  three  Com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  Mayor,  have  charge  of  the  charitable  and  correctional 
institutions,  and  receive  all  applications  for  relief,  or  admission  to  the  hospitals,  etc. 
The  office  is  at  66  Third  Avenue.    The  yearly  appropriations  exceed  $2,000,000. 

The  United  Charities  Building,  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  Avenue  and  22d 
Street,  was  erected  and  presented  jointly  to  the  Charity  Organization  Society,  the 
Children's  Aid  Society,  the  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor, 
and  the  New-York  City  Mission  and  Tract  Society,  by  the  munificence  of  John  S. 
Kennedy,  and  with  the  expectation  that  many  other  charities  of  the  city  will  be 
gathered  under  its  roof,  and  that  their  efficiency  and  economy  will  be  promoted 
thereby.  It  is  a  magnificent  seven-story  fire-proof  edifice,  erected  in  1891-93,  at  a 
cost  exceeding  $700,000.  The  lower  stories  are  of  granite,  and  those  above  are 
of  stone  and  brick,  leading  up  to  a  noble  tiled  roof.  The  architects  were  R.  H. 
Robertson  and  Rowe  &  Baker.  Besides  the  offices  of  the  four  great  unsectarian  socie- 
ties, the  building  contains  a  beautiful  little  hall,  commodious  bath-rooms  for  the  Chil- 
dren's Aid  Society,  safe-deposit  vaults  for  archives,  a  library  of  books  about  chari- 
ties, the  New-York  Cooking  School's  restaurant,  four  studios,  and  many  fine  offices. 

The  Charity  Organization  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  the  United 
Charities  Building,  was  inaugurated  in  1882,  to  secure  the  concurrent  action  of  the 
various  public  and  private  charities  of  the  city,  and  to  act  as  a  source  of  information 
on  all  matters  relating  to  benevolent  work.  It  aims  to  raise  the  needy  above  want, 
to  prevent  begging  and  imposition,  to  diminish  pauperism,  to  encourage  thrift,  self- 
dependence  and  industry,  and  to  aid  the  poor  by  teaching  and  enabling  them  to 
help  themselves.  At  the  main  office  a  central  registry  is  kept  of  all  applicants  for, 
and  recipients  of,  charitable  relief,  with  a  record  of  all  that  is  known  of  their  past  his- 
tory. To  this  registry  more  than  500  churches  and  societies  and  upwards  of  1,000 
private  families  contribute  information  concerning  their  beneficiaries.  To  systema- 
tize the  work,  the  city  is  divided  into  districts,  in  charge  of  local  committees  for 
investigation  and  relief.    The  society  bestows  no  alms  from  its  own  funds,  but  obtains 


420 


KIXG\S  I  I  AX D  BO  OK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  needed  relief  from  the  proper  existing  sources.  Its  affairs  are  controlled  by  a 
Central  Council,  and  in  addition  to  its  regular  work  it  maintains  a  Penny  Provi- 
dent Fund,  a  Laundry  and  a  Wood-yard.  The  society  publishes  monthly  The 
Charities  Revieiu,  discussing  social  and  economic  questions. 

The  New-York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor, 
in  the  United  Charities  Building,  organized  in  1843  ano^  incorporated  in  1848,  aims 
by  systematic  and  scientific  management  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  working 


UNITED  CHARITIES  BUILDIN3,  FOURTH  AVENUE,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  OF  220  STREET. 


classes,  and  to  elevate  their  physical  state.  Its  plan  is  to  promote  whatever  tends 
to  the  permanent  improvement  of  the  condition  of  the  working  people  ;  to  uplift 
their  home-life  and  habits  ;  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  their  dwellings  ; 
to  supply  baths  in  convenient  localities,  and  at  small  cost  ;  to  provide  fresh-air  bene- 
fits for  those  who  cannot  supply  such  for  themselves  ;  and  whenever  the  necessity 
arises,  to  get  relief  for  the  destitute  and  deserving,  making  employment  its  basis.  It 
further  endeavors  to  prevent  indiscriminate  and  duplicate  almsgiving  ;  to  secure 
the  community  from  imposture  ;  and  to  reduce  pauperism  by  ascertaining  and  recti- 
fying its  accidental  causes.  It  is  controlled  by  a  board  of  managers  and  executive 
committee,  and  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  It  is  non-sectarian  in  character, 
and  recognizes  no  distinction  of  race  or  nationality.  It  supports  the  People's  Baths, 
at  9  Centre  Market  Place,  where  baths  at  any  temperature  can  be  had  the  year  round 
for  five  cents.  It  maintains  a  Harlem  Branch  ;  and  covers  the  entire  city.  It  con- 
ducts six  branches  of  work,  registration,  relief,  sewing,  sanitary,  fresh-air  and  public 
baths.    It  has  the  co-operation  of  the  responsible  charitable  agencies  of  the  city. 


KING'S  IIAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


421 


In  1891  there  were  37,626  beneficiaries;  17,518  aided  by  the  Fresh-Air  depart- 
ment ;  19,000  bathers  at  the  People's  Baths  ;  and  906  aided  by  work.  There  were 
16,051  visits  to  and  for  the  poor  ;  and  the  sum  of  $44,333  was  disbursed. 

Trinity  Church  Association,  at  209  Fulton  Street,  was  organized  in  1879, 
and  incorporated  in  1887,  to  carry  on  general  charitable  work  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  city.  It  maintains  the  Trinity  Mission  House,  at  209  and  211  Fulton  Street, 
as  headquarters  for  work 
among  the  poor,  where  they 
may  apply  for  relief  ;  a  kin- 
dergarten for  young  chil- 
dren ;  a  kitchen-garden, 
where  25  little  girls  receive 
instruction  in  general  house- 
work ;  a  Down-Town  Relief 
Bureau  ;  a  Provident  Dis- 
pensary ;  a  Sea-side  Home 
for  Children,  near  Islip,  L.  I. , 
and  a  Training-School  for 
young  girls  in  household 
work.  The  yearly  expendi- 
tures are  about  $10,000. 

The  Down-Town  Re- 
lief Bureau,  at  209  Fulton 
Street,  was  founded  in  18S2 
for  general  out-door  relief 
work  among  the  poor  in  the 
lower  wards  of  the  city.  It 
is  supported  by  Trinity-Church  Association  and  by  voluntary  contributions.  Five 
thousand  applicants  were  aided  in  1S92,  at  an  expense  of  $35,000. 

The  Society  of  St.  Vincent  De  Paul  in  the  City  of  New  York  was 
organized  in  1835,  an^  chartered  in  1872.  Its  leading  objects  are  the  cultivation  of 
the  Christian  life  ;  the  visitation  of  the  poor  and  sick  ;  educational  work  among 
children  ;  and  general  charitable  work.  Nearly  all  the  local  Catholic  churches  have 
separate  conferences  of  the  society,  each  confining  its  work  to  the  limits  of  its  own 
parish.  There  are  upwards  of  fifty  local  conferences,  all  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Particular  Council  of  New  York,  which  holds  monthly  meetings  at  the  Cathe- 
dral School-house,  11 1  East  50th  Street. 

The  University  Settlement  Society  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  bring- 
ing men  of  education  and  refinement  into  closer  relations  with  the  laboring  classes 
of  the  city,  for  mutual  instruction  and  benefit.  It  aims  to  establish  "  Settlements  " 
in  the  tenement-house  districts,  where  college  men  interested  in  the  work  may  live, 
and  mingle  with  their  poor  neighbors,  on  terms  of  perfect  equality,  somewhat  after 
the  plan  of  the  famous  Tcynbee  Hall,  in  London.  It  maintains  the  Neighborhood 
Guild,  at  26  Delancey  Street,  which  includes  kindergartens,  a  gymnasium,  boys' 
and  girls'  clubs,  a  reading-room  and  circulating  library,  penny-provident  bank,  con- 
certs, and  lectures,  besides  dancing,  cooking,  sewing,  singing  and  other  classes.  It 
has  organized  the  Tenth-Ward  Social  Reform  Club,  to  establish  public  baths, 
laundries,  kitchens,  lavatories,  parks,  co-operative  stores,  sick  benefit  societies,  etc. 

The  College  Settlement,  at  95  Rivington  Street,  was  established  by  women 
college-graduates,  in  1889.    The  residents,  with  outside  helpers,  conduct  clubs  for 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  CHARITIES  AND  CORRECTION,  THIRD 
AVENUE  AND  EAST  11th  STREET. 


422 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NFAV  YORK 


women,  boys  and  girls ;  classes  in  cooking,  millinery,  dressmaking,  embroidery, 
kitchen-garden,  wood-carving,  drawing,  singing,  literature  and  municipal  govern- 
ment ;  a  library  and  reading-room  ;  a  penny-provident  fund  ;  and  a  kindergarten. 

The  League  of  Theosophical  Workers,  organized  in  1891,  with  head- 
quarters at  144  Madison  Avenue,  is  a  central  exchange,  through  which  individual 
members  of  the  Theosophical  Society  and  branches  work  so  that  better  results  may 
be  accomplished.  The  objects  of  the  League  are  to  relieve  the  sufferings  of  man- 
kind, physical,  mental  and  moral.  The  means  employed  are  general,  mainly 
through  the  propaganda  of  the  science  of  Theosophy  and  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
universal  brotherhood  of  man.  Cases  of  charity  are  given  such  attention  as  the  funds 
of  the  League  permit,  but  the  means  employed  tend  more  especially  to  the  eradica- 
tion of  the  cause  of  evil  and  sorrow  than  to  the  alleviation  of  physical  effects. 

The  Five-Points  House  of  Industry  is  one  of  the  best-known  charitable 
institutions  of  the  country.  It  has  had  a  long  and  glorious  history.  For  many  years 
the  Five  Points  of  New  York,  the  meeting-place  of  Baxter,  Worth  and  Park  Streets, 


I  If  11  I! 

FIVE-POINTS  HOUSE  OF  INDUSTRY,  155  WORTH  STREET,  OPPOSITE   PARADISE  PARK. 

bore  an  evil  name  and  fame  throughout  the  world.  Dickens  wandered  into  its  dens 
of  iniquity  in  1841,  and  described  its  horrors.  With  a  few  dilapidated  wooden  build- 
ings, thickly  peopled  with  human  beings  of  every  age,  color  and  condition,  it  was 
an  abode  of  atrocious  crime  and  vice,  avoided  by  peaceful  citizens,  and  regarded 
with  anxiety  by  the  police.  As  early  as  1 830  earnest  Christian  efforts  were  made 
to  regenerate  this  degraded  neighborhood.  A  mission  was  started  on  Baxter  Street, 
and  a  day-school  opened,  mainly  under  the  auspices  of  the  Central  and  Spring-Street 
Presbyterian  Churches.  No  very  promising  results  followed.  In  the  spring  of  1850 
the  Rev.  Lewis  Morris  Pease,  a  Methodist  clergyman,  was  commissioned  by  the 
Conference  to  open  a  mission  at  the  Five  Points,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Ladies' 
Home  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  Differences  of 
opinion  regarding  the  best  methods  of  work  soon  caused  a  separation  between  the 
society  and  Mr.  Pease,  who  immediately,  on  his  own  responsibility,  leased  a 
number  of  houses,   and  opened   the  Five-Points   Home.      His  success  was  so 


[850,  by  the 
The  work 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  423 

great  that  generous  gifts  were  made  for  the  extension  and  support  of  the 
work,  and  in  1854  a  board  of  trustees  was  formed,  and  the  Home  incorporated 
as  the  Five-Points  House  of  Industry.  In  its  early  years  the  work  of  the  Home 
was  largely  among  the  abandoned  women  of  the  neighborhood,  but  of  late  it 
has  labored  mainly  among  the  children.  A  commodious  brick  building  was 
erected  in  1856  ;  and  here,  with  additions,  the  work  has  been  successfully  carried  on. 
Over  40,000  inmates  have  been  received  in  school,  and  provided  with  homes, 
sent  to  their  friends,  or  placed  in  other  institutions.  The  leading  features  of  the 
work  are  the  preservation  of  children  from  crime  and  destitution  ;  and  the  providing 
for  them  of  homes,"  support,  and  religious  and  secular  education.  The  institution 
also  boards  children  of  poor  parents  at  merely  nominal  rates ;  shelters  women  while 
they  are  seeking  work  as  servants;  and  affords  temporary  relief  to  destitute  families 
in  its  neighborhood.  Over  700  were  sheltered  in  the  Home  during  1892,  while 
1,023  pupils  received  instruction  in  the  day-schools.  The  infirmary  and  free  dispen- 
sary gives  free  treatment  to  1,600  cases  yearly,  and  a  lay  missionary  is  constantly 
employed  among  the  poor  and  destitute  classes  in  the  vicinity.  The  yearly  expenses 
average  $40,000,  and  are  met  by  voluntary  contributions  and  grants  from  the  public 
funds.  Morris  K.  Jesup  is  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  ;  and  William  F. 
Barnard  is  the  superintendent  of  the  Home. 

The  Five-Points  Mission,  at  63  Park  Street,  was  organized  in 
Ladies'  Home-Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist-Episcopal  Church, 
at  the  Five  Points 
was  begun  in  a 
former  dram-shop 
at  the  corner  of 
Cross  and  Little 
Water  Streets. 
The  need  of  larger 
a  c  c  o  mmodation§ 
led  to  the  pur- 
chase, in  1852,  of 
that  lazar  -  house 
of  crime,  the  Old 
Brewery,  in  Park 
Street,  which, 
built  long  before 
the  city  extended 
to  the  vicinity, 
had  been  for  many 
years  the  resort 
of  thieves  and 
murderers,  and 
the  scene  of  many 

horrible  crimes.  This  nest  of  iniquity  was  speedily  demolished,  and  its  place  was 
filled  by  a  group  of  buildings,  comprising  a  chapel,  parsonage,  school-house,  bathing- 
rooms,  dining-rooms,  etc.,  and  tenements  for  poor  families.  This  Mission  has  been 
a  potent  factor  in  the  regeneration  of  the  entire  neighborhood,  its  chief  object  being 
so  to  educate  children  as  to  make  them  capable  of  self-support.  The  work  is  both 
religious  and  philanthropic.  There  is  much  missionary  work  done  among  the  poor 
of  this  part  of  the  city  ;  and  the  Mission  also  provides  for  the  physical  welfare  of 


FIVE-POINTS   MISSION,  63   PARK  STREET,  OPPOSITE  PARADiSE  PAR 


424 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


many  children  and  adults.  It  has  in  successful  operation  the  Boys'  and  Girls'  Shoe- 
Club ;  the  Cooking-School  for  Girls;  the  Day-School,  in  which  600  pupils  are 
enrolled ;  the  Free  Library  and  Reading  Room  for  men  and  boys ;  the  Fresh-Air 
Fund;  and  the  Girls'  Sewing-School.  Over  6,000  individuals  and  600  families 
were  assisted  during  1892;  and  nearly  100,000  dinners  were  served  to  hungry 
mouths.  Church  and  Sunday-school  services  are  held  regularly.  A  much  larger 
evangelistic  and  school  building,  with  modern  appliances,  is  about  to  be  erected  here. 

The  Bowery  Mission  and  Young  Men's  Home,  at  105  Bowery,  was 
founded  in  18S0,  for  aggressive  Christian  work  among  the  young  men  living  in  that 
locality,  in  which  there  are  only  two  Protestant  churches  for  an  English-speaking 
population  of  30,000.  The  work  has  been  uniformly  successful,  over  300,000  young 
men  having  attended  the  evening  meetings,  many  of  whom  have  been  reclaimed  from 
evil  lives.  There  are  evening  and  Sunday  religious  meetings ;  a  reading-room  and 
library  ;  and  a  lodging-house,  where  125  persons  can  be  boarded  at  a  low  rate.  A 
distinctive  feature  of  the  work  is  the  visitation  of  the  lodging-houses  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, of  which  there  are  sixty,  crowded  nightly  with  young  men. 
The  Old  Jerry  McAuley  Water-Street 


established  in  1872  by  Jerry  McAuley,  at  one 


Mission,  at  316  Water  Street,  was 
time  a  convict  in  the  State  Prison 
at  Sing  Sing,  and 
afterwards  a  no- 
torious river-thief 
about  New  York. 
He  was  converted 
in  prison  by  Or- 
ville  Gardner,  the 
converted  pugil- 
ist, and  reclaimed 
in  1868,  at  a  little 
prayer-meeting  at 
Franklin  Smith's 
house.  This 
change  of  heart 
was  of  profound 
benefit  to  thou- 
sands of  outcasts, 

and  in  1872  McAuley  opened  the  Water-Street  Mission,  which  has  become  famous 
for  the  good  it  has  accomplished  among  the  fallen  men  and  women  of  the  Fourth 
Ward,  thousands  of  whom  have  been  transformed  into  useful  members  of  society 
by  its  work.  The  original  mission,  which  occupied  a  former  dance-house,  was 
replaced  in  1876  by  the  present  well-arranged  building.  Services  are  held  nightly, 
and  substantial  aid  is  extended  to  those  who  desire  to  lead  better  lives.  The 
work  is  entirely  among  the  degraded  ones  of  a  district  teeming  with  crime,  and 
presents  many  interesting  features.  The  yearly  expenses  of  the  Mission,  which  are 
met  by  voluntary  contributions,  are  $6,000.     S.  H.  Hadley  is  superintendent. 

The  Cremorne  Mission,  at  104  West  32d  Street,  was  opened  in  1S82  by  Jerry 
McAuley,  for  rescue  work  among  the  fallen  and  inebriate  men  and  women  of  the 
West  Side.  It  occupies  a  part  of  the  building  once  known  as  the  Cremorne  Garden, 
a  notorious  resort  in  its  day.  There  is  no  home  in  connection  with  the  Mission, 
its  work  consisting  mainly  of  nightly  religious  services  of  a  revival  character. 
Many  converts  have  been  made  and  much  good  accomplished  in  the  last  ten  years. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Scores  of  societies  have  been  organized  for  the  protection  and  endearment  of 
children,  and  they  have  done  a  mighty  work  in  alleviating  the  sufferings  of  the  little 
ones,  born  to  misery  in  the  dives  of  the  great  metropolis. 

The  New-York  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children, 

the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  was  organized  in  1875, 
under  the  provisions  of  the 
general  law  of  that  year,  pro- 
viding for  the  institution  of 
such  societies  in  the  different 
counties  of  the  State.  Its 
objects  are  the  prevention  of 
cruelty  to  children,  and  the 
enforcement  by  all  lawful 
means  of  the  laws  relating 
to,  or  in  anywise  affecting, 
children,  and  the  care  of 
children  pending  investiga- 
tions. All  magistrates,  con- 
stables, sheriffs  and  police 
officers  are  required  by  law 
to  aid  the  society  in  its  work, 
which  has  been  a  source  of 
incalculable  benefit  to  the 
poor  waifs  of  the  city,  too 
often  at  the  mercy  of  hard 
and  cruel  taskmasters  or  depraved  parents.  The  society  is  governed  by  a  board  of 
directors,  who  elect  the  members  ;  these  are  of  three  classes  —  regular,  honorary  and 
life  members.  A-life  membership  costs  $100;  regular  members  pay  $5  yearly  ;  and 
honorary  members  are  those  who  have  been  active  in  aiding  the  work  of  the  society. 
The  offices  and  reception-rooms  for  children  are  at  297  Fourth  Avenue,  corner  of  East 
23d  Street.    Elbridge  T.  Gerry  is  the  President ;  Dallas  B.  Pratt,  Treasurer  ;  and  E. 

Fellows  Jenkins, 
Superintendent. 

The  New- 
York  Infant 
Asylum  was 
founded  in  1865, 
and  chartered  in 
1871,  for  the  pro- 
tection, care  and 
medical  treatment 
of  young  unmar- 
ried women  dur- 
ing their  con- 
finement, needy 
mothers  and  their 
infants,and  found- 
lings. The  asy- 
lum, at  Amster- 


THE  NEW-YORK  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF  CRUELTY  TO 
CHILDREN,  FOURTH  AVENUE  AND  23D  STREET. 


426 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


dam  Avenue  and  61st  Street,  is  a  large  and  well-appointed  building;  and  there  is 
an  efficient  staff  of  attendants  and  nurses.  During  1892,  1,400  inmates  were  cared 
for,  at  an  expense  of  $100,000.  The  institution  has  a  country  home  and  nursery 
at  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y.,  to  which  poor  mothers  and  children  are  sent  during  the 
summer  months. 

The  New-York  Foundling  Hospital  was  incorporated  in  1869,  and  until 

1891  it  was  known  as  the  Foundling  Asylum  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  The  Asylum 
comprises  a  group  of  buildings  at  175  East  68th  Street,  with  accommodations  for  700 
children  and  300  adults ;  and  is  fitted  up  in  a  most  complete  and  thorough  manner. 
Its  objects  are  the  reception,  care  and  education  of  foundlings  and  abandoned  chil- 
dren, who  are  brought  up  in  the  Christian  faith  ;  the  influencing  of  the  mothers  to 
lead  useful  and  honest  lives  ;  and  obtaining  homes  in  the  West  for  indentured  chil- 
dren. Mothers  who  are  willing  to  act  as  nurses  are  admitted  with  their  infants. 
Nearly  1,400  infants  are  cared  for  yearly  at  their  homes  by  the  Outdoor  Department. 
In  connection  with  the  Asylum,  and  under  the  same  management,  there  is  a  Chil- 


NEW-YORK  FOUNDLING  ASYLUM,  175  EAST 


dren's  Hospital,  for  the  inmates  of  the  institution  ;  a  Maternity  Hospital ;  and  a  Day 
Nursery  and  Kindergarten  School.  There  is  also  an  annex  at  Spuyten  Duyvil, 
accommodating  150  children.    The  yearly  expenses  reach  $300,000. 

St.  Joseph's  Day  Nursery  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  473  West  57th  Street, 
was  incorporated  in  1890.  It  receives  and  cares  for  during  the  day  the  children  of 
working-women,  irrespective  of  color  or  creed.  The  children  receive  kindergarten 
instruction,  and  have  two  meals  daily.  The  average  daily  attendance  is  50.  Here 
also  is  a  free  employment  bureau  for  domestic  help. 

The  Bartholdi  Creche,  at  105  East  22d  Street,  was  founded  in  1886,  and 
incorporated  in  1890.  During  the  summer  months  it  maintains  a  seaside  cottage  at 
Randall's  Island  for  poor  mothers  with  sick  infants  and  children  under  12,  who  are 
unable  to  leave  the  city  for  a  prolonged  stay  at  any  of  the  more  distant  seaside 
homes.    A  trained  nurse  and  assistant  are  constantly  in  attendance,  and  cots  and 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


427 


CHILDREN'S  AID  SOCIETY,  CENTRAL  OFFICE, 
24  ST.  MARK'S  PLACE. 


hammocks,  pure  milk,  tea  and  coffee  are 
provided.  A  ferry  is  maintained  at  the  foot 
of  East  1 20th  Street  for  all  who  hold  tickets, 
which  are  issued  free  of  charge  by  the 
Charity  Organization  Society,  the  dispen- 
saries, and  other  similar  institutions.  About 
3, 000  women  and  children  are  received  each 
year. 

The  "Little  Mothers'"  Aid  So- 
ciety, at  305  East  17th  Street,  was  founded 
in  1890  to  furnish  summer-day  excursions 
for  little  girls  compelled  to  take  charge  of 
younger  children  while  their  parents  are  at 
work,  and  who,  therefore,  cannot  receive  the 
benefit  of  other  fresh-air  charities.  During 
the  winter  it  provides  entertainments,  and 
classes  in  cooking  and  sewing,  and  supplies 
clothing  and  other  necessities  to  the  de- 
serving. 

The  Tribune  Fresh-Air  Fund  was 

established  in  1877  by  the  Rev.  YVillard 
Parsons,  sixty  children  having  been  sent  out 
into  the  country  for  a  brief  stay  during  the 
year.  In  1878  the  cause  was  championed  by  the  Evening  Post,  and  in  1882 
the  Fund  was  transferred  to  the  New-  York  Tribune,  which  has  had  charge  of  the 
work  since  that  time.  The  children  are  selected  by  Christian  workers  among  the 
poor  in  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  Jersey  City,  and  are  given  a  fortnight's  stay  in  the 
sweet  peacefulness  and  healthfulness  of  farm-houses,  far  away  in  the  green  and  sunlit 

open  country,  where  they  are  received, 
not  as  boarders,  but  as  guests,  generous 
readers  of  the  Tribune  paying  all  trans- 
portation expenses.  There  are  no  office 
expenses,  and  all  the  receipts  are  used 
for  the  benefit  of  poor  children.  Dur- 
ing 1892  nearly  15,000  children  were 
aided  by  this  charity,  at  an  expense  of 
$28,000.  Since  1877,  1 10, 000 children 
have  been  sent  into  the  country,  and 
over  $280,000  has  been  contributed  for 
the  work.  Besides  the  children  sent 
for  long  sojourns  among  the  fields 
and  woods,  85,000  have  been  given 
shorter  outings  in  the  country,  usually 
of  a  day  or  so. 

St.  John's  Guild  was  organized 
in  1866  by  twelve  gentlemen,  who  had 
been  touched  by  the  sight  of  the  suffer- 
ings and  privations  of  the  thousands  of 
New- York's  tenement-house  children, 

REN'S  AID  SOCIETY  \   NEWSBOYS'  LODGING- HOUSE.  _r      ,    .   f  .1        D  , 

DUANE  STREET,  CORNER  OF  WILLIAM  STREET.  °f  wh°m  a    reCent  CenSUS  °f  the    B°al  d 


428 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


BOYS'  LODGING-HOUSE. 
iO  320  STREET. 


of  Health  shows  more  than  160,000 

under  the  age  of  five,  with  as  many 
more  between  five  and  fifteen.  The 
city  had  made  no  adequate  provision- 
for  healthful  out-door  exercise  for  these 
little  dwellers  in  the  crowded  tenement- 
houses,  and  the  death  -  rate  among 
them  was  appalling.  St.  John's  Guild 
is  organized  for  the  express  purpose 
of  assisting  sick  children  and  their 
mothers,  by  trips  down  the  harbor  in 
the  Floating  Hospital  Barge,  and  by 
food  and  nursing  at  the  Seaside  Hos- 
pital on  Staten  Island.  As  many  as 
five  trips  a  week  are  made  during  the 
summer,  and  over  30,000  mothers  and 
children  receive  the  benefits  of  invigor- 
ating sea  breezes.  At  the  Seaside  Hos- 
pital, 1,000  children  and  more  than 
500  weary  mothers  yearly  are  admitted 
and  tenderly  cared  for.  Since  the 
organization  of  the  Guild  over  half  a 
million  sick  children  and  mothers  have 
had  the  benefit  of  excursions  down  the 
bay.  The  Guild  has  a  membership  of  700  representative  citizens,  and  is  a  favorite 
channel  of  beneficences.  It  embodies  and  exemplifies  the  true  spirit  and  method  of 
charitable  effort,  and  is  con- 
spicuous for  its  application 
of  the  most  careful  business 
system  and  practice  to  every 
department  of  its  work.  The 
trustees  have  recently  in- 
augurated a  new  feature  in 
the  work  of  ministering  to 
the  vast  multitude  of  poor 
children,  by  opening  the  first 
of  a  series  of  small  hospitals 
for  children,  which  they  hope 
to  establish  in  the  centres  of 
densely  populated  districts. 
The  new  hospital,  opened 
in  1892,  is  on  West  6 1st 
Street,  near  Amsterdam 
Avenue.  Others  will  follow 
as  soon  as  the  necessary 
funds  are  forthcoming,  and 
will  alleviate  much  of  the 
harshness  of  life  for  the  un- 
fortunate children  of  the 
poor. 


CHILDREN'S  AID  SOCIETY  :    EAST-SIDE  BOYS'  LODGING-HOUSE  AND 
INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL,  287   EAST  BROADWAY. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Children's  Aid  Society,  one  of  the  most  helpful  charities,  was  organ- 
ized in  1853  by  the  late  Charles  Loring  Brace  and  a  few  other  gentlemen,  who 
had  been  engaged  in  teaching  some  of  the  little  arabs  of  the  streets.  The  society 
was  incorporated  in  1856,  "for  the  education  of  the  poor,  by  gathering  children 
who  attend  no  schools  into  its  industrial  schools,  caring  and  providing  for  children 
in  lodging-houses,  and  procuring  homes  for  them  in  the  rural  districts  and  in  the 
West."  In  1S92  35,659  children  were  cared  for,  of  whom  nearly  3,000  were  pro- 
vided with  homes.  The  offices  of  the  society  are  at  24  St.  Mark's  Place.  As  supple- 
mentary to  its  work  it  maintains :  The  East-Side  Mission,  a  fragrant  charity,  whose 
work  is  to  distribute  flowers  daily  during  the  summer  months  among  the  sick  and  poor  ; 
Free  Reading-Rooms  for 
Young  Men,  in  Sullivan  and 
44th  Streets;  the  Health 
Home  at  West  Coney  Island, 
comprising  cottages  and  dor- 
mitories where  mothers  with 
sick  children  are  given  a 
grateful  outing;  the  Sick 
Children's  Mission,  at  287 
East  Broadway,  with  a  staff 
of  ten  physicians  and  four 
nurses,  who  visit  the  sick 
poor  at  their  homes  and  sup- 
ply free  medical  attendance, 
medicine  and  food  for  sick 
children,  of  whom  1,500  are 
treated  yearly ;  a  Summer 
Home  at  Bath  Beach,  Long 
Island,  where  over  4,000 
tenement-house  children  are 
given  a  week's  outing  by  the 
seaside  each  year  ;  six  lodg- 
ing-houses, five  for  boys  and 
one  for  girls,  in  which,  dur- 
ing 1892,  over  6,000  boys 
and  girls  were  fed  and  shel- 
tered; and  twenty-two  indus- 
trial and  ten  night  schools, 
in  which  12,000  children 
were  taught  and  partly  fed  and  partly  clothed  during  1892.  One  of  the  industrial 
schools  is  located  in  each  of  the  lodging-houses  for  boys,  and  the  two  branches 
of  the  work  are  very  closely  interwoven.  The  lodging-house  for  girls  is  at  307  East 
1 2th  Street.  Those  for  boys  are  at  9  Duane  Street,  295  East  8th  Street,  287  East 
Broadway,  Second  Avenue  and  East  44th  Street,  and  Seventh  Avenue  and  West 
32d  Street.  A  special  feature  of  the  Second- Avenue  establishment  is  the  industrial 
instruction  for  crippled  boys.  An  adjunct  is  a  brush-shop,  in  which  a  dozen  crip- 
pled boys  are  employed,  and  150  are  at  work  pending  permanent  employment.  The 
Children's  Aid  Society  has  found  homes  for  80,000  children,  many  of  whom  are 
educated  and  influential  men  and  women.  They  become  adopted  children  of  the 
farmers,  in  field-work  and  house-work,  and  are  loved  and  cared  for  and  educated. 


CHILDREN'S  AID  SOCIETY  :    LODGING-HOUSE  AND  INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL 
FOR  CRIPPLED  BOYS,  SECOND  AVENUE  AND  44th  STREET. 


43° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  House,  one  of  the  most  benevolent  in  design 

and  meritorious  in  mission  of  all  the  city  charities,  was  incorporated  in  1831  as  a 
free  home  for  full  orphans  between  the  ages  of  three  and  twelve  years,  in  destitute 
circumstances.  This  graceful  charity  owes  its  origin  to  the  benevolence  of  John 
G.  Leake,  a  wealthy  New-York  lawyer,  who  died  in  the  early  part  of  the  cen- 
tury, leaving  his  large  fortune  to  Robert  Watts,  the  son  of  an  old  friend,  on  condi- 
tion that  he  should  assume  the  name  of  Leake.  In  case  of  a  failure  to  comply  with 
this  provision,  or  of  the  death  without  heirs  of  the  testator,  the  estate  was  to  be 
applied  to  the  founding  of  an  orphan  asylum.  After  a  long  lawsuit,  it  was  decided 
that  Mr.  Leake  had  left  no  direct  heirs,  and  that  Robert  Watts  could  inherit  the 
property.  He,  however,  died  before  he  could  comply  with  the  condition  mentioned 
in  the  will,  and  the  estate  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  board  of  trustees,  who  obtained 
a  charter  for  an  asylum  under  the  name  of  the  Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  Home.  In 
1843  tncy  erected  buildings  in  113th  Street.  Here  the  institution  cared  for  home- 
less and  friendless  orphans,  educating  them  and,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  obtaining 
Christian  homes  for  them.  In  1886  the  estate  was  sold  to  the  trustees  of  the  Cathe- 
dral of  St.  John  the  Divine,  for  a  building  site,  and  the  pleasant  and  spacious  home 
now  occupied  was  built  at  Ludlow,  near  the  northern  boundary  of  the  city. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  was  founded  in  1825,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1852,  superseding  an  older  society  called  the  Roman  Catholic  Benevolent 
Society,  which  received  its  charter  in  18 17.    The  original  location  of  the  asylum  was 

on  Prince  Street,  but 
in  185 1  the  present 
asylum  for  boys  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and 
51st  Street  was  com- 
pleted. It  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  best- 
equipped  orphan  asy- 
lums in  the  country, 
HB    and  has  accommoda- 

II  S  ft  ""i^feisiiil  ^  "5  fl'tt  tions  for  500  lads* 

WfciiiitiiiiiiiigiiiiiiCa  "fflH  An  additional  wing 
is  being  built  as  a 
trade-school, and  will 
accommodate  200 
more  boys.  The  girls' 
asylum  was  com- 
pleted in  1 890,  and  is 

of  the  same  substantial  character  as  that  of  the  boys,  but  somewhat  larger,  accom- 
modating 800  girls.  In  both  the  boys'  and  girls'  departments  provision  is  made  for 
the  religious,  moral  and  technical  instruction  of  the  inmates.  The  work  is  carried 
on  with  a  thoroughness  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Catholic  Church.  The  new 
and  admirable  building  on  Madison  Avenue  was  completed  in  1 893. 

St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  in  the  City  of  New  York,  at  89th  Street  and 
Avenue  A,  was  founded  in  1858,  and  incorporated  in  1859,  for  the  support  of 
orphans,  half-orphans  and  homeless  and  neglected  children  of  German  parentage, 
who  are  cared  for  until  they  are  sixteen  years  old,  or  until  homes  or  occupations  could 
be  provided.  The  home  is  a  large  building,  accommodating  750  inmates,  and  cost- 
ing $65,000  a  year.    It  is  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame. 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  ORPHAN  ASYLUM  (BOYS),  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  518T  STREET. 


ATAVG'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


431 


HOME  AND  ASYLUM  OF  THE   PROTESTANT   EPISCOPAL  CHURCH, 
LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  49TM  £TREET. 


The  Orphans'  Home  and  Asylum  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  City  of  New  York,  one  of  the  most  important  charities  of  its  class, 
was  founded  in  185 1,  at  the  request  of  a  few  ladies  connected  with  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  to  whom  a  child  had  been  entrusted  by  a  dying  father,  with  the  injunction 
that  it  should  be 
brought  up  in  the 
faith  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal 
Church.  The  asy- 
lum was  incorpo- 
rated in  1859,  for 
the  care,  support 
and  religious 
training  of  or- 
phans and  half- 
orphans,  who  are 
received  between 
the  ages  of  three 
and  eight,  and 
may  be  retained 

—  the  boys  until  they  are  twelve,  and  the  girls  until  they  are  fourteen,  when  homes 
are  provided  for  them.  In  common  with  other  kindred  institutions,  religious,  moral, 
intellectual  and  technical  instruction  is  imparted  to  the  inmates,  the  aim  being  to  fit 
them  to  become  useful  and  upright  members  of  society.  The  smaller  children  are 
kept  at  the  summer-home  during  the  warm  months,  and  the  older  ones  enjoy  vaca- 
tions there.  The  home,  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  East  49th  Street,  has  accommo- 
dations for  150  inmates.  A  new  home  is  greatly  desired.  The  yearly  expenses  are 
$27,000,  and  there  is  an  endowment  fund  of  $212,000. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  Society  in  the  City  of  New  York  is  the  oldest  and  one 
of  the  best-endowed  institutions  of  its  class  in  the  country.  It  was  founded  in 
March,  1806,  to  minister  to  the  wants  of  the  parentless  children  of  the  community, 
and  train  them  up  in  the  paths  of  virtue.  The  work  was  begun  in  a  small  way  by 
leasing  a  house  in  Greenwich  Village.  The  act  of  incorporation  came  in  1807,  and 
in  the  following  year  a  suitable  building  was  erected,  not  far  from  the  first  temporary 
quarters.  A  desirable  location  on  Riverside  Drive  and  West  73d  Street  was 
secured  in  1835,  anc^  a  large  building  was  immediately  erected,  with  accommodations 
for  250  children.  The  location  is  a  charming  one,  overlooking  the  Hudson,  and  the 
grounds  are  attractively  laid  out.     Orphans  not  above  ten  years  of  age  are  admitted 

to  the  home,  and 
given  thorough 
moral,  mental  and 
manual  training, 
until  they  reach  the 
age  of  fourteen, 
when  Christian 
homes  are  obtained 
for  them.  The 
home  is  usually 
taxed  to  the  utmost 
of  its  capacity.  It 


43  2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


is  free  and  unsectarian.  Its  yearly  expenses  are  $32,000,  two-thirds  of  which  are 
met  by  the  income  from  invested  funds. 

The  Eighth-Ward  Mission  was  established  in  1877,  and  maintains  a  home 
at  Charlton  Street,  where  orphan  boys  too  old  to  be  retained  in  other  institutions, 
and  unable  to  support  themselves,  are  cared  for  and  educated,  and  assisted  in  their 
efforts  to  obtain  permanent  employment.  The  Mission  also  supports  an  industrial 
school,  where  young  girls  are  taught  sewing  and  other  household  work  ;  and  the 
Brown  Memorial  Home,  at  Sing-Sing-on-the- Hudson,  a  summer  home  for  boys. 

The  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Half-Orphan  and  Destitute  Children 
in  the  City  of  New  York  was  organized  in  1835  an<^  incorporated  in  1837.  Protest- 
ant children  of  both  sexes,  between  the  ages  of  four  and  ten,  are  received  and 
properly  cared  for  at  a  charge  of  $4  a  month.  Until  1890  the  home  was  in  West 
ioth  Street.  Then  it  was  removed  to  a  more  desirable  location  on  Manhattan 
Avenue,  between  104th  and  105th  Streets,  where  a  building  had  been  erected  for  it. 
It  has  200  inmates  ;  and  the  work  is  similar  in  character  and  scope  to  that  of  other 
orphan  asylums,  the  object  being  the  intellectual  and  moral  training  of  the  bereaved 
children  of  working  people  until  homes  can  be  provided  for  them. 

The  American  Female  Guardian  Society  and  Home  for  the  Friendless 
was  founded  in  1834,  "to  protect,  befriend  and  train  to  virtue  and  usefulness  those  for 


in  East  29th  Street,  and  twelve  industrial  schools,  where  the  children  of  poor  parents 
are  clothed  and  taught.  The  work  is  supported  by  voluntary  subscription  and  by  a 
yearly  grant  from  the  public-school  fund.  In  1892  there  were  450  inmates  in  the 
Home,  and  5,832  pupils  in  the  schools.    The  yearly  expenses  are  $130,000. 


r 


AMERICAN  FEMALE  GUARDIAN  SOCIETY  AND  HOME  FOR  THE  FRIENDLESS, 
HOME  CHAPEL,  29  EAST  29TH  STREET  AND  82  EAST  30TH  STREET. 


whom  no  one  seemed 
to  have  a  thought  or 
pity."  For  a  number 
of  years  the  work  was 
carried  on  entirely  by 
women,  with  great 
energy,  fearlessness  and 
success.  In  1846  a  suc- 
cessful appeal  was  made 
to  the  public  for  funds 
sufficient  to  build  a 
Home  for  the  Friend- 
less, and  in  1848  a  sub- 
stantial and  convenient 
house  was  erected  at 
32  East  30th  Street. 
There  is  a  Home 
Chapel,  fronting  on 
East  29th  Street.  Here 
homeless  girls,  and  boys 
not  over  eleven  years 
of  age,  are  received  and 
cared  for  until  they  can 
be  placed  in  Christian 
homes.  Besides  the 
Home,  the  society  sup- 
ports a  Home  -  School 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


433 


The  Sheltering  Arms,  one  of  the  graceful  charities  for  "  The  children  in  the 
midst,"  in  which  New  York  so  generously  abounds,  was  founded  in  1864  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  T.  M.  Peters,  then  and  now  rector  of  St.  Michael's  Church,  for  the  reception 
and  care  of  homeless  and  destitute  children,  between  five  and  twelve  years  of  age, 
for  whom  no  other  in- 
stitution in  the  city 
made  provision.  Here 
the  blind,  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  the  crippled  and 
the  incurables,  are  re- 
ceived and  tenderly 
cared  for  until  they  are 
old  enough  to  enter 
other  suitable  institu- 
tions. For  six  years 
this  charity  occupied  a 
house  given  to  it,  rent 
free,  by  the  founder, 
but  in  1870  it  removed 
to  more  roomy  quarters 
at  Amsterdam  Avenue 
and  129th  Street,  where 
ample  accommodations  for  200  waifs  are  provided.  Whole  orphans  and  infants  are 
not  received,  and  the  children  are  not  surrendered  to  the  institution,  but  are  held 
subject  to  the  order  of  the  parents  or  other  relatives,  being  sent  to  the  public  schools 
and  trained  to  household  and  other  work.  The  yearly  expenses  are  817,000,  and 
there  is  an  endowment  fund  of  $100,000. 

The  Children's  Fold  is  a  charity  organized  in  1867  to  provide  homes  for 
homeless  children  between  the  ages  of  four  and  ten.  They  receive  religious  train- 
ing, and  education  fn  the  public  schools.  There  are  three  families ;  two  for  boys, 
in  Westchester  County,  and  the  other  for  girls,  on  155th  Street.  The  three  homes 
have  nearly  200  inmates,  and  each  is  in  charge  of  its  own  "house-mother,"  with  a 
general  superintendent  in  charge  of  all.    The  yearly  expenses  are  817,000. 

The  Howard  Mission  and  Home  for  Little  Wanderers,  known  far  and 
wide  for  the  extent  and  value  of  its  work,  received  its  charter  in  1864.  Its  purpose 
is  to  aid  poor,  neglected  and  helpless  children,  and  worthy  families  among  the  very 
poor,  by  providing  food,  clothing,  shelter  and  Christian  love  and  sympathy,  expressed 
in  all  practical  ways.  The  homes  of  poor  widows  or  disabled  fathers  are  kept 
together  by  relief  ;  the  sick  are  relieved  ;  and  children  are  educated  and  kept,  and 
at  last  place  '  in  selected  Christian  families.  The  Mission  has  relieved  more  than 
150,000  persons.  It  is  purely  unsectarian.  The  Mission-House  and  Home  is  at  225 
East  nth  Street,  quite  accessible  to  a  region  of  squalor,  wretchedness,  vice  and 
poverty,  which  provides  many  clients  for  the  care  of  the  officers  of  the  mission. 

St.  Christopher's  Home,  formerly  at  Riverside  Drive  and  West  1 12th  Street, 
and  now  at  Ingleside,  near  Dobbs  Ferry,  is  under  the  patronage  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  It  was  founded  in  1882  as  a  home  for  destitute  and  orphan 
Protestant  children  between  the  ages  of  two  and  ten  years.  About  100  inmates  are 
received  yearly,  who  are  taught  some  useful  occupation'  to  enable  them  to  obtain 
self-supporting  employment.  Admission  is  free  to  those  whose  parents  or  friends 
are  unable  to  contribute  to  their  support. 
28 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  United  Relief  Works  of  the  Society  for  Ethical  Culture  is  an 

organization  chartered  by  the  Legislature  for  charitable  and  educational  purposes, 
and  entirely  unsectarian  in  character.  It  was  founded  in  1879  ;  for  the  last  eleven 
years  its  quarters  have  been  at  109  West  54th  Street.  It  maintains  the  Working- 
man's  School,  comprising  a  Kindergarten  ;  a  fully  graded  school  (for  children  from 
six  to  fourteen  years  of  age)  based  on  the  kindergarten  principle,  and  a  Normal 
Class  for  the  training  of  kindergartners  ;  a  Fresh-Air  Fund,  and  a  District  Nursing 
Department.    The  annual  expenses  are  $28,000. 

The  Children's  Charitable  Union  was  organized  in  1877  to  establish  and 
maintain  kindergartens  for  destitute  young  children,  and  to  educate  young  women 
as  kindergarten  teachers.  The  school  of  the  Union  is  at  70  Avenue  D,  where  75 
poor  children  are  taught  daily  and  are  fed  at  noon.  The  expenses  are  met  by  private 
charity. 

The  Asylum  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  is  a  large  and  well-arranged  house  at 
215  West  39th  Street.    The  institution  was  incorporated  in  1868  for  the  reception, 

care  and  religious  and  secular 
education  of  destitute  and 
unprotected  orphans  of  both 
sexes,  preferably  of  French 
birth  or  parentage,  over  four 
years  old.  It  is  in  charge 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Sis- 
ters ' '  Marianites  of  the  I  loly 
Cross,"  and  is  connected 
with  the  Church  of  St.  Vin- 
cent de  Paul.  There  are 
about  250  inmates,  for  whom 
a  fresh-air  fund  provides  sea- 
side trips  in  summer.  It  is 
supported  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions, and  grants  from 
the  public  funds.  The  archi- 
tect was  W.  H.  Hume. 

The  Dominican  Con- 
vent of  Our  Lady  of  the 
Rosary,  also  known  as  the 
House  of  Our  Lady  of  the 
Rosary,  is  at  329  East  63d 
Street.  It  was  established  in 
1880  by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Dominic,  for  religious,  charitable,  educational  and  reforma- 
tory work  among  young  girls.  Homeless  and  destitute  girls  between  the  ages  of  2\ 
and  14  are  admitted  free,  educated,  and  trained  in  the  Catholic  faith  ;  and  when 
16  years  of  age,  provided  with  good  homes.  The  convent  educates  nearly  500  girls 
yearly,  at  an  expense  of  $60,000,  which  is  partly  met  by  a  grant  from  the  public  funds. 

The  New- York  Catholic  Protectory  was  incorporated  in  1863,  to  care  for 
destitute  Catholic  children  of  the  following  classes  ;  1st,  children  under  fourteen 
years  old,  entrusted  to  it  for  care  or  protection  ;  2d,  those  between  the  ages  of  seven 
and  fourteen,  who  may  be  committed  to  its  charge  by  magistrates  as  idle,  truant, 
vicious  or  homeless  ;  3d,  those  of  the  same  age  transferred  from  other  institutions 
by  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction.     The  protectories  proper 


ST.  VINCENT  DE  PAUL'S  ASYLUM,  215  WEST  39th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


435 


are  at  Westchester,  X.  V.,  and  the  office  and  House  of  Reception  are  at  415  Broome 
Street.  The  Boys'  Protectory  is  in  charge  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools, 
and  the  inmates  are  educated  and  taught  useful  trades.  The  Girls'  Protectory  is  in 
charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  educate  the  girls,  and  teach  them  housework 
and  other  industrial  employment.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  institutions  of  its  class 
in  the  country,  and  cares  for  over  3,000  children  yearly.  The  annual  expenses,  of 
:?425,ooo,  are  met  by  grants  from  the  public  funds,  voluntary  contributions,  and  the 
sale  of  articles  made  by  the  inmates. 

The  Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Virgin,  which  occupies  a  large  brick  build- 
ing at  Lafayette  Place  and  Great  Jones  Street,  was  incorporated  in  1870  as  a  home 
for  destitute  boys  under  16  years  of  age,  who  receive  secular  and  religious  educa- 
tion, and  are  taught  habits  of  industry  and  self-reliance.  Newsboys,  bootblacks,  and 
other  youthful  workers  who 
are  able  to  pay,  are  allowed 
meals  and  lodgings  at  $2  a 
week,  and  in  every  case  of 
destitution  meals  and  lodg- 
ings are  given  free.  The  in- 
stitution is  in  charge  of  St. 
Joseph's  Union,  a  Catholic 
benevolent  society.  There 
is  a  country  branch,  at  Mount 
Loretto,  Staten  Island,  to 
which  invalid  inmates  of  the 
home  are  sent  for  an  outing 
in  the  summer  months.  The 
Mission  usually  has  in  its  care 
2,000  boys,  many  of  whom 
obtain  situations  through  its 
employment  bureau.  The 
institution  receives  a  large 
yearly  grant  from  the  public 
funds. 

St.  Joseph's  Indus- 
trial Home  for  Destitute 
Children  was  established  in 
1868  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy, 
as  a  branch  of  the  Institute  of  Mercy.  The  home  is  at  the  corner  of  Madison 
Avenue  and  81st  Street,  and  has  accommodations  for  750  children.  It  affords  a 
home  and  .  n  industrial  education  to  destitute  young  girls  of  good  character,  and 
also  receives  children  over  three  years  of  age,  who  may  be  committed  to  its  charge 
by  a  magistrate.  In  connection  with  the  parent-house  there  is  the  Institution  of 
Mercy,  at  Tarrytown,  delightfully  situated  amid  charming  rural  scenery. 

St.  Ann's  Home  for  Destitute  Children,  at  Avenue  A  and  East  90th  Street, 
is  a  Catholic  charity,  founded  in  1879,  f°r  tne  care  an(*  education  of  destitute  chil- 
dren over  two  years  of  age,  who  may  be  entrusted  to  it  by  parents  or  guardians,  or 
committed  by  a  magistrate.  The  Home  is  a  large  and  cheerful  edifice,  with  accom- 
modations for  nearly  300  inmates.  It  is  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd, who  receive  the  suffering  regardless  of  creed,  and  give  them  a  happy  and  com- 
fortable home,  in  the  mournful  absence  of  their  parents. 


OF  THE  IMMACULATE  VIRGIN  AND  ST.  JOSEPH'S  UNION, 
LAFAYETTE   PLACE  AND  GREAT  JONES  STREET. 


436  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  House  of  the  Holy  Family,  at  136  Second  Avenue,  was  founded  by  the 

Rt.  Rev.  Mgr.  Preston,  formerly  Vicar-General  of  the  Archdiocese  and  Domestic 
Prelate  to  His  Holiness  Leo  XIII.,  and  was  incorporated  in  1870.    The  interior 

administration  was  entrusted  to  the  Sis- 
ters of  the  Divine  Compassion.  The  work 
is  the  rescue,  care  and  education  of 
vagrant  and  tempted  children  and  young 
girls,  who  are  there  trained  and  educated 
morally,  intellectually  and  industrially. 
The  House  receives  500  inmates  an- 
nually, and  provides  homes  and  occupa- 
tion for  deserving  members  when  they 
wish  to  leave.  The  Sisters  also  conduct 
the  House  of  Nazareth,  at  White  Plains, 
for  the  care  of  young  children  still  inno- 
cent, but  who  have  been  rescued  from 
impending  evil. 

Many  associations  have  been  formed 
for  the  education,  defence  and  relief  of 
women,  from  the  young  girls  just  look- 
ing out  upon  life,  up  to  the  venerable 
grand-dames  almost  ready  to  pass  away. 
The  Ladies'  Christian  Union  of 
house  of  the  holy  family,  136  second  avenue.       the  City  of  New  York  was  organized  in 

1859  to  promote  the  moral,  temporal  and  religious  welfare  of  women,  particularly  self- 
supporting  young  women,  by  providing  them  with  home-like  boarding-houses.  The 
society  maintains  two  homes  :  The  Young  Women's  Home,  at  27  Washington  Square 
North,  where  nearly  100  respectable  working-girls,  other  than  house-servants,  are 
lodged  and  boarded,  at  from  $3  to  $6  a  week  ;  and  The  Branch  Home,  at  308  Second 
Avenue,  where  the  same  privilege  is  given  to  40  self-supporting  girls  and  women. 

The  Working-  Women's  Protective  Union  was  formed  in  1863,  to  protect 
working  women  against  the  exactions  and  oppressions  of  unscrupulous  employers. 
In  every  possible  way  the  Union  seeks  to  stand  between  the  female  wage-earner  and 
the  employer  who  would  defraud  her  of  her  scanty  wage.  It  also  aids  the  same 
class  in  their  efforts  to  obtain  employment,  and  maintains  a  library  at  its  office, 
19  Clinton  Place.    Household  servants  are  not  included  in  its  clients. 

The  Working  Girls'  Vacation  Society,  at  222  West  38th  Street,  was 
founded  in  1883  to  provide  a  two  weeks'  vacation  for  respectable  unmarried  working- 
girls  who  have  satisfactory  recommendations  and  a  physician's  statement  that  a  vaca- 
tion is  needed.  Railroad  fares  and  board  are  provided,  at  the  nominal  rate  of  $1.50 
-  a  week.  The  society  also  pays  the  fares  of  working-girls  to  their  friends  in  the 
country,  and  gives  frequent  day  excursions  in  New-York  harbor.  Applications  are 
made  through  clergymen,  city  missionaries  or  the  Charity  Organization  Society.  In 
1892  776  girls  were  sent  into  the  country  for  two  weeks,  73  fares  paid,  and  over 
5,000  Glen-Island  excursion-tickets  furnished. 

The  Female  Assistance  Society  was  organized  in  1813  for  the  relief  of  poor 
women  in  sickness.  It  has  no  house  or  home  for  its  beneficiaries,  and  does  its  work 
by  house-to-house  visitation  of  those  who  apply  for  aid. 

The  Society  for  the  Employment  and  Relief  of  Poor  Women  was  founded, 
In  1844,  to  supply  work  at  remunerative  prices  to  poor  women  able  and  willing  to 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  437 

work,  who,  having  young  children,  or  from  sickness,  are  unable  to  leave  their 
homes  to  obtain  employment.  About  100  applicants  are  aided  yearly  by  the  society, 
which  has  a  repository  at  146  East  16th  Street,  and  an  office  at  104  East  20th 
Street. 

The  House  and  School  of  Industry,  at  120  West  16th  Street,  was  founded 
in  1 85 1,  to  relieve  poor  women  by  furnishing  them  with  plain  and  fine  sewing,  at 
living  prices.  Instruction  in  needle-work  is  also  given  to  large  classes  of  young 
girls.  The  yearly  number  of  beneficiaries  is  about  125.  The  Home  has  a  very 
attractive  and  comfortable  brick  building. 

St.  Mary's  Lodging-House  for  Sheltering  Respectable  Girls,  at  143  West 
14th  Street,  was  founded  in  1877  by  the  "Friends  of  the  Homeless,"  for  the  comfort 
and  protection  of 
respectable  young 
women  in  search 
of  work,  who  are 
given  the  comforts 
of  a  pleasant  home 
free  of  cost,  until 
they  are  able  to 
support  them- 
selves. The  object 
of  the  Home  is  to 
protect  its  inmates 
from  the  numer- 
ous temptations 
that  beset  unem- 
ployed girls  in 
all  large  cities. 
Nearly  2,000 
young  women 
were  received  in 
1892. 

The  Institution  of  Mercy,  on  81st  Street,  between  Madison  and  Fourth 
Avenues,  was  opened  in  1848,  for  the  care  and  protection  of  destitute  young  women 
of  good  character,  whom  it  trains  in  some  useful  pursuit,  and  assists  in  securing 
employment.  About  400  young  women  are  aided  yearly  by  this  charity,  which  is  in 
charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy. 

The  New-York  Female  Asylum  for  Lying-in* Women,  at  139  Second 
Avenue,  was  incorporated  in  1827,  to  provide  free  accommodation  and  medical 
attendance  during  confinement,  to  respectable  indigent  married  women.  It  also 
gives  the  same  aid  to  similar  cases  at  their  homes,  and  trains  wet  nurses  for  their 
profession. 

St.  Barnabas'  House,  at  304  Mulberry  Street,  is  one  of  the  numerous  noble 
charities  of  the  Episcopal  City  Missionary  Society.  It  was  established  in  1865, 
as  a  temporary  refuge  for  destitute  and  homeless  women  and  those  recently  dis- 
charged from  hospitals,  cured,  but  needing  rest ;  and  a  temporary  home  for  desti- 
tute and  homeless  children.  In  connection  with  the  House,  and  as  auxiliary  to  its  work 
of  relief,  there  is  a  dispensary  ;  a  free  day-nursery  ;  an  employment  society  for  women  ; 
a  fresh-air  fund  ;  a  free  library  ;  an  industrial  school,  where  needle-work  is  taught ; 
and  a  chapel  where  frequent  religious  services  are  held.    During  1892  nearly  1,300 


438 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


women  and  children  were  aided,  82,000  meals  supplied  to  hungry  applicants,  and 
18,630  lodgings  given  to  the  homeless. 

The  Isaac  T.  Hopper  Home,  at  no  Second  Avenue,  was  opened  in  1845 
by  the  Women's  Prison  Association  to  assist  liberated  female  prisoners  with  advice 
and  encouragement ;  to  provide  them  with  a  home  and  work  ;  and  to  watch  over 
them  during  the  transition  from  prison- life  to  freedom.  The  aims  of  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Home,  which  was  named  in  memory  of  Isaac  T.  Hopper,  the  founder 
of  the  Women's  Prison  Association,  are  to  prevent  the  recently  liberated  prisoners 
from  falling  back  to  their  former  evil  courses,  and  to  make  an  upright  life  easier  for 
them.  The  privileges  of  the  institution  are  free  to  the  inmates,  of  whom  there  are 
about  fifty. 

The  Riverside  Rest  Association,  at  310  East  26th  Street,  provides  a  tem- 
porary home  for  friendless  women  who  have  been  discharged  from  the  public  institu- 
tions on  Blackwell's  Island,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  procures  work  for  them.  It  also 
cares  for  women  who  are  addicted  to  drink,  or  victims  of  the  opium  habit,  or 
immoral,  and  transfers  them  to  the  suitable  institution  for  each  case.  The  associa- 
tion was  founded  in  1887,  and  the  Home  has  accommodations  for  30  inmates. 

The  unfortunate  women  of  the  town,  who  are  numbered  here  by  legions,  also 
have  pitying  hands  outstretched  to  help  them. 

The  New-York  Magdalen  Asylum  was  established  in  1833  by  the  New- 
York  Magdalen  Society  as  a  home  for  fallen  women.  It  was  the  first  American  charity 
of  its  class.  For  twenty  years  it  occupied  a  building  on  West  25th  Street,  but  in 
1850  the  large  brick  building  on  88th  Street,  between  Madison  and  Fifth  Avenues, 
was  erected.  In  1893  it  occupied  a  new  building,  at  the  foot  of  139th  Street  and 
North  River.  The  asylum  accommodates  125  inmates,  and  every  effort  is  made  to 
reclaim  them  by  kindly  treatment  and  also  by  teaching  them  different  kinds  of 
work,  so  that  they  may  support  themselves  honestly. 

The  House  of  Mercy  is  a  Protestant  Episcopal  home  for  fallen  women,  pleas- 
antly located  at  Inwood-on-the-Hudson  (at  206th  Street).  It. originated  in  1850,  in 
the  Christian  labors  of  Mrs.  Win.  Richmond,  the  wife  of  the  then  rector  of  St. 
Michael's,  in  aid  of  the  abandoned  women  who  found  no  hand  outstretched  to  help 
them.  Her  labors  resulted  in  the  purchase  of  a  suitable  building  at  the  foot  of  86th 
Street,  in  1856.  The  work  was  there  carried  on  until  1891,  when  the  present  quar- 
ters were  secured.  The  south  wing,  known  as  St.  Agnes  Hall,  is  devoted  exclu- 
sively to  the  moral  and  industrial  training  of  young  girls  between  twelve  and  eigh- 
teen years  of  age.  The  rest  of  the  edifice  is  devoted  to  the  work  among  the  older 
inmates.  The  House  of  Mercy  is  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary,  and  a  regu- 
lar chaplain  is  provided.  *  Legacies,  donations  and  grants  from  the  public  funds  are 
relied  on  to  meet  the  expenses. 

The  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  at  the  foot  of  East  90th  Street,  was 
founded  in  1857  by  five  nuns  of  the  Order  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Good  Shepherd  of 
Angers,  a  Catholic  sisterhood  founded  in  France  as  long  ago  as  1 66 1,  by  Pere  Eudes. 
It  is  a  house  of  refuge  for  fallen  women  and  girls  who  desire  to  reform.  Although 
founded  and  maintained  by  members  of  the  Catholic  communion,  the  privileges  of 
the  institution  are  free  to  all,  regardless  of  creed,  and  there  is  kindly  treatment  of 
all  who  apply  for  help  and  shelter.  The  inmates  are  allowed  to  remain  until  a 
thorough  reformation  is  effected,  when  permanent  homes  are  secured,  or  employ- 
ment is  found  for  them.  The  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd  is  the  largest  of  its  kind 
in  the  city,  having  accommodation  for  500  inmates,  and  it  has  been  the  means  of 
restoring  hundreds  of  Magdalens  to  industrious,  useful  and  respectable  lives. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


439 


St.  Joseph's  Night  Refuge  was  founded  in  1891  by  the  Friends  of  the  Home- 
less. The  Refuge  is  in  the  rear  of  143  West  14th  Street,  and  is  open  to  all  home- 
less women,  no  questions  being  asked  or  references  required.  There  are  100  beds. 
Yearly,  over  3, 500  wandering  women  received  shelter;  and  7,000  meals  are  given 
to  poor  people  in  the  neighborhood.  In  connection  with  the  Refuge  there  is  a 
laundry  and  sewing-room,  where  employment  is  given  to  inmates  willing  to  work. 

The  Midnight  Mission,  at  208  West  46th  Street,  was  opened  in  1866,  for  the 
reclamation  of  fallen  women,  who  are  here  given  homes,  and,  if  found  worthy,  aided 
in  obtaining  permanent  homes  or  employment.  It  is  in  the  charge  of  the  Sisterhood 
of  St.  John  Baptist,  an  order  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

The  Florence  Crittenton  Mission  for  Fallen  Women  was  established,  in 
1883,  by  Charles  M.  Crittenton,  in  memory  of  his  little  daughter  Florence,  and  has 

since  been  maintained  by  him,  mainly 
at  his  own  expense.  The  Mission  is  at 
21  and  23  Bleecker  Street,  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  Mott  Street  and  the 
Bowery,  and  finds  its  work  ready  to  its 
hand.  Its  purpose  is  to  reclaim  the 
fallen  women  of  the  neighborhood,  by 
providing  them  with  lodging  and  food 
until  they  are  strong  enough  to  go  out 
to  work  for  themselves,  and  by  Gospel 
meetings,  which  are  held  nightly  until 
midnight.  Many  fallen  women  and 
dissolute  men  have  been  reclaimed 
here.  The  nightly  services  are  quite 
interesting,  and  often  bring  out  some 
heart-breaking  experiences. 

The  Margaret  Strachan  Home 
and  Mission,  at  103  and  105  West 
27th  Street,  is  the  outcome  of  a  ven- 
ture of  faith  begun  in  1883  by  Mar- 
garet Strachan,  a  poor  seamstress. 
Her  daily  walks  to  and  from  her  work 
brought  her  in  contact  with  the  licen- 

FLORENCE  CRITTENTON  MISSION,  21   BLEECKER  STREET.  -  ,f      .         .  ...  - 

tiousness  then  rite  in  the  vicinity  of 
27th  Street,  and  she  resolved  to  devote  her  life  to  the  work  of  rescuing  the  fallen 
women  in  that  part  of  the  city.  She  rented  a  house  ;  hung  out  a  rude  sign,  bearing 
the  legend,  "Faith  Home,"  and  began  the  work,  which  she  continued  until  her 
death,  in  1887.  She  succeeded  in  interesting  some  of  her  patrons.  The  work 
increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the  adjoining  house  was  rented,  and  in  1887  both 
houses  were  purchased  by  the  Mission,  which  was  incorporated  in  that  year.  After 
the  death  of  the  founder  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Margaret  Strachan  Home,  and 
the  work  has  been  continued  with  remarkable  success.  The  lower  story  of  one  of 
the  houses  is  fitted  up  as  a  chapel,  and  Gospel-meetings  are  held  there  every  night 
for  the  inmates,  of  whom  there  are  about  thirty.  In  the  other  house  there  are  two 
pleasant  parlors,  and  the  sleeping-rooms  are  above,  in  both  houses.  The  Home 
and  Mission  engages  the  attention  and  care  of  a  number  of  wealthy  ladies. 

The  Wetmore  Home  and  several  other  institutions  of  similar  character  are 
actively  engaged  in  the  work  of  relieving  the  bitter  distress  of  the  social  outcasts. 


44Q 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Invalids'  Homes  and  the  distress  of  incurables  have  aroused  the  pity  of  thou- 
sands, who  have  banded  themselves  together  into  societies  to  alleviate  the  woes  thus 
seen.    One  of  the  best  of  these  is  the  Montefiore  Home,  described  farther  on. 

The  Home  for  Incurables,  at  Third  Avenue  and  i82d  Street,  near  Fordham, 
is  one  of  those  useful  but  mournful  charities  made  necessary  by  the  incurable 
nature  of  many  diseases.  Its  pleasant  and  well-ventilated  buildings  stand  in  a 
park  of  twelve  acres,  surrounded  by  shade-trees.  It  was  incorporated  in  1 866,  and 
receives  incurables  of  the  better  class  at  a  charge  of  $7  a  week.  There  are  180 
beds,  one-third  of  them  free.  The  yearly  expenses  of  $55,000  are  met  by  voluntary 
contributions  and  the  income  of  an  endowment  fund. 

The  House  of  the  Holy  Comforter  Free  Church  Home  for  Incurables 
is  well  named,  for  if  any  are  in  sorest  need  of  comfort  it  is  the  unfortunate  for  whom 
this  home  stands  open.  The  house  is  one  of  the  numerous  beneficent  charities  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  founded  in  1880  to  provide  a  free  home 
for  the  care  of  destitute  Protestant  women  and  children  of  the  better  class  suffering 


HOME  FOR  THE  RELIEF  OF  THE  DESTITUTE  BLIND,  AMSTERDAM  AVENUE  AND  WEST  104TH  STREET. 


from  incurable  diseases.  All  patients  are  received  on  a  three-months'  trial  and 
tenderly  cared  for  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Annunciation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  who 
are  in  charge  of  the  work.  The  house  is  at  149  Second  Avenue,  and  the  work 
involves  the  yearly  expenditure  of  $7,000. 

The  New-York  Home  for  Convalescents,  at  433  West  118th  Street,  was 
opened  in  1878  to  afford  gratuitous  temporary  care,  employment  and  other  assistance 
to  worthy  Protestant  poor  people,  discharged  as  cured  from  the  hospitals,  but  not 
yet  able  to  resume  their  usual  occupations.  This  very  necessary  charity  receives  300 
inmates  yearly,  and  is  supported  by  private  munificence. 

The  Lazarus  Guild  of  the  New-York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital  was 
formed  in  1 89 1,  to  provide  clothing,  old  linen  and  sick-room  delicacies  for  the 
patients,  as  well  as  to  raise  funds  for  the  endowment  of  free  beds  in  the  hospital. 

The  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Destitute  Blind  of  the  City  of  New  York 
and  vicinity,  founded  in  1869,  maintains  a  house  for  the  indigent  and  friendless 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


44 1 


SISTERS  OF  BON  6EC0URS,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  81ST  STREET. 


blind  of  both  sexes,  at  104th  Street  and  Amsterdam  Avenue,  with  privileges  free  to 
those  unable  to  pay  ;  and  at  $10  a  month  to  others.  Employment  at  fair  wages  is 
given  to  those  able  to  work  at  mattress-making,  re-seating  chairs  and  all  kinds  of 
knitting-work.  During 
1892  the  expenditures 
were  $9,000,  and  150 
inmates  were  received. 

The  Sisters  of 
Bon  Secours,  whose 
convent  is  at  1 195  Lex- 
ington Avenue,  devote 
their  lives  to  the  nurs- 
ing of  sick  persons  at 
their  own  homes.  A 
number  of  these  saintly 
nuns  are  consecrated  to 
work  for  the  sick  poor, 
amid  their  surroundings 
of  deprivation  and  des- 
titution. Sister  Eulalie 
de  Barcelona  is  the 
Superior. 

Homes  for  th  e 
Aged. — There  are 
half-a-dozen  comfort- 
able and  well-maintained  homes  for  aged  women,  as  well  as  for  aged  couples,  and 
for  men  and  women  suffering  from  friendlessness  and  penury. 

The  Association  forthe  Relief  of  Respectable,  Aged,  Indigent  Females 
is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  city's  charitable  institutions.  It  charter  runs  back  to 
1814,  a  time  when  there  was  no  other  refuge  than  the  poor-house  for  those  gentle- 
women who,  having  in  their  youth  known  better  things,  had  in  their  old  age  fallen 
upon  evil  days.    The  society  had  no  suitable  home  for  its  pensioners  until  1833,  when 

a  subscription 
list  was  opened, 
which  John  Jacob 
Astor  headed  with 
$5,000.  Petrus 
Stuyvesant  gave 
three  lots  of  land 
in  East  20th 
Street,  and  here 
the  Asylum  was 
erected,  in  1838, 
followed  in  1845 
by  a  second  build- 
ing for  the  Infirm- 
ary. The  asylum 
is  now  located 
on  Amsterdam 
Avenue,  at  104th 


AMSTERDAM  AVENUE  AND  WEST  104TH  STREET. 


NDIGENT  FEMALES, 


442 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Street,   and  here  aged  indigent 
gentlewomen  find  a  pleasant  and 
^^S^  congenial  home,  as  their  faces  turn 

r  toward  the  setting  sun.  Gentle- 

women over  sixty  years  of  age  are 
admitted  on  payment  of  £200  and 
the  surrender  of  any  property 
they  may  possess  at  their  death. 
In  addition  to  the  regular  inmates 
of  the  Home,  the  society  sup- 
ports a  number  of  outside  pen- 
sioners, at  a  total  yearly  expense 
of  $56,000. 

The  Presbyterian  Home 
for  Aged  Women,  at  47  East 
73d  Street,  was  established  in 
1866,  at  the  instance  of  a  few 
ladies,  to  provide  a  refuge  for 
aged  and  indigent  female  mem- 
bers of  the  local  Presbyterian  and 
Reformed  Churches.  Applicants 
for  admission  must  be  over  65 
years  old,  and  must  pay  a  small 
weekly  sum  for  board,  in  return 
for  which  they  are  given  a  pleasant 
Fifty  inmates  can  be  accommodated.    The  yearly  expenses 


PRESBYTERIAN  HOME  FOR  AGED  WOMEN,  47  EAST  730  STREET 


home  and  tender  care, 
are  met  by  contribution. 

St.  Luke's  Home  for  Indigent  Christian  Females  originated  in  an  applica- 
tion made  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Tuttle,  Rector  of  St.  Luke's  Church,  by  an  aged  woman 
for  a  place  in  which  to  spend  her  declining  years.  The  good  rector  was  compelled  to 
refuse,  as  there  was 
then  no  such  home 
in  the  city.  "But," 
said  he,  "please  God, 
there  soon  will  be"  ; 
and  he  immediately 
set  about  providing 
one,  with  such  suc- 
cess that  a  house  was 
soon  leased  and  fitted 
up.  In  1852  a  house 
was  opened,  and  in 
1854,  after  an  appeal 
to  the  leading  city 
parishes,  a  building 
adjoining  St.  Luke's 
Church,  in  Hudson 
Street,  was  pur- 
chased. The  present 
cheerful  and  commo- 


jr/ffG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


443 


<lious  house,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  89th  Street,  was  built  in  1870,  and  here  the 
declining  years  of  65  good  women  are  made  pleasant  and  happy.  The  Home  is 
open  for  the  communicants  of  any  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  churches  in  the  city 
which  contribute  to  its  support.  The  applicant  must  be  50  years  of  age,  and 
must  surrender  any  property  she  may  possess,  and  pay  an  entrance-fee  of  $300. 

The  Peabody  Home  for  Aged  and  Indigent  Women  was  founded  in 
1874  by  the  Peabody  Home  and  Reform  Association,  as  a  free  and  unsectarian 
home  for  poor  but  worthy  women,  who  must  be  over  65  years,  and  in  destitute  cir- 
cumstances. The  home  is  pleasantly  located  on  Boston  Road,  West  Farms,  and 
cares  for  25  inmates,  at  a  yearly  expense  of  $5,000. 

St.  Joseph's  Home  for  the  Aged  is  an  enormous  building  at  207-215  West 
15th  Street.  This  great  charity  was  founded  in  1868,  and  is  under  the  charge  of 
the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul.  It  is  entirely  for  the  comfort  of  aged 
women  ;  and  has  350  inmates,  of  whom  100  pay  according  to  ability. 

The  Home  for  Old  Men  and  Aged  Couples,  a  charity  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  was  incorporated  in  1872,  for  members  of  the  classes  indicated, 
who  are  communicants  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  The  Home  is  at  487  Hudson 
Street,  and  here  aged  married  couples  are  allowed  to  dwell  comfortably  together 
during  their  closing  years. 

The  Home  for  the  Aged  of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor  of  the 
City  of  New  York  was  incorporated  in  1871,  to  provide  a  home  for  old  persons 


HOME  FOR  THE  AGED,  LITTLE  SISTERS  OF  THE  POOR,  207  EAST  70th  STREET. 


of  both  sexes,  irrespective  of  religion  and  belief.  They  must  be  over  60  years  old, 
and  destitute.  There  are  two  homes  in  the  city  ;  one  at  207  East  70th  Street,  for 
applicants  from  the  East  Side  ;  and  another  at  135  West  106th  Street,  for  those  from 
the  West  Side.  The  two  homes  give  gratuitous  care  to  nearly  500  inmates.  They 
are  in  charge  of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  a  Catholic  charitable  order  instituted 
a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  in  France,  by  a  poor  priest  and  two  working-girls. 


444 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


i  li 


J  d  J  j  | 

!!!!  5 


S  .  ill 


HOME  FOR  THE  AGED,  LITTLE  SISTERS  OF  THE  POOR,  COLUMBUS  AVENUE  AND 
WEST  106th  STREET. 


The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Home  of  New-York  City,  a  large  brick 
edifice  at  the  corner  of  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  93d  Street,  was  incorporated  in 

I    .  ;  ,    1850  to  provide  a 

refuge  for  the  aged 
and  infirm  destitute 
members  of  the 
Methodist  Church. 
Applicants  must 
have  been  members 
of  that  denomina- 
tion for  at  least  ten 
years,  the  last  five 
in  connection  with 
one  of  the  local 
churches.  They 
must  be  of  sound 
mind.  No  entrance 
fee  is  charged,  but 
all   property  must 

be  surrendered  to  the  Home,  which  supplies  clothing,  employment  and  medical 
and  other  necessary  care.  One  hundred  and  twenty-five  aged  and  infirm  pensioners 
are  cared  for  in  the  institution. 

The  Baptist  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Persons  was  established  in  1869 
by  the  Ladies'  Home  Society  of  the  Baptist  churches  of  the  city  of  New  York,  as 
an  abiding-place  for  aged,  destitute  or  infirm  members  of  the  Baptist  churches. 
Applicants  for  admission  must  have  been  members  of  one  of  the  Baptist  city 
churches  for  at  least  five  years,  must  be  recommended  by  the  pastor  and  deacons  of 
the  church  to  which  they  belong,  and  must  pay  an  admission-fee  of  $100  each  ;  in 
return  for  which  they  receive  a  home,  clothing,  medical  attendance  and  religious 
privileges.  The  home  has  about  100  inmates,  who  are  cared  for  at  a  yearly  expense 
of  $15,000.  It 
is  in  charge  of  a 
board  of  man- 
agers. The  build- 
ing stands  on  68th 
Street,  between 
Park  and  Lexing- 
ton Avenues. 

The  Samari- 
tan Home  for 
the  Aged  of  the 
City  of  New  York 
was  incorporated 
in  1867,  in  order 
to  relieve  the 
crowded  condi- 
tion of  other  simi- 
lar  institutions. 

The  first  building  stood  on  West  37th  Street.  The  cheerful  and  commodious  home 
at  414  West  22d  Street  was  opened  in  1870.    The  object  of  the  institution  is  to 


IODIST  EPISCOPAL 


EST  930  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


445 


provide  a  haven  of  rest  for  aged  Protestants  of  either  sex,  over  65  years  of  age,  on 
payment  of  an  admission-fee  of  $250.  Forty-five  inmates  are  provided  for,  and 
there  is  an  endowment  fund  of  $40,000.  The  affairs  of  the  Home  are  in  charge  of  a 
board  of  managers. 

The  Chapin  Home  for  the  Aged  and  Infirm,  at  151  East  66th  Street,  was 
opened  in  1 869  as  a  home  for  aged  and  infirm  persons  of  both  sexes,  in  reduced 
circumstances,  who  must  be  recommended  by  the  board  of  managers.  An  applicant 
must  be  over  65  years  old,  and  must  pay  an  admission  fee  of  $300,  a  physician's 
examination  fee  of  $5,  and  a  burial  fee  of  $50,  and  surrender  all  property  in  pos- 
session at  the  time  of  admission.  There  are  70  inmates  ;  and  an  invested  fund  of 
$60, 000. 

The  Isabella  Heimath,  corner  of  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  190th  Street,  was 
established  in  1875,  by  the  late  Mrs.  Anna  Ottendorfer,  at  Astoria,  as  a  home  for 
indigent  old  women.    The  institution  on  its  completion  in  1889  was  presented  by 


ISABELLA  HEIMATH,  AMSTERDAM  AVENUE  AND  190TM  STREET. 

Oswald  Ottendorfer  to  a  society  incorporated  under  the  title  Isabella  Heimath.  It 
is  for  the  maintenance  and  care  of  the  aged  and  the  sick,  without  regard  to  creed, 
sex  or  nationality,  comprising  a  home  for  the  care  of  indigent  persons  —  of  at  least 
sixty  years  of  age  —  unable  to  support  themselves,  and  without  relatives  to  support 
them  ;  and  a  hospital  for  chronic  invalids  without  means.  Consumptives,  or 
patients  suffering  from  infectious  diseases,  epileptics,  idiots,  and  those  requiring 
constant  personal  attendance,  cannot  be  admitted.  There  is  a  convalescent  ward, 
in  which  convalescents  who  need  rest  after  an  acute  disease  or  a  surgical  operation 
are  admitted  for  a  limited  time.  The  admission  to  all  departments  is  gratuitous. 
There  are  176  beds.  The  hospital  is  equipped  with  Worthington  pumps,  electric 
lights,  and  other  conveniences  and  safe-guards. 


446 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Many  avocations  and  trades,  as  confederated  in  modern  times,  have  established 
extensive  charitable  agencies  for  their  own  people,  when  fallen  on  unhappy  days, 
and  have  also  made  provision  for  helping  their  young  people. 

The  Actors'  Fund  of  America,  at  12  West  28th  Street,  was  incorporated  in 
1882  for  the  relief  of  needy  actors  and  other  persons  connected  with  the  stage.  Its 
active  founder  was  A.  M.  Palmer,  who  has  constantly  been  its  president.  Its  funds 
are  derived  from  membership  dues,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  annual  benefit  perform- 
ance held  in  many  theatres  throughout  the  country.  During  1892  over  400  persons 
were  relieved,  at  an  expense  of  $28,000.  In  1892  a  grand  fair  held  in  Madison- 
Square  Garden  netted  nearly  $200,000  for  the  fund. 

The  General  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen,  at  18  East  16th 
Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest  local  organizations.  It  was  founded  in  1785  for  the 
general  improvement  of  mechanics  and  tradesmen.  It  has  a  large  membership  ;  is 
in  a  flourishing  condition  ;  and  has  become  a  valued  friend  to  the  young  men  and 
w6men  who  avail  themselves  of  its  many  privileges.  Its  leading  features  are  the 
Free  Library,  at  18  East  16th  Street,  a  public  circulating  library,  founded  in 
1820 ;  the  mechanics'  schools,  furnishing  free  instruction  in  stenography,  type- 
writing, and  mechanical  and  free-hand  drawing  to  worthy  young  men  and  women  ; 
courses  of  free  lectures  every  winter  ;  and  free  scholarships  in  the  New-York  Trade 
Schools.  It  supports  its  indigent  members,  and  pensions  the  widows  and  orphans 
of  deceased  members. 

The  New-York  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of 
Medical  Men  was  formed  in  1842  to  render  aid  to  the  needy  widows  and  orphans 
of  deceased  members.  In  special  cases,  other  near  relatives,  who  had  been  depend- 
ent upon  the  deceased,  are  aided.  Twelve  widows  and  four  orphans  received  assist- 
ance in  1892,  at  an  outlay  of  $4,000. 

The  Exempt  Firemen's  Benevolent  Fund,  at  174  Canal  Street,  was  founded 
in  1 79 1,  under  the  name  of  the  Fire  Department  Fund,  by  a  few  members  of  the  old 
volunteer  force,  at  a  convivial  meeting.  A  charter  was  obtained  in  1798,  providing 
for  the  maintenance  and  increase  of  the  fund.  For  many  years  the  beneficiaries  were 
few  in  number,  and  a  large  surplus  accumulated.  This  was  lost  in  the  great  fire  of 
1835,  which  ruined  the  fire-insurance  companies  in  which  it  had  been  invested.  The 
citizens,  however,  contributed  $24,000;  and  when  the  volunteer  system  was  super- 
seded by  the  paid  Fire  Department,  in  1865,  the  fund  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Association  of  Exempt  Firemen,  which  had  been  formed  in  1841.  At  that  time  the 
fund  amounted  to  $90,000.  Now  it  is  nearly  $200,000,  and  the  income  is  expended 
for  the  benefit  of  indigent  and  disabled  firemen,  or  their  widows  or  children. 
The  Fire  Department  has  a  fund  amounting  to  nearly  $500,000,  the  income  of 
which  is  used  in  the  same  manner. 

The  maritime  class,  the  sailors  who  go  down  to  the  sea  in  ships,  are  admirably 
protected  by  charitable  funds,  mainly  of  their  own  institution. 

The  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  at  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island,  was  established 
in  1801,  by  Captain  Robert  Richard  Randall,  who  bequeathed  to  it  considerable 
tracts  of  city  real  estate,  now  of  enormous  value.  The  asylum  buildings  are  very 
extensive,  and  the  grounds  contain  180  acres,  attractively  laid  out.  The  Snug  Har- 
bor is  atiome  for  aged,  infirm  and  superannuated  sailors,  who  must  be  native-born,  or, 
in  case  of  those  of  foreign  birth,  must  produce  documentary  evidence  that  they  have 
served  at  least  five  years  in  vessels  flying  the  American  flag.  The  home  is  in  charge 
of  a  board  of  trustees,  and  there  is  ample  accommodation  for  1,000  inmates. 
The  institution  has  a  yearly  income  of  over  $300,000,  and  is  self-supporting. 


KING'S  HA  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


447 


Webb's  Home  for  shipbuilders,  now  approaching  completion,  on  Fordham 
Heights,  palatial,  endowed  with  millions,  is  intended  partly  for  a  home  for  aged  and 
destitute  master-shipbuilders  and  their  wives. 

The  Marine  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  at 
19  Whitehall  Street,  was  incorporated  as  early  as  1770,  for  the  improvement  of 
maritime  knowledge,  and  the  relief  of  indigent  members  who  are  or  have  been  mas- 
ters of  ships,  or  their  widows  or  orphans.  It  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions 
and  membership  dues.     It  aids  nearly  50  widows  yearly. 

The  Home  for  Seamen's  Children  was  founded  in  1846  by  the  Society  for 
the  Relief  of  the  Destitute  Children  of  Seamen.  It  is  pleasantly  located  at  West 
New  Brighton,  Staten  Island,  and  about  130  children  are  cared  for  and  educated 
yearly.  No  one  is  received  for  a  shorter  period  than  a  year  ;  and  a  small  weekly 
payment  is  required  from  parents  who  are  able  to  contribute  to  the  support  of  their 
children.  The  inmates,  unless  claimed  by  friends  or  guardians,  are  retained  in  the 
home  until  fourteen  years  of  age,  when  suitable  homes  are  obtained  for  them. 

The  Mariners'  Family  Asylum  of  the  Port  of  New  York,  the  only 
institution  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States,  was  incorporated  in  1854,  as  a  home  for 
the  destitute  sick  or  infirm  mothers,  wives,  widows,  sisters  or  daughters  of  seamen 
of  the  port  of  New  York.  Applicants  must  be  over  60  years  of  age,  and  pay  an 
admission  fee  of  *ioo.  The  asylum  is  located  at  Stapleton,  Staten  Island,  and  about 
^5,000  is  spent  yearly  in  caring  for  the  fifty  pensioners. 

The  Seamen's  Christian  Association,  at  665  Washington  Street,  was 
founded  in  1888,  and  maintains  a  chapel,  reading  and  writing  room  for  seamen  and 
boatmen,  where  religious  and  moral  entertainment  is  provided  for  them.  The 
"  Rest"  is  open  daily  from  2  P.  M.  until  10  P.  M.,  and  here  "Jack  "  may  always 
find  a  hearty  welcome.     Religi(*us  services  are  held  every  evening. 

Foreign  Relief  Societies.—  An  interesting  manifestation  of  charity  is  in  its 
application  to  various  races  from  abroad.  The  great  network  of  Jewish  philan- 
thropies is  entirely  built  up  and  maintained  from  the  abounding  wealth  and  liberal- 
ity of  the  Hebrew- American  population.  On  the  other  hand,  the  African  asylums, 
and  the  beneficent  works  done  among  the  Chinese,  the  Italians  and  certain  other 
immigrant  colonies  are  maintained  at  the  cost  of  the  older  population  of  the  city. 
Among  these  fraternal  groups  are  :  The  Italian  Benevolent  Society,  founded  in 
1857  ;  the  German  Mission-House  Association,  1867  ;  the  Spanish  Benevolent 
Society,  in  1882  ;  the  Norwegian  Relief  Society,  in  1883  ;  the  Hungarian  Associa- 
tion, in  1884  ;  the  Jewish  Immigrants'  Protective  Society,  in  1885  ;  the  Polish 
Benevolent  Society  ;  and  the  Greek  Benevolent  Society,  in  1 891. 

St.  George's  Society,  at  7  Battery  Place,  was  established  in  1786,  succeeding 
an  older  society  with  similar  aims,  which  had  existed  before  the  Revolution.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1838.  Its  object  is  to  afford  relief  and  advice  to  indigent  natives  of 
England  and  the  British  Colonies,  or  to  their  wives,  widows  or  children,  in  the  cities 
of  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  Its  income  can  be  expended  only  in  charity.  The 
persons  eligible  to  membership  are  :  natives  of  England  or  any  of  its  dependencies, 
and  their  sons  and  grandsons,  and  British  officers  and  their  sons,  wherever  born. 

St.  Andrew's  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  was  founded  in  1756  and 
incorporated  in  1826.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  existing  benevolent  societies  in  the 
country.  Its  objects  are  the  promotion  of  social  and  friendly  intercourse  among  the 
natives  of  Scotland  and  their  connections  and  descendants  in  the  city  and  vicinity, 
and  the  relief  of  such  as  may  be  indigent.  If  employment  cannot  be  found  for  the 
industrious  poor  in  the  city,  the  society  pays  their  passage  to  any  other  place  where 


448  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

work  may  be  offered.  In  1892  2,300  persons  received  assistance.  The  society  has 
a  permanent  fund  of  about  $75,000  ;  and  450  members.  Its  main  office  is  in  the 
United  Charities  Building,  with  a  branch  at  287  East  Broadway. 

St.  David's  Society,  at  21  University  Place,  was  founded  in  1835,  anc*  incor- 
porated in  1846,  for  the  relief  of  needy  Welsh  people.  Welshmen  and  their  descend- 
ants, and  persons  married  to  Welsh  women,  are  eligible  to  membership. 

The  Irish  Emigrant  Society,  at  51  Chambers  Street  and  29  Reade  Street, 
was  founded  in  1841,  and  incorporated  in  1844,  to  afford  advice,  protection  and 
relief  to  needy  Irish  immigrants.  It  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  Social  Benevolent  Society 
of  the  Friendly  Sons  of  St.  Patrick,  the  successor  of  the  Friendly  Brothers  of  St. 
Patrick,  which  existed  previous  to  the  Revolution.    The  Society  of  the  Friendly 

Sons  of  St.  Patrick  was  organ- 
ized in  1784,  and  became  very 
active  in  extending  aid  to  indi- 
gent natives  of  Ireland  in  the 
city,  especially  in  aiding  newly 
arrived  immigrants  in  obtaining 
employment.  Since  the  found- 
ing of  the  Emigrant  Society  it 
has  turned  its  activity  in  other 
directions. 

La  Societe  Francaise  de 
Bienfaisance  (French  Benevo- 
lent Society)  was  organized  in 
1809,  and  incorporated  in  1 8 19, 
«to  assist  needy  Frenchmen  by 
providing  medical  advice,  medi- 
cines, food,  clothing,  money, 
and  temporary  shelter  for  those 
in  need  or  sickness.  It  depends 
entirely  on  the  generosity  of  the 
public  for  its  yearly  expenses, 
which  average  $20,000.  The  society  maintains  a  relief  bureau,  bureau  of  immigra- 
tion, night  refuge,  dispensary,  hospital  and  home,  at  320  West  34th  Street. 

The  Young  Women's  Home  Society  of  the  French  Evangelical  Church 
in  the  City  of  New  York,  at  341  West  30th  Street,  was  organized  in  1888  and  incor- 
porated in  1890,  to  provide  unemployed  governesses,  teachers  and  domestics  of 
French  birth  with  homes  and  board.  It  also  supplies  needy  applicants  with  cloth- 
ing, money  and  medical  attendance,  and  procures  employment  for  them.  The 
Home  furnishes  rooms  and  board  for  24  inmates,  at  a  cost  of  $4  a  week  each. 
Nearly  1,000  worthy  cases  are  assisted  yearly,  at  a  cost  of  $7,000. 

The  Belgian  Society  of  Benevolence,  at  135  Duane  Street,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1 87 1,  for  the  relief  of  indigent  Belgians  and  their  descendants.  Its  funds 
are  derived  from  private  subscriptions  largely  from  the  natives  of  the  Low  Countries. 

The  Swiss  Benevolent  Society,  the  title  of  which  indicates  the  scope  of  its 
work,  maintains  a  home  at  108  Second  Avenue,  where  needy  natives  of  Switzerland 
are  cared  for. 

The  Leo  House  for  German  Catholic  Immigrants  is  for  the  protection 
and  care  of  recently-landed  German  Catholic  immigrants,  who  are  aided  by  advice, 
financial  assistance  in  extreme  cases,  and  in  all  other  possible  ways.    The  society  in 


SWISS  BENEVOLENT  SOCIETY,  108  SECOND  AVENUE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


449 


charge  was  incorporated  in  1889.  The  House  itself,  at  6  State  Street,  is  one  of  the 
few  old-time  mansions  that  have  survived  all  the  changes  of  the  modern  city.  It  was 
for  many  years  the  home  of  James  Watson,  the  first  president  of  the  New-England 
Society  of  New  York,  and  in  its  parlors  that  society  was  founded. 

The  Mission  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Rosary,  at  Castle  Garden  (7  State  Street), 
receives  yearly  over  4,000  young  immigrant  girls,  and  cares  for  them  until  they  meet 
their  friends,  procure  work,  or  proceed  on  their  journeys.  It  has  neither  State  nor 
municipal  aid,  and  is  supported  through  the  generosity  of  the  charitable.  The  Rev. 
M.  Callaghan  is  director. 

The  Lutheran  Pilgrim  House,  at  8  State  Street,  was  opened  in  1885,  for 
benevolent  and  humane  work  among  the  poorer  classes  of  German  Lutheran 


MISSION  AND  EMIGRANT  HOUSES,  ON  STATE  STREET. 


immigrants,  for  whom  a  lodging-house,  temporary  employment,  advice,  and  all  other 
needful  assistance  is  provided.    The  House  is  supported  by  the  Lutheran  churches. 

The  Evangelical  Aid  Society  for  the  Spanish  Work  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  at  1345  Lexington  Avenue,  was  founded  in  1886  to  carry  the  Gospel  to 
the  Spanish-speaking  people  in  their  own  language,  to  provide  missionaries  to  visit 
them  in  their  houses,  to  relieve  the  sick  and  help  the  poor,  and  to  establish  Sunday 
and  industrial  schools. 

St.  Bartholomew's  Chinese  Guild,  at  23  St.  Mark's  Place,  was  founded  in 
1889  for  the  improvement,  spiritual  elevation  and  religious  training  of  the  Chinese. 
It  renders  legal  aid  to  its  beneficiaries,  and  cares  for  the  sick  and  dying  in  the  city 
and  vicinity.  There  are  nearly  700  members,  who  have  the  privileges  of  a  reading- 
room,  library  and  gymnasium,  and  receive  instruction  in  the  manual  arts.  The  guild 
is  supported  by  St.  Bartholomew's  Episcopal  Church  and  by  its  membership  dues. 
29 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


COLORED  ORPHAN 


The  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  and  Association  for  the  benefit  of  colored 
children,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  is  due  to  the  earnest  labors  of  two  ladies, 
Miss  Anna  H.  Shotwell  and  Miss  Murray,  who  in  1836  began  to  work  in  behalf  of 
the  neglected  colored  children  of  the  city.  As  the  result  of  their  labors,  at  a  time 
when  the  negro  was  generally  regarded  as  nothing  more  than  the  white  man's 
chattel,  the  Association  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Colored  Orphans  was  formed,  the 
first  of  its  kind  in 
the  country,  and 
a  small  house  on 
1 2th  Street  was 
purchased.  The 
association  was 
incorporated  i  n 
1838,  and  in  1842, 
after  repeated  ap- 
peals to  the  Com- 
mon Council,  a 
grant  was  ob- 
tained of  twenty- 
two  lots  of  land 
on  Fifth  Avenue, 
and  a  suitable 
building  was 
erected.  This  was 
destroyed  in  the 

Draft  Riot  of  1863,  in  spite  of  heroic  efforts  to  save  it.  Instead  of  rebuilding  on  the 
old  site,  the  managers  secured  a  location  on  West  143d  Street,  between  Tenth  Avenue 
and  the  Boulevard,  and  the  present  home  was  erected.  With  the  passing  away  of  the 
old  prejudice  against  the  negro  the  institution  has  steadily  gained  in  the  confidence 
and  good  will  of  the  community.  Colored  orphans  of  both  sexes,  between  the  ages  of 
two  and  ten  years,  are  received  and  gratuitously  provided  for,  except  in  cases  where 
the  children  are  intrusted  to  the  society  by  parents  or  guardians,  when  a  nominal 
fee  of  seventy-five  cents  a  week  is  charged.  All  the  inmates  are  instructed  in  home 
industries,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  indentured  into  families  or  at  trades.  The  lead- 
ing design  of  the  hom^  is  not  merely  to  rescue  from  poverty,  and  minister  to  the 
physical  comforts  and  necessities  of  those  committed  to  its  care,  but  to  elevate  the 
character,  develop  the  faculties  and  impart  a  knowledge  of  religious  and  moral  obli- 
gations and  duties.  About  350  children  are  cared  for.  The  expenses  are  met  by 
private  subscriptions  and  grants  from  the  public  school  fund. 

The  Colored  Home  and  Hospital  of  the  city  of  New  York  originated  in  1839, 
in  the  labors  of  a  few  women,  who  sought  to  alleviate  the  condition  of  the  indigent 
colored  population.  In  1845  tne  society  was  incorporated  and  $10,000  was  secured 
from  the  State,  for  a  suitable  structure.  The  group  of  buildings,  at  65th  Street  and 
First  Avenue,  was  erected  in  1849,  and  comprises  the  home,  a  chapel,  a  hospital  for 
general  diseases,  and  a  lying-in  hospital.  The  privileges  of  the  home  are  free  to  all 
indigent  colored  residents  of  the  city,  and  are  open  to  non-residents  upon  the  pay- 
ment of  a  fixed  sum  quarterly.  The  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  have  the 
right  to  place  in  the  institution  adult  destitute,  infirm,  sick  and  incurable  colored 
persons  of  either  sex,  for  whose  support  partial  provision  is  made  from  the  public 
funds. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


45 1 


The  New-York  Colored  Mission,  at  135  West  30th  Street,  was  founded  in 
1 87 1  for  the  religious,  moral  and  social  elevation  of  the  colored  people  in  the  city. 
It  seeks  to  attain  its  purpose  by  means  of  frequent  religious  services,  by  Sunday- 
school  instruction,  ,  by  its  free  employment  office,  reading-room  and  library,  and  by 
the  zealous  labors  of  a  missionary,  who  visits  the  sick  and  poor,  and  gives  relief  in 
food  and  clothing  and  other  necessaries.  It  also  has  a  lodging-room,  where  colored 
women  can  obtain  lodgings  at  nominal  rates.  Nearly  6,000  lodgings  are  furnished 
yearly.  A  sewing-school  for  women  and  young  girls  is  also  in  successful  operation. 
The  yearly  expenses  are  $5,000,  and  are  met  by  private  contributions. 

The  United  Hebrew  Charities  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  128  Second 
Avenue,  was  formed  in  1874  by  the  union  of  the  Hebrew  Benevolent  and  Orphan 
Asylum  Society;  the  Hebrew  Benevolent  Fuel  Society;  the  Hebrew  Relief  Society  ; 
the  Congregation  Darech  Amuno  Free  Burial  Fund  Society,  and  the  Ladies' 
Hebrew  Lying-in  Society.  Its  objects  are  to  afford  relief  of  all  kinds  to  worthy 
Hebrews,  and  by  co-operation  to  prevent  fraud.  The  city  is  divided  into  districts, 
with  visitors  and  physicians  attached  to  each  district  ;  the  sick  are  visited  in  their 
homes  ;  immigrants  from  Europe  and  other  places  are  aided  ;  and  the  worthy 
Hebrew  poor  are  assisted  in  many  ways.  In  1892  nearly  40,000  persons  were  aided  ; 
situations  were  obtained  for  5,000  applicants ;  and  20,600  lodgings  and  64,000  meals 
were  furnished. 

The  Hebrew  Benevolent  and  Orphan  Society  of  New  York  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1822,  and  reincorporated  in  i860.  It  maintains  a  large  asylum,  one  of  the 
best  appointed  in  the  country,  at  Amsterdam  Avenue  and  136th  Street,  where 

Hebrew  orphans 
and  indigent  boys 
and  girls  are  shel- 
tered and  educated. 
The  building  has  a 
capacity  of  1,000. 
The  origin  of  the 
society  is  touching. 
Many  years  ago  a 
Hebrew  soldier  of 
the  Revolution  lay 
dying  in  the  City 
Hospital,  and  ex- 
pressed a  desire  to 
see  some  of  his  co- 
religionists, a  number  of  whom  visited  him.  Becoming  interested  in  the  suffering 
soldier,  thi  y  collected  a  small  fund,  and  after  his  death,  they  found  themselves  in 
possession  of  $300,  which  was  made  a  nucleus  of  the  larger  sum  with  which  the 
asylum  was  founded.    Wm.  H.  Hume  designed  the  present  building. 

The  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Hebrews  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at 
West  105th  Street,  near  Columbus  Avenue,  was  opened  in  1848,  and  incorporated 
in  1872.  Aged  and  infirm  Hebrew  New-Yorkers,  of  either  sex,  over  sixty  years  of 
age,  are  received  here  and  given  a  home  in  their  declining  years.  About  160  are 
cared  for  yearly,  at  an  expense  of  $30,000. 

The  Hebrew  Sheltering  Guardian  Society  of  New  York  was  formed  in 
1879,  to  found  and  maintain  an  asylum  where  Jewish  infants,  orphans,  half-orphans 
and  deserted  children,  not  admitted  into  other  institutions,  might  be  received,  cared 


HEBREW  BEf 


>E  AND  WEST 


136th  STREET. 


452 


KING'S  HA NJ) BOOK  OF  ME IV  YORK. 


for  and  educated  until  they  could  be  provided  with  homes  or  permanent  employ- 
ment. The  asylum  buildings  are  at  Eleventh  Avenue  and  151st  Street,  for  infants 
and  grown-up  boys,  and  at  the  Boulevard  and  150th  Street,  for  girls.  In  addi- 
tion to  its  regular  work,  the  institution  gives  temporary  employment,  food  and 
shelter  to  former  inmates  out  of  employment,  and  furnishes  meals  to  poor  persons 
and  children  not  connected  with  the  asylum.    The  yearly  expenses  are  $60,000. 

The  Montefiore  Home  for  Chronic  Invalids,  at  the  Boulevard  and  West 
138th  Street,  a  useful  Hebrew  charity,  was  established  in  1884,  to  afford  shelter  in 


MONTEFIORE   HOME  FOR  CHRONIC  INVALIDS,  BOULEVARD  AND  WEST   138th  STREET. 


sickness  to  such  invalid  residents  as,  by  reason  of  incurable  disease,  are  unable  to 
obtain  treatment  at  other  institutions.  Incurables  of  both  sexes,  discharged  from 
the  city  hospitals,  are  received  and  cared  for,  irrespective  of  their  religious  belief. 
The  families  of  the  patients  are  also  relieved,  when  deprived  of  the  labor  of  the 
breadwinner,  from  the  income  of  the  Julius  Hallgarten  Fund.  There  is  also  a  Dis- 
charged Patients'  and  Climatic  Cure  Fund,  the  income  of  which  is  used  to  send 
improved  patients  to  Vineland,  N.  J.,  or  to  Colorado,  for  a  few  months'  change  of 
air  and  scene.  In  1S92  this  charity  cared  for  300  inmates  and  over  200  out-door 
patients,  at  a  cost  of  $73,000. 

The  Ladies'  Deborah  Nursery  and  Child's  Protectory  was  founded  in 
1878,  for  the  reception,  care  and  education  of  destitute  Hebrew  children  from  four 
to  fourteen  years  old,  who  may  be  committed  to  its  keeping  by  magistrates.  The 
buildings  are  at  95  East  Broadway,  for  boys,  and  East  l62d  Street,  near  Eagle 
Avenue,  for  girls.  The  inmates  are  cared  for  and  instructed  in  some  trade  or  house- 
hold work  until  they  are  able  to  support  themselves.  The  average  number  received 
yearly  is  375. 

The  Aguilar  Aid  Society  was  founded  in  1890  to  assist  the  up-town  Jewish 
poor  on  the  East  Side  with  fuel,  clothing,  groceries,  and  in  special  cases  money,  and 
also  to  provide  Passover  supplies  to  those  unable  to  purchase  them. 

The  Hebrew  Sheltering  Home,  210  Madison  Avenue,  was  opened  in  1889, 
to  aid  Hebrew  immigrants  by  furnishing  free  temporary  lodgings  and  food,  and 
assistance  in  obtaining  employment.     During  1892  4,000  immigrants  were  assisted. 

The  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association,  721  Lexington  Avenue  and 
206  East  Broadway,  was  founded  in  1 888  to  advance  the  cause  of  Judaism,  to  pro- 
mote culture  among  women,  and  to  improve  the  moral  and  intellectual  welfare  of 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


453 


girls  of  over  fourteen  years,  and  of  women  of  the  laboring  and  immigrant  classes. 
Lessons  are  given  in  the  domestic  arts,  cooking,  physical  culture,  dressmaking,  etc., 
mainly  to  Russian  immigrants,  who  are  also  taught  the  rudiments  of  English. 

Miscellaneous  Charitable  Societies  abound  on  every  side,  and  quite  defy 
classification.  A  few  of  them  may  be  mentioned,  almost  at  random,  in  order  to 
exhibit  the  wide  sweep  of  metropolitan  kindliness. 

The  New-York  Fruit  and  Flower  Mission,  at  104  East  20th  Street,  was 
founded  in  1870.  It  distributes  flowers,  fruits  and  delicacies  among  the  sick  in 
hospitals,  asylums  and  tenement-houses,  and  sends  Christmas  greetings  to  sick 
children  in  houses  and  hospitals. 

The  New-York  Bible  and  Fruit  Mission  to  the  Public  Hospitals  is  an 
important  local  charity,  organized  in  1876  for  work  among  the  sick  in  public 
hospitals.  Weekly  visits  are  made  to  all  the  hospitals  in  charge  of  the  Department 
of  Public  Charities  and  Correction,  and  flowers,  food,  fruit  and  reading-matter  are 
distributed  to  the  patients. 
The  institution  is  also  en- 
gaged in  useful  philanthropic 
work  among  the  poor,  and 
labors  to  reform  criminals 
and  inebriates.  The  Mission 
Building  at  416  to  422  East 
26th  Street  contains  a 
chapel,  where  services  are 
held  every  evening  ;  a  coffee- 
house and  restaurant,  where 
meals  and  tickets  for  food 
are  sold  at  moderate  prices ; 
a  lodging-house  for  men, 
which  furnishes  lodgings  and 
baths  at  low  rates  ;  a  broom 
factory,  which  gives  employ- 
ment to  men  out  of  work, 
convalescents  from  the  hos-       H0ME  F0R  AGED  AND  infirm  Hebrews,  125  west  io6th  street, 

.     ,  ,  ,  ,  NEAR  COLUMBUS  AVENUE. 

pitals,  and  discharged  con- 
victs ;  a  reading-room  and  circulating  library ;  and  a  sewing-school  for  young  girls. 
Other  branches  of  the  mission  work  are  the  Penny  Provident  Fund,  the  Fresh-Air 
Fund,  and  the  Loan-Relief  Bureau.  During  1892  85,000  meals  were  furnished  at 
the  coffee-house  ;  33,000  men  were  registered  at  the  lodging-house;  and  the  sum  of 
$2,200  was  paid  out  in  wages  at  the  broom  factory. 

The  Christmas  Letter  Mission,  was  organized  in  Europe  in  1871,  and  in 
the  United  States  in  1 881 .  It  is  a  charming  charity,  formed  to  distribute  Christmas 
messages  of  consolation  and  encouragement  among  the  inmates  of  hospitals,  prisons 
and  other  similar  institutions.  These  messages  are  written  by  friends  of  the  move- 
ment. In  1892  nearly  2,500  letters  of  Christmas  greeting  were  distributed  among 
the  inmates  of  the  local  institutions,  and  over  35,000  in  the  United  States. 

The  Island  Mission  for  Cheering  the  Lives  of  the  Poor  and  Sick, 
at  102  Waverly  Place,  is  an  unsectarian  charity,  formed  in  1887,  to  brighten  and 
cheer  the  lives  of  the  inmates  of  the  public  charitable  institutions  by  means  of 
pictures,  books  and  entertainments,  and  by  providing  the  ordinary  comforts  of  life 
for  the  aged,  infirm  and  insane.     It  is  supported  entirely  by  private  charity. 


454 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Hospital  Book  and  Newspaper  Society,  at  21  University  Place,  is  a 
department  of  the  State  Charities  Aid  Association.  It  was  formed  in  1874,  and 
its  mission  is  to  receive  and  distribute  gratuitously  among  the  inmates  of  the  local 
hospitals  and  asylums,  books,  newspapers  and  other  reading  matter.  Nearly 
60,000  books  and  papers  are  distributed  yearly. 

The  Needlework  Guild  of  America,  New-York  Branch,  was  founded  in 
1 89 1  to  provide  new  and  suitable  garments  for  the  inmates  of  the  local  hospitals, 
homes  and  other  charities,  and  to  unite  all  who  are  interested  in  that  special  field 
of  charitable  work.  The  guild  has  no  office,  but  does  its  work  privately,  by  house- 
to-house  meetings  among  the  members. 

The  Ladies'  Fuel  and  Aid  Society,  at  199  Henry  Street,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1888.  It  distributes  coal,  provisions,  clothing  and  other  necessaries  of  life 
to  the  worthy  and  suffering  of  any  class  or  creed,  assists  in  obtaining  employment,  and 
renders  any  other  assistance  thought  to  be  wise  and  good.  In  1893,  2,325  families 
were  aided.  Other  fuel  and  aid  societies  are  :  The  Hebrew  Benevolent  Fuel 
Society  (1869),  the  Earle  Guild  (1876),  and  the  East-Side  Ladies'  Aid  Society 
(1889). 

The  New-England  Society  in  the  City  of  New  York,  at  76  Wall  Street, 
was  organized  in  1 805,  as  a  charitable  and  literary  association.  It  had  but  a  feeble 
growth  for  many  yearr,  but  after  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal,  in  1825,  many  New- 
Englanders  settled  in  the  city,  and  infused  new  life  into  the  society,  which  has  for 
many  years  been  a  flourishing  and  popular  institution.  There  is  a  committee  on 
charity,  which  distributes  the  money  voted  by  the  board  of  officers  to  the  benefi- 
ciaries, who  are  the  widows  and  orphans  of  deceased  members.  The  society  has 
1,500  members.    Daniel  G.  Rollins  is  its  President;  and  L.  P.  Hubbard,  Secretary. 

The  Penny-Provident  Fund  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  was 
established  in  1889,  to  inculcate  habits  of  providence  and  thrift  among  the  poor,  by 
supplying  them  with  facilities  for  small  savings,  such  as  the  savings-banks  do  not 
afford.  The  plan  is  similar  to  that  of  the  English  Postal  Savings  System.  Deposits 
of  one  cent  and  upwards  are  received  and  receipted  for  by  stamps  attached  by  a 
Stamp-Card,  given  to  each  depositor.  As  soon  as  a  sufficient  amount  has  been 
deposited  in  this  small  way,  the  depositors  are  encouraged  to  open  accounts  in  some 
savings-bank.  Over '210  local  stamp-stations  have  been  established  in  various  parts 
of  the  city,  and  more  than  60,000  persons  have  made  deposits,  varying  from  one  cent 
to  larger  sums.     The  central  office  is  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  Street. 

The  Christian  Aid  to  Employment  Society,  at  50  Bible  House,  was  incor- 
porated in  1888,  to  assist  worthy  men  and  women  to  suitable  employment.  No 
worthy  applicant  is  refused  aid  because  of  inability  to  pay  a  fee.  A  small  charge  is 
made  to  employers  for  services  rendered. 

The  German  Legal  Aid  Society,  at  35  Nassau  Street,  was  incorporated  in 
1876,  to  render  free  legal  advice  and  aid  to  persons  too  poor  to  employ  a  lawyer. 
It  has  aided  over  50,000  persons,  and  has  collected  for  claimants  over  $350,000. 
Formerly  the  work  was  confined  to  Germans,  but  it  is  now  international  in  char- 
acter, and  distributes  its  benefits  to  all  applicants. 

The  Ladies'  Union  Relief  Association  was  formed  in  1865  for  the  care  and 
relief  of  sick  and  disabled  soldiers  and  their  families,  and  of  the  widows  and  orphans 
of  those  who  fell  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  Its  work  at  present  consists  mainly 
in  obtaining  pensions  for  those  entitled  to  them,  and  in  granting  out-door  relief,  not 
exceeding  $10  a  month,  to  those  who  have  claims  upon  the  National  Soldiers'  Home 
at  Washington.     It  is  managed  by  a  board  of  women  trustees. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


455 


The  International  Telegraph  Christian  Association,  American  Branch, 

was  founded  in  1890,  to  promote  religion  and  Christian  fellowship  in  telegraph- 
offices.  The  parent  organization  is  of  English  origin.  The  American  Branch  has 
already  established  six  Junior  branches  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  where  messen- 
ger and  telegraph  boys  under  sixteen  years  of  age  receive  moral,  social  and  physical 
benefits  ;  and  a  Senior  Branch  for  letter-carriers.  The  address  of  the  General 
Local  Secretary  is  70  West  36th  Street. 

The  Tenement-House  Chapter  of  the  King's  Daughters  and  Sons, 
Madison  Street,  was  organized  in  1892  to  bring  the  members  of  the  Order  into  personal 
relation  with  the  dwellers  in  tene- 
ment-houses, whose  moral  and  physi- 
cal elevation  is  the  principal  aim  of 
the  organization.  In  cases  of  special 
need,  such  aid  as  seems  best  suited  to 
each  case  is  given  ;  and  nursing,  sick- 
room comforts  and  food  are  supplied 
to  the  sick.  A  valuable  fresh-air 
work  is  done  among  the  children  dur- 
ing the  summer  months.  The  head- 
quarters of  the  King's  Daughters  are 
at  158  West  23d  Street,  in  the  former 
home  of  David  M.  Morrison. 

The  Ladies'  Mission  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
the  Public  Institutions  of  the  City 
of  New  York  was  incorporated  in 
1862.  The  membership  is  composed 
of  charitably  inclined  women  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  who  are  willing  to 
devote  a  portion  of  their  time  to  visit- 
ing the  inmates  of  the  numerous  local 
public  institutions,  including  special 
prison-work  on  Black  well's  Island. 
During  1892  over  25,000  visits  were 
made  by  the  members  of  the  mission. 

The  Guild  of  St.  Elizabeth,  at  440  West  23d  Street,  was  organized  in  1876 
to  minister  to  the  sick  and  poor  in  the  public  institutions  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  and 
on  Blackwell's,  Ward's,  Hart's  and  Randall's  Islands. 

The  Istituto  Italiano  (Italian  Home)  is  a  charitable  organization,  founded 
in  1889  by  Gian  Paolo  Riva,  the  Italian  Consul-General,  and  other  prominent  Italian 
residents,  to  maintain  a  hospital  and  to  give  advice  to  Italian  immigrants,  dissemi- 
nate information  among  them,  and  promote  their  welfare  in  various  ways.  It  has 
occupied  us  present  quarters,  at  179  Second  Avenue,  near  East  nth  Street,  since 
February,  1891.  Its  work  has  been  comparatively  limited  because  of  lack  of  funds. 
Giovanni  Starace  is  president. 

The  New-York  Society  for  Parks  and  Playgrounds  for  Children, 
at  Room  7,  36  Union  Square,  was  founded  in  1891  to  supply  fresh  air,  sunshine  and 
healthful  recreation  to  as  many  as  possible  of  the  400,000  children  crowded  into  the 
stuffy  tenement-houses  of  the  city.  The  first  playground  started  by  the  society,  at 
Second  Avenue  and  92d  Street,  accommodates  500  children,  at  an  expense  of  only 


KING'S  DAUGHTERS,  158  WEST  230  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


$5  a  day.  It  is  proposed  to  open  other 
similar  grounds,  provided  with  swings,  see- 
saws, wagons,  wheelbarrows,  shovels,  heaps 
of  sand  and  jumping-ropes  as  rapidly  as  funds 
are  forthcoming.  The  economy  of  the  work 
is  such  that  all  this  can  be  provided  at  an 
outlay  of  one  cent  a  day  for  each  child  in 
attendance,  and  the  value  of  the  work  is  out 
of  all  proportion  to  its  cost.  The  expenses 
are  met  by  voluntary  contributions. 

Many  Old-time  Charities  of  New- York 
City  have  in  recent  years  wisely  removed 
their  establishments  into  the  neighboring 
country,  where,  amid  verdurous  forests,  lap- 
sing waves  and  pure  sweet  breezes,  their  un- 
happy patrons  may  find  some  better  chance 
of  recovery  and  sanity.  Thus  on  the  shores 
of  the  Hudson,  and  overlooking  the  blue  sea 
from  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  now 
stand  many  asylums  formerly  poisoned  by  the 
stenches  and  oaths  of  the  down-town  slums. 
The  latest  to  move  out  of  the  city  was  the 
Babies'  Shelter  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Communion,  which  has  been  removed  to  St. 
Johnland,  the  Church  Industrial  community 
on  Long  Island. 

The  heroic  attacks  of  Grace,  St.  Bartholomew's,  Trinity,  Judson  Memorial,  and 
other  churches  and  secular  bodies  are  continuously  delivered  against  the  powers  of 
the  slums,  and  with  marked  effect. 
The  University  and  College  Settle- 
ments, encamped  in  the  heart  of  the 
"Suicide  Ward,"  or  the  "Typhus 
Ward,"  where  over  60,000  people  are 
packed  into  no  acres,  are  to  erect  a 
grand  building,  to  be  a  centre  of 
regenerative  influences.  Thousands  of 
active  philanthropists  are  daily  saving 
New  York  from  the  poison  of  its  de- 
praved and  degraded  humanity  and  the 
venom  of  pauperized  peasant  immigra- 
tion, by  a  self-imposed  round  of  brave 
and  self-denying  and  fragrant  charities. 
Although  this  city  is  a  sink  into  which 
pour  the  crime  and  poverty  of  all  coun- 
tries, the  efforts  of  its  philanthropic 
societies  have  resulted  in  a  perceptible 
diminution  of  crime,  especially  among 
boys  and  girls,  and  therefore  in  an 
incalculable  saving  to  the  community  — 
and  to  Humanity. 


ITALIAN  INSTITUTE  AND  ITALIAN  HOME,  179  StCOND 
AVENUE,  BETWEEN  EAST  11TH  AND  EAST  12th  S  TS. 


LEAGUE  OF  THEOSOPHICAL  WORKERS,  144  MADISON  AVENUE. 
BETWEEN  318T  AND  320  STREET. 


Board  of  Health   and   Health   Statistics  —  Hospitals  and  Di< 
pensaries  —  The  Morgue  -  Curative  Institutions  —  Insane, 
Inebriate    and    other  A.s.ylums. 


THE  general  sanitary  condition  of  New  York  is  fairly  good,  in  view  of  the  many 
unfavorable  conditions  necessarily  prevailing  in  all  large  cities.  The  average 
annual  death-rate  of  about  25  in  1,000,  while  somewhat  higher  than  that  of  most 
American  and  many  foreign  cities,  is  not  abnormally  high,  when  the  large  yearly 
influx  of  immigrants,  the  crowded  condition  of  the  tenement-houses,  and  the 
number  of  patients  from  other  cities,  who  come  here  for  treatment  in  the  hospitals, 
are  taken  into  consideration.  The  average  yearly  number  of  deaths  is  not  far  from 
40,000,  fully  8,000  of  which  occur  in  the  numerous  public  and  private  institutions, 
and  about  25,000  in  houses  containing  three  or  more  families.  One  drawback  to  a 
satisfactory  sanitary  status  is  the  difficulty  of  keeping  the  many  miles  of  streets  in  a 
cleanly  condition,  a  trouble  which  is  not  so  strongly  felt  in  smaller  cities.  Strenu- 
ous efforts  are  made  by  the  Street  Department  to  improve  the  condition  of  the 
streets,  and  to  remove  all  these  menaces  to  the  public  health. 

The  Board  of  Health  controls  the  sanitary  affairs  of  the  city.  In  its  present 
form  it  was  established  in  1873.  It  consists  of  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Police, 
the  Health  Officer  of  the  Port,  and  two  Commissioners,  one  of  whom  must  have  been 
a  practising  physician  for  five  years  previous  to  his  appointment.  The  Commissioners 
hold  office  for  six  years,  and  are  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  independent  of  the  Board 
of  Aldermen.  A  large  corps  of  medical  inspectors  is  constantly  employed  in  the 
cure  and  prevention  of  disease,  in  the  inspection  of  houses,  and  for  the  enforcement 
of  the  health-laws  and  the  sanitary  code.  There  is  also  a  night  service  of  such 
physicians  and  surgeons  as  are  willing  to  undertake  the  work,  who  answer  all  night- 
calls  that  may  be  sent  to  them  from  the  different  police-stations  ;  a  vaccinating  corps  ; 
a  disinfecting  corps ;  and  an  organization  of  meat  and  milk  inspectors  ;  all  of  which 
are  potent  factors  in  promoting  the  general  healthfulness  of  the  city.  The  Board 
also  has  charge  of  the  Reception  Hospital,  at  the  foot  of  East  16th  Street,  built  in 
1885  for  the  temporary  care  of  contagious  cases  while  awaiting  transportation  to  the 
Riverside  Hospital,  on  North  Brother  Island,  which  was  erected  in  1884  for  the 
treatment  of  such  contagious  diseases  as  cannot  well  be  isolated  at  home,  as  well  as 
similar  cases  from  Quarantine  ;  and  the  Willard  Parker  Hospital,  at  the  foot  of 
East  16th  Street,  opened  in  1884  for  cases  of  scarlet  fever  and  diphtheria. 

The  Quarantine  Service  is  administered  by  three  Commissioners  of  Quaran- 
tine appointed  by  the  Governor  for  three  years,  and  a  Health  Officer,  for  two  years. 
The  Commissioners  are  authorized  by  law  to  make  all  needful  regulations  for  the 
examination  and  (when  necessary)  the  detention  of  all  incoming  vessels.  The 
State  of  New  York  furnishes  residences  for  the  Health  Officer  and  his  three  assistants, 


45« 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


at  the  boarding  station  at  Fort  Wadsworth,  Staten  Island.  These  officials  are  obliged 
to  board  every  vessel  subject  to  quarantine  or  visitation,  immediately  after  her 
arrival  at  the  boarding  station  ;  to  ascertain  the  sanitary  conditio!!  of  the  vessel  and 
all  its  passengers  by  strict  examination  ;  to  send  all  sick  passengers  to  the  Quaran- 
tine Hospital ;  and  to  determine  what  persons  and  vessels  are  to  be  detained  in 
Quarantine.  The  property  of  the  Department  comprises  the  Hospital  Ship,  used  as 
a  residence  for  the  deputy  health  officer  and  a  boarding  station  for  all  vessels  arriving 
from  infected  ports ;  Swinburne  Island,  on  which  is  the  hospital  for  contagious 
diseases;  Hoffman  Island,  used  for  the  detention  and  purification  of  well  persons 
arriving  in  infected  vessels  ;  the  Crematory,  on  Swinburne  Island  ;  the  upper  boarding 
station  at  Fort  Wadsworth,  Staten  Island  ;  and  a  steamer  for  daily  communication 
between  all  points  of  the  Quarantine  establishment. 

Hospitals  are  more  numerous  in  New  York  than  in  any  other  city  on  the  con- 
tinent. There  are  nearly  eighty  of  these  "inns  on  the  highway  of  life  where  suffer- 
ing humanity  finds  alleviation  and  sympathy,"  and  many  of  them  are  among  the 
largest  and  most  magnificent  buildings  in  the  city.  The  newer  ones  are  built  of 
warm  red  brick,  and  fitted  with  the  latest  and  most  efficient  heating  and  venti- 
lating apparatus.  There  is  no  kind  of  bodily  suffering  that  may  not  find  skillful 
treatment  and  kindly  nursing  in  one  or  the  other  of  these  healing  homes,  where  the 
most  eminent  physicians  and  surgeons  give  freely  of  their  time  and  skill  to  the 
inmates.  The  wealthy  patient  may  command  all  the  luxuries  a  fine  private  home  could 
give,  and  the  poor  man  unable  to  pay  may  enjoy  comforts  impossible  to  him  in  his 


BELLEVUE  HOSPITAL,  FIRST  AVENUE,  EAST  26th  STREET,  AND  EAST  RIVER. 


own  narrow  dwelling.  Fully  100,000  patients  are  treated  yearly  in  these  curative 
institutions,  more  than  three-quarters  of  them  without  any  payment  for  the  care 
and  skill  which  restore  them  to  health  or  smooth  the  pathway  to  the  grave ;  and  the 
death-rate  is  less  than  eight  per  cent.    Nearly  all  the  larger  hospitals  have  an 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


459 


ambulance  service  in  constant  readiness  to  answer  calls  for  help,  and  some  have 
training-schools,  where  nurses  are  taught  the  duties  of  their  calling,  and  trained  in 
those  kindly  ministrations  which  often  are  more  potent  factors  in  the  patient's  restora- 
tion to  health  than  all  the  skill  of  the  physician. 

Bellevue  Hospital  is  a  great  charity  institution.  It  receives  gratuitously  the 
sick  poor  of  the  city.  The  first  stone  of  the  original  building  was  laid  in  181 1,  and 
in  1816  it  was  opened  as  a  hospital,  almshouse  and  penitentiary,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Common  Council.  At  that  time  the  medical  staff  consisted  of  one  visiting 
and  two  young  resident  physicians.  In  1826  the  Hospital  and  Almshouse  were  sep- 
arated ;  and  in  1848  the  Bellevue  grounds  were  divided,  a  large  part  sold  to  private 
purchasers,  and  the  convicts  and  paupers  sent  to  Blackwell's  Island.  In  1849  tne 
Common  Council  was  superseded  by  a  board  of  ten  governors,  who  in  i860  gave 
place  to  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction,  who  now  have 
charge  of  the  Hospital.  Until  1849  tne  members  of  the  hospital  staff  were  appointed 
by  the  Common 
Council,  but  in 
that  year  the 
present  system  of 
appointment  after 
a  rigid  competi- 
tive examination 
was  inaugurated. 
At  that  time  the 
Junior,  Senior  and 
House  Services 
were  each  of  six 
months'  duration  ; 
the  service  was 
divided  into  four 
medical  and  two 
surgical  divisions  ; 
and  the  physicians 
rotated,  serving 

,  1  STURGIS  SURGICAL  PAVILION,  BELLEVUE  HOSPITAL,  FOOT  OF  EAST  26TH  STREET. 

three   months  on 

the  male,  and  three  months  on  the  female  side.  In  1866  this  service  was  rearranged 
into  four  medical  and  four  surgical  divisions,  each  having  male  and  female  sections, 
while  the  physicians  no  longer  rotated.  This  method  is  still  in  force,  but  the 
number  of  wards  has  increased  to  forty,  with  768  beds,  making  Bellevue  one  of  the 
largest  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

The  entrance  to  the  hospital  grounds,  comprising  47  acres,  lying  between  East 
River  and  First  Avenue,  is  on  26th  Street,  through  an  arched  gateway  built  in  1885. 
Immediately  to  the  left  of  the  entrance  gate  is  the  Marquand  Pavilion,  a  one-story 
brick  building  erected  in  1877  by  Frederick  and  Henry  Gurdon  Marquand  in  memory 
of  their  brother,  Josiah  P.  Marquand,  who  died  from  the  effects  of  an  operation.  It 
is  a  medical  ward  for  women  and  children,  and  contains  18  beds  for  adults  and  16 
for  children.  Nearly  opposite,  on  the  right,  is  the  Insane  Pavilion,  a  low  brick 
building  erected  in  1879  by  the  city  for  people  who  become  insane.  It  accommo- 
dates 25  patients,  who  are  kept  five  days  to  allow  of  communication  with  their 
friends,  and  arrangements  for  their  transfer  to  suitable  institutions.  The  one-story 
brick  pavilion  to  the  north  is  the  Sturgis  Surgical  Pavilion,  built  in  1879  by  Mrs. 


46o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


William  H.  Osborne  in  memory  of  her  father.  Immediately  opposite  is  the  long 
stone  building  of  the  old  almshouse,  four  stories  in  height,  which  forms  the  centre 
of  the  hospital.  The  long  prison-like  structure  comprises  a  central  division,  with 
side  wings,  giving  a  total  length  of  350  feet.  The  buildings,  including  the  north- 
east wing,  built  in  1855,  have  external  balconies  and  staircases  for  each  story,  afford- 
ing ample  means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire,  and  also  space  for  exercise.  The  central 
portion  of  the  building  contains  the  reception-room,  store-room,  Warden's  office, 
the  library,  the  consulting-room,  and  a  notable  operating-room,  the  largest  in  the 
country,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  1,000.  In  the  rear,  on  First  Avenue,  is  the 
Townsend  Cottage,  where  cases  of  uterine  tumors  are  received.  This  building,  and 
the  adjoining  chapel  and  library,  were  erected  in  1888  by  Mrs.  R.  H.  L.  Townsend 
as  a  thank-offering  for  recovery  from  sickness.  An  Alcoholic  Pavilion  was  built  in 
1892,  for  the  reception  of  male  and  female  patients  suffering  from  the  improper  use 
of  stimulants.  Since  1 873  a  superior  grade  of  nurses  has  been  obtained  from  the 
Training-School  for  Nurses.  The  immediate  care  of  the  hospital  is  entrusted  to  a 
medical  board,  appointed  by  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction, 
and  comprising  three  consulting  and  twelve  visiting  surgeons,  three  consulting  and 
sixteen  visiting  physicians.  The  House  Staff  includes  four  physicians  and  four 
surgeons,  and  three  assistants  to  each,  none  of  whom  receives  any  other  compensation 
for  his  services  than  suitable  accommodations  and  a  small  yearly  allowance  for  board. 

The  exceptionally  large  number  of  patients,  averaging  14,000  yearly,  has  made 
the  hospital  one  of  the  most  valuable  in  the  country  for  the  study  of  diseases  of  every 
kind.  This  exceptional  condition  led  in  1 861  to  the  founding  of  the  Bellevue-Hos- 
pital  Medical  College,  one  of  the  leading  schools  of  medicine  and  surgery  in  the 
country,  occupying  a  building  in  the  hospital  grounds,  on  East  26th  Street. 

The  free  dispensary  service  of  the  hospital,  one  of  its  most  valuable  features,  was 
established  in  1866,  and  treats  100,000  patients  yearly,  besides  the  large  number  of 


erneur  Hospital;  the  Harlem  Hospital,  at  533  East  120th  Street;  the  Hart's 
Island  Hospital  for  the  reception  of  convalescents ;  the  Fordham  Reception 
Hospital,  at  Fordham,  N.  Y. ;  the  Insane  Asylum  for  Males  and  the  Ward's  Island 
Hospital ;  and  on  Blackwell's  Island  the  Charity  and  Convalescent  Hospitals,  Female 
Insane  Asylum,  the  Hospital  for  Incurables,  and  the  Paralytic  and  Aims-House 
Hospitals,  mostly  large  stone  buildings,  with  a  combined  capacity  of  fully  5,000 
beds,  forming  the  largest  group  of  associated  charities  under  one  management  in 


cases  which  are  sent  to  dif- 
ferent hospitals.  The  Am- 
bulance Service  is  an  im- 
portant feature  in  the  work 
of  the  hospital,  as  may  be 
seen  from  the  fact  that  nearly 
5,000  calls  are  answered 
yearly. 


GOUVERNEUR  HOSPITAL,  GOUVERNEUR  SLIP  AND  FRONT  STREET. 


Under  the  same  man- 
agement as  Bellevue  are 
the  Adult,  Children's  and 
Infants'  Hospitals  and  the 
Idiot  and  Epileptic  Asylum 
on  Randall's  Island  ;  the 
Emergency  Hospital,  at  223 
East  26th  Street ;  the  Gouv. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW"  YORK. 


the  world,  a  proof  of  the  liberality  of  New- York  City  in  caring  for  its  sick  and 
afflicted  poor.  In  fact,  the  public  and  the  private  medical  institutions  indicate  New 
York's  intelligence  as  well  as  its  generosity. 

The  Morgue,  on  the  Bellevue-Hospital  grounds,  is  a  one-story  building  of  62 
by  83  feet,  containing  an  office,  autopsy-room,  room  for  refrigerator,  and  two 
special  rooms  where  the  remains  of  the  deceased  are  laid  out,  that  friends  may  view 
the  bodies,  or  hold  religious  services  previous  to  their  burial.  It  was  opened  in 
1866,  and  contained  at  that  time  four  marble  tables.  A  corpse  remains  in  the 
Morgue  for  72  hours,  more  or  less,  according  to  condition  and  weather,  and  if  not 
identified  it  is  removed  to  the  City  Cemetery,  on  Hart's  Island,  for  interment.  The 
clothing  is  preserved  for  six  months,  and  if  not  then  identified  it  is  destroyed.  All 
bodies  are  photographed,  and  the  photographs  are  carefully  preserved  as  a  possible 
means  of  future  identification.  There  are  usually  from  three  to  five  bodies  awaiting 
identification,  and  the  sight  is  anything  but  a  pleasant  one.  The  number  of  bodies 
received  here  exceeds  4,000,  the  average  being  from  175  to  235  yearly.  The  num- 
ber of  bodies  received  here  annually,  from  all  sources,  averages  about  8,000,  includ- 
ing Morgue  cases  proper  (the  unknown  dead). 

The  Gouverneur  Hospital,  at  (iouverneur  Slip  and  East  River,  is  an  emer- 
gency hospital,  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction.  It 
occupies  the  old  Gouverneur- Market  building,  and  was  established  in  1S85. 

The  Charity  Hospital,  on  Blackwell's  Island,  was  opened  in  1852  for  the 
city's  indigent  sick.  The  original  wooden  building  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1865, 
and  a  large  granite  edifice  was  opened  in  1870.  It  is  four  stories  high,  and  extends 
across  the  southern  end  of  the  island.  With  the  outlying  pavilions  ot  the  mater- 
nity, epileptic  and  nervous  wards  it  contains  1,000  beds.  There  are  thirteen  male 
and  twelve  female  wards.  The  number  of  patients  received  yearly  is  6,800.  The 
medical  and  surgical  staff  comprises  twenty-four  physicians  and  a  large  number  of 
attendants.  In  1886  a  training-school  for  female  nurses  was  opened  in  the  castellated 
stone  building  erected  in  1872  for  a  small-pox  hospital.  A  training-school  for  male 
nurses  was  established  in  1887,  and  these  schools  have  done  much  to  improve  the 
quality  of  the  nursing  in  the  hospital. 

The  Ward's-Island  Hospital,  on  Ward's  Island,  was  opened  in  1876,  for  the 
treatment  of  all  classes  of  diseases,  both  male  and  female.  It  is  under  the  Com- 
missioners of  Public  Charities  and  Correction. 

The  New-York  City  Asylums  for  the  Insane  on  Blackwell's,  Ward's  and 
Hart's  Islands,  and  at  the  City  Farm  at  Central  Islip,  are  in  charge  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Public  Charities  and  Correction.  The  buildings  are  of  enormous  extent  ; 
and  upwards  of  6,000  patients  are  cared  for  at  one  time,  at  a  cost  of  $800,000 
annually.  The  accommodations  are  inadequate,  and  many  plans  for  relieving  the 
crowded  condition  of  the  asylums  have  been  proposed.  Those  now  in  progress  are 
the  use  of  the  large  building  on  Ward's  Island,  formerly  occupied  for  the  uses  of 
the  State  Commissioners  of  Immigration  (but  long  since  abandoned),  the  removal 
of  all  the  insane  to  Ward's  Island  and  Central  Islip,  Long  Island,  and  the  expendi- 
ture of  $1,500,000  in  new  buildings.  Several  unsuccessful  attempts  have  been 
made  to  transfer  the  city  insane  to  the  care  of  the  State,  which  has  a  uniform  sys- 
tem of  hospitals,  where  it  is  claimed  the  patients  would  receive  better  care.  Passes 
to  visit  the  asylums  may  be  obtained  from  their  heads,  or  from  William  Blake,  66 
Third  Avenue.    The  general  medical  superintendent  is  Dr.  A.  E.  MacDonald. 

The  New-York  City  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  on  Blackwell's  Island,  was 
opened  in  1848,  and  is  now  used  for  women  only.    The  buildings  occupy  extensive 


462 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


grounds  on  the  northern  end  of  the  island,  and  have  accommodations  for  about  1,300 
patients.  The  main  building  is  a  four-story  granite  structure,  and  contains  the  office, 
rooms  for  the  house  staff,  and  eight  wards  for  patients.  In  each  ward  there  is  a  large 
sitting-room  for  the  inmates,  and  all  the  wards  open  into  a  spacious  central  rotunda. 
In  1 88 1  a  stone  building,  accommodating  500  patients,  was  erected  at  the  southern 
end  of  the  grounds,  for  acute  cases ;  and  in  1892  a  brick  building  was  opened  for 
chronic  cases.  There  are  also  ten  wooden  pavilions,  one  brick  pavilion,  a  laundry, 
bath-house,  superintendent's  residence,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel  on  the  grounds. 
The  amusement  building  contains  a  large  hall  with  a  stage  and  piano,  where  dances 
and  entertainments  are  given  frequently  for  the  amusement  of  the  patients,  and  a 
work-room  where  mats,  brushes,  rugs,  carpets,  and  fancy  articles  are  made  by  the 
inmates.  The  patients  are  kept  without  restraint,  and  every  possible  effort  is  made 
to  ameliorate  their  condition,  by  allotting  them  some  occupation  to  employ  their 
minds.  Twice  a  day  they  are  given  an  hour's  exercise  in  the  grounds,  in  charge  of 
the  attendants  ;  and  once  a  week  they  are  given  baths,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
resident  woman-physician.  About  2,500  patients  are  received  yearly  ;  and  the  daily 
census  averages  nearly  1,900.     Dr.  E.  C.  Dent  is  medical  superintendent. 

The  New-York  City  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  on  Ward's  Island,  has  been 
used  for  male  patients  only.  It  is  a  large  brick  building,  with  towers  and  turrets, 
and  has  trimmings  of  Ohio  freestone,  presenting  a  fine  architectural  appearance.  It 
was  opened  in  187 1,  and  accommodates,  with  out-lying  buildings,  over  2,200 
patients.     The  number  of  admissions  during  the  past  year  was  750,  and  the  total 


NEW-YORK  CITY  ASYLUM  FOR  THE  INSANE  (WOMEN  J,  BLACKWELL'S  ISLAND. 


number  under  treatment  for  the  year  was  2,498.  The  asylum  has  a  resident  medical 
staff  of  sixteen  physicians.  The  general  treatment  is  that  in  vogue  in  advanced  and 
progressive  asylums  ;  and  all  patients  capable  of  appreciating  them  are  provided  with 
occupation  and  amusements.    Dr.  W.  A.  Macy  is  medical  superintendent. 

The  New-York  City  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  on  Hart's  Island,  was  opened 
in  1878,  for  the  reception  and  care  of  chronic  cases  of  female  insane.  The  buildings 
comprise  a  number  of  pavilions.  In  1886  the  former  Hart's-Island  Hospital  was 
discontinued,  and  the  pavilions  utilized  for  insane  of  both  sexes.  There  are  accom- 
modations for  about  1,000  patients.    Dr.  G.  A.  Smith  is  medical  superintendent. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  463 


The  New-York  Hospital  is  the  oldest  local  institution  of  its  class.  As  early 
as  1770  a  number  of  public-spirited  citizens  contributed  for  the  erection  of  a  hospi- 
tal in  the  city,  and  a  charter  was  obtained  from  the  Provincial  authorities  in  the 
following  year.  Considerable  sums  of  money  were  contributed  in  England,  and 
the  Provincial  Legislature  made  a  grant  of  $2,000  a  year  for  twenty  years  towards 
its  support.  The  corner-stone  of  the  first  building  was  laid  in  1775,  and  when 
nearly  completed  the  structure  was  destroyed  by  fire,  entailing  a  loss  of  $35,000. 
The  Legislature  made  a  grant  of  $20,000  for  its  rebuilding,  and  the  work  was 


NEW-YORK  CITY  ASYLUM  FOR  THE  INSANE  (MEN),  WARD'S  ISLAND. 


begun.  The  building  was  nearly  completed  again,  when  the  outbreak  of  the  Revo- 
lution turned  men's  thoughts  into  other  directions.  The  unfinished  building  was 
occupied  by  the  British  and  Hessian  soldiers  as  a  barrack  and  hospital,  and  it  was 
not  until  January,  1 791,  that  it  was  in  a  proper  condition  to  receive  patients.  Eighteen 
sick  persons  were  then  admitted.  The  original  buildings  were  near  Broadway, 
between  Worth  and  Duane  Streets.  In  1869  they  were  torn  down,  and  a  new 
structure  was  erected  on  West  15th  Street,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth  Avenues.  This 
was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  in  March,  1877.  The  hospital  has  been 
liberally  aided  by  the  State.  In  addition  to  the  grants  already  mentioned,  a  grant 
of  $10,000  a  year-was  made  in  1792,  which  was  increased  to  $20,000  in  1795,  and 
still  further  increased  to  $25,000  in  the  following  year.  The  Bloomingdale  Asylum 
for  the  Insane,  opened  in  1 82 1,  is  a  branch  of  the  New- York  Hospital.  In  1799  an 
arrangement  was  entered  into  with  the  United-States  Treasury  Department  whereby 
the  hospital  was  to  receive  a  stipulated  sum  for  the  care  of  sick  and  disabled  sea- 
men. Under  its  present  administration  it  is  a  general  hospital  for  the  reception 
and  care  of  both  pay  and  free  patients,  the  latter  constituting  nearly  80  per  cent,  of 
the  5,200  patients  taken  yearly.  Private  patients  are  received  and  treated  at  vary- 
ing rates,  the  price  in  the  general  wards  being  $7  a  week,  and  for  private  rooms  from 
$15  to  $35  a  week.  The  New- York  Hospital's  many  advantages  have  made  it  one 
of  the  best  schools  of  medicine  and  surgery  in  the  country,  and  no  pains  are  spared 
to  render  it  valuable  to  students  by  furnishing  every  possible  facility  for  the  study 
and  treatment  of  disease.  Clinics  are  regularly  given  in  cases  arising  in  the  prac- 
tice of  the  house,  to  which  students  from  all  the  local  medical  colleges  are  admitted. 
As  early  as  1796  a  library  was  founded  for  the  use  of  physicians  and  students,  and 
it  now  numbers  upward  of  19,000  volumes.  In  1840  a  pathological  cabinet,  now  one 
of  the  most  important  in  the  city,  was  begun,  and  has  grown  into  a  large  collection  of 
specimens  of  morbid  anatomy,  casts,  drawings,  etc.,  embracing  nearly  3,000  speci- 
mens.   A  training-school  for  nurses  was  opened  in  1877,  which  has  graduated  over 


464 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


200  nurses.  The  new  building,  opened  in  1877,  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  luxu- 
riously appointed  hospitals  in  the  world.  It  is  seven  stories  high,  with  a  mansard 
roof,  and  has  accommodations  for  200  patients,  with  their  attendants.  Stone,  iron 
and  red  brick  form  the  constructive  materials,  and  the  building  is  as  nearly  fire- 
proof as  is  possible  to  the  builder's  art.  In  the  rear,  on  West  16th  Street,  is  the 
venerable  Thorn  mansion,  an  old-time  structure,  used  as  an  administration  building 
for  the  executive  offices  of  the  hospital ;  and  a  handsome  brick  building,  completed 
in  1891,  and  occupied  by  the  library,  the  pathological  museum  and  the  training- 
school  for  nurses.    The  hospital  is  heated  by  steam,  and  artificial  ventilation  is 

secured  by  means 
of  a  large  fan,  which 
forces  a  current  of 
fresh  air  through 
the  wards  and  cor- 
ridors. The  kit- 
chens and  laundries 
are  in  the  upper 
stories,  above  the 
wards.  An  unusual 
and  pleasing  feature 
of  the  hospital  is 
the  solarium,  a 
large  room  on  the 
upper  story  of  the 
administration 
building,  covered 
with  a  canopy  01 
translucent  glass, 
filled  with  plants 
and  flowers,  fount- 
ains and  aquaria,  a 
sunny  and  healthful 
resting-place  f  o  r 
convalescents.  On 
other  stories  are  the 
large  operating  and 
autopsy  rooms,  the 
general  wards,  pri- 
vate apartments  for 

pay  patients,  and  the  offices.  The  corporation  is  controlled  by  a  board  of  twenty-six 
Governors.  Besides  the  hospital  proper  it  supports  the  Bloomingdale  Insane  Asylum ; 
the  House  of  Relief,  or  Emergency  Hospital,  at  160  Chambers  Street,  where  2,000 
cases  of  accidents  are  received  yearly ;  and  a  dispensary,  where  upwards  of  20,000 
patients  are  annually  given  free  treatment  and  advice.  The  ambulance  services  re- 
spond to  more  than  4,000  calls  yearly,  and  are  of  great  service  in  many  emergencies. 
During  1892  the  total  number  of  patients  in  all  departments  of  the  hospital  was 
38,118,  and  the  grand  total  since  its  foundation  is  577,630.  The  former  site  of  the 
hospital  is  covered  by  substantial  iron-front  buildings,  occupied  by  a  number  of  the 
strongest  houses  in  the  dry-goods  trade.  Merritt  Trimble  (president  of  the  Bank 
for  Savings)  is  president  of  the  hospital  ;  and  George  P.  Ludlam  is  superintendent. 


NEW-YORK  HOSPITAL,  WEST  15th  STREET,    NEAR  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


466 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Bloomingdale  Asylum  was  occupied  by  the  insane  patients  of  the  New- 
York  Hospital  in  1821,  when  what  is  now  known  as  the  "main  building"  was 
opened.  The  asylum  is  substantially  built  of  brick  and  stone,  and  has  long  occupied 
a  commanding  site  on  Harlem  Heights,  at  the  Boulevard  and  117th  Street,  over- 
looking the  I  ludson  and  surrounding  country.  For  many  years  no  better  location 
could  have  been  found.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  city  in  that  vicinity  has  made  a 
change  of  location  desirable,  and  the  land  and  buildings  have  been  sold  to  Columbia 
College.  Bloomingdale  will  remove  in  1894  to  new  and  imposing  structures  at 
White  Plains,  N.  Y.  About  450  patients  are  received  yearly,  who  are  divided  into 
classes,  according  to  the  nature  of  their  mental  aberration ;  and  suitable  methods  of 
treatment  are  adopted  for  each  class,  the  so-called  moral  method  being  largely 
employed,  supplemented  by  the  best-known  scientific  and  medical  treatment ;  harsh 
measures  and  all  unnecessary  confinement  being  strictly  prohibited.  The  asylum 
has  some  free  beds,  but  most  of  the  patients  are  required  to  pay,  in  proportion  to 
their  ability ;  and  thus  a  quiet  hospital  has  been  provided,  for  those  of  moderate 
means,  as  well  as  the  rich,  who  are  suffering  from  mental  disease,  where  they  can  be 
assured  of  kind  and  skilful  treatment.  During  1892,  442  patients  were  treated,  of 
whom  144  were  new  cases.  During  the  year  43  patients  were  discharged  as  cured  ; 
36  as  improved;  18  as  unimproved;  and  38  died.  The  accommodations  for  the 
insane  having  become  inadequate  at  the  New-York  Hospital,  the  Governors  applied 
to  the  Legislature  in  181 5  for  aid  to  construct  new  buildings  elsewhere,  and  a  grant 
was  given  them  for  that  purpose  of  $10,000  yearly,  to  date  from  1816  to  1857. 
Accordingly,  in  1816  a  plot  of  ground  was  purchased  at  Bloomingdale  Heights,  then 
seven  miles  from  the  city,  and  buildings  were  erected  thereon  and  completed  in  1821. 

The  Roosevelt  Hospital,  at  59th  Street  and  Ninth  Avenue,  was  referred  to  in 
1874  by  an  eminent  English  surgeon  as  "Without  exception  the  most  complete 
medical  charity  in  every  respect "  that  he  had  ever  seen.  It  owes  its  existence  to  the 
princely  bequest  of  .James  H.  Roosevelt,  who,  dying  in  1863,  left  his  whole  estate 
"for  the  establishment,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  of  a  hospital  for  the  reception  and 
relief  of  sick  and  diseased  persons,  and  for  its  permanent  endowment."  The  amount 
received  from  the  bequest  was  a  little  more  than  $1,000,000;  and,  after  long  and 
careful  consideration,  the  nine  trustees  under  the  will  decided  to  adopt  the  pavilion 
plan.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  October  29,  1869;  and  the  hospital  was  formally 
opened  November  2,  187 1.  The  cost  of  the  grounds,  which  embrace  the  entire  block 
lying  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  Avenues  and  58th  and  59th  Streets,  and  the  build- 
ings constructed  thereon  up  to  1893,  together  with  their  equipment,  amounted  to 
about  $1,200,000.  The  original  design  was  for  a  central  administration  building, 
with  two  pavilions  on  each  side  for  patients  and  their  attendants,  to  be  connected 
with  the  administration  building  by  covered  corridors,  and  yet  so  far  apart  from  each 
other  as  to  secure  light  and  ventilation  for  all.  The  money  at  the  disposal  of  the 
trustees  did  not  admit  of  the  execution  of  the  entire  plan.  The  buildings  con- 
structed comprise  the  following  :  1st.  The  administration  building,  in  the  centre 
of  the  block  facing  on  59th  Street,  a  four-story  brick  edifice  containing  the  offices, 
examining  room,  apothecary's  department,  staff  dining-room,  etc.,  on  the  first  floor; 
on  the  second  floor,  the  private  apartments  of  the  superintendent,  a  reception-room 
for  the  trustees,  a  medical-board  room,  and  an  amphitheatre  for  clinical  instruction, 
etc. ;  on  the  third  floor,  a  few  rooms  for  private  patients  ;  and  on  the  fourth  floor, 
two  surgical  wards  —  one  for  women,  and  the  other  for  children.  2d.  In  the  rear 
of  this,  facing  on  58th  Street,  is  a  building  used  for  kitchen,  laundry,  store-rooms, 
sewing-room,  linen-room,  and  dining  and  sleeping-rooms  for  out-ward  help;  while 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


467 


in  the  basement,  and  running  east,  are  the  boiler-room,  engine-rooms,  fan-room, 
and  various  agencies  for  heating  and  ventilating  all  the  buildings.  3d.  East  of  the 
administration  building,  and  fronting  on  59th  Street,  is  the  Medical  Pavilion,  a  four- 
story  structure,  with  wards  on  each  floor  for  patients,  as  well  as  living  quarters  for 
members  of  the  house  staff  and  nurses.  4th.  East  of  the  Medical  Pavilion  is  the 
Surgical  Pavilion,  containing  a  ward  for  36  male  patients,  with  rooms  for  members 
of  the  house  staff  and  male  nurses.  5th.  East  of  the  Surgical  Pavilion  is  the  new 
Syms  Operating  Theatre,  built  through  the  liberality  of  William  J.  Syms,  who  left 
$350,000  for  the  purpose  of  construction,  equipment  and  maintenance.  Of  that 
amount  $150,000  is  reserved  for  maintenance.  It  is  believed  to  be  the  best-ap- 
pointed operating  building  in  this  or  any  other  country.  The  exterior  is  of  brick, 
with  granite  trimmings, 
and  built  in  the  most 
substantial  manner. 
The  main  amphitheatre 
occupies  the  centre,  and 
is  semi-circular  in 
shape,  with  abruptly  ris- 
ing seats,  to  allow  an  un- 
obstructed view  of  the 
operating  table  from  all 
parts  of  the  room.  In 
the  basement  are  the 
janitor's  apartments, 
the  engine-room,  and 


the  fan-room  for  ven- 
tilating. The  first 
story  contains,  besides 
the  amphitheatre,  a 
special  operating 
room,  an  operating 
room  for  septic  cases, 
a  private  reception- 
room,  a  reception- 
room  for  patients,  an 
examining  room,  two 
etherizing  *-ooms,  a  photographic  room,  a  microscopic  room,  a  bandage-preparation 
room,  a  bandage-storage  room,  an  instrument-washing  room,  and  the  instrument 
room.  The  floors  are  of  mosaic  tile,  and  in  many  cases  the  walls  are  wainscoted 
in  marble.  On  the  second  floor,  south  front,  are  four  rooms  for  the  reception  of 
patients  after  operation,  and  on  the  floor  above  that  six  other  rooms  for  nurses,  etc. 
6th.  There  is  also  the  small  and  perfectly  appointed  McLane  Operating  Room, 
opened  in  1890,  the  gift  of  Dr.  James  W.  McLane,  the  President  of  the  College  of 
Thysicians  and  Surgeons,  in  memory  of  his  son,  James  W.  McLane,  Jr.,  and  designed 
solely  for  the  use  of  the  gynecological  service.    7th.    Adjoining  the  administra- 


HOSPiTAL  AND  SYMS  OPERATING  THEATRE, 
AND  WEST  59TH  STREET. 


468 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


tion  building  on  the  west  is  the  Out-Patient  Department,  which  received  over  83,000 
visits  during  1892,  of  patients  who  were  cared  for  there  without  taxing  the  ward 
accommodations  of  the  hospital.  There  are  180  beds  for  patients  in  the  hospital. 
8th.  The  dead-house  and  ambulance  stable  are  in  a  separate  building.  Fourteen 
beds  have  been  endowed  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  in  the  sum  of  $5,000  each.  In 
1892  2,788  patients  were  treated,  of  whom  1,159  were  discharged  as  cured,  948  im- 
proved, 210  not  improved,  and  307  died,  leaving  164  under  treatment.  During  the 
same  period  3,768  patients  were  treated  in  the  accident  room  who  were  not  detained 
for  ward  treatment,  and  the  calls  of  the  ambulance  during  the  year  numbered  1,905. 
From  the  opening  of  the  hospital  to  the  beginning  of  1893,  39, 104  patients  had  been 
treated,  34,741  of  them  gratuitously,  so  that  the  institution  well  deserves  its  name  of 
a  great  free  hospital,  whose  charity  is  bounded  only  by  its  ability  to  care  for  those 
who  seek  its  aid. 

The  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  the  City  of  New-York  comprises  an  impos- 
ing group  of  brick  buildings,  occupying  the  entire  block  between  Madison  and  Park 
Avenues,  and  extending  from  70th  Street  to  71st  Street.  The  group  comprises  the 
operating  pavilion,  erected  in  1892;  the  administration  building,  completed  in  1872; 
the  dispensary,  opened  in  1888  ;  the  chapel,  pathological  department,  and  an  isolating 
pavilion,  erected  in  1889;  two  surgical  pavilions  and  a  surgical  administration  build- 
ing, opened  in  1890;  and  the  laundry;  all  constructed  of  pressed  brick,  and  con- 
nected by  corridors,  as  at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  The  Presbyterian  Hospital  was 
founded  in  1868,  and  the  first  buildings  were  opened  in  1872,  on  land  given  by  James 
Lenox,  who  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  work.  In  1889  most  of  the  original  buildings 
were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  as  a  result  the  entire  scheme  was  re-arranged,  with  a  view 
to  secure  greater  efficiency,  convenience  and  economy.  The  new  edifices  embody 
the  latest  and  best  methods  of  hospital  construction,  and  are  admirably  adapted  to 
their  purpose.  The  operating  pavilion,  administration  building  and  dispensary  are 
on  70th  Street.  In  the  rear  of  the  latter,  on  Madison  Avenue,  is  the  chapel,  and 
near  it  the  isolating  pavilion.  On  71st  Street  are  the  large  medical  and  surgical 
pavilions  and  a  surgical  administration  building,  with  a  second  surgical  pavilion  on 
Park  Avenue.  These  pavilions  provide  22  wards,  having  330  beds,  with  a  possible 
increase  to  450,  and  numerous  other  rooms  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes,  such  as 
reception-rooms,  parlors,  dining-rooms,  doctors'  parlors,  and  consultation  rooms ; 
22  private  rooms,  for  paying  patients ;  press-rooms,  drying-rooms,  pantries,  dormi* 
tories,  solaria,  etc.  The  buildings  are  entirely  fire-proof,  being  constructed  of 
masonry  and  iron  throughout ;  and  the  system  of  ventilation  is  as  perfect  as  could 
be  devised ;  the  great  factor  in  the  system  being  the  lofty  dispensary  tower  on  Madi- 
son Avenue,  which  has  at  its  base  a  large  battery  of  steam-driven  fans.  The  tower 
and  the  fans  open  into  an  immense  underground  duct,  connecting  by  smaller  branches 
with  all  the  hospital  buildings,  except  the  Isolating  Pavilion  and  the  Pathological 
Department,  which  have  independent  systems  of  ventilation.  While  the  foul  air  is 
drawn  from  the  buildings  by  these  great  fans,  fresh  air,  taken  from  a  considerable 
height  above  the  ground,  is  forced  into  them  by  other  fans,  thus  ensuring  a  constant 
current  of  pure  air  in  all  the  wards.  The  heating  and  plumbing  arrangements  are 
of  the  most  approved  pattern,  and  the  comfort  of  the  patients  is  still  farther  secured 
by  the  ample  lighting  facilities  of  the  wards,  which  are  16  feet  in  height,  and  painted 
in  delicate  tones  of  color.  The  Children's  Ward,  with  its  long  rows  of  dainty  cribs, 
is  especially  attractive.  One  noteworthy  feature  of  the  interior  arrangement  is  the 
provision  of  rooms  for  cases  where  death  must  speedily  ensue,  thus  freeing  the  wards 
from  the  depressing  effects  of  death-bed  scenes.    The  new  operating  pavilion  has 


KING'S  HA ND BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


469 


three  halls  for  surgical  operations,  each  with  a  series  of  adjoining  rooms,  that  add 
much  to  the  comfort,  completeness  and  success  of  the  best  surgical  work.  The 
amphitheatre  seats  100  persons,  and  is  abundantly  lighted  by  a  ceiling  light  and  three 
great  side-lights.  The  wainscoting  and  floors  are  of  marble.  The  smaller  operating 
rooms  afford  facilities  for  operations  where  retirement  is  essential  to  success  and 
spectators  are  undesirable.  The  pathological  department  is  fully  equipped  with  the 
best  modern  appliances ;  and  the  new  dispensary  building,  a  lofty  hall  1 00  feet  in 
length,  lighted  by  three-story  windows,  and  surrounded  by  doctors'  rooms,  provided 
with  every  convenience  for  the  treatment  of  patients,  is  a  model  of  its  class.  The 
buildings  represent  an  outlay  closely  approaching  $1,200,000.  Everything  that  the 
best  medical  and  surgical  skill  can  suggest,  and  the  lavish  expenditure  of  money  can 

secure,  is  done  for  the  relief  of  the  patients.  , — *  ( 

While  the  hospital  is  largely  supported  by  { 
members  of  the  Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
Churches,  it  is  entirely  undenominational 
in  its  work,  less  than  ten  per  cent,  of  the  j 
patients  being  Presbyterians,  and  over  fifty 
per  cent,  being  Roman  Catholics.    Of  the 
3,300  patients  cared  for  yearly  over  3,200  [ 
are  treated  gratuitously  ;  and  scarcely  more 


PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITAL.  MADISON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  70th  STREET. 


than  $3,000  is  received  from  pay  patients.  The  dispensary  treats  upwards  of 
70,000  patients  yearly,  and  dispenses  about  22,000  prescriptions,  while  the  ambulance 
service  answers  1,500  calls.  The  entire  plant  is  lighted  by  both  gas  and  elec- 
tricity, th  1  latter  light  permitting  surgical  operations  under  ether  to  be  performed 
with  safety  night  or  day.  The  hospital  is  also  equipped  with  powerful  Worthing- 
ton  pumps. 

The  Mount-Sinai  Hospital  was  originally  known  as  "  The  Jews'  Hospital 
in  the  City  of  New  York."  It  was  founded  in  1852  by  a  number  of  benevolent 
Hebrews,  headed  by  Sampson  Simson,  who  gave  a  lot  of  land  on  2Sth  Street.  It 
was  opened  in  1855,  and  remained  in  the  first  location  until  1872,  when  it  took 
possession  of  its  group  of  buildings  on  Lexington  Avenue,  extending  from  66th  Street 
to  67th  Street.    The  land  is  leased  from  the  city  for  ninety-nine  years,  at  a  nominal 


47o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


rental  of  $i  a  year.  Brick  and  stone  form  the  constructive  materials.  The  group 
comprises  three  five-story  buildings,  connected  by  closed  corridors.  Like  most  other 
so-called  private  hospitals,  Mount  Sinai  has  two  grand  divisions  —  the  medical  and 

•the  surgical  — 
each  having  four 
wards ;  a  gynae- 
cological depart- 
ment, classed  as 
surgical ;  and  a 
children's  ward. 
It  has  also  an  eye 
and  ear  depart- 
ment, to  which  six 
rooms,  each  con- 
taining two  beds, 
are  allotted.  These 
are  on  the  first 
floor  of  the  admin- 
istration building, 
on  Lexington 
Avenue.    On  the 

MOUNT-SINAI  HOSPITAL,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE,  EAST  66th  AND  67th  STREETS.  a  .  1 

same  floor  are  the 

directors'  room,  the  offices  of  the  superintendent  and  the  admitting  physician,  a  sit- 
ting-room and  a  library  containing  2,000  volumes.  The  remaining  floors  are  given 
up  to  private  rooms,  those  of  the  house  staff  and  the  superintendent,  the  synagogue 
and  operating  rooms.  The  wards  for  women  and  children  occupy  the  northern  wing, 
on  67th  Street  ;  and  the  men's  wards  are  in  the  southern  wing.  The  arrangement 
is  alike  for  all  the  wards,  each  containing  from  20  to  25  beds,  ranged  along  the  sides 
of  the  room.  All  the  wards  are  kept  scrupulously  clean,  and  abundantly  lighted  and 
ventilated.  In  the  rear  of  the  administration  building  is  the  isolation-house  for 
contagious  cases,  the  laundry  building,  and  the  morgue.  In  summer  the  intervening 
court-yard  forms  a  pleasant  lounging-place  for  convalescent  patients.  The  kitchen 
and  dining-rooms  are  in  the  basement  of  the  main  building. 

Just  across  the  way,  in  67th  Street,  is  the  Dispensary  Building,  erected  in  1890, 
at  a  cost  exceeding  $125,000.  It  is  connected  with  the  hospital  by  a  warm  and  well- 
lighted  tunnel  under  the  street,  and  is  thoroughly  fire-proof.  The  first  story  of  the 
front  is  of  Belleville  stone,  and  the  remaining  five  stories  are  of  salmon  pressed  brick 
and  terra  cotta.  On  the  right  is  the  entrance  to  the  free  dispensary,  which,  with  its 
reception-rooms  and  smaller  operating  and  examination  rooms,  occupies  the  first  two 
stories  of  the  building.  There  are  eye,  ear,  throat,  venereal  and  general  departments. 
The  last  annual  report  shows  that  over  70,000  patients  were  treated,  and  upwards  of 
58,000  prescriptions  dispensed,  in  most  cases  free  of  cost.  On  the  left  side  of  the 
building  is  an  entrance  to  the  rooms  of  the  Ladies'  Auxiliary  Society  and  the  Training 
School  for  Nurses,  which  occupy  the  upper  stories.  The  Ladies'  Auxiliary  Society 
is  an  important  factor  in  the  work  of  the  hospital.  It  was  established  in  1872,  and 
finds  an  ample  field  of  work  in  providing  clothes  and  bedding  for  the  unfortunate 
sick  and  needy.  The  Training- School  for  Nurses  was  opened  in  1 88 1,  and  has 
graduated  many  well-trained  nurses. 

Although  Mount-Sinai  was  founded  and  is  sustained  by  benevolent  Hebrews, 
it  does  not  limit  its  ministrations  to  members  of  that  faith,  but  admits  patients 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


471 


of  all  nationalities  and  creeds.  About  eight  per  cent,  of  the  patients  are  Russian 
Tews ;  and  of  the  3,000  cases  yearly  admitted,  ninety  per  cent,  are  free  patients. 
Mount-Sinai  receives  a  larger  proportion  of  the  annual  Hospital-Sunday  collection 
than  any  other  of  the  local  institutions,  as  its  percentage  of  free  patients  is  the 
largest.  Unlike  most  of  the  other  local  hospitals,  Mount-Sinai  makes  only  provision 
for  clinical  instruction  for  a  limited  number  of  students,  but  devotes  all  its  energies 
to  the  care  of  its  inmates,  seeking  to  make  its  work  educational  only  to  the  limits  of 
the  house  staff,  and  medical  students  and  practicing  physicians  and  surgeons  who 
are  invited  to  be  present  at  operations.  This  was  the  first  hospital  in  the  city  to 
admit  women  to  membership  on  its  house  staff,  and  although  none  are  now  serving, 
their  absence  is  not  due  to  any  change  in  the  rules,  but  because  the  young  men  have 
stood  the  highest  in  the  rigid  competitive  examinations  required  of  all  applicants 
for  positions.  Women  are  still  on  the  general  staff,  but  they  have  charge  of  a 
division  in  the  children's  department,  in  the  dispensary.  The  administration  of  the 
hospital  is  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  directors,  elected  by  the  members. 
Besides  directing  all  expenditures  of  money,  and  regulating  the  general  policy  of 
the  institution,  they  have  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  medical  and  surgical 
staff,  all  the  members  of  which  serve 
without  pay,  for  the  term  of  two  years. 
The  hospital  accommodates  220  pa- 
tients, including  those  in  private 
rooms,  who  pay  from  $12  to  $40  a 
week,  and  have  whatever  advantages 
come  from  isolation  and  an  abund- 
ance of  room.  The  report  for  1892 
shows  the  number  of  applications  for 
admission  to  have  been  5,669;  num- 
ber of  patients  treated,  3,159;  num- 
ber of  consultations  in  the  dispens- 
ary, 91,449;  number  of  prescriptions 
in  the  dispensary,  74,883;  total 
amount  of  receipts,  $127,230; 
amount  of  expenditures,  $109,689; 
permanent  fund,  $179,500;  number 
of  members  and  patrons,  4,016.  Of 
the  3,159  patients  admitted  during 
1892  1,679  were  discharged  as 
cured,  851  as  improved,  156  as  un- 
improved, 20  were  sent  to  other 
institutions,  and  247  died  in  the 
hospital. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital,  at  Fifth 
Avenue  and  54th  Street,  holds  a 
unique  place  among  the  local  hos- 
pitals, as  it  is  not  merely  a  hospital, 
but  also  a  religious  house.  The 
superintendent  is  a  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  ;  the  central 
feature  of  the  building  is  a  large  chapel ;  and  the  services  of  the  Church  are 
recited  daily  in  the  wards.    While  maintaining  the  highest  standard  of  scientific 


MOUNT-SINAI  HOSPITAL  DISPENSARY  AND  NURSES'  HOVE, 
151   EAST  67TH  STREET,  NEAR  LEXINGTON  AVENUE. 


472 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


work,  it  is  the  most  home-like  of  the  local  hospitals,  and  the  relations  between 
patients,  physicians  and  nurses  are  as  nearly  as  possible  the  same  as  would  obtain 
in  private  families  under  like  conditions.  The  beginnings  were  made  in  1846,  when 
Rev.  Dr.  William  A.  Muhlenberg,  then  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Com- 
munion, took  up  a  collection  of  $30  for  the  work.    In  1850  an  appeal  to  the  public 


ST.   LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND 


resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  corporation  and  in  subscriptions  amounting  to 
$100,000.  In  1854  the  Sisters  of  the  Holy  Communion  opened  an  infirmary,  in  a 
house  on  Sixth  Avenue,  where  upwards  of  200  patients  had  been  treated  when  the 
work  was  transferred  to  the  newly  erected  St.  Luke's,  in  1 858.  The  building  fronts 
on  West  54th  Street,  and  faces  south,  with  a  length  of  nearly  300  feet.  Its  general 
plan  is  that  of  an  oblong  parallelogram,  with  wings  at  each  end,  and  a  central 
chapel  flanked  by  two  towers.  The  building  stands  well  back  from  the  street,  with 
a  large  lawn  intervening,  and  is  constructed  of  brick,  painted  a  modest  drab.  The 
chapel  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated.  There  are  nine  wards  for  medical  and  surgical 
cases,  including  three  wards  for  consumptives.  All  acute,  curable  and  non-contagious 
cases  are  received,  and  treated  free,  if  necessary.  There  are  224  beds.  To  the 
extent  of  accommodation,  no  patient  whose  disease  is  suitable  for  treatment  is 
turned  away  because  unable  to  pay  for  board.  Over  2,000  patients  are  treated 
yearly,  at  an  expense  of  about  $100,000.  In  connection  with  the  hospital  there  is 
a  training-school  for  nurses,  established  in  1888.  The  popularity  of  St.  Luke's  has 
been  such  as  to  make  larger  accommodations  necessary,  and  the  trustees  have 
recently  purchased  a  spacious  tract  of  land  on  113th  Street,  near  the  proposed 
Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine,  where  they  will  erect  magnificent  new  buildings. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  new  St.  Luke's  Hospital  was  laid  May  6,  1893,  in  the 
presence  of  the  trustees  of  St.  Luke's,  of  Columbia  College,  of  the  Teachers  Col- 
lege and  of  the  Cathedral,  the  medical  staff  of  the  hospital,  the  bishops  of  New 
York  and  of  Long  Island,  and  a  large  body  of  vested  clergy.  The  site  to  be 
occupied  by  the  new  hospital  extends  from  113th  Street  to  114th  Street,  and  from 
Morningside  Avenue  to  Amsterdam  Avenue,  with  the  principal  front  on  113th 
Street,  adjacent  to  the  grounds  of  the  Cathedral.    The  new  hospital  is  to  be  com- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


6T.  LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  NOW  BUILDING  ON  WEST  113th  STREET,  NEAR  MORNINGSIDE  PARK. 

posed  of  nine  semi-detached  buildings,  four  facing  on  each  street,  and  with  the  lofty 
administration  building  in  the  centre.  The  architect  is  Ernest  Flagg.  The  amount 
of  money  invested,  when  the  entire  establishment  is  completed,  will  be  in  excess  of 
$2,000,000.  The  buildings  will  be  five  stories  high,  and  thoroughly  fire-proof  and 
fitted  with  every  modern  appliance.  The  administration  or  central  building  is 
named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  and  the  pavilions  to  be  built  at  first  bear  the 
names  of  Minturn,  Norrie,  and  Vanderbilt,  benefactors  of  the  hospital.  Other 
pavilions  will  be  built  as  the  money  is  furnished  and  the  necessities  of  the  work 
require.  Although  St.  Luke's  was  founded  by  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  is  prac- 
tically a  religious  house  of  that  denomination,  it  is  entirely  unsectarian  in  the  range 
of  its  benefactions.  Up  to  October  iS,  1892,  36,050  patients  had  been  treated  in 
its  wards,  and  of  these  $S*4  per  cent,  were  Episcopalians,  33  per  cent,  were  Protes- 
tants of  other  sects,  and  27^  per  cent,  were  Roman  Catholics. 

Lebanon  Hospital  was  organized  in  18S9  and  incorporated  in  1S91.  It  pur- 
chased the  building  for- 
merly occupied  by  the  Ur- 
suline  Convent,  at  150th 
Street  and  Westchester 
Avenue,  and  very  thor- 
oughly remodelled  and  re- 
constructed it  so  that  it 
might  be  suited  for  the 
purpose  in  mind.  It  is 
not  only  a  hospital,  but  a 
convalescent  home,  and  is 
intended  for  the  worthy 
poor  who  need  fresh  air, 
rest  and  medical  care. 
There  are  beds  for  500 
patients,  besides  ample 
and  commodious  offices  for 
the  general  departments 
of  the  institution.  It  was 
founded  by  benevolent 

Hebrews,   but  there    is    new-york  ophthalmic  hospital,  third  avenue  and  east  230  street. 


474 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


nothing  of  a  sectarian  character  about  the  Lebanon  Hospital,  which  is  open  to  all 
sufferers,  without  distinction  as  to  their  race  or  creed.    The  president  is  Jonas  Weil. 

National  Hospitals  have  been  established  in  several  localities,  by  the  foreign 
colonies  residing  in  New  York,  for  the  benefit  of  their  sick  and  unfortunate  mem- 
bers and  compatriots.  These  institutions  serve  a  most  kindly  and  worthy  purpose 
in  taking  care  of  the  weary  immigrants,  often  thrown  upon  our  shores  almost  in 
destitution,  exhausted  by  the  long  sea-voyage,  devastated  by  home-sickness,  and 
almost  ready  to  succumb.  The  Chinese  I  lospital,  for  the  moon-eyed  Celestials  of  New 
York,  is  in  the  neighboring  city  of  Brooklyn,  and  draws  its  support  from  philan- 
thropic Americans.  It  is  for  the  reception,  care  and  maintenance  of,  and  the  giving  of 
medical  and  surgical  advice  exclusively  to,  Chinese  afflicted  with  maladies  or  physi- 
cal injuries  or  weaknesses,  deformities  or  infirmities,  excepting  contagious  diseases. 
The  French  Hospital,  at  320  and  322  West  34th  Street,  receives  about  500  sick 
poor  French  people  yearly,  giving  the  indigent  free  treatment.  This  fine  charity  is 
conducted  by  the  French  Benevolent  Society.  The  Norwegian  Relief  Society 
maintains  the  Norwegian  Deaconess  Home  and  Hospital,  with  30  beds.     It  has 

lately  been  re- 
moved from  East 
57th  Street  to 
Brooklyn.  The 
Swiss  Home,  at  108 
Second  Avenue, 
gives  medical  at- 
tention to  Swiss 
who  are  without 
means.  The  strong 
local  societies 
of  Scots,  Irish- 
men, Englishmen, 
Welshmen,  Hol- 
landers, Spaniards, 
Russians,  Belgians, 
Poles,  Hungarians 
and  other  foreign- 
ers have  provision 

for  looking  out  for  their  sick  and  injured  fellow-countrymen,  mainly  by  the  aid  of  the 
great  city  hospitals.  The  Germans,  however,  have  two  or  three  finely  equipped  estab- 
lishments (as  described  elsewhere)  ;  and  the  tide  of  Italian  immigration  of  late 
years  pouring  through  this  port  has  caused  the  erection  of  two  hospitals  entirely  for 
people  of  this  nationality,  taking  care  of  above  2,000  patients  yearly.  The  best 
facilities,  care  and  attention,  however,  are  provided  at  the  great  public  hospitals, 
and  as  there  are  no  restrictions  as  to  race  or  creed,  these  noble  institutions  are 
wide  open  to  our  impecunious  European  and  Asiatic  guests. 

St.  Vincent's  Hospital  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  195  West  nth  Street, 
was  founded  in  1849,  anc*  f°r  some  years  occupied  a  house  in  West  13th  Street.  In 
1857  the  building  of  the  Catholic  Half-Orphan  Asylum  in  West  nth  Street  was 
secured.  The  work  of  the  hospital  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  a  large  four- 
story  brick  building  was  erected  in  1882,  at  the  corner  of  West  12th  Street  and 
Seventh  Avenue,  giving  the  hospital  accommodations  for  nearly  200  patients.  The 
Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  a  Roman  Catholic  order  instituted  in 


LEBANON   HOSPITAL,  WESTCHESTER  AVENUE 


50th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


475 


France  in  1633,  have  charge  of  the  hospital,  which,  since  its  foundation,  has  received 
and  treated  upwards  of  50, 000  cases,  the  average  number  now  admitted  being  nearly 
2, 500.  No  charge  is  made  to  persons  unable  to  pay  for  treatment,  and  these  form 
a  majority.  The  hospital  has  an  ambulance  service  which  answers  upwards  of  2,000 
calls  yearly.  Although  a  Catholic  institution,  patients  are  admitted  without  regard 
to  their  religious'  belief,  and  St.  Vincent's  occupies  a  prominent  position  among  the 
local  hospitals. 

The  Hahnemann  Hospital  of  the  City  of  New  York  is  a  general  hospital  for 
the  reception  of  such  free  and  pay  patients,  not  suffering  from  incurable  or  chronic 
diseases,  as  may  desire  to  be  treated  by  homoeopathic  methods.  It  was  chartered  in 
1875,  two  older  institutions,  the  New- York  Homoeopathic  Surgical  Hospital,  incor- 
porated in  1872,  and  the  New- York  Homoeopathic  Hospital  for  women  and  children, 
incorporated  in  1848,  uniting  under  the  name  of  the  Hahnemann  Hospital.  The 
substantial  four-story  brick  and  stone  building  on  Park  Avenue,  between  67th  and 
68th  Streets,  was  erected  in  1878,  and  has  accommodations  for  about  seventy  pa- 
tients. There  are  four  well-lighted  and  pleasant  wards,  one  each  for  men  and 
children,  and  two  for  women,  besides  an  endowed  room  for  firemen,  containing  three 
beds;  one  for  saleswomen,  containing  two  beds;  one  for  policemen,  containing  one 
bed  ;  and  the  Anthony  Dey  room,  with  one  bed.  In  1887  the  Ovariotomy  Cot- 
tage was  erected  on  the  grounds,  and  in  1 89 1  the  Dispensary  was  opened.  In  ad- 
dition to  its  free  beds,  the  hospital  provides  a  quiet  and  comfortable  home  for  the 
sick  and  suffering  of  all  classes  under  homoeopathic  treatment ;  and  persons  requiring 
surgical  operations,  or  taken  ill  with  any  disease  not  contagious,  can  be  received  and 
obtain  the  best  medical  and  surgical  treatment  and  skilled  nursing,  their  comfort  and 
sensibilities  being  always  considered  and  secured.  Private  patients  pay  at  rates 
varying  from  $18  to  $40  a  week.  A  gift  of  $5,000  endows  a  bed  in  perpetuity; 
one  of  $3,000  during  the  donor's  lifetime;  and  the  same  amount  endows  a  bed  in 
perpetuity  in  the 
Children's  Ward,  a 
cheery  apartment 
containing  beds  and 
cribs  for  the  little 
ones.  About  2,000 
patients  are  treated 
yearly.  The  man- 
agers contemplate 
the  erection  of  a 
maternity  hospital 
and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  training- 
school  for  nurses. 

St.  Francis 
Hospital,  at  605 
to  617  5th  Street 
is  a  general  hos- 
pital for  the  gra- 
tuitous treatment  of  the  poorer  classes.  It  was  opened  in  1865,  and  is  in  charge  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  order  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Poor  of  St.  Francis.  No  contagious  or  in- 
curable cases  are  admitted,  but  all  others  are  received  and  treated  without  charge,  when 
unable  to  pay.    There  are  240  beds  ;  and  about  2,700  patients  are  admitted  yearly. 


PITAL,  PARK  AVENUE,  BETWEEN  EAST  67th  AND 


476 


GERMAN  HOSPITAL,  PARK  AVENUE  AND  EAST  77th  STREET. 

The  German  Hospital  and  Dispensary  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  Park 
Avenue  and  77th  Street,  was  incorporated  in  1 86 1.  Patients  of  every  nationality, 
color  and  creed  are  received,  and  treated  gratuitously,  when  they  are  unable  to  pay. 
Private  patients  are  charged  from  $15  to  $35  a  week.  There  are  165  beds. 
Upwards  of  2,500  patients  are  treated  yearly,  a  large  proportion  of  them  being  free 
patients.  The  dispensary  department  was  opened  in  1884,  and  gives  free  treatment 
and  advice  to  nearly  30,000  cases  yearly.  A  nominal  fee  of  ten  cents  is  charged  to 
those  who  are  able  to  pay.  The  annual  expenses  of  the  hospital  and  dispensary  are 
met  by  voluntary  subscriptions,  and  the  interest  of  an  endowment  fund  of  $170,000. 

The  Manhattan  Dispensary  and  Hospital  is  a  brick  building  at  Amster- 
dam Avenue  and  131st  Street.   The  dispensary  was  opened  in  1862,  and  treats  about 

8,000  patients  yearly.  The 
hospital  was  opened  in  1884, 
and  contains  seventy  beds. 
Medical  and  surgical  treat- 
ment is  given  free  to  pa- 
tients who  are  unable  to  pay 
for  relief,  and  pay  patients 
are  charged  from  $7  to  $35 
a  week.  Upwards  of  600 
cases  are  cared  for  yearly. 

St.  Elizabeth's  Hos- 
pital, at  225  West  31st 
Street,  is  in  charge  of  the 
Sisters  of  the  Third  Order 
of  St.  Francis  of  Assisium. 

MANHATTAN   HOSPITAL,  AMSTERDAM   AVENUE  AND  WEST   131ST  STREET.         J{  wag  founded  in   I87O;  and 

all  persons  in  need  of  surgical  or  medical  aid,  except  contagious,  insane  and  violent 
cases,  are  admitted,  and  treated  by  their  own  physicians  when  desired.  The  charges 
vary  from  $8  to  $35  a  week,  and  there  are  90  beds. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


477 


The  New-York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital,  at  Second 
Avenue  and  East  20th  Street,  a  school  for  clinical  instruction  to  practitioners  of 
medicine,  was  opened  in  1882  for  the  treatment  of  general  diseases.  Patients 
•who  are  able  to  pay  are  charged  from  $7  to  $20  a  week  ;  and  no  contagious  or 
chronic  cases  are  admitted.  There  are  women's  wards,  men's  wards,  orthopaedic 
wards  for  children,  and  an  entire  building  for  babies'  wards.  The  hospital  has  1 14 
beds,  and  upwards  of  800  new  patients  are  admitted  yearly.  The  directors  are 
building  a  fine  six-story  fire-proof  structure  for  the  school  and  hospital,  at  Second 
Avenue  and  20th  Street.    During  the  year  502  physicians  attended  the  school. 

The  Christopher  Columbus  Hospital  is  at  41  East  12th  Street.  It  was 
opened  in  1890,  for  the  free  medical  and  surgical  treatment  of  both  sexes  ;  and 
receives  all  classes  of  patients,  except  those  suffering  from  contagious  diseases.  It 
is  in  charge  of  the  Catholic  Salesian  Sisters  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus. 

St.  Mark's  Hospital  of  New-York  City  is  at  177  Second  Avenue.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1890,  and  receives  general  charity  and  pay  patients.  Private  cases 
pay  from  $15  to  #50  a  week,  and  have  the  privilege  of  selecting  their  own  physi- 
cians. The  hospital  is  small,  treating  600  patients  yearly.  It  numbers  among  its 
staff  physicians  of  national  repute. 

St.  Joseph's  Hospital  was  opened  in  1882,  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Poor  of  St. 
Francis,  for  the  reception  and  care  of  consumptives,  and  a  limited  number  of  other 
chronic  and  in- 
curable diseases 
which  cannot  be 
properly  treated 
in  other  hospitals. 
But  no  acute  dis- 
eases, affections 
of  the  mind  and 
nervous  system 
(such  as  insanity, 
idiocy  and  epi- 
lepsy), chronic 


ST.  JOSEPH' 


'S  AVENUES 


EAST  1430 


AND   U4TH  STREETS. 


surgical  diseases, 
cases  of  deform- 
ity or  aged  persons  are  admitted.  The  building  occupies  the  entire  block  between 
East  143d  and  144th  Streets  and  Brook  and  St.  Ann's  Avenues,  and  is  well  adapted 
for  its  purpose,  everything  possible  in  the  way  of  improved  sanitary  conditions, 
pleasant  surroundings  and  skilled  medical  treatment,  being  provided  to  alleviate 
the  sufferings  of  the  patients.  St.  Joseph's  is  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  New- 
York  hospital  buildings,  and  is  favorably  placed  in  the  open  country,  not  far  from 
St.  Mary's  Park,  beyond  the  Harlem  River.  There  are  300  beds  ;  and  admission 
is  free  to  tho  poor,  without  regard  to  nationality,  creed  or  color. 

The  Seton  Hospital  for  Consumptives,  on  the  Spuyten-Duyvil  heights,  is 
a  magnificent  Italian  Renaissance  structure  of  brick,  built  in  1892-93,  at  a  cost  of 
$300,000,  for  250  patients.  Its  minutest  details  have  been  arranged  by  the  most 
eminent  specialists,  and  this  is  the  best  hospital  for  consumptives  in  the  world.  It 
is  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

The  Beth-Israel  Hospital  Association  was  incorporated  in  1890.  It  main- 
tains a  free  hospital  and  dispensary  at  206  East  Broadway  and  195  Division  Street. 
The  hospital  contains  50  beds  ;  and  the  dispensary  treats  yearly  12,000  patients. 


478 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Flower  Surgical  Hospital  was  opened  in  1890,  by  the  authorities  of 

the  New- York  Homoeopathic  College,  on  Avenue  A,  between  East  63d  and  East 
64th  Streets.  Surgical  cases  only  are  taken  here,  and  200  cases  are  received 
annually.     The  dispensary  averages  25,000  free  prescriptions  yearly. 

The  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  at  the  corner  of  Te  nth  Avenue  and  59th 
Street,  has  been  pronounced  by  many  home  and  foreign  physicians  to  be  a  model 
lying-in  hospital.  It  was  erected  in  1886  and  1887  by  William  D.  Sloane,  whose 
wife,  a  daughter  of  the  late  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  endowed  the  institution  by 
making  all  its  beds  free  in  perpetuity.  It  is  built  of  brick,  with  mouldings  of  granite 
and  terra  cotta,  and  its  construction  is  fire-proof  throughout.  The  flooring  of  the 
halls  and  the  wainscoting  of  the  stairways  are  of  white  marble  ;  the  wards  and 
operating  rooms  are  floored  with  white  vitrified  tiles.  In  the  basement  are  the 
laundry,  kitchen,  servants'  dining-room,  coil  chamber,  and  fan  for  warming  and  ven- 
tilation ;  a  bath-room,  where  newly  admitted  patients  are  thoroughly  cleansed  before 
going  to  the  wards ;  and  a  locker-room  for  the  safe-keeping  of  the  clothing  worn  by 
patients  on  admission  to  the  hospital.  On  the  first  floor  are  the  rooms  of  the  house- 
physician,  the  assistant  house-physician,  and  the  matron  ;  a  reception-room,  a  din- 


T HE  WOMAN'S  HOSPITAL  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  PARK  AVENUE  AND  EAST  50TH  STREET. 


ing-room  for  the  house  staff,  the  manager's  room,  and  a  large  examination  room. 
The  second  floor  contains  three  wards  with  20  beds,  a  delivery-room,  sleeping-rooms 
for  the  nurses,  the  drug-room,  and  a  dining-room.  On  the  third  floor  there  are  five 
wards,  containing  25  beds,  a  delivery-room,  the  apartment  of  the  principal  of  the 
training-school  for  nurses,  two  isolating  rooms,  and  sleeping-rooms  for  the  ward- 
nurses.  The  total  number  of  beds  is  45.  In  the  attic  are  the  rooms  of  the  house- 
servants.  The  lying-in  wards  are  used  in  rotation.  Each  one,  having  been  occupied 
by  five  patients,  is  thoroughly  cleansed  and  the  furniture  washed  with  a  solution  of 
carbolic  acid.  Each  of  the  delivery-rooms  contains  a  table  of  special  design,  and 
the  high  character  of  the  service  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  2,500  cases,  many 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


479 


SLOANE   MATERNITY   HOSPITAL,   TENTH  AVENUE  AND  WEST  59TH  STREET. 


of  them  emergency  cases 
brought  to  the  hospital  in 
ambulances,  only  13  deaths 
are  recorded.  The  hospital 
is  in  charge  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
which  is  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Columbia  College. 

The  Woman's  Hos- 
pital in  the  State  of  New- 
York,  the  first  of  its  class 
established  in  the  world,  was 
founded  in  1 854  by  Dr.  J. 
Marion  Sims,  at  that  time 
the  leading  expert  in  female 
diseases  in  the  world,  and 
the  discoverer  of  a  new 
method  of  treatment,  which 
has  revolutionized  the  prac- 
tice of  medical  surgery  as  applied  to  female  complaints.  The  institution  began  its 
work  in  1S55,  in  a  house  built  for  a  private  residence,  on  Madison  Avenue.  The 
hospital  was  incorporated  in  1857,  and  in  1 866  it  was  removed  to  50th  Street,  be- 
tween Lexington  and  Park  Avenues,  where  two  commodious  brick  buildings  have 
been  erected,  with  accommodations  for  150  patients,  and  completely  equipped  with 

all  necessary  conveniences  for  the  treatment 
of  this  class  of  complaints.  Each  county 
in  the  State  is  entitled  to  one  free  bed,  and 
the  medical  and  surgical  attendance  is 
gratuitous.  At  the  Dispensary  1,500  out- 
door patients  receive  treatment  yearly.  The 
yearly  expenses,  met  by  voluntary  subscrip- 
tions and  the  income  of  an  endowment  fund 
of  $152,000,  are  about  $70,000. 

The    New- York   Infirmary  for 
S!,  n         *  .1      •    Women   and   Children,  on  Stuyvesanl 

;  -  '     Square  (East),  near  16th  Street,  was  founded 

r  /•>  in  1854  by  Drs.  Elizabeth  and  Emily  Black- 

well,  who  were  the  pioneers  among  women 
physicians.  It  is  the  only  hospital  in  the 
city  (except  the  Homoeopathic  Hospital) 
where  women  and  children  can  be  treated 
by  women  physicians.  Its  doors  are  open 
to  all  classes  for  medical  or  surgical  treat- 
ment. The  present  hospital  accommodates 
65  patients,  and  additions  soon  to  be  made 
will  double  its  capacity. 

During  1S92  341  patients  were  treated, 
and  of  this  number  more  than  half  were 
free.     The  dispensary,  where  over  28,000 

NEW-YORK  INFIRMARY   FOR  WOMEN   AND  CHILDREN,  .  •       j   r  ■      •  i 

0  uvingston  place,  opp.  6Tu yvesant  square       patients  received  free  treatment  during  the 


480 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


win 


NEW-YORK  DISPENSAR 


VOMEN  AND  CHILDREr 
LIVINGSTON  PLACE. 


STREET  AND 


year,  occupies  the  first 
floor  of  the  college 
building,  321  East  15th 
Street.  The  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  the 
New- York  Infirmary 
moved  into  its  present 
commodious  building, 
corner  of  Stuyvesant 
Square  and  1 5th  Street, 
in  1890.  Twenty-one 
students  graduated  in 
1892.  The  Training 
School  for  Nurses  was 
united  in  1891  with  the 
New-Haven  Training 
vSchool,  the  nurses  from 
the  latter  school  com- 
ing to  the  Infirmary  for 
obstetrical  and  gynaecological  training.  The  Nurses'  Home  is  at  327  East  15th 
Street. 

The  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital  in  the  City  of  New  York  was  opened  as 
a  day-nursery  in  1854,  largely  through  the  instrumentality  of  Mrs.  Cornelius  DuBois. 
The  original  location  was  in  St.  Mark's  Place  ;  and  in  1857  a  hospital  was  added  as 
a  necessary  adjunct  of  the  work,  and  the  institution  became  incorporated  under  its 
present  name.  In  1855  a  substantial  brick  building,  119  feet  by  60  feet,  with  two 
wings,  was  erected  on  the  present  site,  at  Lexington  Avenue  and  51st  Street.  In  1863 
a  foundling  asylum  was  built,  but  for  four  years  it  was  used  as  a  soldiers'  home,  for 
the  reception  and  care  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers.  In  1867  the  building  reverted 
to  the  institution,  and  has  since  been  used  as  a  lying-in  hospital.  A  new  three-story 
brick  building,  erected  in  1888  in  memory  of  Miss  Mary  A.  DuBois,  for  many  years 
a  directress  of  the 
institution,  contains 
the  wards  and  offi- 
ces of  the  corpor- 
ation. Upwards  of 
600  mothers  and 
1,000  children  are 
received  yearly  and 
cared  for,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $100,000, 
which  is  met  by 
voluntary  subscrip- 
tions. 

The  New- 
York  Medical 
College  and  Hos- 
pital for  Women, 
at  213  West  54th 

Street,  was  founded      nursery  and  ohild'8  HoepiT 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


in  1863.  The  treatment  is  homoeo- 
pathic, and  the  aim  is  to  provide  a 
hospital  for  self-supporting  young 
women,  whose  only  home  is  the 
boarding-house,  where,  when  over- 
taken by  sickness,  they  may  receive 
skilful  treatment  from  physicians  of 
their  own  sex  at  a  moderate  cost, 
or  free  of  expense  when  necessary. 
The  larger  part  of  the  service,  both 
in  the  hospital  and  dispensary,  is 
gratuitous,  and  a  steadily  increas- 
ing demand  for  the  services  of 
women  physicians  in  the  treatment 
of  women  and  children  has  made 
the  present  leased  building  inade- 
quate, and  a  larger  structure  is 
contemplated  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  work.  The  building  now  occupied  has 
accommodations  for  thirty  patients.  During  1891  174  cases  were  treated,  with  only 
six  deaths.  During  the  same  period,  at  the  dispensary,  upwards  of  1,500  patients 
were  treated  and  5,000  prescriptions  dispensed.  This  is  the  only  local  homoeopathic 
hospital  where  women  physicians  are  exclusively  employed,  and  the  maternity  ward 
shows  the  remarkable  record  of  but  one  mother  lost  in  thirty  years. 

St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children,  at  407  West  34th  Street,  was  organ- 
ized in  1870  and  incorporated  in  1887,  for  the  medical  and  surgical  treatment  of 


NEW-YORK  MEDICAL  COLLEGE  AND  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN, 
213  WEST  54th  STREET. 


children  between  the  ages  of  two  and  fourteen 


years. 


ST.  MARY'S  FREE  HOSPITAL  FOR  CHILDREN, 
3* 


407  WEST   34TH  STREET. 


It  is  in  charge  of  the  Sister- 
hood of  St.  Mary,  a  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  order,  and 
accommodates  70  patients. 
The  yearly  expenses  are 
about  $14,000,  and  upwards 
of  400  cases  are  treated 
yearly.  In  connection  with 
the  hospital,  there  is  a  free  dis- 
pensary for  children,  where 
5,000  suffering  children  are 
treated  yearly  ;  the  Noyes 
Memorial  House,  at  Peeks- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  for  patients  who 
have  been  treated  in  the 
Hospital,  and  whose  diseases 
assume  an  incurable  form  ; 
and  a  Summer  Branch  House, 
at  Rockaway  Beach,  Long 
Island,  for  convalescent  chil- 
dren. 

The  Laura  Franklin 
Free  Hospital  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  at  19  East  I  nth 
Street,   a   three-story  brick 


482 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


LAURA  FRANKLIN  FREE  HOSPITAL  FOR  CHILDREt' 
19  EAST  111th  STREET. 


building,  was  opened  in  1886  for 
the  free  medical  and  surgical 
homoeopathic  treatment  of  chil- 
dren between  two  and  twelve 
years  of  age.  It  is  in  charge  of 
the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary,  a  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  order.  It  accom- 
modates fifty  patients,  and  is 
supported  by  voluntary  subscrip- 
tions. 

St.  Andrew's  Convales- 
cent Hospital,  at  213  East  17th 
Street,  was  opened  in  1886  for 
the  reception  and  care  of  women 
and  girls  over  15  years  of  age,  of 
good  character,  and  in  need  of 
rest,  nursing  and  medical  treat- 
ment. All  cases,  except  those  suf- 
fering from  nervous  or  contag- 
ious diseases,  are  admitted  free. 
There  are  twelve  beds.  The  hos- 
pital is  in  charge  of  the  Sisterhood 
of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  a  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  order  founded  at 
Clewer,  England,  in  1 85 1. 
The  Yorkville  Dispensary  and  Hospital  in  the  City  of  New  York,  at  1307 
Lexington  Avenue,  was  incorporated  in  1886,  to  maintain  an  out-door  service  for  the 
treatment  of  women  and  children.  It  is  also  a  maternity  charity,  furnishing  medical 
and  nursing  attendance  to  poor  women  during  confinement.  As  yet  it  has  no  accom- 
modations for  in-patients,  but  confines  its  work  to  out-door  relief.  It  is  supported 
by  voluntary  subscriptions. 

The  New-York  Mothers'  Home  of  the  Sisters  of  Misericorde,  at  523  to  537 
East  86th  Street,  was  incorporated  in  1888,  to  provide  and  maintain  maternity  hos- 
pitals and  children's  asylums  in  the  State  of  New  York.  At  present  the  society  main- 
tains a  maternity  hospital,  for  destitute  women  and  young  unmarried' girls,  hitherto 
respectable,  about  to  become  mothers.  There  are  accommodations  for  125  free  and 
30  pay  patients,  with  private  rooms.  During  1892  206  women  and  167  children 
were  cared  for,  at  an  expense  of  $12,000. 

The  Babies'  Hospital  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  657  Lexington  Avenue, 
was  incorporated  in  1887,  f°r  tne  care  °f  poor  sick  children  under  two  years  of  age. 
It  has  accommodations  for  30  babies  ;  and  in  1 89 1  expended  upwards  of  $13,000  in 
its  work.  In  connection  with  the  hospital  there  is  a  dispensary  for  children  ;  a 
country  branch,  at  Oceanic,  N.  J.  ;  and  a  training-school  for  children's  nurses,  where 
young  girls  of  good  character,  over  18  years  of  age,  are  taught  the  management  and 
training  of  sick  and  well  children. 

The  Lying-in  Hospital  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  founded  in  1798.  A 
suitable  building  was  procured  on  Cedar  Street  ;  and  Robert  Lenox,  Dr.  David 
Hosack,  and  other  leading  citizens  were  appointed  managers.  It  soon  became 
evident  that  the  funds  of  the  society  were  insufficient  to  meet  the  expenses,  and  an 
arrangement  was  made  with  the  New-York  Hospital  by  which  that  institution  should 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


483 


receive  the  income  of  the  funds,  on  condition 
that  the  governors  should  provide  a  lying-in 
ward.  This  arrangement  continued  until 
1S27,  when  the  lying-in  asylum  was  reorgan- 
ized, and  began  an  independent  work.  The 
society  has  no  home  or  hospital  for  its  bene- 
ficiaries, but  renders  assistance  to  them  in 
their  houses. 

The  Ladies'  Hebrew  Lying-in  So- 
ciety, at  58  St.  Mark's  Place,  is  a  branch  of 
the  United  Hebrew  Charities.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1S77,  and  cares  for  poor  Hebrew 
mothers  during  confinement,  and  supplies 
medical  aid,  food,  nurses  and  clothing  to  all 
deserving  cases.  The  yearly  disbursements 
are  about  $2,000. 

The  New-York  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary, at  21S  Second  Avenue,  was  the 
first  institution  opened  in  the  city  for  the 
•  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear. 
The  work  was  begun  in  1820,  by  two  young 
physicians,  Edward  Delafield  and  J.  Kearney 
Rogers,  who  leased  two  small  rooms  in  a  house  on  Chatham  Street,  and  announced 
their  readiness  to  treat  all  eye  and  ear  diseases.  Within  seven  months  over  400 
patients  were  treated,  and  many  cases  of  partial  blindness  were  cured.  As  a  result 
of  the  first  year's  work,  a  society  known  as  the  New- York  Eye  Infirmary  was  organ- 
ized, in  1S21  ;  and  in  1824  the  old  Marine  Hospital  of  the  New-York  Hospital  was 


BA3IE5  HOSPI 


CORNER  EAST 


leased.  This  was  occupied  until  1S45,  wnen 
chased  and  fitted  up  for  the  use  of  the  society. 


NEW-YORK  EYE  AND  EAR  INFIRMARY,  SECOND  AVE.    AND  EAST 


a  house  in  Mercer  Street  was  pur- 
In  1S54  an  appccl  to  the  Legislature 
-  —  and  the  public  resulted  in 
'  a  grant  and  subscription 
amounting  to  $30,000, 
which  was  used  in  the  erec- 
tion of  a  commodious  build- 
ing on  Second  Avenue.  In 
1S90  the  corner-stone  of  a 
new  and  larger  building  was 
laid,  and  in  the  following 
year  a  hospital  wing  con- 
taining 70  beds  was  opened 
for  the  free  treatment  of 
patients.  An  average  of  7C0 
patients  are  received  yearly. 
The  dispensary  department 
gives  advice  and  treatment 
to  60,000  cases  annually. 

The  New-York  Oph- 
thalmic Hospital,  at  Third 
Avenue  and  East  23d  Street, 
is  a  hospital  for  the  treat- 


484 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ment  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear  and  throat,  and  a  college  affording  clinical  instruc- 
tion in  the  diverse  forms  of  these  diseases.  It  was  incorporated  in  1852,  and  after 
many  years  of  useful  work,  in  cramped  and  insufficient  quarters,  the  present  four- 
story  brick  building  was  erected,  in  187 1,  at  a  cost  of  .$  100,000,  the  gift  of  Mrs. 
Emma  A.  Keep.  It  is  conveniently  arranged  for  its  purpose,  and  contains  reception 
and  operating  rooms  for  out-door  patients,  numerous  wards  and  private  rooms  for 
those  whose  cases  require  a  prolonged  stay  at  the  hospital,  and  two  large  contagious 
wards,  entirely  isolated  from  the  other  patients.  The  hospital  is  free  to  those  unable 
to  pay  for  the  service  of  a  physician,  the  directors  and  surgeons  serving  without  com- 
pensation, and  it  is  one  of  the  great  charities  deserving  of  confidence  and  support. 
It  is  the  only  institution  in  the  country  authorized  by  law  to  confer  the  degree  of 
Surgeon  of  the  Eye  and  Ear  upon  properly  qualified  students,  and  the  steady  growth  of 
its  work  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  while  only  830  patients  were  treated  during  the  first 
year  of  its  existence,  in  1890  it  treated  over  13,000  cases,  received  400  resident  patients, 
and  issued  more  than  53,000  prescriptions.  The  large  visiting  and  consulting  staff 
comprises  many  eminent  specialists,  and  the  institution  enjoys  an  enviable  reputation 
for  its  skilful  treatment  of  the  difficult  diseases  of  which  it  makes  a  specialty. 

The  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  was  chartered  in  1869,  and  occupies 
a  substantial  brick  building  at  103  Park  Avenue,  corner  of  41st  Street.  It  is  supported 
r  . — -  by  voluntary  contribu-. 


tions,  and  is  intended 
solely  for  the  treatment 
of  those  who  cannot 
pay  for  medical  aid. 
Besides  the  ophthalmic 
and  aural  departments 
there  is  one  for  nervous 
diseases,  and  one  for 
throat  diseases  ;  and  an 
isolated  ward  for  the 
treatment  of  conta- 
gious diseases  of  the 
eye.  Upwards  of  13,000 
cases  are  treated  yearly. 
The  administration  is 
in  the  hands  of  a  board 


MANHATTAN  EYE  AND  EAR  HOSPITAL,  PARK  AVENUE  AND  EAST  41ST  STREET.        Qf   directors  '     and  the 

medical  staff  is  composed  of  many  of  the  best-known  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the 
city,  who  give  freely  of  their  time  and  skill  for  the  relief  of  the  unfortunate.  The 
work  has  already  outgrown  the  accommodations,  and  to  relieve  the  pressure  upon 
the  day  clinics,  as  well  as  to  meet  the  wants  of  those  unable  to  leave  their  work 
during  the  day,  night  clinics  have  been  established  in  some  of  the  departments ;  and 
the  directors  are  contemplating  the  enlargement  of  the  building  so  as  to  increase  the 
usefulness  of  the  institution,  which  has  long  been  recognized  as  one  of  the  best 
of  its  class.  The  hospital  has  an  endowment  fund  of  $80,000;  the  C.  R.  Agnew 
Memorial  Fund  of  %  12, 000  ;  and  seven  endowed  beds. 

The  New  York  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute,  at  46  East  12th  Street, 
was  opened  in  1869  as  a  dispensary  and  hospital  for  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
eye  and  ear,  and  a  school  of  ophthalmology  and  otology.  Patients  unable  to  pay 
are,  so  far  as  the  resources  of  the  institute  will  permit,  received,  provided  for,  and 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


485 


treated  in  the  hospital  without  charge.  Dispensary  patients  (about  8,000  a  year) 
are  treated  gratuitously.  The  Institute  leases  the  building  it  now  occupies,  and  in 
1891  treated  nearly  400  in  the  hospital,  where  160  cataracts  were  successfully 
extracted.    About  one-third  of  the  patients  receive  free  treatment. 

The  New-Amsterdam  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  at  212  West  38th  Street,  a 
substantial  brick  building,  was  opened  in  1888  for  the  treatment  of  eye  and  ear  dis- 
eases. There  are  also  nose  and  throat  departments.  It  is  supported  by  voluntary 
subscriptions.  Seventy  patients  are  treated  yearly;  and  175  operations  are  made  ; 
while  the  dispensary  department  gives  free  treatment  to  upwards  of  2,000  needy 
applicants. 

The  New-York  Cancer  Hospital,  at  Central  Park  West  and  106th  Street, 
was  founded  in  1884,  f°r  tne  treatment  of  all  sufferers  from  cancer,  whose  condition 


t 


NEW-YORK  CANCER  HOSPITAL,  CENTRAL  PARK  WEST  AND  106TH  STREET. 


promises  any  hope  of  cure  or  relief.  The  building  is  of  recent  construction  ;  replete 
with  all  the  modern  improvements  and  appliances;  and  has  130  beds.  About  600 
new  patients  are  admitted  yearly,  two-thirds  being  free.  The  charges  for  pay 
patients  vary  from  $7  to  $30  a  week  ;  and  the  yearly  expenses  are  nearly  $40,000. 

The  New-York  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital,  at  243  East  34th  Street,  was 
incorporated  in  1883,  for  the  free  treatment  and  care  of  the  poor  afflicted  with  can- 
cer and  skin  diseases.  It  has  accommodations  for  100  patients,  and  maintains  a 
country  branch  hospital  for  chronic  cases  at  Fordham  Heights,  a  dispensary  for  the 
free  examination  and  treatment  of  the  poor,  and  the  Guild  of  St.  Lazarus,  which 
assists  in  providing  necessary  clothing,  sick-room  comforts  and  delicacies  for  the 
inmates  of  the  hospital. 

The  Metropolitan  Throat  Hospital,  at  351  West  34th  Street,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1874.  It  affords  free  treatment  to  those  who  are  unable  to  pay  special  fees 
for  all  affections  of  the  nose  and  throat.  The  institution  is  unsectarian,  is  supported 
entirely  by  voluntary  contributions,  and  treats  1,000  cases  yearly,  aside  from  the 
much  larger  number  of  those  who  simply  make  visits  for  treatment. 


486 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  New- York  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled 

began  its  work  in  a  small  way  in  1863,  in  a  building  on  Second  Avenue.  Its  found- 
ing was  due  to  Dr.  James  Knight,  whose  long  medical  experience  among  the  poor 
had  convinced  him  of  the  need  of  some  provision  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of 
cases  of  hernia  and  deformity.  The  rapid  increase  of  the  work  soon  made  large  accom- 
modations necessary  ;  and  in 
1867  a  hospital  was  opened 
at  the  corner  of  42d  Street 
and  Lexington  Avenue.  It 
is  an  ornamental  structure 
of  brick  and  stone,  five 
stories  in  height, with  accom- 
modations for  200  inmates, 
most  of  whom  receive  gratui- 
tous treatment,  the  annual 
expenses  of  $50,000  being 
met  by  an  appropriation 
from  the  city,  private  sub- 
scriptions, and  a  grant  from 
the  Hospital  Sunday-Fund. 
Upwards  of  9,000  cases  are 
yearly  treated  in  the  hospital 
and  out-door  department,  the 
large  majority  receiving  ad- 
vice, apparatus  and  treat- 
ment free  of  charge. 

The  New-York  Or- 
thopedic Dispensary  and 
Hospital,  at  126  East  59th 
Street,  was  established  in 
1866.  It  receives  and  treats 
destitute  persons  suffering 
from  diseases  and  deformi- 
ties of  the  spine  and  joints,  infantile  paralysis,  bow-legs,  club-foot  and  similar 
ailments,  besides  such  cases  as  can  not  get  proper  treatment  at  home. 

St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  and  Dispensary,  at  300  West  36th  Street, 
was  organized  in  1 888,  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of  the  poor  suffering  from  skin 
and  certain  other  diseases.  Over  600  patients  are  treated  yearly  at  the  Dispensary. 
Although  managed  by  Episcopalians,  the  hospital  is  unsectarian  in  character. 

The  New-York  Pasteur  Institute,  at  1  West  97th  Street,  the  first  one  of 
its  class  in  America,  was  opened  in  1890  for  the  anti-hydrophobic  treatment  of  rabies 
according  to  the  method  of  M.  Pasteur.  Its  founder  was  Dr.  Paul  Gibier,  a  pupil 
of  Prof.  Pasteur.  Since  the  opening  of  the  Institute,  2,000  patients  have  been 
received,  of  whom  1 , 200  have  been  sent  back,  after  having  their  injuries  properly 
dressed,  it  having  been  demonstrated  that  the  animals  attacking  them  were  not  mad. 
In  the  remaining  300  cases  the  anti-hydrophobic  treatment  was  resorted  to,  with  a 
loss  of  only  three  patients.  In  all  cases  patients  unable  to  pay  for  treatment  have 
been  inoculated  and  cared  for  free  of  charge.  In  1893  tne  Institute  occupied  the 
Central -Park  Sanatorium,  at  Central  Park  West  and  97th  Street,  a  six-story  fire- 
proof building,  admirably  equipped. 


NEW-YORK  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  RELIEF  OF  THE  RUPTURED 
CRIPPLED,  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  EAST  420  STREET. 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK.  487 

The  New-York  Christian  Home  for  Intemperate  Men  was  established  in 
1877  to  rescue  victims  of  intemperance  and  the  opium  habit  by  bodily  rest,  mental 
repose,  religious  influence,  and  freedom  from  annoyance,  irritation  or  temptation. 
No  drugs  or  nostrums  are  used,  but  every  possible  means  is  employed  to  divert  the 
minds  of  the  patients  and  to  keep  them  happily  occupied.  The  Home,  at  1 175 
Madison  Avenue,  has  accommodations  for  75  inmates.  None  is  received  for  a  stay 
of  less  than  five  weeks.  During  1 892,  of  the  247  inmates  received,  188  professed 
conversion,  and  of  these  143  remained  steadfast.  The  refuge  of  the  Home  is  free  to 
residents  of  the  city  who  are  unable  to  pay  ;  and  otherwise  the  rates  vary  from  $8  to 
$20  a  week,  according  to  the  room  selected.  The  yearly  expenses  are  about  £22,000, 
and  there  is  an  endowment  fund  of  $50,000. 

The  Vanderbilt  Clinic  was  opened  in  1888  as  a  free  dispensary  for  the  poor. 
It  is  in  charge  of  a  board  of  five  managers,  but  allied  with  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  ;  and  stands  on  land  belonging  to  the  college,  at  the  corner  of  60th 
Street  and  Amsterdam  Avenue.  It  is  a  large  three-story  brick  building,  similar  in 
design  to  the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital ;  and  was  erected  and  endowed  by  the  four 
sons  of  the  late  William  H.  Vanderbilt,  who  gave  the  money  for  the  purchase  of  the 
half  block  on  which  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  Sloane  Maternity 
Hospital  and  the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  now  stand,  and  with  which  the  college  buildings 
were  erected.  Besides  its  dispensary 
department,  where  nearly  125,000  pa- 
tients received  free  treatment  and  ad- 
vice during  1892,  the  building  contains 
numerous  small  rooms  for  the  direct 
practical  teaching  of  diagnosis  and 
treatment  to  the  students  of  the  college, 
and  a  theatre  for  clinical  lectures 
which  accommodates  an  audience  of 
400.  Although  of  recent  foundation, 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  has  already  be- 
come an  important  medical  institution. 

The  New-York  City  Dispens- 
ary, at  White  and  Centre  Streets,  was 
established  in  1 791  on  Tryon  Street, 
afterward  Tryon  Row,  which  extended 
along  the  north-eastern  side  of  the  City- 
Hall  Park,  between  Chambers  and 
Chatham  Streets.  In  1796  the  Dis- 
pensary was  incorporated  by  the  Legis- 
lature, and  in  1805  it  was  united  with 
the  "  Kinenox  Institution,"  which  had 
been  established  in  1803  for  vaccinating 
the  poor  with  cow-pox  instead  of  small- 
pox. In  1828  the  three-story  brick  infirmary  of  five-points  house  of  industry, 
building  now  in  use  was  opened.    Dur-  155  W0RTH  STREET- 

ing  the  cholera  season  of  1832  it  is  said  that  the  Dispensary  physicians  "were 
found  in  every  part  of  the  widely  extended  city,  stopping,  as  far  as  they  were 
able,  the  ravages  of  the  plague."  The  institution  treats  50,000  patients  yearly,  at 
a  cost  of  $25,000.  Since  its  foundation,  dispensaries  of  many  kinds  have  been  estab- 
lished throughout  the  city,  and  are  doing  a  noble  work  in  relieving  suffering  humanity. 


488 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Infirmary  of  the  Five-Points  House  of  Industry,  at  155  Wort! 
Street,  is  maintained  by  the  charitable  organization  from  which  it  takes  its  name. 
It  treats  2,000  patients  yearly.    Two  stories  were  added  to  the  building  in  1892. 

The  Church  Hospital  and  Dispensary  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1892  to  concentrate  and  centralize  Church  medi- 
cal work  upon  the  most  modern  scientific  medical  principles,  to  provide  a  visiting 
staff,  and  to  give  special  care  to  the  worthy  poor  who  are  averse  to  receiving  medi- 
cal aid  from  a  public  clinic. 

The  German  Dispensary  was  opened  in  1857,  and  has  been  of  vast  benefit  to 
the  population  of  the  crowded  German  quarter  and  to  the  poor  of  New  York  in  general. 


0T7END0RFER  FREE  LIBRARY.  GERMAN  DISPENSARY.  LYING* IN' HOSPITAL. 


THE  GERMAN  DISPENSARY,  137  SECOND  AVENUE,  BETWEEN  8th  AND  9th  STREETS. 

The  present  handsome  and  commodious  building  at  137  Second  Avenue  was  erected  in 
1883  by  Mrs.  Anna  Ottendorfer.  It  contains  a  medical  library  of  about  5,000  volumes. 

The  Northern  Dispensary  was  founded  in  1827.  It  is  at  Christopher  Street 
and  Waverly  Place,  and  furnished  medical  and  surgical  aid  to  over  1,000,000 
indigent  persons.     It  is  supported  by  voluntary  gifts. 

The  Good-Samaritan  Dispensary  (formerly  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  opened 
in  1832),  at  75  Essex  Street,  was  opened  in  1891.  Upwards  of  1,250,000  patients 
have  been  aided,  and  160,000  cases  receive  treatment  yearly,  the  number  of  pre- 
scriptions dispensed  being  about  110,000. 

The  DeMilt  Dispensary  occupies  a  building  at  23d  Street  and  Second 
Avenue.  It  was  opened  in  185 1,  and  its  service  includes  the  district  lying  between 
14th  and  40th  Streets  and  Sixth  Avenue  and  the  East  River.  It  treats  upwards  of 
30,000  cases  yearly  and  dispenses  nearly  70,000  prescriptions.  It  has  cared  for 
nearly  1,000,000  patients  and  given  out  2,000,000  prescriptions. 

The  Northeastern  Dispensary,  at  222  East  59th  Street,  was  founded  in  1862. 
It  is  a  large  medical  and  surgical  relief  institution,  treating  22,000  cases  yearly,  and 
dispensing  upwards  of  60,000  prescriptions. 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


489 


The  Harlem  Dispensary,  at  Fourth  Avenue  and  125th  Street,  was  opened  in 
1868.  The  district  comprises  that  part  of  the  city  north  of  100th  Street  and  east  of 
Eighth  Avenue.     Upwards  of  7,000  cases  are  treated  yearly. 

The  German  Poliklinik,  78  Seventh  Street,  is  managed  mostly  by  German 
physicians,  for  the  poor  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  opened  in  1 883,  and  affords  medical 
relief  to  15,000  patients  yearly. 

Other  Local  Dispensaries,  aside  from  those  mentioned  above  and  those  con- 
nected with  the  hospitals,  include  the  West-Side  German,  opened  in  1872  ;  the  Dis- 
pensary of  the  Trinity-Church  Association,  1880  ;  the  Dispensary  of  St.  Chrysos- 
tom's  Chapel,  1880;  the  New-York  Dispensary  for  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  1869;  the 
Homoeopathic  Dispensary,  1870  ;  the  Northwestern  Dispensary,  1852  ;  the  Vork- 
ville  Dispensary,  1887  ;  and  the  Eclectic  Dispensary,  at  239  East  14th  Street.  Each 
of  these  is  of  notable  service  in  the  locality  which  it  covers. 

The  New-York  Training-School  for  Nurses  was  founded  in  1S73,  for  the 
instruction  of  intelligent  women  in  hospital  and  private  nursing.  It  was  the  first 
school  for  nurses  opened  in  this  country,  and  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  desire  on  the 
part  of  a  few  charitable  and  public-spirited  women  to  elevate  the  standard  of  nurs- 
ing in  the  Bellevue  and  other  public  hospitals.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the 
school  the  male  and  female  nurses  in  Bellevue  Hospital  had  been  the  product  of 
chance,  physical  misfortune,  and  practical  politics,  and  the  service  left  very  much  to 
be  desired.  The  first  class  was  graduated  in  1875,  an(l  consisted  of  six  well-trained 
nurses,  most  of  whom  entered  upon  their  duties  in  Bellevue.  The  work  of  the 
school  has  been  such  as  to  elevate  the  nursing  service  in  all  the  local  hospitals,  and 
the  graduates  have  in  many  instances  been  called  upon  to  establish  similar  schools  in 
other  cities,  and  even  in  Italy,  China 
and  Japan.  When  the  school  was 
opened,  in  1873,  only  five  applicants 
presented  themselves,  but  such  has 
been  the  growth  of  the  work  that 
1,500  applications  for  admission  are 
now  received  yearly,  and  the  school 
always  has  its  full  quota  of  68  stu- 
dents. The  requirements  are  exacting. 
The  candidates  must  be  from  25  to  35 
years  of  age,  and  physically  and  men- 
tally fitted  for  their  calling.  At  the 
expiration  of  a  short  probationary 
period,  those  who  have  proved  satis- 
factory are  engaged  for  a  two-years' 
course  of  theoretical  and  practical 
training,  which  includes  lectures  by 
eminent  physicians  and  surgeons  and 
actual  service  in  the  wards  of  Bellevue. 
The  school  building  is  at  426  East 
26th  Street,  opposite  the  entrance  to 
Bellevue.  It  is  a  four-story  brick 
structure,  and  was  built  in  1887  by  Mrs.  William  H.  Osborne.  It  contains  a 
kitchen,  parlor,  dining-room,  library,  lecture  rooms  and  sleeping  apartments  for  the 
nurses.  The  distinctive  garb  of  the  nurses  is  blue  and  white  seersucker,  with  a 
white  apron  and  cap  and  linen  collar.    Over  400  nurses  have  been  graduated. 


ITALIAN  CLUB.  ECLECTIC  DISPENSARY. 

ECLECTIC  DISPENSARY  AND  ITALIAN  INDEPENDENT  CLUB, 
237  AND  239  EAST  14TM  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  D.  O.  Mills  Training-School  for  Male  Nurses  occupies  a  substantial 

brick  building,  erected  in  1888  in  the  Bellevue- Hospital  grounds,  at  the  foot  of  East 
26th  Street.  It  is  arranged  and  fitted  up  as  a  home  for  the  nurses  during  their  two- 
years'  course  of  study,  which  is  on  the  same  lines  as  that  of  the  training-school  for 
female  nurses,  nearly  opposite.  Several  classes  have  been  graduated  from  the  school, 
and  there  are  now  fifty-seven  inmates,  all  of  whom  serve  in  the  male  wards  of  the 
hospital.    It  is  a  generous  charity,  founded  by  Darius  O.  Mills. 

The  New-York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  Training-School  for 
Nurses,  at  163  East  36th  Street,  was  founded  in  1885  for  the  instruction  and  train- 
ing of  hospital  and  private  nurses.     It  has  graduated  upwards  of  250  nurses. 

The  New-York  County  Medical  Society,  at  19  West  43d  Street,  is  the 
oldest  local  organization  of  doctors.  It  was  established  in  1806  "to  aid  in  regulat- 
ing the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery,  and  to  contribute  to  the  diffusion  of  true 
science,  and  particularly  the  knowledge  of  the  healing  art."  It  is  authorized  to 
examine  students  in  medicine,  and  to  grant  diplomas  to  such  as  are  duly  qualified. 

The  New-York  Medical  and  Surgical  Society  was  founded  in  1834  for  the 
discussion  of  professional  topics.  The  membership  is  limited  to  thirty-two,  and  the 
meetings  are  held  at  the  residences  of  the  members. 

The  New-York  Academy  of  Medicine,  at  1 19  West  43d  Street,  was  estab- 
lished in  1847,  ancl  incorporated  in  185 1,  for  the  cultivation  of  the  science  of  medi- 
cine ;  the  advancement  of  the  profession  ;  the  elevation  of  the  standard  of  medical 

education  and  the  promotion  of  the 
public  health.  It  is  a  large  and  im- 
portant organization,  and  has  sections  in 
pediatrics,  obstetrics  and  gynaecology, 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine ; 
neurology,  orthopedic  surgery,  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics ;  laryngology 
and  rhinology,  surgery,  ophthalmology 
and  otology,  and  public  health  and 
hygiene.  The  fine  Academy  building 
was  opened  in  1890.  It  is  Romanesque 
in  style  and  ornate  in  treatment,  and 
contains  numerous  meeting  and  recep- 
tion-rooms and  a  large  medical  library, 
which  is  open  to  the  public.  The 
Academy  is  one  of  the  leading  institu- 
tions of  its  kind  in  America,  and  its 
membership  includes  many  eminent 
physicians  and  surgeons.  It  has  a 
library  of  50,000  volumes. 

The  Scientific  Meeting  of  Ger- 
man Physicians  w^as  established  in 
1857,  for  the  exhibition  and  study  of  in- 
teresting pathological  specimens,  and 
the  report  and  discussion  of  notable  medical  and  surgical  cases.  It  has  a  member- 
ship of  about  90 ;  and  the  monthly  meetings  are  held  at  1 10  West  34th  Street. 

The  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  German  Physicians  meets  bi- 
monthly at  411  Sixth  Avenue.  It  was  organized  in  i860,  for  "the  cultivation  of 
medical  science  and  the  promotion  of  the  honor  and  interest  of  the  profession." 


NEW-YORK  ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE, 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


49 1 


The  Medico-Historical  Society  was  founded  in  1864,  for  the  preservation 
and  publication  of  interesting  and  valuable  facts  regarding  the  medical  history  of  the 
city.  Among  its  other  valuable  publications  mention  may  be  made  of  its  yearly 
Medical  Directory,  which  contains  valuable  information  and  statistics  relating  to  the 
many  local  benevolent  and  medical  institutions. 

The  New- York  Ophthalmological  Society  was  organized  in  1864,  for  the 
improvement  of  its  members  in  ophthalmic  and  aural  studies.  There  are  thirty 
members  ;  and  the  meetings  are  held  bi-monthly  at  the  members'  houses. 

The  Medico-Legal  Society  was  founded  in  1866,  and  incorporated  in  1868, 
for  the  study  and  advancement  of  the  science  of  medical  jurisprudence.  The  mem- 
bership    comprises     regular  .         .  —    

practitioners  of  the  medical 
and  legal  professions  in  good 
standing,  leading  scientists, 
and  eminent  literary  men, 
1,000  in  number. 

The  New-York  Der- 
matological  Society  was 
formed  in  1869,  for  the  study 
and  investigation  of  the  causes 
of  skin  diseases,  the  best  cura- 
tive methods,  and  all  subjects 
connected  with  dermatology. 

The  New-York  Neuro-* 
logical  Society  meets 
monthly  at  17  West  43d  Street, 
for  the  advancement  of  the 
science  of  medicine  in  all  its 
relations  to  the  nervous  sys- 
tem. It  was  established  in 
1872,  and  has  75  members. 

The  American  Laryn- 
gological  Association  was 

founded  in  1878,  for  the  study  of  diseases  of  the  throat. 
20  West  31st  Street.  ' 

The  New-York  Cliiical  Society  is  devoted  to  the  consideration  of  medical 
and  surgical  topics  in  their  clinical  and  therapeutical  aspects.  The  membership  is 
limited  to  twenty,  and  monthly  meetings  are  held  at  the  houses  of  the  members. 

The  New-York  Surgical  Society  holds  bi-monthly  meetings  at  the  New- 
York  Hospital,  for  the  discussion  of  interesting  surgical  cases  occurring  in  the 
hospital  practice.    It  was  founded  in  1 879. 

Other  Medical  Societies  are  the  American  Microscopical  Society  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  founded  in  1865  ;  the  New- York  Medical  Union,  1865  ;  the  Harlem 
Medical  Association,  1869;  the  Yorkville  Medical  Association,  1870  ;  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  the  Medical  Education  of  Women,  1874  ;  the  New- 
York  Therapeutical  Society,  1877  ;  the  Materia  Medica  Society,  1881  ;  the  Practi- 
tioners' Society  of  New- York,  1882  ;  the  Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  1883  ; 
the  Manhattan  Medical  and  Surgical  Society,  1883  ;  the  Lenox  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society,  1885  ;  and  the  Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  1886.  Most  of  these  societies  hold 
meetings  at  stated  times,  and  discuss  important  topics. 


VANDERBILT  CLINIC,  CORNER   60Tri  STREET  AND  AMSTERDAM  AVENUE. 


Its  headquarters  are  at 


492 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Convalescent  Homes  have  been  established  in  many  of  the  pleasant  places 

near  New  York,  for  invalids  to  recover  in.  Among  these  are  All  Saints'  Convalescent 
Homes  for  men  and  boys,  at  Oak  Summit,  Ruhberg  and  Farmingdale  ;  the  Fresh- 
Air  and  Convalescent  Home,  at  Summit,  N.  J.  ;  the  New-York  Home  for  Conva- 
lescents, at  433  East  1 1 8th  Street ;  and  others  of  like  nature. 

The  Sanitary  Aid  Society,  at  94  Division  Street,  was  incorporated  in  1885. 
It  investigates  evasions  and  violations  of  existing  sanitary  laws,  prosecutes  the 
offenders,  and  endeavors  to  educate  public  opinion  on  this  important  subject.  It 
maintains  the  Model  Lodging- 1  louse  and  Dormitories,  at  94  Division  Street,  where 
a  bed  and  bath,  with  access  to  a  reading-room  and  library,  are  supplied  to  sober 
single  men  at  a  nominal  cost.  The  house  has  140  beds,  and  lodgings  are  furnished 
to  50,000  applicants  yearly. 

The  Ladies'  Health  Protective  Association,  of  New  York,  at  27  Beekman 
Place,  was  organized  in  1884,  to  protect  the  health  of  the  people  of  the  City  of  New 

York  by  taking  such 


The  New-York  Diet-Kitchen  Association  was  incorporated  in  1873,  t0 
provide  the  destitute  sick  with  nourishing  food,  free  of  cost,  upon  a  written  requi- 
sition of  any  of  the  house  and  visiting  physicians  of  the  local  dispensaries.  It  sup- 
ports five  diet-kitchens,  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  and  assists  15,000  persons  yearly. 

The  American  Veterinary  College  Hospital,  at  139  West  54th  Street,  was 
opened  in  1886  for  the  reception  and  care  of  animals  needing  treatment.  Upwards 
of  3,000  domestic  animals  are  treated  yearly.  In  the  dispensary  horses  and  other 
animals  belonging  to  the  poor  are  treated  free  of  charge.  Since  its  opening  over 
7,000  animals  have  been  received,  and  upwards  of  2,500  operations  performed. 

The  New-York  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  has  a  large  and  efficient 
hospital  for  domestic  animals,  at  332  East  27th  Street. 


The  Hospital 
Saturday  and  Sun- 
day Association  at 

79  Fourth  Avenue, 
was  founded  in  1879, 
to  get  funds  for  the 
local  hospitals,  by 
collections  in  the 
churches,  etc.  In 
1892  $ 60, 000  were 
distributed  among 
the  hospitals. 


action  as  may  be 
necessary  to  secure 
the  enforcement  of 
existing  sanitary  laws 
and  regulations,  also 
calling  the  attention 
of  the  authorities  to 
any  violations  there- 
of, and  procuring  the 
amendment  of  such 
laws  and  regulations 
when  necessary. 


DEMILT  DISPENSARY,  SECOND  AVENUE  AND  23d  STREET. 


Tne  Police  Courts,  Prisons,  House  of  Refuge,  Penitentiary, 
W  <  >  rlv  -  H  <  >  1 1  ^st; ,  House  of  Correction,  Etc. 


HE  prevention,  detection  and  punishment  of  crime  and,  when  possible,  the 


X  reformation  of  the  criminal,  form  important  features  in  the  municipal  activity  of 
New  York.  All  arrested  persons  are  taken  to  the  nearest  station-house,  and  thence 
at  the  earliest  possible  moment  they  are  brought  before  one  of  the  six  police-courts, 
where  they  are  charged  with  specified  offences  and  committed,  bailed  or  discharged, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  evidence  against  them. 

The  Police-Courts  have  original  jurisdiction  over  minor  offences.  They  are 
held  at  the  Tombs,  Jefferson-Market  Court-House,  Essex-Market  Court-House, 
Yorkville,  Harlem  and  Morrisania.  Drunkenness,  assault  and  battery,  and  thieving 
make  the  bulk  of  the  work.  Nearly  all  the  convictions  are  disposed  of  by  fines,  or 
by  shprt  terms  of  imprisonment  in  the  city  institutions  on  Blackwell's  Island.  The 
courts  have  power  to  examine  prisoners  accused  of  serious  crimes,  and  to  hold  them 
for  trial  in  the  higher  courts.  In  fact,  they  have  an  extended  jurisdiction  and  a  wide 
latitude  in  the  exercise  of  their  powers.  They  stand  next  to  the  common  people, 
and  their  province  is  not  only  to  punish  offences,  but  it  is  even  more  to  correct  abuses 
and  to  adjust  family  and  neighborhood  differences.  Eor  these  reasons,  the  justices, 
who  are  appointed,  by  the  Mayor,  are  not  often  members  of  the  legal  fraternity. 
They  are  men  of  practical  sense  and  experience  in  the  every-day  affairs  of  life,  and 
that  they  have  knowledge  of  the  character,  the  foibles  and  the  needs  of  the  people 
with  whom  they  come  most  in  contact  is  regarded  as  more  important  than  that  they 
have  legal  lore.    They  hold  office  for  ten  years,  and  have  salaries  of  $8,000  a  year. 

The  Tombs,  at  Franklin  and  Centre  Streets,  is  a  large  granite  building,  occu- 
pying an  entire  block.  It  is  the  city  prison  ;  and  covers  the  site  of  the  pre-Revolu- 
tionary  gibbet,  which  was  planted  on  a  small  island  in  the  Collect  Pond.  The  most 
notable  execution  on  the  island  was  that  of  seven  negro  slaves,  in  1741,  for  alleged 
complicity  in  the  negro  riot  of  that  year.  The  Collect  Pond  was  a  small  sheet  of 
water,  separated  from  the  river  by  a  strip  of  marsh-land.  The  early  experiments  of 
John  Fitch  in  steamboat  navigation  were  made  in  1796,  on  the  pond.  It  was  filled 
in  181 7.  The  Tombs  was  built  in  1840,  and  some  of  its  granite  stones  came  from 
the  old  Bridewell,  erected  in  City-Hall  Park  about  1735,  and  torn  down  in  1838. 
The  building  is  a  pure  specimen  of  Egyptian  architecture ;  and  it  is  deplorable  that 
its  really  noble  proportions  are  dwarfed  by  its  location  in  a  low  hollow.  The  name 
arose  from  its  gloomy  and  funereal  appearance  and  associations.  It  appears  as  a 
single  lofty  story,  with  windows  extending  to  the  cornice.  The  main  entrance  is  on 
Centre  Street,  through  a  lofty  porch,  supported  by  massive  stone  columns.  Pro- 
jecting entrances  and  columns  vary  the  somewhat  monotonous  appearance  of  the 
sides  of  the  building.    The  Tombs  Police-court  is  on  the  right  of  the  entrance,  and 


494 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  Court  of  Special  Sessions  is  on  the  left.  The  latter  is  connected  with  the  prison 
in  the  rear  by  a  bridge,  known  as  the  "Bridge  of  Sighs,"  from  the  fact  that  con- 
demned prisoners  are  led  across  it,  after  conviction.  The  entrance  to  the  prison 
proper  is  on  Franklin  Street,  through  a  locked  and  barred  grating.  The  warden's 
office  is  on  the  left  of  the  entrance  ;  and  a  short  hallway  leads  the  visitor  to  the  cells, 
300  in  number.  These  are  arranged  in  tiers,  one  above  the  other,  with  a  corridor  for 
each  tier.  In  addition  to  the  old  granite  building,  two  smaller  prisons  of  yellow 
brick  were  erected  in  1885,  to  relieve  the  crowded  condition  of  the  Tombs.  Crim- 
inals awaiting  trial  in  the  Special  Sessions  or  Tombs  Police  courts  are  detained  here, 
as  well  as  those  accused  or  convicted  of  more  serious  crimes.  Executions  formerly 
took  place  in  the  central  courtyard,  but  since  the  introduction  of  electrocution,  all 
executions  occur  at  the  State  prisons  at  Sing  Sing  and  Auburn.  The  Tombs  prison 
is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction.  The  yearly 
number  of  committals  is  about  25,000. 

The  Jefferson-Market  Prison  is  a  minor  city  prison,  virtually  a  branch  of  the 
Tombs,  and  an  adjunct  of  the  Jefferson- Market  Police-Court.  There  is  such  a 
prison  attached  to  each  of  the  police-courts,  for  the  temporary  detention  of  persons 
accused  of  or  convicted  of  crime.  The  Jefferson -Market  Police-Court  and  prison, 
and  the  market  from  which  they  take  their  name,  occupy  different  portions  of  a 
unique  and  handsome  brick  structure  of  irregular  shape  and  considerable  architec- 
tural beauty,  at  Sixth  Avenue,  Greenwich  Avenue  and  West  10th  Street.  It  was 
built  in  1868.  One  of  its  features  is  a  tall  tower,  on  the  northeast  corner,  in  which 
is  a  clock  with  an  illuminated  dial. 

The  Ludlow-Street  Jail  is  a  large  brick  building  in  the  rear  of  the  Essex 
Market,  extending  from  Ludlow  Street  to  Essex  Street.  It  was  built  in  1868,  and  is 
used  for  the  safe-keeping  of  persons  arrested  under  writs  issued  to  the  Sheriff  of  the 

County  of  New  York,  who  has 
charge  of  the  jail.  Those  who 
have  violated  the  United-States 
laws  are  also  confined  there,  the 
Government  paying  a  stipulated 
daily  sum  for  each  prisoner. 
Sheriffs  prisoners  who  are  will- 
ing and  able  to  pay  for  the  priv- 
ilege are  allowed  superior  accom- 
modations, and  the  system  has 
led  to  many  abuses,  which  the 
Legislature  has  often  attempted 
to  correct.  Persons  arrested  for 
debt  were  formerly  confined  here, 
but  the  practice  is  now  done 
away  with,  as  contrary  to  the 
Federal  laws.  A  debtors1  prison 
was  built  in  1735,  on  the  City 
Commons,  near  the  present  City 
Hall.  During  the  Revolution  it  was  used  as  a  prison  by  the  British,  and  in  1840  it 
was  converted  into  the  present  Hall  of  Records,  which  is  thus  the  oldest  public 
building  in  the  city,  and  the  only  Revolutionary  prison  remaining  in  the  country. 
It  is  a  low  brownstone  building,  in  the  Doric  style  ;  and  stands  near  the  entrance 
to  the  East-River  Bridge. 


LUDLOW-STREET  JAIL,  LUDLOW  AND  ESSEX  STREETS. 


496 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Blackwell's  Island,  purchased  by  the  city  in  1828,  for  $50,000,  is  a  long,  nar- 
row island  in  the  East  River,  extending  northward  i£  miles,  from  opposite  East 
50th  Street  to  East  84th  Street,  and  containing  about  120  acres.  It  is  the  principal 
one  of  the  group  of  islands  upon  which  are  most  of  the  public  reformatory  and  cor- 
rectional and  many  of  the  charitable  institutions  for  which  New  York  is  famous. 
Upon  it  stand  the  Charity  Hospital,  the  Penitentiary,  Alms-IIouse,  Hospital  for  In- 
curables, Work-House,  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  and  other  institutions.  Most  of  the 
buildings  are  of  granite,  of  imposing  size,  and  built  after  the  turretted  and  battle- 
mented  designs  of  feudal  times.  They  have  all  been  erected  by  convict  labor,  as 
was  also  the  sea-wall  surrounding  the  island.  The  name  of  the  island  commemorates 
Robert  Black  well.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Captain  John  Manning,  who  in  1673 
surrendered  New  York  to  the  Dutch.  After  his  disgrace,  Manning  retired  to  his 
farm  on  Blackwell's  Island,  then  known  as  Hog  Island;  and  after  his  death  it  became 
the  property  of  his  daughter.  It  remained  in  the  Blackwell  family  for  many  years. 
The  old  Blackwell  homestead,  a  low  rambling  wooden  house,  built  nearly  125  years 

 __ 


THE   PENITENTIARY,    BLACKWELL'S  ISLAND. 


ago,  still  stands,  and  is  used  as  the  residence  of  the  warden  of  the  Aims-House.  The 
warden  of  the  Penitentiary  occupies  a  picturesque  stone  cottage,  standing  on  an 
elevated  plateau,  just  north  of  the  Penitentiary.  The  island  contains  much  fertile 
land,  and  gardening  and  farming  are  carried  cm  by  the  convicts.  The  population  is 
about  7,000  persons,  all  in  care  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Cor- 
rection, from  whom  permits  to  visit  the  island  must  be  obtained.  The  island- ferry 
leaves  the  foot  of  East  26th  Street  twice  daily. 

The  Penitentiary  on  Blackwell's  Island  is  a  stone  building,  600  feet  long,  with 
a  long  projecting  wing  on  the  north.  The  main  building  was  erected  in  1832,  and 
the  northern  wing  in  1858.  The  material  used  in  its  construction  was  the  grey  stone 
from  the  island  quarries.  It  is  four  stories  in  height,  castellated  in  design,  and  con- 
tains 800  cells,  arranged  back  to  back,  in  tiers,  in  the  center  of  the  building.  A 
broad  area  runs  entirely  around  each  block  of  cells ;  and  each  tier  is  reached  by  a 
corridor.  Persons  convicted  of  misdemeanors  are  confined  here,  and  the  number  of 
prisoners  averages  nearly  1,000  a  day.  Over  3,000  offenders  are  received  yearly,  of 
whom  400  are  women.  Each  of  the  cells  bears  a  card,  giving  the  inmate's  name, 
age,  crime,  date  of  conviction,  term  of  sentence,  and  religion.  All  inmates  are 
compelled  to  follow  some  trade  or  occupation.  Stone-cutting  in  the  quarries  on  the 
island,  and  mason-work  on  the  buildings  which  the  city  is  constantly  erecting,  furnish 
employment  to  a  large  number  ;  others  are  employed  in  the  rough  work  of  the 


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497 


498 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Department  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction  ;  and  still  others  work  at  the  various 
trades  which  they  followed  before  their  incarceration.  Most  of  the  women  prisoners 
are  employed  in  sewing,  or  as  cleaners  in  the  female  department.  Each  cell  contains 
two  canvas  bunks,  and  all  are  kept  freshly  whitewashed  and  scrupulously  clean. 
Solitary  confinement  is  not  practised,  except  as  a  punishment  for  insubordination  ; 
and  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  inmates  of  the  Penitentiary  are  to  be  seen  at  work 
all  day  in  various  parts  of  the  island,  and  with  a  seemingly  insufficient  guard,  escapes 
are  almost  unknown,  only  one  prisoner  having  got  away  in  ten  years.  This  immunity 
from  escapes  is  due  to  the  exceptionally  strong  natural  safeguards  afforded  by  the 
insular  position  of  the  institution,  and  the  tremendously  swift  flow  of  the  tide  in  the 
river,  which  makes  it  possible  to  guard  nearly  1,000  criminals  with  fewer  than  20 
guards  and  about  35  keepers.  To  this  same  fact,  as  well  as  to  the  open-air  life  of 
the  prisoners,  is  due  the  exceptionally  healthy  condition  of  the  inmates. 

As  early  as  1796  the  Legislature  provided  for  two  State  prisons,  one  at  Albany, 
and  one  in  New-York  City.    The  first  Newgate  Prison,  in  Greenwich  Village,  was 


WORK-HOUSE,   BLACKWELL'S  ISLAND. 

opened  in  1797,  but  it  soon  became  crowded,  and  in  1816  the  Penitentiary  was  built, 
on  the  East-River  shore  at  Bellevue.  In  1848  the  Bellevue  grounds  were  divided, 
and  the  convicts  were  removed  to  Blackwell's  Island. 

The  Work-House,  on  Blackwell's  Island,  was  built  in  1852,  to  take  the  place 
of  an  older  building  which  had  been  erected  early  in  the  century  in  the  Bellevue 
grounds,  on  East  23d  Street,  where  portions  of  the  massive  stone  walls  are  still  to 
be  seen.  The  Bellevue  grounds  once  extended  from  East  23d  Street  to  East  27th 
Street,  and  from  the  river  to  Third  Avenue,  but  in  1848  they  were  divided,  and  the 
larger  portion  sold  for  business  purposes  and  dwellings.  The  Work-House  is  of 
granite,  three  stories  in  height,  and  comprises  a  long  wing  running  north  and  south, 
and  two  cross  wings,  running  east  and  west.  The  main  building  is  about  600  feet 
long,  and  contains  221  cells,  arranged  in  tiers  against  the  side  walls,  and  separated  by 
a  broad  hallway.  The  cells  are  large,  airy  and  well-lighted,  and  the  entire  building  is 
kept  immaculately  neat.  The  offices  are  in  the  west  wing  ;  and  the  kitchen  in  the 
east  wing.  The  Work-House  is  intended  to  be  an  institution  for  the  punishment  of 
the  large  class  of  petty  criminals,  always  abounding  in  large  cities.    Most  of  the 


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499 


i 


500  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

22,000  inmates  yearly  committed  to  the  institution  belong  to  the  class  known  as 
"drunks."  Many  of  them  are  old  offenders,  who  have  become  almost  permanent 
residents.  Some  of  the  inmates  are  daily  drafted  to  perform  household  and  other 
duties  in  the  other  public  institutions  controlled  by  the  Commissioners  of  Public 
Charities  and  Correction.  Those  who  remain  at  the  Work-House  are  kept  busily 
engaged  in  some  useful  occupation  —  much  of  the  clothing,  bedding,  etc.,  used  in 
the  other  institutions  being  made  here.  The  average  daily  number  of  inmates  is 
about  1,000,  and  about  the  same  number  are  furnished  to  other  institutions.  The 
terms  of  commitment  range  from  five  days  to  one  year,  the  majority  of  committals 
being  for  short  periods,  for  drunkenness  or  disorderly  conduct.  Chief  among  the 
reformatory  methods  adopted  at  the  institution  are  the  Protestant  and  Roman  Cath- 
olic religious  services.  The  large  percentage  of  short-term  sentences  makes  the 
Work-House  a  house  of  detention,  rather  than  a  house  of  correction,  or  reformation. 
Destitute  persons  not  criminals  are  committed  to  this  cheerless  abode  upon  their  own 
application  to  the  Commissioners. 

The  Branch  Work-House,  at  Hart's  Island,  occupies  a  number  of  buildings 
formerly  belonging  to  the  Hart's-Island  Hospital,  which  was  given  up  in  1887.  It  is 
intended  to  relieve  the  overcrowding  of  the  main  Work-House,  and  it  receives  yearly 
about  2, 500  prisoners. 

The  Aims-House,  on  Blackwell's  Island,  was  built,  in  1846,  by  convict  labor, 
from  the  granite  of  the  island  quarries.  The  original  buildings  were  two  in  num- 
ber—  one  on  the  south  for  women,  and  one  on  the  north  for  men.  They  are  simi- 
lar in  design  and  treatment,  and,  with  the  later  additions,  they  afford  accommoda- 
tions for  2,000  of  the  city's  paupers.  The  grounds  of  the  Aims-House  occupy  the 
central  portion  of  the  island,  and  contain  about  a  dozen  buildings,  including  the  five 
now  occupied  by  the  Aims-House  proper,  the  two  older  stone  buildings,  and  three 
brick  structures  erected  in  1889-91 ;  the  Alms- House  hospital  for  women,  a  num- 
ber of  wooden  buildings,  opened  in  1 88 1;  the  hospital  for  incurables,  opened  in  1866; 
the  pretty  little  Episcopal  Chapel  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  erected  in  1888  by  George 
Bliss  as  a  memorial  ;  the  old  Blackwell  mansion;  the  Alms-IIouse  Hospital,  for 
men  ;  and  other  buildings  used  for  various  purposes  connected  with  the  manage- 
ment of  the  institution.  There  is  a  large  reading-room  in  the  basement  of  the 
chapel;  and  much  active  religious  work  is  done  among  the  inmates  by  the  Episcopal 
City  Mission  Society,  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  numerous  charitable  guilds.  Over 
3,000  paupers  are  annually  received  and  cared  for,  and  in  their  pleasant  island-home 
they  are  more  comfortably  situated  than  are  thousands  of  the  dwellers  in  the  crowded 
tenement-houses  of  the  city.  The  first  alms-house  was  built  in  1734,  on  the  Com- 
mons, now  City- Hall  Park,  alongside  the  Bridewell.  It  was  of  stone,  two  stories 
high,  and  served  also  as  a  house  of  correction  and  a  calaboose  for  unruly  slaves.  A 
new  building,  on  the  same  site,  was  opened  in  1795,  just  after  the  breaking  out  of 
an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  the  city,  and  for  some  time  it  was  used  as  a  hospital 
for  the  victims  of  the  fever.  In  18 16  a  large  building  was  opened  on  the  Bellevue 
grounds,  which  was  occupied  by  the  hospital  and  the  almshouse  until  1828,  when 
they  were  separated,  and  in  1846  the  paupers  were  removed  to  Blackwell's  Island. 

Randall's  Island,  near  the  union  of  the  East  River  and  Harlem  River,  com- 
prises about  100  acres.  Located  upon  it  are  the  House  of  Refuge,  the  Idiot  Asylum, 
Nursery,  Children's  and  Infant's  Hospitals,  schools,  and  other  charities  provided  for 
destitute  children.  Passes  to  visit  the  city  institutions  may  be  obtained  from  the 
Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  and  Correction,  but  are  not  needed  at  the  House 
of  Refuge,  which  is  open  daily  until  4  P.  M. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  501 

The  House  of  Refuge,  on  Randall's  Island,  was  erected  in  1854,  and  is  a  re- 
form school  for  juvenile  delinquents  of  both  sexes.  It  is  in  charge  of  the  Society 
for  the  Reformation  of  Juvenile  Delinquents,  the  oldest  organization  of  its  class  in 
the  country.  It  was  founded  in  1817,  as  the  "Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Pau- 
perism ;"  and  one  of  its  first  important  works  was  the  investigation  of  the  prison 
systems  of  England  and  the  United  States.  In  1823  it  was  merged  into  the  Society 
for  the  Reformation  of  Juvenile  Delinquents.  The  first  House  of  Refuge  was  opened 
in  1825,  in  the  old  barracks  on  Madison  Square.  In  1839  the  Refuge  was  removed 
to  the  Bellevue  grounds,  at  East  23d  Street  and  East  River,  where  it  remained 
until  the  Randall's  Island  location  was  occupied,  in  1854.  The  grounds  of  the  insti- 
tution are  on  the  southern  end  of  the  island,  and  comprise  a  tract  of  37^  acres,  upon 
which  numerous  buildings  have  been  erected  from  time  to  time,  to  meet  the  needs 
of  the  work.    They  are  of  brick,  in  the  Italian  style  of  architecture.    The  two 


FEMALE  ALMS-HOUSE.    BLACKWELL'S  ISLAND. 


main  buildings  are  nearly  1,000  feet  in  length,  and  will  accommodate  1,000  inmates. 
Children  brought  before  police  magistrates  for  misdemeanors  are  committed  to  the 
institution.  The  yearly  number  of  committals  approaches  400.  The  boys  and 
girls  are  kept  apart.  They  are  taught  useful  trades,  and  are  instructed  in  the  com- 
mon English  branches.    The  secretary  is  Evert  J.  Wendell. 

The  Prison  Association  of  New  York,  at  135  East  15th  Street,  was  founded 
in  1846  to  improve  the  penal  system,  to  better  the  condition  of  prisoners,  and  to  aid 
reformed  convicts  after  their  discharge.  Daily  visits  are  made  to  the  Tombs  and 
the  police-courts,  and  all  needful  aid  is  given  to  those  prisoners  who  are  deemed 
worthy.  The  association  has  been  instrumental  in  introducing  many  reforms  in 
prison  management.  In  1888  it  founded  the  United-States  Press  Bureau,  to  give 
employment  to  deserving  ex-convi*ts  in  the  collection  and  sale  of  newspaper  clip- 
pings. 

The  New-York  Juvenile  Asylum,  at  176th  Street  and  Amsterdam  Avenue, 
was  incorporated  in  185 1  as  a  reformatory  home  for  truant  and  disobedient  children, 
committed  by  magistrates  or  surrendered  by  parents  or  friends.  The  asylum  is  a 
large  stone  building,  with  accommodations  for  1,000  inmates,  who  receive  moral, 
mental,  and  industrial  training,  and  are  provided  with  homes  when  they  reach  a 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


suitable  age.  Truant  and  disobedient  children  between  the  ages  of  7  and  14  years, 
belonging  in  the  city,  are  received;  and  the  institution  draws  $110  from  the  city 
treasury  for  each  child  supported  during  the  year.  This  amount  is  supplemented  by 
a  grant  from  the  public  school  funds  and  by  private  gifts.  The  thoroughness  of  the 
work  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  of  the  many  children  who  have  been  placed  in  western 
homes,  not  more  than  five  per  cent,  have  proved  to  be  incorrigible  or  guilty  of  serious 
misconduct.  There  is  also  a  House  of  Reception  at  106  West  27th  Street,  where 
the  children  are  kept  for  a  few  weeks  before  being  sent  to  the  asylum. 

The  Wetmore  Home  for  Fallen  and  Friendless  Girls,  at  49  Washington 
Square,  was  founded  in  1865,  with  the  late  Apollos  R.  Wetmore  as  president,  to 
protect  young  girls  against  temptation,  and  to  rescue  them  when  they  have  been  led 
astray.  Mr.  Wetmore  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  work,  and  upon  his  death,  in 
1881,  the  present  building  was  purchased,  and  named  the  Wetmore  Home,  in  his 

I  ■  1 


NEW- YORK  JUVENILE  ASYLUM,  AMSTERDAM   AVENUE   AND   176TH  STREET. 


memory.  Since  the  opening  of  the  institution  over  3,000  young  women  and  girls 
have  been  admitted  to  its  shelter.  Instruction  is  given  in  housework  and  sewing, 
and  the  inmates  are  aided  in  procuring  employment. 

The  American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  at  10 

East  22d  Street,  is  one  of  the  most  widely  known  of  the  many  civilizing  influences 
of  the  city.  It  was  founded  in  1866,  by  the  late  Henry  Bergh,  who  remained  its 
President  until  his  death  in  1888.  The  first  laws  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to 
animals  were  enacted  in  1866,  and  have  been  amended  by  successive  legislatures 
until  they  are  the  best  of  their  kind  in  existence.  Nearly  every  State  and  Territory 
has  adopted  similar  laws,  with  societies  to  enforce  them,  and  which  are  in  com- 
munication with  the  parent  institution.  The  headquarters  are  open  perpetually. 
Thousands  of  complaints  are  received  yearly  of  cruelty  to  animals,  all  of  which  are 
thoroughly  investigated,  and  the  evils  remedied.  No  animal  is  too  insignificant  for 
attention.  The  society  has  ambulances  for  the  removal  of  disabled  animals ;  a 
patrol  service  for  rendering  first  aid  to  injured  and  sick  animals  ;  and  a  force  of  uni- 
formed officers,  who  have  authority  to  arrest  and  prosecute  offenders  found  violating 


ICING'S  II A  XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


503 


any  of  the  humane  statutes  of  the  State.  By  numerous  publications  and  the  work 
of  sixty  affiliated  societies,  it  has  developed  a  strong  public  sentiment ;  and  the 
good  work  it  has  accomplished  to  mitigate  a»d  prevent  suffering  to  animals  is  in- 
calculable. Its  monthly  official  journal  is  called  Our  Animal  Friends.  The  Society 
has  prosecuted  17,000  cruelists  ;  suspended  over  50,000  animals  from  labor  by  rea- 
son of  disabilities  ;  humanely  destroyed  34,000  horses  and  other  animals,  injured  or 
diseased  past  recovery  ;  and  removed  6,000  disabled  horses  in  ambulances.  The 
President,  John  P.  Haines,  has  been  connected  with  the  organization  for  many 
years,  and  under  his  guidance  the  humane  work  has  been  greatly  extended. 

The  New-York  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Vice,  at  41  Park  Row, 
was  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1873,  through  the 
efforts  of  Anthony  Comstock,  its  secretary,  aided  by  a  few  public-spirited  citizens. 
Its  object  is  the  enforcement  of  all  laws  for  the  suppression  of  obscene  literature, 
pictures,  and  articles  for  indecent  and 
immoral  use,  including  gambling  in  its 
various  forms,  lotteries,  and  pool-sell- 
ing. It  seeks  the  defence  of  public 
morals  by  preventing  the  dissemination 
and  seed-sowing  of  criminal  influences. 
Through  the  efforts  of  this  society  five 
acts  were  passed  in  1873  by  Congress 
prohibiting  the  importation  into  this 
country,  or  the  dissemination  by  mail, 
or  in  provinces  under  the  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  of 
obscene  books,  pictures  or  articles. 
Through  its  efforts  stringent  laws  were 
enacted  the  same  year  in  New- York 
State,  and  since  then  in  various  other 
States.  Branch  organizations  have 
been  established  in  New  England  and 
the  Southern  and  Western  States. 
Nearly  2,000  arrests  have  been  made, 
and  45  tons  of  obscene  matter  and  17 
tons  of  gambling  material  and  para- 
phernalia have  been  seized  and  de- 
stroyed. Upon  persons  convicted,  324 
years'  imprisonment  and  more  than  $120,000  of  fines  have  been  imposed.  The  annual 
expenses  are  about  $10,000,  which  are  met  by  voluntary  contributions.  Through 
the  efforts  of  this  society  stringent  laws  were  enacted  by  Congress  in  1889  prohibit- 
ing "green-goods"  swindlers  and  other  fraudulent  devices  from  using  the  mails. 

The  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  with  spacious  and  commodious 
offices  at  923  Broadway,  was  organized  in  1877  and  incorporated  in  1878.  Its  special 
and  peculiar  mission  is  the  attempt  to  remove  the  sources  and  causes  of  crime,  by  the 
enforcement  of  existing  laws  and  the  enactment  of  new  ones,  and  by  arousing  public 
opinion,  more  particularly  regarding  the  excise  laws,  gambling,  and  public  nuisances 
in  general.  Under  the  direction  of  its  former  President,  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Howard 
Crosby,  the  society  accomplished  a  vast  amount  of  work,  and  incurred  a  correspond- 
ing degree  of  hostility  from  those  upon  whom  the  laws  have  no  other  restraining 

*  Taken  down  in  1892,  to  make  room  for  new  Episcopal  Church  Missions  House. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


power  than  that  due  to  the  fear  of  detection  and  punishment.  The  society  employs 
a  number  of  agents  to  detect  violations  of  the  law.  The  present  President,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Charles  H.  Parkhurst,  is  well  known  as  the  author  of  the  crusade  against  the 
brothels  and  gambling-houses  of  the  city,  as  a  result  of  which  the  Grand  Jury  in  1892 
found  a  sweeping  indictment  against  the  Police  Department. 

The  Home  of  Industry  and  Refuge  for  Discharged  Convicts  was 
founded  in  1879,  and  incorporated  in  1882.    Its  object  as  stated  in  the  articles  of 

incorporation  is  "To  do 
good  to  the  souls  and  bodies 
of  men,"  but  its  labors  are 
confined  to  the  criminal 
class.  A  small  house  at  305 
Water  Street  was  secured 
for  the  initial  stages  of  the 
work,  and  after  several  re- 
movals they  located  in  189 1 
in  a  large  and  commodious 
building  of  their  own  at  224 
West  63d  Street.  Since  its 
start,  3,000  ex-convicts  have 
been  received  into  the 
"Home,"  1,400  of  whom 
have  obtained  employment. 
The  yearly  expenses  are 
$8,000,  of  which  fully  one- 
fourth  is  earned  by  the  in- 
mates, chiefly  at  broom - 
making.  The  yearly  aver- 
age of  inmates  is  40.  Gifts 
are  greatly  needed  to  pay 
indebtedness  existing. 
The  National  Christian  League  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Purity, 
at  33  East  22d  Street,  was  organized  in  1886,  and  secured  by  special  act  of  Con- 
gress in  1889  a  National  charter.  Its  aims  are  to  elevate  public  opinion  regarding 
the  nature  and  claims  of  social  purity,  with  its  equal  obligation  upon  men  and 
women  ;  to  enlist  and  organize  the  efforts  of  Christians  in  protective,  reformatory, 
educational  and  legislative  work  ;  and  to  supply  employment  and  furnish  advice  and 
various  forms  of  aid  to  girls  and  women  in  need.  The  League  holds  two  meetings  a 
month.  At  these  meetings  papers  are  read,  taking  up  any  department  of  the  subject, 
after  which  discussion  follows.    The  work  is  done  specially  through  ten  committees. 

The  Society  for  the  Purification  of  the  Italian  Quarters  may  be  classed 
as  among  the  reformatory  organizations  of  the  city,  since  its  work  is  the  important 
one  of  driving  disorderly  houses  and  disreputable  people  from  the  Italian  quarters  of 
the  city.  It  was  organized  in  1890,  and,  in  addition  to  the  work  outlined  above,  it 
endeavors  to  do  away  with  the  crowded  condition  of  the  Italian  tenement-houses. 

The  Lunacy  Law  Reform  and  Anti-Kidnapping  League,  at  10  East 
14th  Street,  was  founded  in  1890  to  protect  sane  persons  against  unjust  and  unlawful 
imprisonment  in  insane  asylums  and  hospitals,  and  to  secure  humane  treatment  and 
the  protection  of  their  legal  and  constitutional  rights  to  those  suffering  from  insanity. 
Legal  and  medical  advice  is  freely  given  to  all  deserving  applicants- 


Hi"  nil 
If  r-i-nij,r 

4DUSTRY  AND  REFUGE  FOR  DISCHARGED  CONVICTS, 
224  WEST  63D  STREET. 


Final  Resting  Places. 


Cemeteries,  Burial-Places,  Crematories,  Church-Yarda 
and  Vaults,  Tombs,  Etc. 


IN  AND  about  New  York  are  some  of  the  most  beautiful  and  most  interesting 
resting-places  of  the  dead  in  the  world.  With  all  the  demands  of  high-pressure 
civilization  the  needs  of  the  dying  and  the  dead  have  been  most  sacredly  cared  for. 
Great  and  small,  there  are  nearly  fifty  cemeteries  in  the  city,  or  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  that  are  used  for  the  interment  of  the  dead.  A  reasonable  estimate  gives 
the  population  of  these  burial-places  at  nearly,  if  not  quite,  3,000,000,  and  that 
number  is  added  to  at  the  rate  of  40,000  a  year.  By  a  law  of  1830  interments  were 
prohibited  within  the  city  limits  below  Canal  Street,  except  by  special  permit,  and 
the  tendency  in  recent  years  has  been  strong  toward  closing  altogether  the  city  cem- 
eteries, and  using  only  those  that  are  in  the  suburbs,  or  far  removed  from  the  thickly 
settled  wards.  Forgotten  God's  Acres  still  exist  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  mostly 
down-town,  where  they  are  crowded  by  tenement-houses  and  towering  warehouses 
and  manufactories.  The  history  of  New  York  in  this  respect  shows  a  constant 
record  of  the  pushing  the  dead  out  of  place  by  the  living.  Some  of  these  old  places 
still  remain  in  part,  but  a  far  greater  number  have  disappeared  altogether.  Only  the 
established  and  powerful  corporations  of  Trinity  and  a  few  other  churches  have  been 
able  to  resist  the  demands  of  modern  life  and  business  for  the  ground  once  sacred  to 
the  dead.  Hundreds  of  acres,  now  covered  by  huge  buildings  or  converted  into 
public  thoroughfares,  were  at  some  time  burial-places  ;  over  ninety  of  which  have 
thus  existed,  and  passed  away.  Of  most  of  them  even  the  location  has  been  forgotten 
by  this  generation. 

There  was  a  burial-ground  around  the  old  Middle  Dutch  Meeting-House,  on  the 
site  of  the  Mutual  Life-Insurance  Company,  in  Nassau  Street,  between  Cedar  and 
Liberty  Streets;  another  in  John  Street,  adjoining  the  John-Street  Methodist  Church  ; 
others  in  Maiden  Lane,  in  Frankfort  Street,  and  near  Burling  Slip.  On  the  site  of 
the  Stewart  Building,  corner  of  Broadway  and  Chambers  Street,  and  where  is  now 
the  City-Hall  Park,  was  a  negro  burying-ground  ;  in  1770  hundreds  of  negroes  who 
died  in  the  small-pox  epidemic  were  buried  there.  The  old  Potter's  Field  was  on 
the  site  of  the  present  Washington  Square,  then  far  out  in  the  country.  Where  now 
are  asphalt  walks,  flowers,  fountains,  the  Washington  Arch,  and  aristocratic  homes, 
the  poor  were  once  buried  by  the  thousands  in  nameless  graves.  Afterward  the 
Potter's  Field  was  where  Madison  Square  is. 

The  old  Jewish  Cemetery  on  the  New  Bowery,  at  Chatham  Square,  dates  back 
more  than  a  century  and  a  half.  A  wealthy  Portuguese  Jew,  Louis  Gomez,  gave  a 
large  tract  of  land  for  that  purpose  in  1729.  The  cemetery  was  in  high  esteem  for 
a  century,  but  then  it  began  to  be  shorn  of  its  proportions  for  new  buildings  and 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


streets.  Now  only  a  small  strip  of  land  remains,  containing  a  hundred  tombs,  with 
illegible  inscriptions  and  many  unknown  dead. 

When  this  cemetery  became  unfashionable  many  of  the  bodies  were  removed  to 
a  larger  and  handsomer  place  far  out  of  the  city,  in  the  green  fields,  where  it  was 
thought  that  they  would  remain  forever  undisturbed.  To-day  what  is  left  of  that 
once  beautiful  place  of  the  dead  is  a  few  feet  of  land  in  2ist  Street,  just  west  of 
Sixth  Avenue,  hemmed  in  by  a  huge  dry-goods  store  and  other  buildings,  and  shut 
in  from  public  gaze  by  a  high  brick  wall  on  the  street  side.  A  few  tomb-stones 
remain,  and  that  is  all. 

On  nth  Street,  just  to  the  east  of  Sixth  Avenue,  in  a  little  triangular  plot,  shut 
in  by  the  walls  of  adjoining  buildings,  is  all  that  is  left  of  what  was  once  a  large 


MARBLE  CEMETERY,  A   HIDDEN   GOD'S  ACRE,  BETWEEN  THE  BOWERY,  SECOND  AVENUE,  2D  AND  3D  STREETS. 


cemetery.  The  place  is  overrun  with  a  wild  growth  of  shrubs  and  vines,  and  one 
little  pyramidal  monument  is  all  that  tells  the  story  of  what  has  been.  In  85th 
Street,  near  Fourth  Avenue;  in  Ninth  Avenue,  where  old  Chelsea  village  once  was; 
in  Mott  Street,  about  St.  Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Church ;  and  in  several  localities 
in  Harlem,  there  are  cemeteries  that  have  fallen  into  neglect  and  that  must  soon  pass 
out  of  existence. 

Trinity  Churchyard,  surrounding  Trinity  Church,  on  Broadway,  opposite  Wall 
Street,  is  to  the  antiquary  and  the  student  of  local  history  a  most  interesting  burial- 
place.  Some  of  the  gravestones  date  back  nearly  300  years,  and  they  constitute  in 
their  names  an  index-book  to  the  leading  families  of  the  metropolis  for  nearly  two 
centuries.  The  churchyard  is  a  quiet  and  attractive  spot,  immediately  at  the  head 
of  the  financial  district  of  the  American  continent,  with  the  whirl  of  the  money 
market  and  the  uproar  of  traffic  about  it  night  and  day.  On  one  side  is  Broadway, 
thronged  from  morning  to  night  with  hurrying  crowds  of  men  and  teams,  and  on  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  507 

other  side  the  cars  of  the  Elevated  Railroad  rattle  noisily  by.  But  within  there  are 
the  greensward  and  the  stately  old  trees,  reminders  of  the  time  when  all  this  country 
hereabouts  was  fair  orchard  or  pasture  land.  The  sparrows  twitter  cheerfully  about 
in  the  trees  or  on  the  ground,  and  New  York's  illustrious  dead  rest  there,  undis- 
turbed by  the  traffic  or  the  birds,  sleeping  their  last  sleep.  The  dead  are  placed  in 
vaults  underground,  and  flat  slabs  set  into  the  green  grass  or  into  the  slabs  of  the 
paved  walks  indicate  the  locations. 
You  literally  walk  above  the  dead 
wherever  you  go,  and  under  your  feet 
are  names  of  once  prominent  families 
that  have  long  since  been  forgotten, 
as  well  as  of  those  that  are  still  bright  in 
civic  annals.  Here  are  the  Laights,  the 
Bronsons,  the  Ogdens,  the  Lispenards, 
the  Bleeckers,  the  Livingstons,  the 
Apthorpes,  the  Hoffmans,  and  so  on. 

At  the  left,  as  you  enter  the  church- 
yard, is  the  last  resting-place  of  the 
naval  hero  Captain  Lawrence,  of  the 
Chesapeake.  On  a  rectangular  base  of 
red  sandstone  is  a  sarcophagus  of  like 
material,  upon  one  end  of  which  is 
carved  the  side  of  a  war-vessel  with 
protruding  guns,  and  on  the  opposite 
end  a  wreath  and  anchor.  The  base 
bears  this  inscription  1  "The  Heroick 
Commander  of  the  C  'hesapeake,  whose 
remains  are  deposited  here,  expressed 
with  his  expiring  breath  his  devotion 
to  his  country.'"  Neither  the  fury  of 
battle,  the  anguish  of  a  mortal  wound, 
nor  the  horrors  of  approaching  death 
could  subdue  his  gallant  spirit.  His 
dying  words  were  '  Don't  Give  Up  the 
Ship.'"  An  iron  fei»e  encloses  the 
Captain- Lawrence  tomb,  within  which 
is  also  interred  his  wife. 

In  the  south  part  of  the  yard  is  the 
tomb  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  a  rec- 
tangular sarcophagus  of  white  stone, 
with  urns  at  the  four  corners,  and  a 
stunted  pyramid  surmounting  it.  On 
the  base  there  is  an  inscription,  now  nearly  obliterated  by  the  ravages  of  the 
weather,  reciting  the  history  and  the  virtues  of  the  great  statesman  and  financier. 
At  the  foot  of  this  monument,  beneath  a  slab,  simply  inscribed,  are  the  remains  of 
Hamilton's  devoted  wife.  By  a  curious  coincidence,  near  the  Hamilton  monument 
is  a  slab  marking  the  final  resting-place  of  Matthew  L.  Davis,  who  was  Aaron  Burr's 
intimate  friend  and  biographer,  and  Burr's  companion  on  that  fateful  morning  when 
Burr  and  Hamilton  met  in  the  duel  at  Weehawken,  whence  Hamilton  was  brought 
away  dying. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Near  the  southwest  corner  of  the  church  is  the  tomb  of  Albert  Gallatin,  a  red 
sandstone  sarcophagus,  with  a  slanting  ribbed  top  and  a  frieze  of  leaves  cut  in 
bas-relief.  Gallatin  and  his  wife  are  interred  there.  Just  east  of  the  Gallatin  tomb 
is  the  Livingston  vault,  in  which  are  the  remains  of  Robert  Fulton,  the  inventor 
of  the  steamboat.  In  the  immediate  vicinity,  beneath  a  slab  in  the  pavement 
marked  Anthony  Lispenard  Bleecker,  are  five  generations  of  the  old  Bleecker 
family.  Near  the  Rector-Street  railing  are  the  remains  of  Bishop  Benjamin  Moore, 
second  Bishop  of  New  York,  and  President  of  Columbia  College.  On  the  west 
slope,  in  the  south  part  of  the  yard,  in  a  vault  built  in  1738,  is  buried  the  third  Earl 
of  Stirling,  the  Scottish  nobleman  who  gave  up  a  coronet  to  fight  for  freedom  in 
the  New  World,  and  who  was  Washington's  trusted  and  valued  friend.  Over  in 
the  middle  of  the  north  side,  an  old  slab,  broken  and  moss-covered,  shows  where  is 
buried  Benjamin  Faneuil,  father  of  Peter  Faneuil,  of  Boston  fame.  One  of  the 
quaintest  headstones  in  the  churchyard  is  that  at  the  grave  of  William  Bradford, 
the  friend  and  companion  of  William  Penn,  the  first  printer  in  the  United  States 
outside  of  Boston,  the  first  newspaper  publisher  and  paper-maker,  and  the  father 
of  book-binding  and  copperplate  engraving  in  this  country.  The  inscription  on 
his  tomb-stone  reads:  "Here  lies  the  body  of  William  Bradford,  Printer,  who 
departed  this  life  May  23,  1752,  aged  92  years.  He  was  born  in  Leicester,  in  Old 
England,  in  1660,  and  came  over  to  America  in  1682  before  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia was  laid  out.  He  was  Printer  to  this  Government  for  upwards  of  fifty  years  ; 
and  being  quite  worn  out  with  old  age  and  labors,  he  left  this  mortal  State  in  the 
lively  Hopes  of  a  blessed  Immortality. 

"  Reader  reflect  how  soon  you'll 

quit  this  Stage. 
You'll  And  but  few  attain  to 

such  an  age. 
Life's  full  of  Pain  :  Lo  Here's  a 

Place  of  Rest! 
Prepare  to  meet  your  God  :  then 

you  are  blest." 

Another  interesting  stone  stands  at  the  grave  of  Sydney  Breese,  a  wealthy  New- 
York  merchant  and  a  witty  society  man,  whose  name  still  lives  in  the  fame  of  one  of 
his  descendants,  Professor  S.  F.  Breese  Morse,  inventor  of  the  telegraph.  The  stone 
bears  the  curious  inscription  : 

"  Sydney  Breese,  June  19,  1767.    Made  by  himself. 
Ha,  Sydney,  Sydney  ! 
Lyest  thou  Here  ? 
I  Here  Lye 
'Till  Time  is  flown 
*  To  Its  Eternity." 

The  most  conspicuous  monument  in  the  churchyard  is  that  erected  thirty  years 
ago  by  the  Trinity-Church  corporation  in  memory  of  the  soldiers  of  the  American 
Revolution  who  died  in  the  prison-pens  during  the  occupation  of  the  city  by  the 
British.  The  monument  faces  Pine  Street,  and  was  built  at  a  time  when  there  was 
talk  of  extending  Pine  Street  through  the  churchyard,  from  Broadway  to  Church 
Street  and  the  desecration  was  thus  forever  prevented.  The  ashes  of  the  patriot 
soldiers  repose  in  undistinguishable  graves  about  this  monument.  The  memorial  is 
a  square  structure  of  red  sandstone  in  Gothic  style,  to  harmonize  with  the  neigh- 
boring church  building.  Above  the  base  there  is  a  high  arched  canopy  with  open 
sides,  the  four  corners  of  which  terminate  in  ornamental  finials,  and  a  tall  spire 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


stands  up  from  the  centre.  On  each  of  the  four  gables  of  the  roof  is  a  group  of 
thirteen  stars.  This  is  the  inscription  on  the  east  or  Broadway  face  of  the  base  : 
"Sacred  to  the  memory  of  those  good  and  brave  men  who  died  whilst  imprisoned 
in  this  city  for  their  devotion  to  the  cause  of  American  Independence." 

Among  other  interesting  things  in  Trinity  churchyard  are  the  Bronson  head- 
stone, curiously  carved  with  winged  cherubs,  a  border  of  leaves  and  a  group  con- 
sisting of  an  hour-glass,  crossed  thigh-bones,  a  corpse  and  a  skeleton,  emblems  of 
mortality  ;  the  slab  that  covers  the  remains  of  Charlotte  Temple,  whose  name,  by 
a  peculiar  coincidence,  was  erroneously  associated  with  a  fictitious  sad  story  in  one 
of  the  romances  of  New  York's  early  life  ;  the  Watts  family  vault,  that,  marked  by 
a  single  slab,  contains  the  ashes  of  the  gallant  General  Phil.  Kearny  ;  the  tomb  of 
Francis  Lewis,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  of  General 
John  Lamb,  a  famous  Liberty  Boy  ;  of  Lieut. -Governor  and  Chief-Justice  James 
De  Lancey  ;  and  of  the  De  Peysters,  Crommelins  and  other  Huguenot  families. 

St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  in  Broadway,  between  Vesey  and  Fulton  Streets,  and 
extending  back  to  the  Trinity  Building  in  Church  Street,  is  hardly  less  interesting 
than  Trinity,  to  which  it  is,  in  fact,  an  adjunct.  It  is  not  as  old,  but  it  contains 
many  honored  and  distinguished  dead.  On  the  Broadway  side  are  three  notable 
monuments,  all  of  them  curiously  enough  to  men  of  Irish  birth.  In  the  Broadway 
wall  of  the  chapel  is  a  memorial 
tablet  to  General  Richard  Mont- 
gomery, who  fell  at  Quebec. 
There  is  a  pedestal  with  an  urn 
upon  it,  and  trees  and  palms  and 
military  insignia  surrounding.  On 
the  tablet  is  the  inscription.  The 
memorial  was  erected  by  Con- 
gress in  1776  ;  and  the  remains 
of  the  gallant  Irish  -  American 
were  brought  from  Quebec  at  the 
expense  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  with  pomp  and  ceremony 
placed  in  a  vault  directly  beneath 
the  tablet.  To  the  south  of  the 
church  is  the  monument  to 
Thomas  Addis  Emmett  the  Irish 
patriot  of '98,  who  died  November 
14,  1827.  It  is  a  granite  obelisk, 
upon  the  east  face  of  which,  near 
the  top  in  bas-relief,  is  a  bust  of 
Emmett,  and  below  a  group  show- 
ing an  urn,  clasped  hands  and  an 
eagle.  The  north  face  has  an 
inscription  in  English,  giving  the 
facts  of  Emmett's  life,  and  on  the 
opposite  face  is  the  same  inscrip- 
tion cut  in  Celtic  characters. 
Upon  the  west  face  on  a  sunken  tablet  is  the  inscription  "400  10'  12"  N.  710  05' 
21.5"  W.  L.  G."  To  the  north  of  the  church  is  the  monument  to  Dr.  William 
J.  MacNevin,  who,  an  Irish  refugee  of  '98,  came  to  New  York  and  attained 


THOMAS  A.  EMMETT  MONUMENT,  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD. 


510  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

eminence  as  a  physician,  chemist  and  medical  instructor.  The  monument  that  com- 
memorates him  is  a  square  pedestal,  surmounted  by  a  pyramidal  shaft.  Both  base 
and  shaft  are  decorated  with  elaborate  floral  designs.  The  pedestal  has  inscrip- 
tions in  Latin,  in  English  and  in  Celtic.  On  the  east  face  of  the  shaft  is  a  bas-relief 
bust  of  Dr.  MacNeven,  an  eagle  and  an  urn,  and  a  draped  harp  with  clasped  hands 

beneath  it.  The  monument  to  George 
Frederick  Cooke,  the  actor,  is  near  the 
centre  of  the  grounds  to  the  -west  of 
the  church.  It  is  a  low,  square  marble 
pedestal,  on  a  double  base,  and  sur- 
mounted by  an  urn,  with  the  repre- 
sentation of  flames  flashing  upward 
from  its  mouth.  The  pedestal  bears 
this  motto  : 

"  Three  kingdoms  proclaim  his  birth  : 
Both  hemispheres  pronounce  his  worth.1" 

Inscriptions  on  the  four  sides  of  the 
pedestal  record  that  the  monument 
was  erected  by  Edmund  Kean,  and 
successively  repaired  by  Charles  Kean, 
Edward  A.  Sothern  and  Edwin  Booth. 

Not  far  from  the  Cooke  monument 
is  the  Bechet  tomb,  a  large  square 
structure  of  stone,  overrun  with  climb- 
ing vines.  There  reposes  Colonel 
Etienne  Marie  Bechet,  the  Sieur  de 
Rochefontaine,who  served  under  Count 
Rochambeau  in  our  Revolutionary 
War  ;  and  with  him  are  his  wife  and 
other  members  of  the  family.  Within 
the  church  is  a  tablet  in  memory  of  Sir 
John  Temple,  the  first  Consul-General 
of  England  to  the  United  States.  The. 
tablet  is  in  the  form  of  a  rectangular 
base,  bearing  an  inscription,  and  surmounted  by  a  pyramid,  upon  the  face  of  which  are 
carved  an  urn  and  the  Temple  coat-of-arms.  Other  distinguished  persons  have  been 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  churchyard  ;  members  of  the  Somerindyke,  Ogden,  Rhinelander, 
Onderdonk,  Van  Ameringe,  Bogert  and  other  families;  John  Dixey,  R.  A.,  an  Irish 
sculptor ;  Captain  Baron  de  Rahenau,  a  Hessian  officer ;  Major  John  Lucas,  of  the 
Georgia  line;  Major  Job  Sumner  of  the  Massachusetts  line;  Lieut. -Col.  Beverly 
Robinson ;  Philip  Blum,  who  was  sailing-master  of  Commodore  McDonough's  flag- 
ship Saratoga  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain ;  Colonel  Thomas  Barclay,  the  first 
British  Consul  to  New- York  City  ;  Anthony  Van  Dam  ;  John  Wells,  whose  bust  is  in 
the  church  ;  and  many  other  American  patriots  and  British  officers. 

The  New-York  City  Marble  Cemetery  is  on  2d  Street,  between  First  and 
Second  Avenues,  in  a  thickly  settled  tenement  district.  When  it  was  first  opened, 
it  was  a  fashionable  burial-place,  but  now  it  is  little  in  favor,  save  by  a  few  old 
families.  It  is  about  half  the  length  and  half  the  depth  of  the  block.  On  the 
street  side  is  a  high  iron  fence.    Opposite  is  a  tall  brick  wall,  shutting  out  the 


MEMORIAL  TABLET  TO  MAJOR-GENERAL  RICHARD 
MONTGOMERY,  ST.  PAUL'8  CHAPEL. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


tenement-yards,  and  at  both  ends  the  abutting  houses  look  down  upon  the  plot. 
The  ground  is  devoted  entirely  to  vaults  underground,  and  interments  are  still 
permitted,  under  restrictions.  The  place  is  well  kept,  but  is  laid  out  in  severe 
style.  Half  a  dozen  parallel  gravel  walks  run  the  length  of  it.  Between  the 
walks  are  narrow  strips  of  sodded  ground  in  which  at  regular  intervals  lie  the  gray 
slabs  that  cover  the  entrances  to  the  vaults.  President  James  Monroe  was  buried  in 
a  vault  here,  but  his  remains  were  subsequently  removed  to  Richmond,  Va.,  for 
permanent  interment.  John  Ericsson,  the  inventor  and  builder  of  the  famous  war- 
vessel  Monitor,  whose  remains  were  finally  sent  to  his  native  land,  Sweden,  on 
board  a  United- States  war-ship,  rested  for  a  time  in  the  Marble  Cemetery.  There 


NEW-YORK  CITY  MARBLE  CEMETERY ,  20  STREET,  BETWEEN  FIRST  AND  SECOND  AVENUES. 


are  several  monuments  historically  interesting,  noticeably  one  to  Stephen  Allen, 
once  Mayor  of  New-York  City ;  and  the  names  of  Lenox,  Lewis,  Ogden,  Varian, 
Webb,  Oothout,  Hyslop,  Kip,  Van  Alen  and  other  old  families  appear. 

There  is  another  little  cemetery,  hidden  in  the  centre  of  the  block  bounded  by 
the  Bowery,  Second  Avenue,  and  2d  and  3d  Streets,  which  belongs  to  the  same 
corporation.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  New- York  Marble  Cemetery,  and  is 
distinguished  from  the  other  by  the  omission  of  the  word  "City"  from  the  title. 
It  is  scarcely  half  an  acre  in  extent,  and  it  cannot  be  seen  from  either  street  or 
avenue.  The  entrance  is  through  an  iron  gate  and  a  heavy  wooden  door  on  Second 
Avenue,  near  2d  Street.  Even  this  is  kept  closed  constantly,  and,  so  far  as  appear- 
ances go,  it  might  be  the  entrance  to  the  adjoining  house. 

St.  Mark's  Churchyard  is  also  a  record  of  the  past.  It  is  at  the  corner  of 
Stuyvesant  Street  and  Second  Avenue,  even  now  an  aristocratic  neighborhood,  and 
formerly  more  so.  Here  was  once  the  farm  of  old  Peter  Stuyvesant.  Near  by  he 
lived,  and  on  the  site  of  St.  Mark's  he  built  a  chapel,  over  two  centuries  ago,  and 
when  he  died  he  was  buried  therein.    When  the  chapel  made  way  for  St.  Mark's 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


MEMORIAL  TABLET  TO 
PETRUS  STUYVESANT, 
ST.  MARK'S  CHURCH, 
SECOND  AVENUE  AND 
STUYVESANT  STREET. 


the  body  of  Stuyvesant  was  removed  and  placed  in  a  vault  beneath  the  walls  of  the 
new  building.  On  the  east  side  of  the  church  is  a  massive  red  sandstone  block, 
held  in  place  by  iron  clamps.  This  marks  the  Stuyvesant  tomb,  and  it  bears  this 
inscription:  "In  this  vault  lies  buried  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  late  Captain-General  and 
Governor-in-Chief  of  Amsterdam  in  New  Netherlands,  now  called  New  York,  and 
v   '       the  Dutch  West  India  Islands,  died  in  A.  D.  167 1-2,  aged  80  years." 

In  the  churchyard  are  buried  Colonel  Sloughter,  one  of  the  English 
Colonial  governors ;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  an  early  governor 
of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  Nathaniel  Prime,  an  old-time 
^    merchant;  and  Philip  Hone,  one  of  the  most  courtly 
and  most  distinguished  of  the  mayors  of  New -York 
City ;  and  there,  too,  are  the  family 
vaults  of  Nicholas    Fish,   P.  P. 
Goelet,  David  Wolfe,  Frederick 
Gebhard,  Abraham  Iselin,  Peter 
M.   Suydam,  Abraham 
Schemerhorn,  R.  S.  Living- 
ston and  others.    It  was  from 
a  vault  in  this  yard  that  the 
body  of  A.  T. 
Stewart  was 
stolen  by  grave- 
robbers. 

St.  Luke's 
Churchyard,  in  Hudson 
Street,  near  Christopher,  is 
another  place  of  the  dead, 
with  only  the  inscribed 
tablets  on  the  surface  to  indicate 
the   vaults   below.     There  are 
several  hundred  vaults  here,  but  no 
PI  <  »         interments  are  now  made  in  them. 

St.  John's  Burying-Ground,  con- 
&p      nectedwith  St.  John's  Chapel  of  Trinity 
Church,  is  between  Hudson,  Leroy  and 
Clarkson  Streets.     It  was  established  about 
sixty  years  ago  ;  and  more  than  10,000  bodies 
'J  .•  are  interred  in  it,  for  the  most  part  (it  would  appear) 

people  of  the  middle  and  poorer  classes,  although  some 
well-known  folk  were  laid  at  rest  there.  Christopher  P.  Collis, 
the  friend  of  Robert  Fulton,  and  the  projector  of  the  Croton  water- 
system,  was  buried  there.  The  ground  contains  the  body  of  William 
E.  Burton,  the  famous  comedian,  and  of  Naomi,  the  wife  of  Thomas 
Hamblin,  a  famous  actor  and  manager  of  Burton's  time.  A  quaint  monument  is  that 
erected  by  Engine  Company  13  to  Eugene  Underhill  and  Frederick  A.  Ward,  who 
were  killed  while  on  duty  in  1 834.  It  is  a  sarcophagus,  surmounted  by  a  stone 
coffin,  upon  the  top  of  which  is  a  fireman's  cap,  a  torch  and  a  trumpet.  Most  of 
the  monuments  and  stones  are  in  a  dilapidated  condition.  The  burial-ground  is  a 
picturesque  place  in  summer  time,  with  its  fine  old  shade-trees.  There  has  been  talk  of 
the  city  taking  it  for  a  park,  which  is  much  needed  in  that  tenement-house  district. 


5^4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Trinity-Church  Cemetery  is  at  Washington  Heights,  on  Tenth  Avenue,  be- 
tween 153d  and  155th  Streets.  It  contains  fifteen  acres,  and  was  opened  for  the 
burial  of  Trinity  parishioners,  sixty  years  ago,  when  intra-mural  interments  were 
forbidden.  The  location  is  sightly,  on  an  eminence  overlooking  the  country  round 
about,  and  the  Hudson  River  to  the  west,  the  grounds  extending  to  the  river.  A 
handsome  granite  wall  with  frequent  columns,  supporting  an  ornamental  iron  fence, 
surrounds  the  property.  Spacious  gateways  give  ingress  to  it,  and  on  the  corner  of 
Tenth  Avenue  and  153d  Street  there  is  a  pretty  Queen- Anne  lodge  with  the  offices. 
The  grounds  are  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Boulevard,  a  broad  public  thorough- 
fare, the  grade  of  which  is  below  the  level  of  the  cemetery  hill.  An  iron  suspension- 
bridge,  with  Gothic  sand- 
stone archways  at  either  end, 
spans  the  avenue  and  con- 
nects the  two  parts  of  the 
cemetery.  The  grounds  are 
well  laid  out  with  paths  and 
roadways,  and  trees  and 
shrubs  are  abundant.  There 
is  little  floral  decoration  ex- 
cept on  private  lots.  Many 
prominent  New-York  fami- 
lies bury  their  dead  here. 
The  tombs  or  headstones 
bear  such  well-known  names 
as  Astor,  Hargous,  Schief- 
felin,  Sayre,  Delafield,  Gal- 
latin, Dix,  Furniss,  Harsen, 
Wilmerding,  Livingston,  and 
t  ^     P  1     %  De  Peyster.    There  are  few 

EH^'-^HHBkT  "^^jj^^Hp^B     mausoleums,    those  of 

H&pf     %    wp^^c2g||g^Mig2*SS'    -?H|     B     Stephen  Storm  and  Garritt 

Storm,  large  Gothic  redstone 
structures  near  the  south- 
east entrance,  being  the  most 
conspicuous.  Most  of  the 
tombs  and  vaults  are  in  the 
western  section.  There  the 
hillside  slopes  steeply  to- 
ward the  Hudson  River,  and 
offers  peculiar  advantages. 
The  tombs  are  built  underground,  on  the  side  hill,  and  have  ornamental  granite  or 
sandstone  facades.  There  are  several  hundred  homes  of  the  dead  of  this  description. 
The  Astor  lot  is  a  smooth  stretch  of  unbroken  greensward,  entirely  concealing  from 
view  the  vault  underneath.  In  the  centre  of  the  plot  is  a  plain  marble  shaft,  with 
the  inscription,  "Astor  Vault."  In  this  vault  are  the  remains  of  the  original  John 
Jacob  Astor,  and  his  wife.  Elsewhere  rest  Audubon,  the  world-renowned  ornitholo- 
gist ;  Fernando  Wood,  longtime  Mayor  of  New  York  ;  Robert  B.  Minturn,  the 
eminent  merchant  ;  Madame  Jumel,  the  friend  of  Washington  ;  Gen.  John  A.  Dix  ; 
and  other  famous  persons.  The  Albert-Gallatin  tomb  is  the  largest  in  America, 
having  eighty  marble  catacombs.     Trinity-Church  Cemetery  contains  10,000  bodies. 


JUDGE  JOHN  WATTS,  TRINITY  CHURCHYARD. 


KtNG%S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


515 


Woodlawn  Cemetery  is  the  most  important  modern  place  of  burial  within  the 
city  limits.  It  is  in  the  Twenty-Fourth  Ward,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  City 
Hall  ;  and  is  reached  easily  by  trains  over  the  New-York  &  Harlem  Railroad  from 
the  Grand  Central  Depot.  The  railway  tracks  border  the  cemetery  on  one  side,  and 
the  station  is  a  few  steps  from  the  main  entrance.  Trains  run  every  half-hour  dur- 
ing the  day,  and  there  are  also  special  funeral  trains.  The  cemetery  has  an  area  of 
396  acres.  Within  a  few  years  it  has  become  the  fashionable  burial-place  of  New- 
York  millionaire  families.  The  grounds  are  on  an  eminence,  with  gently  sloping 
sides,  and  an  uneven  surface,  that  is  capable  of  many  fine  landscape  and  other  effects. 
Woodlaw  n  ranks  among  the  most  notable  of  American  cemeteries  in  the  beauty  of  its 
adornments,  as  well  as  in  the  richness  of  its  monumental  work.  Its  present  predomi- 
nating feature  is  the  group  of  mausoleums,  erected  by  wealthy  New-Yorkers  of  this 
generation,  including  some  quite  notable*  structures.     Woodlawn  is  destined  to  be 


SUSPENSION   BRIDGE,  TRINITV-CHURCH  CEMETERY,  ELEVENTH  AVENUE  AND   155TM  6TREET. 

preeminent  in  this  particular.  It  surpasses  every  other  place  of  burial  in  the  country 
in  the  number,  the  beauty  and  the  value  of  these  imposing  houses  of  the  dead.  The 
mausoleums  cost  from  $j  10,000  upwards. 

Jay  Gould  was  one  of  the  first  to  build  a  mausoleum  at  Woodlawn.  It  was  put 
up  about  ten  years  ago.  It  stands  alone  on  a  high  hill  ;  a  cold  gray  granite  structure, 
like  a  Greek  temple.  It  was  built  and  designed  by  H.  Q.  French  of  New  York. 
There  are  heavy  bronze  doors  of  artistic  workmanship,  and  at  the  end  of  the  build- 
ing opposite  to  the  door  is  a  handsome  stained-glass  window.  Mr.  Gould's  wife  is 
interred  here.  Not  far  from  the  Gould  mausoleum  is  that  of  Henry  Clews,  the 
banker  ;  a  simple  Greek  temple  of  rough  gray  granite,  with  bronze  door  and  stained- 
glass  windows.  It  stands  near  a  little  lake  upon  whose  shores  are  the  mausoleums 
of  Maurice  B.  Flynn,  the  Matthiesons,  George  L.  Lorillard,  H.  H.  Cook,  G.  A. 
Osgood,  Peter  C.  Baker,  Peter  F.  Meyer,  and  others,  and  the  lots  of  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt,  Joseph  H.  Choate,  the  eminent  lawyer,  Washington  E.  Conner,  and 
others.  Truly,  this  is  a  neighborhood  of  plutocrats.  On  the  Yanderbilt  lot  is  only 
a  marble  tree-stump  with  straggling  vines  carved  upon  it.  The  Lorillard  mauso- 
leum is  a  large  and  ornate  structure  of  rough  white  marble,  with  door-frames 
of  finished  Siena  marble,  and  cornices  and  columns  of  finished  white  marble. 
Even  more  elaborate  is  the  Matthieson  mausoleum,  imposing  in  size,  and  built 
of  colored  marble  and  granite,  with  much  decoration  in  buttresses,  carved  work 
and  moulding  finials,  and  crosses  on  the  gables  of  the  roof,  and  many  stained-glass 
windows.    On  the  Austin  Corbin  lot  is  a  plain  block  of  granite.     Sidney  Dillon's 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


lot  is  marked  by  an  elaborately  carved  Runic  cross.  The  monument  in  the  Sloane 
lot  is  a  showy  creation  of  highly  polished  rich  red  marble,  consisting  of  a  rectang- 
ular pedestal  upon  which  is  a  column  with  a  square  base,  and  a  conical  shaft  sur- 
mounted with  an  elaborate  finial.  On  the  sides  of  the  base  are  the  names  of 
the  Sloane  brothers,  William  Sloane,  John  Sloane,  Henry  T.  Sloane  and  Thomas 
C.  Sloane.  . 

Probably  the  most  costly,  as  it  is  the  most  elaborate  Woodlawn  monument,  is 
that  belonging  to  Henry  M.  Flagler,  the  Standard-Oil  millionaire.  It  is  a  massive 
granite  cylinder,  surmounted  by  a  dome,  upon  the  apex  of  which  is  a  cross,  standing 

upon  a  circular 
granite  platform. 
It  is  covered  in 
nearly  every  part 
with  the  most  deli- 
cate carvings  and 
traceries.  On  op- 
posite sides  of  the 
shaft  are  four 
sunken  panels, 
framed  with  light 
columns,  and 
arched  over  with 
semi-circular  por- 
ticoes of  carved 
granite.  Scripture 
texts  are  carved  on 
these  panels,  and 
the  name  Flagler 
designed  ano  suiLT  by  m.  a.  frencm.     is  in  raised  letters 

JAY  GOULD'S  MAUSOLEUM,  AT  WOODLAWN  CEMETERY.  upon    the    baSC  of 

the  shaft.  The  monument  stands  on  an  eminence  that  makes  it  the  most  conspicu- 
ous object  in  this  part  of  the  cemetery.  The  mausoleum  that  holds  the  remains  of 
the  millionaire  Daniel  B.  Fayerweather  is  also  notable.  It  is  near  the  Flagler 
monument,  and  almost  equally  conspicuous.  The  material  used  in  its  construction 
is  a  dull  red  granite,  with  polished  columns  upholding  the  portico,  on  the  pediment 
of  which  is  a  bronze  wreath  and  crossed  palms.  The  bronze  door  has  a  beautiful 
figure  of  an  angel  with  opened  wings.  The  main  part  of  the  building  is  oval  in 
shape,  with  tessellated  floor,  vaulted  roof  and  four  stained-glass  windows.  Other 
mausoleums  are  the  Butterfield  and  Falconer,  a  heavy  Egyptian  structure  of  granite  ; 
the  Cossitt,  the  J.  M.  Randell,  the  Ladew  and  the  Tilt.  There  are  nearly  a  hun- 
dred of  these  costly  structures  in  Woodlawn.  Illustrious  dead  are  not  lacking  in 
this  cemetery.  Admiral  Farragut  is  here,  sleeping  at  the  foot  of  a  simple  monu- 
ment. Just  a  broken  mast  of  marble  it  is,  standing  on  a  square  pedestal  and 
draped  at  the  top.  Around  the  base  of  the  mast  are  flags,  swords  and  other 
insignia  of  naval  warfare,  and  the  arms  of  the  United  States.  The  only  inscrip- 
tions are  : 

"  Erected  by  his  wife  and  son. 
David  Glasgow  Farragut. 
First  Admiral  in  the  United-States  Navy. 
Born  July  5,  1801. 
Died  Aug.  14,  1870." 


KING 'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  5  1  7 


WOODLAWN  CEMETERY. 

WOODLAWN   STATION,  NEW-YORK  AND  HARLEM  RAILROAD. 


(j! 8   .  *  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

And  another  to  Virginia  D.  Farragut,  his  wife.  Within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  Far- 
ragut  monument  is  the  grave  of  another  naval  hero,  De  Long,  of  the  ill-fated  Arctic 
expedition.     With  him  repose  his  four  brave  companions,  without  a  monument. 

Another  part  of  the  cemetery,  on  the  brow  of  the  hill,  overlooking  to  the  east- 
ward the  grassy  slope  that  extends  to  the  railroad,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  away,  is  also 
much  in  favor.  Here  are  many  tombs  built  into  the  side  of  the  hill,  with  handsome 
marble  or  granite  entrances,  as  well  as  mausoleums,  which  are  the  independent 
structures  most  popular  at  Woodlawn.  Not  far  from  the  cemetery  entrance  on  this 
eminence  Collis  P.  Huntington  is  erecting  a  mausoleum  that  in  size  and  cost  will  be  one 
of  the  most  notable  structures  of 


its  kind  in  the  world.    With  its  ■ 


C.  P.  HUNTINGTON  MAUSOLEUM,  WOODLAWN  CEMETERY.      BUILT  BY  ROBERT  CATERSON, 


has  placed  upwards  of  500  monuments  and  mausoleums  in  Woodlawn.  Near 
by  is  the  mausoleum  of  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  a  Gothic  structure  of  granite,  with 
polished  red  marble  columns  ;  and  also  the  granite  tomb  of  William  E.  Dodge. 

The  monument  of  Dr.  Leopold  Damrosch,  the  eminent  musical  conductor,  is 
very  artistic.  It  is  a  seated  granite  figure  of  Music,  of  heroic  size,  with  one  arm 
outstretched  over  the  grave.  Upon  the  low  pedestal  is  the  word  "  Damrosch,"  and 
a  bronze  scroll  has  the  inscription  "Erected  by  the  Oratorio,  Arion  and  Symphony 
Societies  of  New  York,  A.  D.  1888."  The  inscription  upon  the  headstone  is  "  Leo- 
pold Damrosch.  Born  Oct.  22,  1832.  Died  Feb.  15,  1885."  Another  artistic 
monument  is  that  of  Auguste  Pottier,  a  granite  pedestal  with  a  bronze  bas-relief 
portrait-bust  in  a  medallion,  and  an  exquisite  draped  figure  of  Grief,  with  bowed 
head  and  drooping  hands,  seated  upon  it. 

Rev.  Dr.  Howard  Crosby  is  buried  here.  Over  his  grave  is  a  plain  granite  shaft, 
in  summer-time  covered  with  a  thick  mass  of  ivy  and  woodbine.  On  the  shaft  is 
the  inscription  "  Howard  Crosby.  Born  Feb.  27,  1826.  Died  Mar.  29,  1891."  On 
the  headstone  is  the  same  inscription,  with  the  text,  "  Well  done,  good  and  faithful 
servant.  Enter  thou  into  the  joy  of  thy  Lord."  A  massive  granite  sarcophagus, 
with  a  palette  and  brushes,  encircled  by  a  laurel  wreath,  marks  the  grave  of  Frank 
Leslie.     Other  monuments  are  those  of  Edward  C.  Moore,  a  large,  dark-colored 


KING'S  II A  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


boulder  covered  with  vines,  and  marked  "Family  of  E.  C.  M. ;"  of  Spencer  C. 
Stokes,  the  famous  circus-rider,  over  whose  grave  is  the  marble  statue  of  his  favorite 
horse  ;  of  Julius,  Count  Seyssee  d'Aix ;  of  Horace  F.  Clark,  an  Aberdeen-granite 
tomb  upon  a  polished  granite  platform  ;  and  of  the  Wheeler  family,  a  rough  boulder, 
with  a  large  bronze  bas-relief  of  a  boy  reclining  in  the  grass  on  the  front.  The 
Havemeyers,  James  Law,  Judge  Whiting,  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall,  Edward  A.  Ham- 
mond and  ex- Secretary  of  the  Navy  William  C.  Whitney  own  lots  in  Woodlawn. 
The  offices  are  at  20  East  23d  Street,  and  the  Comptroller  is  Caleb  B.  Knevals. 

The  Green-Wood  Cemetery,  in  Brooklyn,  is  the  largest  and  handsomest  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  York,  and  is  one  of  the  famous  cemeteries  of  the  world.  It  com- 
prises" 474  acres,  which  have  been  beautified  with  well-kept  avenues,  neat  paths,  and 
flowers,  shrubbery  and  other  adjuncts  of  landscape-gardening.     The  cemetery  was 


OOLAWN  CEMETERY,  WOODLAWN  STATION.   NEW-YORK  AND  HARLEM  RAILROAD    24th  WARD. 


opened  in  1840,  and  over  270,000  interments  have  been  made  in  it.  The  place  is 
reached  from  New  York  easily  by  the  Hamilton  Ferry,  or  by  the  Elevated  Railroad 
at  the  Brooklyn  terminus  of  the  East-River  Bridge.  Thousands  of  monuments, 
statues  and  other  ornamental  structures  have  been  set  up  in  the  grounds.  Most 
prominent  are  the  northern  entrance  building,  with  its  beautiful  statuary  groups, 
representing  scenes  from  the  life  of  the  Saviour,  and  the  monuments  to  Horace 
Greeley,  James  Gordon  Bennett,  Louis  Bonard,  John  Matthews,  the  Brown  brothers, 
S.  F.  B  Morse,  Harry  Howard,  Miss  Mary  M.  Danser,  Miss  Charlotte  Cauda, 
Captain  John  Correja  and  A.  S.  Scribner,  the  Pilots',  the  Soldiers'  and  the  Fire- 
men's monuments  and  the  bronze  statue  of  DeWitt  Clinton.  Its  New-York  offices 
are  in  the  Standard  Oil  Company's  Building,  at  26  Broadway. 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery,  at  Mount  Hope,  on  the  New-York  &  Northern 
Railway,  just  beyond  the  city  of  Yonkers.  six  miles  to  the  north  of  the  limits  of 
New  York,  and  one  mile  east  of  the  Hudson  River,  is  in  Westchester  Countv,  and  on 
old  maps  it  is  designated  as  Odell's.  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church  of  New-York 
has  purchased  a  large  plot,  and  to  it  have  been  removed  manv  remains  origi- 
nally interred  in  St.  Luke's  churchyard,  in  Hudson  Street.  The  Chapel  of  St. 
Augustine,  of  Trinity  Parish,  has  also  purchased  a  plot.  The  New- York  Typo- 
graphical Union  No.  6  owns  a  lot.     Dion  Boucicault,  the  dramatist,  is  buried  here. 


52° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Kensico  Cemetery  is  located  on  the  Harlem  Division  of  the  New-York  Central 

&  Hudson-River  Railroad,  about  fifteen  miles  from  the  city  limits  of  New  York. 
The  natural  beauty  of  Kensico,  in  the  midst  of  an  elevated  and  extended  plateau, 
with  picturesque  and  historic  surroundings  and  many  other  natural  advantages,  makes 
it  most  desirable  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  has  been  selected.  The  new  stone 
depot,  of  Queen-Anne  style,  costly  and  perfect  in  all  its  appointments  and  exclu- 
sively used  for  cemetery  purposes,  forms  an  entrance  to  this  most  interesting  and 
beautiful  Necropolis.  Visitors  are  at  once  most  favorably  impressed  by  the 
thoughtful  consideration  displayed  for  their  comfort. 

The  public  receiving  tomb,  built  of  stone  and  granite,  contains  178  marble  cata- 
combs, with  a  most  perfect  system  for  their  interior  ventilation  ;  the  floors  are  of 
mosaic,  the  windows  of  stained  glass;  the  inner  walls  are  lined  with  pyrolith,  repre- 


KENSICO  CEMETERY,  SHOWING  KENSICO-CEMETERY  STATION. 


senting  pure  white  marble.  In  front  of  this  tomb  is  a  large  fountain,  and  the 
grounds  near  by  are  reserved  for  a  garden.  The  artistic  treatment  of  this  building 
and  its  surroundings  has  made  it  a  most  beautiful  and  attractive  spot. 

All  drives,  roads  and  avenues  are  built  on  stone  foundations.  The  cemetery 
will  be  enclosed  by  a  stone  wall  placed  on  deep  culverts  and  laid  in  the  best  cement. 
In  the  laying  out  of  this  place  of  burial  an  equal  regard  has  been  displayed  to  con- 
venience, completeness  of  arrangements,  and  beauty  of  effect  ;  the  winding  drives 
diversifying  the  scene  and  breaking  the  monotony  of  the  ordinary  graveground. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  founders  and  managers  of  Kensico  Cemetery,  having 
secured  the  largest  tract  of  land  used  for  this  purpose,  to  make  it  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  American  burial-places,  and,  therefore,  recognized  leading  architects  and 
landscape  gardeners  have  been  given  the  work  of  planning  the  buildings  and  laying 
out  the  grounds.  Among  the  attractions  soon  to  be  added  are  a  chapel  and  con- 
servatory. This  group  of  buildings  will  be  placed  near  the  entrance,  and  will  offer 
greater  conveniences  than  can  be  secured  in  any  of  the  other  large  cemeteries,  A 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


number  of  expensive  mausoleums  and  monuments,  costing  from  $3,000  to  $25,000, 

have  been  ordered,  and  will  be  erected  within  the  next  twelve  months. 

Kensico  Cemetery  has  been  liberally  patronized  by  New-Yorkers.  Among  the 
names  of  some  of  the  lot  proprietors  are  Gardner  Wetherbee,  of  the  Windsor  Hotel ; 
ex-Gov.  Lounsbury,  of  Connecticut  ;  Jas.  F.  Sutton,  President  of  the  American  Art 
Gallery  ;  Hon.  C.  M.  Depew,  President  of  the  New-York  Central  Railroad  ; 
Samuel  T.  Knight,  President  of  the  Acme  Paper  &  Stationery  Co.  ;  F.  S.  Winston, 
M.  D..  of  the  Mutual  Life-Insurance  Co.  ;  Allen  S.  Apgar,  Cashier  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Exchange  National  Bank  ;  W.  P.  Howell,  Austin  Hall,  Edward  Kearny, 
Samuel  Shethar,  M.  D.  Middleberger,  W.  H.  Webb,  Wm.  E.  Dodge  Stokes,  John 
A.  Post,  F.  E.  Ransom,  S.  S.  Darling,  John  J.  Devoe  Estate,  Thos.  D.  Husted,  E. 
II.  Miller  Estate,  J.  O.  Miller,  and  Henry  II.  Landon. 

Other  Cemeteries  outside  the  city  limits  are  the  principal  last  resting-places  of 
the  people  of  New  York.  For  the  most  part  these  are  on  Long  Island  and  in  New 
Jersey.  The  greater  number  of  them  are  located  in  the  town  of  Newtown,  on  the 
outskirts  of  Brooklyn  and  Long-Island  City.  This  village  has  become  a  real  city 
of  the  dead.  It  contains  twenty-four  cemeteries,  with  a  total  acreage  of  2,000. 
There  is  a  population  of  about  1,800  in  the  town,  and  over  1,400,000  dead  are  buried 
there,  or  nearly  800  dead  to  every  living  person  in  the  vtflage. 

Calvary  Cemetery  is  the  principal  burial-ground  in  Newtown.  It  is  the  place 
of  interment  for  the  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of  New  York,  and  belongs  to  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral.  There  are  about  200  acres  in  the  cemetery,  which  is  in  two  sec- 
tions, and  was  opened  in  184S.  Over  750.000  have  been  buried  there.  It  is  very 
crowded,  and  the  dead  are  buried  three,  four  and  five  in  a  single  grave. 

The  Lutheran  Cemetery  in  New  town  comes  next  to  Calvary  in  number  of 
interments,  250,000  —  and  exceeds  it  in  extent,  which  is  400  acres.  It  is  a 
German  cemetery,  controlled  by  Lutherans.  Severe  simplicity  characterizes  the 
place. 

Evergreen  Cemetery,  in  Newtown,  also  has  about  400  acres,  and  has  received 
100.000  bodies  since  it  was  opened  in  185 1.     It  contains  a  soldiers'  monument. 

Cypress-Hills  Cemetery,  in  Newtown,  has  400  acres,  and  133,000  bodies. 
The  National  plot  for  soldiers  killed  during  the  civil  war  is  here,  and  also  the  lots 
of  the  New-York  policemen  and  the  New-York  Press  Club. 

Other  Cemeteries  in  New  tow  n  are  Salem  Field,  Ahawath  Chesed,  Washing- 
ton, Macpelah,  Mount  Nebo  and  Union,  Jewish  places  of  burial ;  and  Maple  Grove, 
Linden,  Mt.  Olivet,  St.  John's,  St.  Michael's  and  Holy  Cross.  Sleepy  Hollow,  at 
Tarrvtown  ;  New- York  Bay,  on  the  New-Jersey  shore,  and  Rockland,  in  Rockland 
County,  are  cemeteries  in  which  New- York  people  are  interested  to  a  degree. 

Fresh-Pond  Crematory  is  also  in  Newtown.  The  building  is  in  the  form  of 
a  Grecian  temple,  with  an  ornamental  marble  front.  A  large  apartment  is  in 
connection  with  the  retort.  The  body  is  subjected  to  a  heat  of  2,700  degrees 
Farenheit,  and  when  the  process  of  incineration  is  complete,  the  ashes  are 
deposited  in  ornamental  urns. 

The  Huguenot  Graveyard  on  Staten  Island  contains  the  Yanderbilt  mauso- 
leum. It  is  a  handsome  marble  structure,  with  many  buttresses  and  angles,  and 
tw  o  marble  domes,  for  light  and  ventilation.  With  one  exception,  all  the  dead  of  the 
family  are  buried  here.    The  mausoleum  cost  more  than  $  100. 000. 

The  Potter's  Field  is  the  city  cemetery  on  Hart's  Island.  Only  a  soldiers' 
monument  is  there.  Annually  the  interments  of  unknown  and  paupers  are  about 
2,000. 


and  Protection 


The  F»olice  and  Rire  Departments;  Detectives  and  Fire  Patrol ; 
The  National  Guard;   TLTnited-States  Army  and 
Navy  Stations  and  Forts. 


LIFE  and  property  in  the  metropolis  are  substantially  guarded  against  the  crim- 
inal elements  of  society,  the  mishaps  incidental  to  all  large  communities,  and 
the  possible  invasion  of  foreign  foes.  In  its  police,  firemen  and  National  Guard 
the  city  has  a  brave  army  of  defenders,  whose  efficiency  has  been  proven  on  many 
occasions  such  as  try  menis  souls.  Not  secondary  in  importance  to  these,  even  if 
less  evident  in  every-day  life,  are  the  detachments  of  the  regular  army  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  harbor  defences  that  are  maintained  by  the  Federal  Government. 

The  Police  Department,  in  general  efficiency,  discipline  and  morality,  is  con- 
ceded to  be  "  one  of  the  finest  "  in  the  world.  In  one  form  or  another,  it  is  over  250 
years  old.  As  early  as  1624,  under  Peter  Minuit,  the  first  Director-General  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  at  New  Netherland,  when  there  was  a  population  of 
only  270,  the  police  force  consisted  of  one  important  officer  called  the  Schout  Fiscal, 
a  sort  of  sheriff  and  attorney-general.  Under  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  in  1632,  a  penal 
system  was  established  ;  and  there  is  a  record,  in  the  time  of  Director-General 
William  Kieft,  in  163S,  of  jails  and  a  gibbet,  and  severe  penalties  for  many  offenses. 
In  1643  a  burgher  guard,  the  first  of  which  there  is  any  record,  was  created.  Among 
the  regulations  for  this  guard  were  these  : 

"  If  any  one,  of  the  burgher  guard,  shall  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain,  he  shall 
forfeit  for  the  first  offense,  10  stivers  ;  for  the  second,  20  stivers  ;  and  for  the  third 
time,  30  stivers. 

"  Whosoever  comes  fuddled  or  intoxicated  on  guard  shall  for  each  offense  pay 
20  stivers  ;  whosoever  is  absent  from  his  watch  without  lawful  reason  shall  forfeit  50 
stivers." 

With  the  advent  of  Peter  Stuyvesant  in  1647  a  more  systematic  order  of  affairs 
than  had  heretofore  prevailed  was  established.  The  city  of  New  Amsterdam  was 
incorporated  in  1652,  and  a  year  later  the  machinery  of  the  municipality  was  put 
into  operation.  The  Schout  Fiscal  was  still  the  important  officer  whose  business  it 
was  to  see  that  the  people  did  not  break  the  laws,  and  he  was  assisted  at  night  by 
the  burgher  watch.  In  October,  1658,  a  permanent  paid  "rattle  watch  "  of  eight 
men  was  appointed,  to  patrol  the  city  by  night  ;  and  in  1655  FHrk  Van  Schelluyne 
was  appointed  by  the  Burgomasters  the  first  High  Constable  of  New  Amsterdam. 
Ludowyck  Post  was  made  Captain  to  the  Burgher  Provost,  as  a  sort  of  inspector,  to 
see  that  the  rounds  were  regularly  made. 

When  the  English  came  into  possession  of  the  city,  in  1664,  the  same  method  of 
policing  remained  in  operation,  but  in  1674  the  police  force  was  increased  to  16 
members;  and  in  1675  to  f°ur  corporalships  of  seven  persons  each.     In  1684  the 


524 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


yearly  cost  of  the  city  watch  was  ^150.  Probably  the  first  uniformed  policemen 
were  the  four  bellmen,  appointed  in  1693.  It  was  ordered  by  a  vote  of  the  Com- 
mon Council  that  each  one  should  be  provided  with  "  a  coat  of  ye  citty  livery,  with 
a  badge  of  ye  citty  arms,  shoes  and  stockings,  and  charge  itt  to  ye  account  of  ye 
citty."  This  system  was  continued  far  into  the  next  century,  with  occasional 
changes  in  the  character  of  the  force,  constables  and  watchmen  dividing  the  duty. 
In  1710  the  cost  of  the  force  was  ^277,  4s.  In  1731  the  first  watch-house  was 
built,  near  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Broad  Streets.  In  1735  tne  f°rce  was  increased 
to  ten  watchmen  and  two  constables.  About  this  time,  too,  a  bridewell  and  debt- 
ors' prison  were  built,  near  the  present  City  Hall. 

The  Revolution  and  the  occupation  of  the  city  by  the  British  brought  about  the 
subordination  of  the  civil  to  the  military  power.  But  after  the  war  there  was  a  re- 
turn to  the  old  system  of  constables  for  day  duty,  and  watchmen  with  bells,  hour- 
glasses, lanterns  and  staves,  for  night  patrol.  With  the  beginning  of  the  century 
there  was  a  force  consisting  of  two  captains,  two  deputies,  and  72  men,  maintained 
at  a  cost  of  $21,000  a  year.  In  1838  a  law  was  passed,  creating  a  force  to  consist 
of  a  superintendent,  12  captains,  34  assistant  captains,  132  sergeants  and  784 
watchmen,  half  the  men  to  be  on  duty  every  alternate  night.  The  force  was  made 
up  of  citizens,  who  were  occupied  in  private  pursuits  during  the  day  time.  They 
wore  heavy  firemen's  hats  of  leather,  highly  varnished  ;  and  from  this  circumstance 
they  received  the  nick-name  "Old  Leather-Heads."  At  one  time  they  wore  copper 
shields,  and  thence  comes  the  word  "copper,"  and  its  abbreviation,  "cop,"  as 
applied  to  the  policemen  of  to-day. 

Down  to  this  time  the  old  system  established  by  the  first  Dutch  settlers  had 
practically  continued,  with  only  immaterial  change.  In  1840,  George  W.  Matsell, 
the  founder  of  the  modern  police  system  of  the  city,  was  appointed  one  of  the  four 
police  justices.  Shortly  after  his  appointment,  James  Harper  was  elected  mayor,  and 
immediately  organized  a  police  force  on  the  English  model,  adopting  the  English 
dress  and  the  "M.  P."  on  the  coat-collar,  an  imitation  of  English  customs  which 
gave  great  offense  to  the  "  Native  Americans."  In  1844  the  State  Legislature  passed 
an  act  establishing  the  police  department  of  New-York  City.  This  act  abolished 
the  old  watch  department,  and  divided  the  seventeen  wards  of  the  city  into  separate 
patrol  districts,  with  a  station-house,  captain  and  sergeant  for  each  precinct.  Justice 
Matsell  was  appointed  chief  of  the  department,  which  included  over  900  officers. 

In  1857  the  police  forces  of  New  York,  Westchester,  Kings  and  Richmond  Counties 
were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  Metropolitan  Police,  governed  by  a  board 
of  seven  commissioners,  including  the  mayors  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  and  com- 
manded by  a  Superintendent  In  1870  the  Metropolitan  District  was  abolished,  so  far 
as  New  York  was  concerned,  and  in  its  place  the  Police  Department  of  the  City  of  New 
York  was  created,  and  placed  in  charge  of  four  commissioners.  The  Commissioners 
are  appointed  by  the  Mayor  for  terms  of  six  years,  and  receive  yearly  salaries  of 
$5,000  each.  The  chief  executive  officer  is  the  Superintendent,  who  is  appointed 
by  the  Commissioners,  and  serves  for  an  indefinite  period,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  $6,000. 
Next  in  rank  are  four  inspectors,  who  are  each  paid  $3,500  a  year  ;  then  38  captains, 
at  $2,750  ;  15  police  surgeons,  at  $2,250  ;  40  detective-sergeants,  at  $2,000  ;  167 
sergeants  of  police,  at  $2,000;  178  roundsmen,  at  $1,300;  3,379  patrolmen,  at 
from  $1,000  to  $1,200  ;  and  82  doormen,  who  are  paid  $1,000.  There  are  also  20 
police  matrons,  who  look  after  the  welfare  of  arrested  women.  The  Commissioners 
have  absolute  power  of  appointment,  but  are  limited  in  their  range  of  selection  for 
all  the  offices  by  the  civil-service  laws.     Neither  they  nor  anybody  else  can 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


525 


dismiss  any  member  excepting  for  cause.  All  candidates  for  positions  on  the  force 
are  compelled  to  pass  examinations  regarding  their  physical,  mental  and  moral 
qualifications  ;  and  all  the  higher  officers  are  required  to  give  bonds  for  the  satis- 
factory performance  of  their  duties.  The  appropriations  for  the  Police  Department 
in  1893  were  $5,309,886. 

There  are  38  precincts  in  the  city,  with  separate  station-houses,  connected  with 
the  central  office  in  Mulberry  Street  by  special  telegraph  and  telephone  services. 
Each  precinct  is  in  charge  of  a  captain  and  several  sergeants.  The  force  in  one  pre- 
cinct is  known  as  the 
Harbor  Police,  and 
watches  the  river  fronts 
from  the  steamboat  Pa- 
trol. In  addition,  there 
are  squads  assigned  to 
duty  at  the  six  police 
courts,  at  the  Central 
Office,  for  sanitary  in- 
spection, and  for  special 
detective  service,  under 
the  direction  of  an  in- 
spector ;  and  during  the 
entire  year  there  is  a 
Steamboat  Squad, 
whose  particular  duty 
is  to  look  after  the 
piers,  wharves,  ferries, 
steamship  lines,  and 
pleasure-boats  gener- 
ally. The  department 
has  a  patrol-wagon  ser- 
vice, for  emergency 
duty  in  carrying  the 
men  quickly  and  in 
force  to  any  spot  where 
they  may  be  suddenly 
needed.  The  force  in- 
cludes a  considerable 
number  of  mounted 
men,  mo;t  of  whom  are  employed  in  the  trans- Harlem  part  of  the  city,  a  large 
portion  of  which  is  as  yet  essentially  a  country  district.  The  control  of  the  local 
election  machinery  is  also  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  department,  the  Com- 
missioners having  the  appointment  of  the  chief  of  the  bureau  of  elections  (who 
supervises  all  the  election  machinery),  the  inspectors  of  election,  and  the  poll 
clerks,  and  the  selection  of  polling-places,  while  patrolmen  protect  the  ballot-boxes 
and  take  charge  of  the  returns.  After  twenty  years  of  service  each  man  is 
entitled  to  ask  to  be  placed  on  the  retired  list,  and  to  an  annual  pension  propor- 
tioned to  his  rank.  Each  of  the  38  precinct  station-houses  has  a  jail  connected 
with  it,  for  the  temporary  detention  of  prisoners,  and  the  yearly  number  of  arrests 
is  about  85,000,  nearly  one  third  of  which  are  for  intoxication,  and  one  sixth  for 
disorderlv  conduct. 


POLICE  HEADQUARTERS,   300  MULBERRY  STREET,   NEAR  BLEECKER  STREET. 


526 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  property-clerk  retains  in  his  possession  all  lost  or  stolen  property,  recovered 
by  the  police,  until  it  is  satisfactorily  identified  and  claimed  by  the  owners.  The 
value  of  the  property  so  recovered  and  restored  yearly  is  nearly  $1,000,000. 

There  are  about  85,000  arrests  a  year.  The  first  quarterly  report  for  1892  shows 
that  20,231  arrgsts  were  made,  one-quarter  being  of  women.  Most  of  these  arrests 
were  for  intoxication,  disorderly  conduct,  larceny  and  assault.  Lodgings  were  pro- 
vided for  45,000  indigent  persons;  415  lost  children  were  recovered;  1,972  sick, 
injured  or  destitute  persons  cared  for;  38  rescued  from  drowning;  and  723  fires 
were  reported. 

Connected  with  the  force  during  the  last  half  century  have  been  several  superin- 
tendents and  inspectors  who  have  had  more  than  local  renown.  Among  them  have 
been  George  W.  Matsell,  J.  A.  Kennedy,  John  Jourdan,  J.  J.  Kelso,  George  \Y. 
Walling,  George  W.  Dilks,  and  in  the  present  day  William  Murray  and  Thomas 


POLICE  BOAT  "PATROL,"   PIER  A,   NORTH  RIVER. 


Byrnes.  The  last  named  is  now  the  Superintendent.  The  department  is  continually 
subjected  to  a  great  deal  of  adverse  criticism  from  those  who  think  that  crime  is  not 
sufficiently  repressed.  Nevertheless  the  fact  remains  that  according  to  statistics  no 
other  city  of  equal  size  in  the  world  is  less  afflicted  by  the  criminal  class.  There  has 
been  a  radical  change  for  the  better  during  the  last  ten  or  fifteen  years,  and  vice  is 
now  kept  in  control  to  a  gratifying  degree.  In  many  emergencies  the  police  have 
shown  their  courage  and  their  devotion  to  duty.  Notably  was  this  the  case  during 
the  Draft  Riots,  when  for  a  week,  day  and  night,  they  fought  bloodthirsty  mobs  and 
helped  to  save  the  city  from  dire  disaster.  The  yearly  parade  of  the  department  is 
an  event  of  considerable  importance.  A  good  showing  is  made  by  the  force,  and 
the  moral  effect  of  the  display  is  not  inconsiderable. 

Police  Headquarters  is  between  Houston  and  Bleecker  Streets,  with  the  main 
entrance  on  Mulberry  Street,  but  extending  through  the  entire  block  to  Mott  Street. 
It  is  a  large  building,  not  particularly  handsome,  with  a  marble  front.  The  interior 
is  plain,  and  there  are  not  many  modern  conveniences,  for  the  building  was  put  up 
many  years  ago.  It  contains  the  offices  of  the  Board,  the  Superintendent,  the  Chief 
Inspector  and  other  inspectors,  and  various  others.  Special  telegraph-wires  keep 
headquarters  in  immediate  communication  with  all  branches  of  the  service  in  every 
part  of  the  city. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


527 


The  Detective  Bureau,  connected  with  the  Police  Department,  is  practically 
the  creation  of  Thomas  Byrnes,  who  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  detectives  as  Chief 
Inspector  in  1880,  retaining  that  position  until  his  promotion  to  the  Superinten- 
dency  in  1892.  It  was  not,  however,  until  1882  that  the  bureau  was  created,  and  it 
was  a  year  later  before  it  was  definitely  organized.  Since  then  it  has  developed  a 
wonderful  efficiency.  As  an  inspector,  Byrnes  acquired  the  leputation  of  being  one. 
of  the  foremost  detectives  of  the  world  ;  and  the  corps  which  he  trained  is  now 
regarded  as  equal  in 
cleverness  and  courage 
to  that  of  any  European 
or  American  capital. 
There  are  40  detectives 
in  the  Bureau,  and  24 
patrolmen,  all  under 
charge  of  Inspector  Wil- 
liam W.  McLaughlin. 
Until  April,  1892,  there 
was  a  ward  detective  sys- 
tem, which  consisted  of 
44  patrolmen,  assigned 
to  duty  in  special  terri- 
tories, and  to  a  consid- 
erable extent  independ- 
ent of"  the  Central  Office. 
Upon  the  accession  of 
Superintendent  Byrnes  to  the  head  of  the  Department,  this  corps  was  reorganized 
more  directly  under  the  control  of  the  Superintendent  and  Chief  Inspector. 

The  Rogues'  Gallery  is  in  connection  with  the  Detective  Bureau.  It  is  a  large 
collection  of  phofographs  of  criminals,  kept  for  purposes  of  record  and  identification. 
There  is  also  a  museum  which  contains  many  interesting  relics,  principally  imple- 
ments with  which  notorious  crimes  have  been  committed.  To  those  who  have  a 
morbid  curiosity  this  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating  museums  in  the  city,  but  it  is 
not  open  to  the  general  public.  Not  the  least  important  of  Inspector  Byrnes'  achieve- 
ments was  one  that  is  little  heard  of,  save  in  financial  circles.  At  the  outset  of  his 
career  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  neighborhood  of  Wall  Street,  where  thieves 
had  run  riot  for  years,  to  the  dismay  of  the  monied  interests  there.  He  established 
in  that  locality  a  special  detective  bureau,  to  which  some  of  the  best  men  in  the 
service  have  been  permanently  assigned.  They  maintain  a  rigid  supervision  of  that 
part  of  the  city,  not  merely  for  the  detection  of  crime,  but,  what  is  more  important, 
for  its  prevention.  Well-known  "crooks"  who  are  found  there,  are  either  arrested 
summarily,  or  are  escorted  out  of  the  financial  district.  The  territory  is  absolutely 
forbidden  ground  to  the  known  dishonest  fraternity.  Even  a  reformed  criminal,  no 
matter  what  his  present  standing  may  be,  dares  not  go  into  Wall  Street,  in  broad  day- 
light on  legitimate  business,  without  first  securing  a  permit,  and  then  submitting  to 
detective  espionage  from  the  time  he  enters  until  he  leaves  the  precinct.  The  result 
of  this  system  is  that  professional  thievery  has  been  almost  entirely  driven  out,  and* 
notwithstanding  the  temptations  offered  by  the  almost  limitless  wealth,  property  is 
as  safe  there,  as  in  any  other  part  of  the  city. 

The  Police-Department  Pension  Fund  is  kept  up  from  donations,  excise  re- 
ceipts, and  various  official  sources.    The  total  receipts  of  this  fund  for  1892  was 


320  PRECINCT  (MOUNTED)  POLICE  STATION,  AMSTERDAM  AVENUE 
AND  WEST   1520  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


$522,847,  and  the  disbursements  were  $509,498.  Members  of  the  force  are  retired  on 
half  pay,  on  their  own  request,  after  twenty  years  of  service,  on  attaining  to  sixty  years 
of  age,  and  for  disabilities.  The  widows  and  orphans  of  deceased  policemen  are  also 
cared  for.  In  1893  the  beneficiaries  of  this  fund  are  695  ex-officers,  and  421  widows 
and  orphans,  a  total  of  1,116.  Among  the  distinguished  pensioners  are  ex-Super- 
intendent William  Murray,  who  was  retired  in  1892  ;  ex-Chief-Inspector  Henry  V. 
Steers  ;  and  ex-Inspector  George  W.  Dilks.  Ex-Superintendent  George  W.  Wal- 
ling, who  died  in  189 1,  drew  a  pension  for  many  years. 

Private  Detective  Agencies  are  numerous.  The  uprightness  of  many  of  them 
is  questionable,  but  the  principal  ones  are  honest,  reliable  and  capable.  There  are 
more  than  a  score  of  such  establishments,  employing  several  hundred  men  and 
women  in  work  of  a  private  character  that  does  not  well  fall  within  the  legitimate 
scope  of  the  public  officers.  The  leading  agencies  of  this  kind  are  Pinkerton's,  Drum- 
mond's,  Fuller's,  Meehan's,  and  Wilkinson's.  Several  of  these  make  a  point  of 
refusing  all  business  pertaining  to  marital  affairs,  but  there  is  a  small  army  of  less 
scrupulous  detectives,  who  live  mainly  upon  divorce  cases. 

Private  Watchmen  are  employed  by  many  individuals  and  corporations,  and 
they  make  all  told  an  army  of  several  thousand  men.  Nearly  all  the  large  mercantile 
and  banking  houses  and  manufactories  have  these  employees,  and  buildings  in  process 
of  erection,  which  number  over  a  thousand  a  year,  are  thus  protected.  There  are 
some  unusual  phases  of  this  system  of  private  protection.  Maiden  Lane,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  jewelry  trade,  is  guarded  at  night  by  a  regularly  organized  company 
of  watchmen,  supported  by  the  Jewelers'  Association.  There  is  a  captain  and 
several  men.  The  district  is  patrolled  throughout  the  night,  and  every  store  is 
entered  and  inspected  several  times  between  dark  and  daylight. 

Many  of  the  millionaires  in  recent  years  have  felt  constrained  to  secure  private 
protection  for  themselves,  their  families  and  their  property,  since  they  have  become 
the  point  of  attack  for  "cranks."  Several  well-known  men  have  stalwart  body 
guards.  But  more  particularly  do  the  millionaires  have  their  mansions  thus  guarded, 
day  and  night.  In  upper  Fifth  Avenue  and  vicinity  there  are  some  two-score  watch- 
men thus  employed  by  Gould,  Sage,  the  Vanderbilts,  the  Rockefellers,  the  Astors, 
and  others  of  their  class.  These  watchmen  are  strong  and  brave  men,  several  of 
them  ex-policemen.  They  are  well  armed  ;  and  by  night  they  practically  constitute 
a  subsidiary  police  force  for  that  part  of  the  town. 

The  Park  Police  is  an  independent  body,  under  the  control  of  the  Park  Com- 
missioners, for  the  policing  of  the  parks  and  the  streets  that  come  under  the  care  of 
that  department.  The  handsome  gray  uniforms  are  familiar  sights  to  the  frequenters 
of  the  pleasure-grounds.  It  is  a  well-drilled  and  efficient  body  of  men,  who  have 
lived  down  the  derisive  designation  of  "sparrow  cops,"  originally  given  to  them 
because  of  the  place  and  the  character  of  their  duties.  Many  of  them  are  mounted, 
and  one  of  their  most  frequent,  most  dangerous  and  most  valuable  services  to  the 
public  is  the  saving  of  life  by  stopping  runaway  horses  in  the  parks.  The  force  con- 
sists of  one  captain,  one  surgeon,  nine  sergeants,  17  roundsmen,  247  patrolmen,  10 
doormen  and  14  minor  employees,  a  total  of  299.  The  headquarters  of  the  force  is 
in  the  Arsenal  Building,  in  Central  Park,  where  170  men  are  stationed.  Other  parks 
•in  the  city  south  of  the  Harlem,  to  the  number  of  21,  are  patrolled  by  about  82 
men,  while  the  seven  new  parks,  north  of  the  Harlem,  have  only  23  officers. 

Protection  against  Fire. —  In  the  good  old  days  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  when  the  population  of  New  Netherland  was  only  a  few  hundred,  the 
duty  of  protecting  the  little  community  from  fire  was  imposed  upon  every  house- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


529 


holder.  Chimneys  were  looked  after  by  a  warden,  and  owners  were  compelled  to  keep 
them  clean  and  to  pay  fines  if  fires  broke  out.  The  fire  apparatus  consisted  of  leathern 
buckets,  which  every  family  was  com- 
pelled to  possess  ;  a  few  fire  hooks  and 
poles  and  seven  or  eight  ladders  ;  and 
the  department  included  the  entire 
community.  After  a  while  the  first 
fire-company  was  organized,  a  night 
patrol  of  eight  men,  and  the  appar- 
atus consisted  of  250  fire-buckets,  12 
ladders,  and  hooks  and  poles  brought 
over  from  Holland.  In  1731  a  room 
was  fitted  up  in  the  City  Hall,  and 
in  it  were  placed  two  hand  fire- 
engines,  imported  from  England. 
Five  years  later  the  first  engine-house 
was  built  in  Broad  Street,  and 
Jacobus  Tink  was  paid  /10a  year 
to  keep  the  apparatus  in  order.  In 
1737  a  regular  Fire  Department  of 
25  men  was  organized. 

At  the  beginning  of  this  century 
the  Department  was  in  charge  of  an 
engineer,  who  had  full  control  of 
all  fire  matters.  There  were  five 
wardens,  to  inspect  buildings  and  to 
keep  order  at  fires;  and  several 
engine-houses,  with  hand -engines 
that  were  operated  by  volunteer 
companies.  Great  dependence  was 
still v  placed  upon  the  old  hooks, 
ladders  and  buckets,  that  were  kept 
ready  for  service  in  the  basement  of 
the  City  Hall. 

Those  were  exciting  times  with 
men  who  "  ran  wid  der  machine." 
Rivalry  existed  between  the  different 
volunteer  companies,  and  free  fights 
sometimes  occurred  at  the  fires. 
The  companies  went  deep  into 
politics,  and  many  men  found  in  a 
fire-company  the  stepping-stone  to 
political  preferment.  "Big  Six" 
was  a  famous  engine  and  company  in  its  day,  and  thence  William  M.  Tweed  gradu- 
ated to  be  "boss"  of  the  city. 

The  Fire  Department  is  governed  by  a  board  of  three  Commissioners, 
appointed  by  the  Mayor,  each  with  a  salary  of  $5,000  a  year.  Under  them 
comes  a  Chief,  salary,  $5,000.  Then  there  are  two  Deputy  Chiefs,  each  salaried  at 
$3,500,  and  12  Battalion  Chiefs,  each  at  $2,750.  In  all  the  branches  of  the 
department  there  are  1,400  men.  The  department  has  three  marine  engines,  or 
34 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT,  67TH  STREET,  NEAR  THIRD  AVENUE. 


53° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ENGINE  HOUSE  No. 


CHAMBERS  AND  CENTRE  STREETS. 


fireboats,  for  service  on  the  water  front, 
91  steam-engines,  100  hose-carriages, 
38  hook-and-ladder  trucks,  4  water- 
towers,  5  chemical  engines,  136  chem- 
ical fire-extinguishers,  3  hand-engines, 
and  55  other  pieces  of  apparatus. 
Additions  are  being  constantly  made  to 
this  apparatus.  The  force  is  divided 
into  79  companies,  and  uses  300  horses 
and  200,000  feet  of  hose.  All  the 
most  improved  appliances  for  putting 
out  fires  and  for  saving  life  are  in  use. 
The  new  water-tower  and  the  new 
fire  boat  are  not  surpassed  by  anything 
of  their  kind  in  the  world.  The  fire- 
men are  brave,  hardy  and  proficient. 
They  are  splendidly  drilled,  especially 
in  life-saving  manoeuvres,  and  they 
frequently  display  heroism  that  calls 
out  public  applause  and  wins  the  medals 
of  honor  that  are  given  for  the  decoration  of  the  deserving.  The  department  main- 
tains an  extensive  repair-shop  ;  and  a  training-school  where  new  horses  are  taught 
in  the  peculiar  requirements  of  their  work,  until  in  intelligence  and  expertness 
they  are  second  only  to  their  human  associates. 

On  the  principle  that  an  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  a  pound  of  cure,  the  pre- 
vention of  fires  is  looked  after  by  a  Bureau  of  Combustibles.  Another  bureau,  with 
the  Fire  Marshal  at  its  head,  investigates  the  origin  and  causes  of  fires,  and  also  the 
losses,  with  a  particular  purpose  of  detecting  and  suppressing  incendiarism.  Until 
April,  1892,  the  bureau  for  the  inspection  of  old  buildings  and  also  those  in  pro- 
cess of  erection,  so  as  to  insure  an  observance  of  the  laws  relating  to  exits,  fire- 
escapes,  strength  of  walls  and  floors,  and  other  details  for  the  protection  of  life, 
was  for  many  years  connected  with  the  Fire  Department.  The  Legislativ  e  of  1892 
made  it  a  department  distinct  by  itself,  with  a  Commissioner  appointed  by  the  Mayor 
at  its  head.  The  appropriation  for  the  Fire  Department  for  1893  was  $2,223,134. 
There  are  about  4,000  fires  every  year,  with  an 
estimated  loss  of  $4,000,000. 

The  Fire-Alarm  Telegraph  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  features  of  the  general  outfit  for 
extinguishing  fires.  A  system  of  independent 
telegraph-wires  covering  the  entire  city  is  main- 
tained, in  charge  of  a  superintendent  of  telegraph. 
There  are  over  1,200  miles  of  wire  ;  and  1,235 
alarm-boxes,  keys  to  which  are  held  by  all  police- 
men and  firemen,  and  are  also  placed  in  the  houses 
or  the  places  of  business  of  reputable  citizens. 
There  are  also  in  use  many  keyless  alarm-boxes, 
through  which  alarms  are  rung  in  by  merely  open- 
ing the  door  and  pulling  a  hook. 

The  Insurance  Patrol  co-operates  with  the 
Fire  Department,  but  in  the  special  interests, 


ENGINE   NO.   15  AN 
OLD  SLIP. 


)  HOOK-AND-LADDER  V 
NEAR   FRONT  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


531 


of  the  combined  insurance  companies,  who  support  it  through  the  Board  of  Fire- 
Underwriters.  The  corps  was  organized  in  1835,  wnen  tnere  was  an  epidemic  of 
incendiary  fires.  The  Patrol  has  saved  millions  of  dollars  by  its  vigilance  in  detect- 
ing and  extinguishing  incipient  fires.  But  its  most  important  service  is  in  saving 
goods,  which  it  does  by  removing  them  from  burning  buildings,  or  by  covering  them 
with  rubber  and  oiled  sheets,  as  a  protection  from  water,  dirt  and  cinders.  The 
Patrol  is  provided  with  wagons  and  an  equipment  designed  for  its  special  work. 

The  National  Guard  stationed  in  the  city  constitutes  the  entire  First  Brigade, 
Brigadier-General  Louis  Fitzgerald,  commanding.  The  organizations  are  two  bat- 
teries of  artillery  ;  the  First,  Capt.  Louis  Wendel,  88  men  ;  and  the  Second,  Capt. 
David  Wilson,  81  men  ;  one  Troop  of  Cavalry,  Capt.  Charles  F.  Roe,  105  men  ; 
one  Signal  Corps,  Capt.  E.  B.  Ives,  32  men  ;  and  seven  regiments  of  infantry  :  the 
Seventh,  Col.  Daniel  Appleton,  1,046  men  ;  the  Eighth,  Col.  George  D.  Scott, 
500  men  ;  the  Ninth,  Col.  William  Seward,  607  men  ;  the  Twelfth,  Col.  Herman 
Dowd,  606  men  ;  the  Twenty-Second,  Col.  John  T.  Camp,  716  men  ;  the  Sixty- 
Ninth,  Col.  James  Cavanagh,  827  men  ;  and  the  Seventy-First,  Col.  Francis  V. 
Greene,  545  men.  The  First  Brigade  numbers  5, 164  officers  and  men.  The  Naval 
Battalion,  Lieut. -Com.  J.  W.  Miller,  350  men,  is  an  independent  organization. 

The  citizen  soldiers  are  enlisted  for  five  years.  They  are  required  to  go  into 
camp  on  the  State  Camp-ground  at  Peekskill  for  a  week  every  other  summer,  and  to 
drill  regularly  in  the  armories  during  the  winter.  The  regiments  are  provided  with 
armories  by  the  city,  and  with  arms,  equipments  and  munitions  of  war  by  the  State. 
The  members  receive  pay  for  duty  when  called  out  by  the  commander-in-chief — the 
Governor  —  for  parade  or  military  service. 

Armory  accommodations  for  the  militia  have  not  always  been  adequate  to  the 
necessities  of  the  service.  In  years  gone  by  there  were  small  armories  down-town, 
in  what  is  now  the  business  part  of  the  city,  and  the  old  castellated  structure  in  Cen- 
tral Park,  now  used  for  the  menagerie,  was  the  arsenal  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 
The  Tompkins-Market  Armory  is  the  only  important  building  of  the  old  times  that 
is  now  left,  and  that  is  very  soon  to  make  way  for  a  more  modern  structure.  The 
need  of  new  armories  was  pressed  closely  to  the  attention  of  the  authorities  as  far 
back  as  1880,  and  in  1883  the  Legislature  created  an  Armory  Commission,  consist- 
ing of  the  Mayor,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  and  the  Brigadier- General  of 
the  First  Brigade.  In  1886  this  law  was  amended  so  as  to  make  the  Commission 
consist  of  the  Mayor,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Taxes  and  Assessments,  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works  and  the  two  senior  officers  of  the  First  Brigade. 
This  Commission  has  full  power  to  condemn  land  and  to  erect  armory  buildings, 
expending  such  amounts  of  money  as  it  alone  may  consider  advisable.  Under  the 
provisions  crthis  law  the  Eighth,  Twelfth  and  Twenty-Second  Regiments  have  been 
provided  with  armories  that  are  not  surpassed  anywhere  in  the  United  States  for 
architectural  beauty  and  practical  military  usefulness,  while  the  Ninth.  Sixty-Ninth 
and  Seventy-First  Regiments  will,  in  a  short  time,  be  equally  as  well  established. 

In  the  early  days  every  man  was  prepared  to  aid  in  the  public  defence.  The 
Burgher  Companies  were  paraded  four  times  a  year,  and  in  1686  were  organized  as 
a  Regiment  of  Foot,  under  Col.  Nicholas  Bayard.  The  regiment  and  the  indepen- 
dent companies  were  broken  up  in  1 775,  when  many  of  their  members  entered  the 
Continental  army.  In  17S6  the  militia  was  re-established,  and  in  New-York  City 
were  raised  Isaac  Stoutenburg's  First  Regiment,  Morris  Lewis's  Second  Regiment, 
Aaron  Burr's  Third  Regiment,  Richard  Varick's  Fourth  Regiment,  and  Sebastian 
Bauman's  New-York  City  Regiment  of  Artillery. 


532 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Seventh  Regiment,  the  pride  of  New  York,  with  its  membership  based 

upon  character,  and  its  superb  discipline,  has  a  noble  history.  It  is  an  outgrowth 
of  the  New- York  City  Regiment  of  Artillery,  organized  in  1 786,  as  a  successor  to 
Lamb's  Artillery  Regiment,  so  famous  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  first  four 
companies,  practically,  of  the  Seventh  Regiment  were  organized  in  1806,  when 
British  frigates  were  blockading  New  York,  and  firing  upon  all  passing  vessels. 
Patriotism  and  a  desire  to  defend  the  city  led  hundreds  of  young  men  to  enter  the 
ranks.  The  four  new  companies  were  attached  to  the  Battalion  of  Artillery,  which 
was  entitled  the  Third  Regiment  in  1807,  and  in  181 2  was  re-numbered  the 
Eleventh.  Twice  during  the  War  of  181 2  the  regiment  was  enrolled  for  terms  of 
several  months  in  the  United-States  service,  and  garrisoned  the  forts  defending  New 
York.  In  1824  the  four  companies  left  the  regiment,  and  became  an  independent 
battalion  of  infantry,  adopting  the  name  The  Battalion  of  National  Guards,  in  honor 
of  Lafayette,  commander  of  the  National  Guard  of  France,  who  was  then  in  New 
York.  This  title  belonged  to  the  Twenty-Seventh  (7th)  Regiment  alone  from  1824 
until  1862,  when  the  Legislature  adopted  it  for  the  entire  State  militia.  The  gray 
uniform  was  selected  for  the  new  battalion,  which  was  the  first  American  militia 
force  to  wear  gray.  Prosper  M.  Wetmore  became  commander  in  1825,  and  a  year 
later  the  battalion  became  the  Twenty-Seventh  Regiment  of  Artillery.  The 
standard  was  presented  by  Mayor  Philip  Hone,  in  front  of  the  City  Hall,  and  was  of 
red  silk,  bearing  the  regimental  arms.  A  State  flag,  of  blue  silk,  was  added  soon 
afterwards.  The  re-organization  of  the  militia,  in  1847,  brought  about  a  change  in  the 
title  of  the  regiment,  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the  Seventh.  The  history  of 
the  regiment,  its  campaigns  and  reviews,  achievements  and  purposes,  fill  a  huge 
thousand-page  illustrated  history,  written  by  its  long-time  commander,  Col.  Emmons 
Clark.  In  every  emergency  the  Seventh  has  been  prompt  and  patriotic  in  serving 
the  public  welfare.  When  the  Astor-Place  riot  against  Macready,  the  English  actor, 
occurred,  in  1S49,  and  the  police  force  of  300  men  was  overmatched,  the  Seventh  dis- 
persed the  mob  of  20,000  with  powder,  ball  and  bayonet,  killing  many  of  the  rioters. 
Seventy  of  its  own  men  were  disabled.  In  1 86 1  the  regiment  gave  its  services  to  the 
cause  of  the  Union,  and  made  a  memorable  march  from  Annapolis  to  the  defence  of 
the  Federal  capital.  It  was  sent  three  times  to  the  front,  and  took  a  strong  hand  in 
suppressing  the  Draft  Riots.  The  regiment  furnished  660  officers  to  the  regular  and 
volunteer  armies  against  the  Disunionists  in  1861-65.  In  the  Orange  Riots  of  187 1, 
in  the  Railroad  Strike  troubles  of  1877,  and  on  other  occasions  the  Seventh  has 
proved  its  courage,  its  ability  and  its  patriotism. 

The  armory  of  the  Seventh  Regiment  was  built  before  the  municipality  took  this 
work  upon  itself.  The  land  is  owned  by  the  city,  and  constitutes  the  entire  block 
between  Park  and  Lexington  Avenues  and  66th  and  67th  Streets.  The  armory  was 
erected  with  funds  raised  by  public  subscription,  a  regimental  fair  and  other  enter- 
tainments, the  total  cost,  including  decorating  and  furnishing,  being  about  $650,000. 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  in  October,  1877,  an<*  the  armory  was  first  occupied  in 
September,  1880.  Col.  Emmons  Clark  planned  and  supervised  the  erection  of  the 
building.  The  armory  consists  of  the  Administration  Building,  which  occupies  the 
entire  Park-Avenue  front  of  200  feet,  and  the  drill-room,  200x300  feet.  It  is  built 
of  Philadelphia  red  brick,  with  granite  trimmings,  in  the  Italian  style  of  architecture, 
and  is  a  substantial  and  handsome  structure,  with  a  genuine  military  air  about  it. 
The  Administration  Building  is  three  stories  high.  A  handsome  central  tower,  with 
open  belfry,  and  square  solid-appearing  towers  at  the  two  corners  add  to  the 
impressiveness  of  the  facade.     The  entrance  is  at  the  second  story,  reached  by  a 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


533 


flight  of  granite  steps.  Here,  under  an  archway,  is  a  massive  bronze  gate,  over  which 
is  a  bronze  tablet  showing  the  regimental  coat  of  arms.  Farther  under  the  arched 
recess  is  a  solid  oak,  iron-studded  door,  opening  into  the  main  hall.  The  basement 
of  the  building  has  thick  granite  walls  with  narrow  defensible  windows.  In  this 
basement  is  a  rifle  range,  300  feet  long,  and  storage,  toilet  and  heating  arrangements. 
On  the  upper  floors  are  ten  company  rooms,  six  squad  drill-rooms,  and  other  rooms 
for  the  colonel,  the  adjutant,  the  field  and  staff,  the  Board  of  Officers,  the  non-com- 
missioned officers,  and  reception,  library  and  reading-rooms,  gymnasium,  veterans' 
quarters,  and  memorials.  All  these  rooms  are  beautifully  decorated  and  elegantly 
furnished.  In  the  hall  there  are  bronze  tablets,  recording  the  history  of  the  Armory. 
The  library  and  reading-rooms  are  handsomely  finished  in  hard  woods  and  wrought 

f  !  '  '  1 


SEVENTH  REGIMENT  ARMORY.      66th  AND  67th  STREETS,  PARK  AND  LEXINGTON  AVENUES. 


iron,  and  the  decorations  and  furnishings  are  of  a  pronounced  military  character. 
The  unique  iron  chandeliers  and  basket  lights,  the  antique  fire-place  and  mantel,  the 
quaint  frieze,  the  paneled  ceiling,  and  even  the  chairs,  tables  and  standing  lamps 
make  an  artistic  ensemble  that  is  wholly  delightful.  Among  the  art-treasures  of  the 
Armory  are  portraits  of  Washington,  by  Rembrandt  Peale  ;  of  Colonels  Abram 
Duryea,  Marshall  Lefferts,  Vermilye  and  Emmons  Clark,  and  of  many  other  officers 
and  distinguished  former  members  of  the  regiment ;  paintings  of  the  Seventh  in 
camp  and  on- the  march,  by  S.  R.  Gifford  and  Thomas  Nast ;  a  large  bronze  statue 
of  Mercury  ;  a  bronze  reproduction  of  Bartholdi's  statue  of  Liberty  ;  and  a  plaster 
cast  of  Ward's  Central-Park  statue  of  the  Seventh-Regiment  soldier.  The  drill- 
room  is  a  fine  spacious  hall,  roofed  by  a  single  arch  at  a  great  height.  At  one  end 
are  glass  cases  for  the  arms,  and  on  the  sides  are  platforms  and  galleries,  with  seats 
for  spectators.  At  the  east  end  is  the  exit,  through  an  arched  doorway,  closed  with 
thick  oaken  doors  and  a  heavy  iron  gate,  directly  on  a  level  with  Lexington  Avenue. 


534 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Eighth  Regiment  is  the  successor  of  the  battalion  of  artillery  formed  in 
1786;  changed  into  the  Third  Regiment  in  1807,  and  then  to  the  Eighth  Regiment 
in  1847.  It  entered  the  National  service  three  times  during  the  Secession  War  ;  and 
lost  many  men  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  The  Eighth- Regiment  Armory  occupies 
nearly  an  entire  block,  between  Park  and  Madison  Avenues  and  94th  and  95th  Streets. 


EKiHTH   REGIMENT  ARMORY.      PARK  AVENUE,  FROM   94TH  TO  95th  STREET. 


There  is  an  administration  building,  fronting  on  Park  Avenue,  and  a  drill-hall  in  the 
rear,  200  feet  square  and  85  feet  high  in  the  clear.  The  front  of  the  building  is  a 
wide  gable,  deeply  recessed  between  two  great  towers,  50  feet  in  diameter  and  125 
feet  high.  The  lower  story  between  the  towers  is  occupied  by  a  terrace,  the  front 
wall  of  which  is  pierced  by  an  entrance  leading  directly  to  the  main  drill-hall.  The 
terrace  has  an  area  of  33  x  90  feet  and  can  be  used  for  drill  purposes.  In  the  sub- 
basement  is  the  rifle  range,  with  six  targets  ;  and  in  the  terrace  basement  is  a  squad 
drill-room.  In  the  94th- Street  tower  the  first  story  is  fitted  up  as  a  reception-room  ; 
and  in  the  corresponding  room  of  the  95th-Street  tower  is  the  Board  of  Officers' 
room.  These  rooms  are  47  feet  in  diameter,  and  21  feet  high.  In  the  same  story, 
in  the  gable,  are  the  library,  reading-room  and  officers'  quarters,  substantially  fur- 
nished. The  companies  have  the  entire  second  floor  of  the  building.  Here  are  ten 
meeting-rooms,  measuring  about  23  by  33  feet,  and  18  feet  high,  plainly  furnished 
with  desks  and  chairs.  On  the  third  floor  are  12  rooms,  besides  the  quarters  for  the 
band  and  drum-corps.  The  fourth  floor  in  the  94th-Street  tower  has  been  fitted  up 
as  a  gymnasium  ;  and  in  the  95th-Street  tower  on  the  same  floor,  is  the  regimental 
club-room.  The  block  upon  which  this  armory  stands  measures  61,430  square  feet, 
but  this  includes  an  unoccupied  space  on  Madison  Avenue.  The  total  cost  of  the 
land  was  $350,000,  and  of  the  building  $330,000.  An  armory  for  the  Cavalry 
Troop  A  will  soon  be  built  on  the  Madison- Avenue  part  of  the  block. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


535 


The  Ninth  Regiment  can  be  traced  back  to  1812.  In  184S  it  was  re-organ- 
ized, as  an  Irish  regiment,  and  disbanded  a  few  years  later.  In  1859  it  was  again 
re-formed.  In  1 86 1  the  Ninth  was  ignored  when  the  State  sent  her  quota  of  troops 
to  defend  the  Union  ;  but  the  entire  command  went  to  Washington,  independently, 
and  was  sworn  into  the  United-States  service  (837  strong),  for  three  years'  service. 
During  this  period  the  Ninth  had  2,278  members,  and  lost  684  in  dead  and  wounded, 
mainly  in  the  Wilderness,  at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  the  second  Bull  Run,  and 
Gettysburg.  In  the  National  service  it  was  known  as  the  83d  New-York  Volun- 
teers. Between  1870  and  1872  James  Fisk,  Jr.,  was  colonel  of  the  Ninth.  The 
armory,  being  built  by  the  city  in  1893,  at  a  cost  of  $300,000,  occupies  most  of  the 
square  between  14th  and  15th  Streets  and  Sixth  and  Seventh  Avenues,  the  land 
alone  having  cost  $422,000.  It  is  a  massive  brick  and  stone  structure,  with  a  vast 
drill-room,  administration  and  company-rooms,  and  a  rifle-gallery. 

The  Twelfth  Regiment,  organized  in  1847,  nas  na(l  an  honorable  record  for 
performing  duty  with  its  companion  organizations  in  suppressing  local  riots.  It 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  Civil  War.  The 
armory  of  the  Twelfth,  on  Columbus  Avenue,  from  6ist  to  62d  Street,  was  the  first 
building  to  be  constructed  under  the  Armory  Law.    It  was  completed  and  occupied 


in  1887,  and  was  dedi- 
twenty-sixth  anniversary 
ment  for  the  front  in  the 
a  castellated  structure  in 
tecture,  and  has  a  solid 
its   mediaeval  bastions. 


mm 


cated  on  April  27th,  the 
of  the  departure  of  the  regi- 
Civil  War.  The  building  is 
the  Norman  style  of  archi- 
fortress-like  character,  with 
machicolations   and  narrow 


illliltfl! 


TWELFTH   REGIMENT  ARMOR1 


61ST  STREET,  NEAR  COLUMBUS  AVENUE. 

slits  in  corbelled  galleries,  and  grille-work  at  the  windows.  At  each  street  corner 
are  flanking  towers,  with  loop-holes  and  arrangements  for  howitzers,  or  Gatling  guns, 
on  the  top.  Around  the  entire  roof  is  a  paved  promenade,  protected  by  a  parapet 
with  many  loop-holes,  constituting  a  valuable  defensive  position.  Brick  and  granite 
are  the  materials  used  in  construction.  The  building  measures  200  by  300  feet,  and 
cost  about  $300,000,  with  $208,000  additional  for  the  land.  In  the  administration 
building  there  are  the  usual  company,  officers'  and  reception-rooms,  library  and 


536 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


gymnasium.  The  salmon-tinted  walls,  solid  brick  fire-places  and  wrought-iron  work 
in  gas  fixtures  and  railings  are  wholly  artistic,  and  in  harmony  with  the  character  of 
the  building.  There  is  a  rifle-range,  with  eight  targets  ;  and  the  drill-room  is  a 
great  high-roofed  hall,  300  by  175  feet. 

The  Twenty-Second  Regiment  dates  from  1861  and  had  two  terms  of  sendee 
at  the  front  during  the  Secession  War.  Its  new  armory,  occupied  in  1890,  occupies 
the  square  between  67th  and  68th  Streets,  Columbus  Avenue  and  the  Boulevard. 
The  land  cost  $265,000,  and  the  building  $280,000.  It  is  a  granite-trimmed  brick 
fortress,  in  the  general  style  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It  is,  to  an  exceptional  degree, 
a  defensive  structure,  with  re-entering  angles,  loop-holes  for  cannon  and  musketry, 
a  bastion  for  heavy  guns  on  the  northwest  corner,  a  machicolated  parapet,  and  a 
sally-port  and  portcullis.    The  main  entrance  on  the  Boulevard  will  allow  the  free 

_  F 


TWENTY -SECOND  REGIMENT  ARMORY.      BOULEVARD,  67TH  TO  68th  STREETS. 


passage  of  batteries  and  cavalry.  The  main  building  contains  the  offices,  library, 
etc.,  a  handsome  reception-room,  two  stories  high,  kitchen,  gymnasium  and  mess- 
room  on  the  third  floor,  and  a  hospital  and  medical  department  in  the  tower.  The 
rifle-range,  300  by  25  feet,  is  in  the  basement.  The  drill-room  is  235  by  175  feet, 
with  a  high  arched  roof  and  large  central  skylight.  On  the  north  side  of  this  room 
are  ten  company  locker  rooms,  for  uniforms  and  arms ;  and  above  these  are  ten 
company  parlors,  nicely  furnished  and  with  galleries,  each  capable  of  seating  50 
persons.  The  armory  was  erected  from  designs  of  Captain  John  P.  Leo,  a  member 
of  the  regiment.    The  building  was  completed  and  occupied  in  1890. 

The  Sixty-Ninth  Regiment  was  organized  in  1852,  and  has  always  been 
made  up  mainly  of  Irishmen.  In  1 860  it  refused  to  obey  the  orders  of  the  commander- 
in-chief,  to  parade  in  the  procession  reviewed  by  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  next 
year  it  entered  the  United- States  service,  and  lost  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  alone 
192  men,  including  Colonel  Michael  Corcoran,  who  was  captured  by  the  rebels. 
Many  of  its  members  enlisted  in  the  Sixty-Ninth  New- York  Volunteers,  which  lost 
412  men,  dead,  and  765,  wounded,  in  its  three  years  of  service.  The  Sixty-Ninth 
Militia,  recruited  again  to  full  ranks,  served  also  three  months  in  the  defence  of 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


537 


Washington  in  1862;  in  the  Pennsylvania  campaign  of  1863,  and  three  months  in 
the  New  York  harbor  forts  in  1864.  It  also  furnished  most  of  the  membership 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Eighty-Second  New- York  Volunteers,  which  lost  385  men 
in  the  field.  The  armory  is  in  the  Tompkins-Market  building,  on  Third  Avenue, 
6th  and  7th  Streets.  The  building,  which  is  of  iron,  of  composite  architecture, 
measuring  225  by  135  feet,  was  erected  in  i860  for  the  Seventh  Regiment.  In  the 
basement  are  drill-rooms.  On  the  first  floor  are  markets  ;  on  the  second  floor,  ten 
company  rooms  and  offices  ;  and  on  the  third  floor,  a  drill-room.  The  building  is 
inadequate,  and  measures  have  been  taken  to  tear  it  down  and  erect  a  new  armory 
in  its  place.  The  land  alone  is  valued  at  $898,000,  of  which  the  city  already  owns 
$500,000  worth.  The  area  is  57,900  square  feet,  and  the  new  armory  will  cost  over 
$300,000. 

The  Seventy-First  Regiment  was  organized  in  1852,  and  has  rendered  the 
State  very  active  and  valuable  service.  It  was  among  the  troops  that  saved  Wash- 
ington from  the  rebels,  in  1 86  i  ;  and  lost  62  men  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run. 

In  1862  the  regiment  served  another  three  months  under  the  National  colors,  on 
the  Potomac ;  and  at  the  end  thereof,  a  large  number  of  its  members  formed  the 


SEVENTY-FIRST  REGIMENT  ARMORY.      FOURTH  AVENUE,  FROM  320  70  330  STREET. 


nucleus  of  the  well-known  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-Fourth  New-York  Volunteers 
—  the  Orange  Blossoms  —  which  lost  567  men  in  the  field,  nearly  half  of  them  at 
Chancellorsville.  The  new  armory  of  the  Seventy-First  on  Park  Avenue,  at  33d  and 
34-th  Streets,  was  designed  by  J.  R.  Thomas,  its  corner-stone  laid  in  1892,  and  is  to 
be  finished  in  1894,  at  a  cost  (including  the  land)  of  nearly  $900,000.  In  this 
armory  will  be  the  Brigade  Headquarters,  the  Signal  Corps,  and  the  Second  Battery, 
all  of  which  are  now  in  leased  armories. 


53* 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Troop  A,  the  only  cavalry  organization  in  the  brigade,  includes  many  of  the 
foremost  young  society  men  of  New  York.  It  is  an  outcome  of  the  First  Hussars, 
and  was  mustered  in  in  1889.  Captain  Roe  is  an  old  West-Pointer,  and  served 
twenty  years  in  the  U.-S.  Cavalry  on  the  Plains.  It  is  a  very  serviceable  command 
of  finely-trained  riders,  and  did  good  service  in  the  Buffalo  campaign  of  1892,  and  as 
Governor  Flower's  escort  at  the  Presidential  Inauguration  in  1893.  It  is  the  largest 
cavalry  troop  in  America,  and  has  a  long  waiting-list.  It  occupies  a  leased  build- 
ing at  136  West  56th  Street.  Its  permanent  armory,  designed  by  J.  R.  Thomas,  is 
to  be  erected  on  Madison  Avenue,  from  94th  Street  to  95th  Street,  adjoining  and 
harmonizing  with  the  Eighth  Regiment  Armory.  Land  and  building  will  have  cost 
$240,000.  The  riding  ring  will  be  200 x  100  feet ;  and  there  will  be  stables  for  105 
horses,  rifle-ranges,  saddle-rooms,  and  many  other  departments.  Upstairs  will  be 
the  rooms  for  dismounted  drill,  and  the  company  parlors,  kitchen,  etc. 

The  First  Battery  has  its  armory  at  340  West  44th  Street,  in  leased  quarters. 
It  is  largely  made  up  of  German  volunteers. 

The  Second  Battery  was  organized  in  1832,  as  Washington  Gray  Troop, 
Horse  Artillery,  then  in  the  Third  and  after  1847  m  tne  Eighth  Regiment,  with 
which  it  saw  service  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  From  1867  it  served  as  cavalry 
until  1879,  when  it  became 
Battery  F,  and  three  years 
later  received  its  present 
name. 

The  State  Arsenal,  at 

Seventh  Avenue  and  35th 
Street,  is  a  big  turreted  build- 
ing, of  gray  stone  and  brick. 
It  is  the  oldest  of  all  the 
military  structures  in  the  city, 
save  the  old  arsenal  in  Central 
Park.  In  appearance  it  is 
much  like  a  fortress  —  and 
this  is  augmented  by  the  half- 
dozen  field  pieces  which  are 
parked  in  the  little  strip  of 
grass  which  skirts  the  sides  of 
the  building  next  the  street 
and  avenue.  The  Arsenal  is 
a  storehouse  for  the  State's 
munitions  of  war,  and  the 
headquarters  of  the  Ordnance 
and  Quartermaster's  Depart- 
ments of  the  National  Guard.      new-yohk  state  arsenal,    seventh  avenue  and  35t„  street. 

The  Naval  Militia  of  the  State  of  New  York  was  authorized  in  1889,  and 
the  First  Naval  Battalion  of  New- York  City  was  mustered  into  service  in  1 89 1,  and 
cruised  with  the  United-States  Squadron  of  Evolution  in  1891  and  1892.  Its  armory 
is  on  the  United-States  line-of-battle  ship  New  Hampshire,  at  the  foot  of  East  28th 
Street,  E.  R.  The  Naval  Militia  bears  the  same  relation  to  the  United  States 
Navy  that  the  State  National  Guard  does  to  the  regular  army.  Every  summer  there 
is  a  week  or  more  of  practical  service  and  naval  instruction  on  a  Government  war- 
ship, with  naval  officers  in  charge.    The  battalion  numbers  350  men. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


539 


U.-S.  LiNE-OF- BATTLE  SHIP   "NEW   HAMPSHIRE,"  HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE   NAVAL  BATTALION,  EAST  hivcH, 
AT  THE  FOOT  OF  EAST  28TM  STREET. 


The  United-States  Military  Headquarters  of  the  Department  of  the  East 
are  on  Governor's  Island,  in  upper  New- York  Bay,  half  a  mile  from  the  Battery. 
Major-General  Oliver  O.  Howard  is  in  command.  This  department  covers  all  the 
country  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  excepting  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
The  troops  near  New  York  are  three  batteries  of  the  First  Artillery,  at  Fort  Colum- 
bus ;  four  batteries  of  the  First  Artillery,  at  Fort  Hamilton  ;  two  batteries  of  the 
Second  Artillery,  at  Fort  Schuyler  ;  three  batteries  of  the  First  Artillery,  at  Fort 
Wadsworth  ;  and  one  company  of  the  Sixth  Infantry  at  Fort  Wood. 


54© 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Governor's  Island  was  shunned  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers  of  New  Netherland, 

but  Lord  Cornbury,  an  English  colonial  governor,  preempted  it  and  built  thereon  a 
mansion,  and  laid  out  a  race-track.  After  the  British  had  been  driven  out  of  the 
city,  Governor  Clinton  took  the  island,  and  leased  it  to  a  Dr.  Price,  who  proceeded 
to  pull  down  the  earthworks  that  had  been  thrown  up  by  the  British  and  the  patriot 
troops,  and  to  put  up  a  hotel  and  make  the  place  a  public  pleasure-resort.  With 
the  danger  of  war  with  England  again  threatening,  the  island  was  turned  over  to  the 
Federal  Government,  which  has  since  remained  in  possession.  The  island,  which 
is  egg-shaped,  with  a  circumference  of  a  little  more  than  a  mile,  contains  85  acres. 
It  is  very  handsome,  with  its  fortifications,  barracks  and  other  buildings,  fine  trees 
and  stretches  of  grass.  At  the  northern  end  are  piles  of  cannon-balls,  large  guns 
and  other  ordnance.  Near  the  center  of  the  island  is  Fort  Columbus,  with  its 
star-shaped  embankments.  Within  it  are  barracks  and  magazines  of  stone  and 
brick,  and  guns  are  mounted  on  the  Amparts.  On  the  land  side,  the  fort  is 
entered  across  a  moat,  with  a  draw-bridge,  and  through  an  archway  of  stone, 
above  which  is  a  relief  group  of  military  insignia  :  a  bundle  of  fasces  and  a  liberty- 
cap,  a  mortar,  a  cannon,  shells,  an  eagle  and  a  flag.  Conspicuous  on  the  north 
point  of  the  island  is  Castle  Williams,  which  was  completed  in  181 1  ;  a  stone 
fort  with  three  tiers  of  casemates  and  an  abundant  armament.  At  the  opposite  end 
of  the  island  is  the  small  triangular  South  Battery,  two  magazines,  and  munitions 
of  war.  The  center  of  the  island  is  elevated  thirty  feet  above  high-water  mark  and 
laid  out  as  a  parade-ground  and  a  handsome  park,  with  band-stand,  brick  walks, 
trees,  flowers  and  shrubbery.  A  score  or  more  of  pretty  houses,  the  residences  of 
the  officers,  surround  this  park  ;  and  hereabouts  and  elsewhere  on  the  island  are  the 
offices,  a  chapel,  library,  billiard-room,  laundries,  work-shops,  store,  the  rooms  of 
the  Military  Service  Institution,  and  a  museum,  in  which  are  battle  flags,  me- 
mentoes of  Washington,  Sheridan  and  others  ;  and  many  Indian  trophies. 

Fort  Hamilton,  a  fortified  military  post,  is  situated  on  the  southwest  shore  of 
Long  Island,  on  the  Narrows,  2.\  miles  from  the  county-town  of  New  Utrecht,  and 
adjoining  the  village  of  Fort  Hamilton.  It  is  a  stone  casemated  structure.  There 
are  150  acres  in  the  reservation,  over  50  acres  having  only  within  the  last  year  been 
acquired.  This  new  ground  is  on  the  southeast  side,  adjoining  the  old  reservation, 
towards  Bath  and  facing  Gravesend  Bay,  and  was  acquired  with  a  view  of  extending 
the  fortifications  along  the  water-front.  The  corner-stone  of  the  post  was  laid 
June  II,  1S25  ;  and  the  works  were  first  garrisoned  by  troops  November  1,  1831. 

Fort  Lafayette  became  familiar  to  the  public  during  the  Civil  War  as  a  prison 
for  political  captives.  It  is  at  the  entrance  to  the  Narrows,  on  an  artificial  island, 
built  upon  a  ledge,  and  is  overlooked  by  Fort  Hamilton.  In  appearance  the  fort  is 
a  large  circular  brick  building,  and  its  guns  used  to  command  the  channel.  The  name 
originally  selected  for  it  when  it  was  begun,  in  1812,  was  Fort  Diamond,  but  as  it 
was  first  occupied  about  the  time  of  Lafayette's  famous  visit  to  this  country,  the  name 
was  then  changed.  The  interior  was  damaged  by  fire  in  1868  ;  and  the  place  is  now 
used  for  the  storage  of  ordnance,  and  for  experiments  in  torpedoes  and  other  ap- 
pliances. 

Fort  W^adsworth  is  a  triple  casemated  fortification  of  granite.  The  Govern- 
ment reservation,  to  which  as  a  whole  the  name  applies,  is  100  acres  of  precipitous 
land  on  Staten  Island,  commanding  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  through  the  Nar- 
rows. It  is  in  all  respects,  a  perfect  position  for  a  fort,  and  could  be  easily  made 
impregnable  against  any  force  approaching  by  sea.  The  crest  of  the  hill  is  140  feet 
above  high-water  mark,  and  there  is  Fort  Tompkins,  with  a  heavy  armament.  Below 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


541 


is  Fort  Wadsworth,  proper ;  and  on  the  water's  edge  are  Battery  Hudson  and  a  con- 
tinuous line  of  other  fortifications.  The  Narrows  at  this  point  are  only  a  mile  wide, 
and  the  passage  is  completely  commanded  by  the  cross  fire  of  Fort  Wadsworth  and 
Fort  Hamilton. 

Fort  Schuyler  is  on  Throgg's  Neck,  near  the  western  end  of  Long-Island  Sound, 
where  its  tide  and  that  of  the  East  River  meet.  The  Government  reservation  con.- 
sists  of  54  acres.  The  fort  is  a  casemated  fortress  of  gneiss,  with  extensive  earth- 
works. It  was  first  garrisoned  in  1861,  and  during  the  war  was  the  site  of  the 
McDougal  Government  Hospital.  Opposite,  across  the  river,  is  Willett's  Point,  with 
fortifications,  a  station  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  United-States  Army.  These 
two  fortresses  command  the  approach  to  New-York  City,  by  the  way  of  Long-Island 
Sound.  A  little  further  north  is  David's  Island,  a  depot  for  the  reception  of  United- 
States  recruits. 

Fort  Wood  is  the  double  star-shaped  fortress  on  Bedloe's  Island,  enclosing  the 
site  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty.  The  fort  was  built  in  1841,  and  was  a  strong  structure 
in  its  day.  It  is  partly  dismantled,  and  though  the  walls  are  in  excellent  condition, 
they  would  offer  little  protection  against  heavy  modern  artillery. 

Harbor  Defences  on  a  large  scale  have,  in  recent  years,  been  projected  by  the 
National  Government.  These  include  the  acquisition  of  territory  at  Sandy  Hook, 
Coney  Island,  Staten  Island,  adjoining  Fort  Wadsworth,  and  Long  Island,  adjoin- 
ing Fort  Hamilton.  The  plan  is  to  mount -batteries  of  powerful  modern  guns  on 
embankments,  on  lifts,  on  disappearing  carriages  and  in  steel  turrets,  and  to  estab- 


lish  lines  of  torpedoes  under 
water,  thus  effectually  barr- 
ing the  harbor  entrance. 
These  works  have  been 
steadily  in  progress  for  a 
number  of  years. 


The  United-States 


UNITED -STATES  ARMY  BUILDING.  WHI 
AND  WATER  STREETS. 


'HITEHALL,  PEARL 


Army   Building  is  on 

Whitehall  Street,  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Pearl  Street,  near  the 
Produce  Exchange.  It  is  a 
large  square  building  of  im- 
posing proportions,  eight 
stories  high,  and  occupying 
the  whole  block.  It  covers 
the  site  of  the  old  Produce 
Exchange.  The  two  lower 
stories  are  of  granite,  and 
with  the  barricaded  entrances 
and  narrow  windows  give 
the  place  the  general  air  of  a 
fortification.  The  upper 
stories  are  of  red  brick,  and 
the  offices,  which  are  ar- 
ranged on  the  four  sides  of  a 
large  central  opening  are 
light  and  airy.  Over  the 
main  street    entrance    is  a 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


flag,  carved  in  stone,  with  the  motto  "This  we  defend,"  and  the  same  design  and 
motto  is  engraved  on  the  glass  of  the  doors  inside.  In  this  building  are  grouped 
nearly  all  the  principal  offices  of  army  administration  stationed  in  New- York  City, 
such  as  those  of  the  Quartermaster's,  Subsistence,  Medical,  Engineer,  Pay  and 
•Recruiting  departments.  There  are  recruiting-offices  in  Park  Row  and  in  Abington 
Square,  from  which  recruits  are  sent  to  David's  Island. 

The  Navy  Yard,  although  on  the  Brooklyn  side  of  the  East  River,  plays  a 
very  important  part  in  the  defenses  of  New  York.  It  is  situated  on  Wallabout  Bay, 
and  with  all  its  appurtenances  covers  145  acres.  There  are  officers'  quarters, 
store-houses,  marine  barracks,  machine-shops,  two  dry-docks,  one  of  them  the 
finest  in  the  world,  built  at  a  cost  of  over  $2,000,000,  and  the  United-States  Naval 


CASTLE  WILLIAMS,  GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND. 


Hospital,  with  a  fine  library  and  museum.  The  yard  is  the  principal  naval  station 
of  the  Republic,  and  is  in  charge  of  a  Commodore,  with  about  2,000  men  constantly 
employed.  One  or  more  naval  vessels  are  generally  to  be  found  here.  In  case  of 
war  the  yard  would  become  a  most  important  depot  for  naval  supplies.  It  occupies 
a  position  unequalled  in  advantages  for  projecting  naval  movements  in  Atlantic 
waters.  During  the  War  of  the  Revolution  the  Jersey  and  other  British  prison- 
hulks  were  stationed  here,  and  more  than  ten  thousand  patriots,  who  miserably 
died  in  confinement,  were  buried  in  the  neighborhood. 

The  United-States  Pension  Office  is  at  396  Canal  Street,  just  west  of  West 
Broadway.  Only  two  offices  in  the  country — that  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  and  that 
of  Columbus,  O.,  exceed  this  in  the  magnitude  of  business  transaction.  The 
names  of  about  60,000  pensioners  are  on  the  books,  and  of  these  about  17,000  are 
paid  in  person,  while  the  remaining  43,000,  residing  in  different  parts  of  the 
country,  and  even  in  foreign  lands,  have  their  payments  forwarded  to  them.  The 
office  pays  out  over  $2,500,000  every  quarter.  The  disbursing  agent  is  Col.  Frank 
C.  Loveland. 


Clubs  and  Social  Associations,  Secret  and  Friendship 
Organizations. 


THE  clubs  of  New  York  at  first  were  in  taverns.  To  Old  Tom's  came  the  poets  ; 
at  the  Pewter  Mug,  the  politicians  planned.  William  Niblo,  who  afterward 
owned  a  garden  and  playhouse  on  Broadway,  near  Prince  Street,  and  bequeathed  a 
fortune  to  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  that  it  might  form  a  library,  kept 
the  Bank  Coffee- House,  where  assembled  the  politicians  in  office.  A  French  noble- 
man, a  refugee,  Jerome  Cressac  de  Villagrand,  kept,  in  College  Place,  a  hotel  where 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  manager  of  Astor's  business  in  Vesey  Street  and  in  Prince 
Street,  received  Prince  Louis  Napoleon.  In  1824  James  Fenimore  Cooper  lived  at 
3  Beach  Street,  and  founded,  with  Halleck,  Bryant,  Chancellor  Kent,  Francis  and 
Verplanck,  the  Bread  and  Cheese  Club.  When  the  club  received  great  men  from 
abroad,  or  entertained  Irving,  it  hired  Washington  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Chambers 
Street  an  1  Broadway,  for  a  whole  evening.  In  1836  the  Hone  Club,  named  after 
Mayor  Philip  Hone,  gave  dinners  at  the  houses  of  the  members,  at  the  expense  of 
every  member  in  turn.  The  Hone  Club  never  failed  to  have  a  dinner  when  Daniel 
Webster  was  in  town.  Since  then  many  clubs  have  been  founded  and  dissolved 
that  shall  not  be  forgotten.  Among  them  were  the  Bohemians,  who  met  at  Pfaff's, 
and  who,  although  they  were  real  and  not  pretentious  or  masquerading  Philistines, 
made  that  man  Pfaff  wealthy;  the  Arcadians,  who  had  a  costly  club-house,  and  were 
too  exclusively  artistic  ;  the  Fellowcraft  Club,  which  was  vain  enough  to  exclude 
Mecoenas  ;  and  the  Tile  Club,  the  enchanting  adventures  of  which  on  lana  and  afloat 
have  been  recorded  with  pen  and  pencil. 

At  the  present  day,  the  club-life  of  New  York  is  a  prominent  and  interesting 
feature  of  the  metropolitan  cosmorama.  Besides  a  great  number  of  local  and  special 
fraternities  and  organizations,  there  are  at  least  300  social  clubs  in  the  city,  affording 
to  their  members  a  vast  variety  of  luxuries  and  delights,  outside  the  sometime  worriei 
precincts  of  home.  The  greater  clubs,  like  the  Union  League  and  Manhattan,  have 
incomes  of  not  far  from  $1,000  a  day  each,  throughout  the  year,  the  Manhattan  much 
exceeding  that  figure.  Perhaps  a  third  of  this  amount  comes  from  members'  dues  ; 
and  the  rest  is  received  from  the  dining-rooms,  from  the  sale  of  liquors  and  cigars, 
and  from  lodgings  and  billiards.  These  enormous  expenses  and  receipts  give  an  idea 
of  the  extension  of  club-life,  and  the  wealth  and  freedom  of  its  devotees.  Nearly  all 
the  great  clubs  are  around  or  above  Madison  Square,  and  Fifth  Avenue  is  their 
favorite  street,  and  contains  some  of  their  best  houses. 

The  Union  Club,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  21st  Street,  was 
organized  in  1836.  The  President  is  Clarence  A.  Seward.  The  entrance-fee  is 
$300;  the  yearly  dues  are  $75.  With  the  sanction  of  the  House  Committee  the 
Secretary  may  invite  to  the  privileges  of  the  club  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  and 


544 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


AVENUE  AND  21ST  STREET. 


strangers  of  dis- 
tinction. Tt  was 
the  first  club,  in 
the  modern  sense, 
organized  in  this 
city.  The  found- 
ers met  at  the 
Athenoeum,  and 
limited  the  mem- 
bership to  600  per- 
sons. They  were 
the  Beekmans, 
Kings,  Schuylers, 
Livingstons,  Stuy- 
vesants,  Gris- 
wolds,  Van  Bur- 
ens,  the  Astors 
and  other  patri- 
cian leaders. 
There  are  now 
1,500    members ; 

they  are  the  patricians  of  to-day.  The  first  club-house  of  the  Union  was  at  343 
Broadway;  the  s«cond  at  376  Broadway,  a  large  and  handsome  dwelling  owned  by 
William  B.  Astor;  the  third  at  691  Broadway,  opposite  Great  Jones  Street,  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Kerno- 
chans  ;  the  fourth 
is  the  present 
brownstone  pal- 
ace, the  property 
of  the  Union 
Club,  dedicated  as 
its  club-ho^se  in 
the  year  1855. 

The  Union 
League  Club,  at 
the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Fifth  Ave- 
inic  and  39th 
Street,  was  organ- 
ized in  1863,  and 
incorporated  in 
1865,  "  to  dis- 
countenance dis- 
loyalty to  the 
United  States, and 
for  the  promotion 
of  good  govern- 
ment, and  the  ele- 
vation of  Ameri- 
can citizenship." 


UNION   LEAGUE  CLUB 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


545 


The  President  is  Gen.  Horace  Porter.  The  entrance-fee  is  $ 300;  the  yearly  dues 
are  $75.  The  founders  of  the  Union  League  Club  were  members  of  the  United- 
States  Sanitary  Commission.  Its  Presidents  have  been  Robert  B.  Minturn,  Jonathan 
Sturges,  Charles  H.  Marshall,  John  Jay,  Jackson  S.  Shultz,  William  J.~Hoppin, 
Joseph  II.  Choate,  George  Cabot  Ward,  Hamilton  Fish,  William  M.  Evarts,  and 
Chauncey  M.  Depew.  Its  library  is  regarded  as  the  most  valuable  of  club-libraries. 
Its  art-gallery  is  superb.  The  interior  decorations  of  its  stately  building  are  by  La- 
Farge  and  Tiffany.  The  Union  League  Club  has  a  standing  political  committee,  of 
strong  Republican  proclivities.  The  membership  of  the  club  includes  1,700  gentle- 
men. The  club-house  was  erected  for  the  Union  League,  at  a  cost  of  $400,000, 
and  is  a  magnificent  specimen  of  Queen-Anne  architecture,  with  admirable  interior 
arrangements  and  a  famous  oak-panelled  dining-room. 

The  Manhattan  Club,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and  34th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1865,  and  re-organized  in  1877,  '.'  to  advance  Democratic 
principles,  to  pro- 
mote social  inter- 
course among  its 
members,  and  to 
provide  them  with 
the  conveniences 
of  a  club-house." 
The  home  of  the 
club  was  at  the 
southwest  corner 
of  Fifth  Avenue 
and  15th  Street, 
until  1891,  when 
it  purchased  the 
white  marble  man- 
sion built  for  A. 
T.  Stewart.  The 
President  is  Fred- 
eric R.  Coudert. 
The  entrance-fee 

is  $250  ;  the  half-yearly  dues  are  $37.50.  The  Manhattan  has  one  of  the  largest, 
most  commodious,  and  most  beautiful  club-houses  in  the  world,  and  is  celebrated,' 
moreover,  for  its  delicious  cuisine.  Nearly  all  of  the  club's  thousand  members  be- 
long to  the  Democratic  party,  some  of  whose  most  important  councils  and  recep- 
tions are  held  in  this  marble  palace. 

The  Metropolitan  Club  is  building  a  house  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue 
and  60th  Street,  on  a  site  formerly  owned  by  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  It  is  a 
noble  palace  of  white  marble,  with  halls  of  Numidian  marble.  The  architects  are 
Mckim,  Mead  &  White.  A  feature  of  this  club,  organized  February  20  1801  bV 
members  of  the  Union  Club,  is  to  be  a  ladies'  annex.  The  entrance-fee  is  $300  • 
the  annual  dues  are  $100  for  resident  members,  and  $50  for- non-residents  The 
president  is  J.  Pierpont  Morgan.  The  club  already  has  the  favor  of  so  many  men  of 
great  wealth  that  it  is  known  as  the  Millionaires'  Club.    It  has  800  members. 

The  New-York  Club,  on  Fifth  avenue,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  icth  Street 
was  organized  in  1845,  and  incorporated  in  1874.  The  president  is  James  H 
Parker.    The  entrance-fee  is  $100  ;    the  yearly  dues  are  $75.     For  non-resident 


MANHATTAN  CLUB,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  WEST  34th  STREET 


546 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


NEW-YORK  CLUB,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  35TH  STREET. 


members  the  entrance-fee  i? 
$50 ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$37.50.  The  club-house  is 
the  Caswell  house,  the 
former  home  of  the  Univer- 
sity Club,  remodelled  into  a 
graceful  building  of  the 
Queen-Anne  style.  The 
club  was  originally  housed 
in  Chambers  Street,  opposite 
the  Court-IIouse.  It  moved 
to  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Walker  Street,  to  737 
Broadway,  to  558  Broad- 
way, to.  620  Broadway,  to 
Astor  Place  and  Broadway, 
to  15th  Street  and  Fifth 
Avenue,  to  Madison  Square,  opposite  the  Worth  monument,  and  in  18S7  to  its 
present  building. 

The  Knickerbocker  Club  is  at  319  Fifth  Avenue,  in  a  brick  building  with 
brownstone  trimmings  at  the  bay  windows  on  the  avenue  and  the  entrance  on  32<1 
Street.  It  was  organized  in  1871,  of  descendants  of  original  settlers  of  New  York; 
of  "Knickerbockers,"  elected  by  a  Board  of  Governors.  The  entrance-fee  is  $300; 
the  yearly  dues  are  $100.  Visitors  arc  admitted  for  six  months  and  three  months  by 
ballot  of  the  Board  of  Governors. 

The  St.-Nicholas  Club,  at  386  Fifth  Avenue,  is  formed  of  descendants  of  resi- 
dents, prior  to  1785,  of  the  city  or  State  of  New  York.  Its  object  is  social,  and  to 
collect  and  preserve  information  respecting  the  early  history  and  settlement  of  the 
city  and  State  of 
New  York.  The 
President  is 
James  W.  Beek- 
man.  The  admis- 
sion-fee is  $100. 
The  yearly  dues 
are  $75  for  resi- 
dent and  #37.50 
for  non-resident 
members.  The 
social  object  of 
the  club  is  pre- 
dominant. 

The  Calumet 
Club,  at  267  Fifth 
Avenue,  a  large 
brick  building 
with  brown-stone 

trimmings  and  bay  windows  on  the  avenue,  and  entrance  on  29th  Street,  was 
organized  in  1879,  anfl  incorporated  in  1891.  The  members  are  elected  by  the  Gov- 
erning Committee.     The  initiation-fee  is  $200;  and  the  yearly  dues  are  $65  for 


ICKERBOCKER  CLUB,  FIFTH 


OLAS  CLUB,  386   FIFTH  AVENUE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEIV  YORK. 

resident  and  .^35  for  non-resident  mem- 
bers. The  Calumet  is  a  club  for  the  men 
whom  the  limit  of  membership  and  the 
long  waiting  list  keep  out  of  the  Union. 

The  Gotham  Club,  at  651  Madison 
Avenue,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in 
18S7.  The  initiation  fee  is  $100 ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $80.  Its  object  is  to  pro- 
mote sociability  among  its  members.  The 
club  is  composed  entirely  of  members  of 
the  most  refined  and  wealthiest  Hebrew 
families.  It  is  a  very  exclusive  club,  and 
until  recently  the  membership  has  been 
limited  to  100,  the  limit  now  being  raised 
to  200.  The  new  club-house,  at  Madison 
Avenue  and  60th  Street,  is  centrally  located 
and  elegantly  furnished. 

The  New  Club,  at  747  and  749  Fifth 
Avenue,  was  organized  and  incorporated 
in  1889.    The  initiation-fee  is  $ioo  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $100  for  resident  and  $50 
for  non-resident  members. 

The  Fulton  Club,  at  81-83  Fulton  Street,  in  the  Market  and  Fulton  Bank 
Building,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1889.  Tne  initiation  fee  is  $100  ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $50  for  resident  and  $25  for  non-resident  members. 

The  West-End  Club,  at  134  West  72d  Street,  was  organized  and  incorporated 
in  1889.     The  initiation  fee  is  $100  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $50. 

The  Authors'  Club,  organized  in  1882,  and  incorporated  in  February,  18S7,  is 
formed  of  authors  of  published  books  proper  to  literature,  and  writers  holding  a  rec- 
ognized place  in  distinctively  literary  work.  The  entrance-fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly 
dues  are  $20.  New  members  are  elected  by  a  committee.  Frank  D.  Sherman  is  sec- 
retary of  the  club.    To  obtain  funds  for  a  house  the  members  have  written  stories 

sketches,  and 
poems,  to  fill  a 
large  and  sumptu- 
ous volume,  which 
the  club  will  pub- 
lish in  a  limited 
edition  of  251  cop- 
ies. Every  article 
will  be  signed  by 
its  author,  with 
pen  and  ink,  in 
every  copy  of  the 
book.  The  sub- 
scription-price is 
$100  a  copy.  The 
manuscripts  will 
be  bound  up  and 
sold  to  the  highest 

CALUMET  CLUR.  FIFTH  AVENUE  AN  bidder. 


548 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Century  Club,  at  7  West  43d  Street,  was  organized  in  1847,  and  incor- 
porated in  1857,  to  promote  the  advancement  of  art  and  literature.  It  was  called 
the  Century,  because  the  number  of  members  was  limited  to  a  hundred.    There  are 


CENTURY  CLUB,  7  WEST  430  STREET,  NEAR  FIFTH  AVENUE. 

at  least  900  members  at  present.  The  building  agreeably  recalls  the  palatial  English 
club-houses.  The  style  is  Italian  Renaissance.  The  basement  is  of  light  stone,  the 
superstructure  of  cream-colored  brick.  The  contrast  between  the  severity  of  the 
lower  stories  and  the  ornateness  and  plasticity  of  the  superstructure,  between  the 
tall  and  massive  archway  of  the  main  entrance  and  the  rich  and  graceful  loggia,  is 
enchanting.  The  President  is  Daniel  Huntington.  The  members  are  authors, 
artists,  and  amateurs  of  literature  and  the  fine  arts.    The  entrance-fee  is  $150  ;  the 


yearly  dues  are  $50.     An  art-gallery,  an  art-libran 


HARLEM  CLUB 


E  AND  1230  STREET. 


Twelfth-Night  revelry, 
wherein  the  greatest 
artists  and  men  of  let- 
ters are  sublime  jesters, 
and  a  superb  disregard 
for  the  money  standard 
of  value,  are  the  dis- 
tinctive traits  of  the 
Century  Club.  Its  in- 
corporators were  Gilli- 
an C.  Verplanck,  Wil- 
liam Cullen  Bryant, 
Charles  M.  Leupp, 
Asher  B.  Durand,  John 
F.  Kensett,  William 
Kemble  and  William 
H.  Appleton. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


549 


LOTOS  CLUB,  556   FIFTH  AVENUE 


The  Harlem  Club,  at  Lenox 
Avenue  and  123d  Street,  was  or- 
ganized in  1879,  and  incorporated 
in  1886.  The  initiation-fee  is 
$50 ;  the  annual  dues  are  $40. 
The  handsome  club-house  was 
designed  by  Lamb  &  Rich. 
There  are  nearly  800  members. 

The  Lotos  Club,  at  556 
Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in 
1870,  and  incorporated  in  1873, 
"to  promote  social  intercourse 
among  journalists,  artists,  and 
members  of  the  musical  and 
dramatic  professions,  and  repre- 
sentatives, amateurs  and  friends 
of  literature,  science  and  fine 
arts."  The  Lotos  is  celebrated 
for  its  charming  receptions  and 
art-exhibitions.  It  has  650  mem- 
bers. The  initiation-fee  is  $100  ; 
the  yearly  dues  are  $60  for  resident  and  825  for  non-resident  members.  Whitelaw 
Reid  was  formerly  the  President.  The  President  now  is  Frank  R.  Lawrence.  The 
new  club-house  is  from  plans  by  William  H.  Hume. 

The  University  Club,  at  Madison  Square  and  East  26th  Street,  was  incor- 
porated in  1865,  for  "  the  promotion  of  literature  and  art,  by  establishing  and 
maintaining  a  library,  reading-room  and  gallery  of  art,  and  by  such  other  means  as 

shall  be  expedient  for 
such  purpose."  The 
members  are  graduates 
of  colleges  or  universi- 
ties, where  a  residence 
of  three  years  is  required ; 
distinguished  men  who 
have  received  honorary 
degrees  ;  and  graduates 
of  the  United-States 
Military  Academy  and 
the  United- States  Naval 
Academy.  The  Presi- 
dent is  James  W.  Alexan- 
der. The  building  is  the 
property  of  Lawrence 
Jerome's  daughter,  Lady 
Randolph  Churchill. 

The  Colonial 
Club,  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  72d  Street  and 
Sherman    Square,  near 
ison  avenue  and  26tm  street.  Washington's  headquar- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


COLONIAL  CLUB,  BOULEVARD  AND  720  STREET. 

There  are  a  drawing-room,  sitting-room,  smoking-room,  bill 
dining-room,  and  bowling  alley.  The  roof  is  flat,  paved 
rounded  by  a  high  stone  bal- 
ustrade. Members  are  elec- 
ted by  the  Trustees.  The 
entrance-fee  is  $100;  the 
yearly  dues  are  %  50.  Ladies 
are  accorded  privileges  at 
this  club,  an  entrance  being 
provided  for  them  on  7 2d 
Street. 

The  Germans  have  sev- 
eral very  fine  social  clubs, 
besides  their  numerous  musi- 
cal and  athletic  organiza- 
tions, press-club,  etc. 

The  Harmonie  Club, 
at  45  West  42d  Street,  is  the 
most  homelike  in  jealous 
regard  for  privacy  of  clubs. 
An  ancient  and  honored  in- 
stitution of  the  German  col- 
ony of  New  York,  an  aristo- 
cratic club,  with  the  charac- 
teristic that  the  members 
attend  it  with  their  wives,  if 
they  please,  reputed  to  be 


ters,   and  in  the 
center  of  a  circle 
of  Revolutionary 
sites — whence  the 
name  Colon  ia  1 
Club — was  organ- 
ized in  April,  and 
incorporated  in 
May,  1889.  The 
building,  of  gray 
limestone  to  the 
second   story,  of 
gray    brick  with 
white  terra  cotta 
trimmings  f  r  o  m 
there   to  the  top 
story  (which  is  en- 
tirely of  terra  cot- 
ta)—is  colonial  in 
its  style  of  archi- 
tecture and  colo- 
nial in  its  inter- 
ior decorations, 
iard-room,  ball-room, 
with  brick,  and  sur- 


CLU8,  45  WEST 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


551 


AND  EAST  630  STREET. 


verv  wealthy,  and  one  of  the 
most  delightful  of  social  cir- 
cles, it  seldom  permits  itself 
to  appear  in  the  printed  news- 
papers. 

The  Progress  Club,  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and  63d  Street, 
was  organized  in  1864,  and  in- 
corporated in  1S65.  It  trans- 
acts its  business  and  keeps  its 
records  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. M  The  members,  how- 
ever, shall  be  privileged  to 
use  the  German  language  at 
all  meetings  of  the  club."  It 
is  composed  entirely  of  He- 
brews. The  initiation-fee  is 
$100;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$100.  The  president  is  David 
Wile.  The  club  building, 
in  the  style  of  the  Italian 
Renaissance,  was  inaugurated 
in  March,  1S90. 

The  Deutscherverein,  or  German  Club,  has  been  in  existence  since  1842, 
although  its  charter  dates  from  March  20,  1S74.  It  is  a  social  organization,  limited 
in  its  membership  to  Germans  and  those  who  speak  German.  For  many  years  its 
club-house  was  at  13  West  24th  Street.  In  1890  it  erected  a  handsome  building  at 
1 12  West  59th  Street,  which  it  now  occupies.  It  is  five  stories  in  height,  of  Indiana 
limestone,  in  the  Renaissance  style  of  architecture,  and  occupies  three  city  lots.  The 
membership  is  about  250,  but  for  its  numerical  strength  the  clnb  is  one  of  the  richest 

in  the  city.  The  initia- 
tion-fee is  $100,  and 
the  annual  dues  $75. 
Charles  Unger  is  the 
President,  and  Otto 
Hofmann  Secretary. 

The  Freund- 
Schaft  Society,  at 
Park  Avenue  and  y2d 
Street,  was  organized  in 
1879.  The  initiation- 
fee  is  $100 ;  yearly 
dues,  §100.  The  club- 
house cost  $560,000. 
and  has  a  superb  white 
ball-room. 

The  Fidelio  Club 
was  organized  in  1870, 
and  incorporated  in 
1S87.  It  designs  only  to 


M  ill 

il  1  lilli 

wit        B  r 

552 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


FIDELIO  CLUB, 


promote  social  intercourse  among  its  mem- 
bers. Its  membership  is  under  no  close 
restriction.  The  club-house  that  it  occu- 
pies is  a  handsome  building,  of  brick,  in 
the  Moresque  style  of  architecture,  four 
stories  in  height.  It  occupies  two  city  lots 
at  no  East  59th  Street,  near  Park  Avenue, 
adjoining  the  Arion  Club.  There  are  about 
250  members.  Sol.  M.  Rothenheim  is  the 
president,  Sam.  Louisson  the  secretary,  and 
Ben.  Hamburger  the  treasurer. 

There  are  numerous  important  literary 
and  artistic  social  organizations,  besides  the 
Century,  the  Authors',  and  the  Lotos. 

The  Lambs'  Club,  at  8  West  29th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1874,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1877,  for  "the  social  intercourse  of 
members  of  the  dramatic  and  musical  pro- 
fessions with  men  of  the  world,  and  the 
giving  of  entertainments  for  mutual  amuse- 
ment and  instruction."  The  admission-fee 
is  $50  for  lay  members,  and  $25  for  profes- 
sional and  non-resident  members  ;  the  yearly 
dues  are  $50  for  resident,  and  $25  for  non- 
resident and  professional  members. 
40  West  22d  Street,  was  organized  in  1 87 1,  and 
promotion  of  social  intercourse  among  artists,  and 


EAST  59TH  STREET 

The  Salmagundi  Club,  at 

incorporated  in  1 880,  for  "the  m 

the  advancement  of  art."  It  is  made  up  of  painters,  draughtsmen,  sculptors,  and 
crayon  artists.  The  President  is  C.  Y.  Turner.  The  initiation-fee  is  $20  ;  the  yearly 
dues  are  $20. 

The  St.-Anthony  Club  is  a  local  or- 
ganization of  members  of  the  Delta  Psi 
college  fraternity.  Its  mission  is  social,  and 
its  membership  is  limited  to  post-graduate 
members  of  some  chapter  of  the  fraternity. 
It  has  a  modest  club-house  at  29  East  28th 
Street,  near  Madison  Avenue,  which  was  ex- 
tensively remodelled  in  1892.  It  is  of  brick, 
relieved  with  stone,  and  it  occupies  a  single 
lot.  Valentine  Mott  is  the  president,  Fred- 
erick A.  Potts  the  secretary,  and  Lyman  R. 
Colt  the  treasurer. 

The  Quill  Club,  at  22  West  23d  Street, 
was  organized  in  1890  for  "the  promotion  of 
fellowship  and  interchange  of  views  on  ques- 
tions in  the  domains  of  religion,  morals,  philos- 
ophy, and  sociology,"  formed  of  believers  in 
the  Christian  religion,  members  of  one  of  the 
learned  professions  or  engaged  in  literature. 
The  initiation-fee  is  $3 ;  yearly  dues  are  1$  1 5. 


ST.  -ANTHONY  CLUB,  28th  STREET  BETWEEN 
MADISON  AND  FOURTH  AVENUES. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


553 


The  Grolier  Club,  at  29  East  32c! 
Street,  was  organized  in  1884,  and  in- 
corporated in  1888,  for  "the  literary 
study  and  promotion  of  the  arts  per- 
taining to  the  production  of  books." 
The  building  is  small  and  graceful, 
and  in  the  style  of  the  Renaissance. 
The  club  takes  its  name  from  Jean 
Grolier,  a  great  French  book-lover  of 
the  Renaissance.  It  occasionally  pub- 
lishes books  that  are  models  of  typog- 
raphy, and  not  for  sale  excepting  to 
members,  and  several  times  yearly  ex- 
hibits works  of  art  and  arranges  lec- 
tures germane  to  its  purposes,  to  which 
the  public  is  admitted  by  a  member's 
card.  The  initiation-fees  are  $50  and 
•t25-  ft  nas  35°  members.  Beverley 
Chew  is  President. 

The  Cosmos  Club,  at  98  Fifth 
Avenue,  was  organized  in  1885,  "f°r 
the  promotion  of  knowledge  and  social 
intercourse  among  its  members  and 
their  families."  Members  must  have 
read  Humboldt's  Cosmos.  The  initia- 
tion-fee is  $100;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$50  for  resident  and  $25  for  non-resi- 
dent members. 

The  Shakespeare  Society  of 
New  York,  organized  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1885,  is  formed  of  students  of 
Shakespearean  and  Elizabethan  litera- 
ture. The  President  is  Appleton  Morgan.  The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ;  the  annual 
dues  are  $5.  The  Bankside  Shakespeare,  in  20  volumes,  with  addenda,  besides 
original  works  of  reference,  were  published  under  the  auspices  of  the  society  ;  which 
for  a  time  published  the  magazine,  Shakespeareana.  J.  O.  Halliwell-Phillips 
bequeathed  to  it  his  wood-blocks  and  electros.  The  society  meets  at  Hamilton  Hall, 
Columbia  College.     Its  secretary  is  Wm.  H.  Fleming,  74  Franklin  Street. 

The  Holland  Society  of  New  York  was  organized  and  incorporated  in 
1885,  "to  collect  and  preserve  the  history  of  the  settlement  of  New  York  and  else- 
where in  America  by  the  Dutch  ;  to  collect  documents,  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
Dutch  ancestors,  promote  social  intercourse,  gather  a  library,  and  publish  a  history 
of  the  Dutch  in  America."  It  is  formed  of  descendants  in  the  male  line  only  of 
Dutchmen,  Dutch  settlers,  or  Dutch  citizens  in  America  prior  to  1675.  Members 
are  elected  by  Trustees.  The  President  is  J.  William  Beekman.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $5  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $5.    There  are  1,000  members. 

The  Players,  at  16  Gramercy  Park,  organized  in  1887,  incorporated  in  1888. 
"Its  particular  business  and  objects  are  the  promotion  of  social  intercourse  between 
the  representative  members  of  the  Dramatic  profession,  and  of  the  kindred  profes- 
sions of  Literature,  Painting,  Sculpture  and  Music,  and  the  Patrons  of  the  Arts ; 


GROLIER  CLUB,  29  EAST  32D  STREET. 


554 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1  HE  PLAYERS,  18  GRAMERCY  PARK. 

hibition  of  portraits,  photographs, 


and 


the  creation  of  a  library  relating  espec- 
ially to  the  history  of  the  American 
Stage,  and  the  preservation  of  pictures, 
bills  of  the  play,  photographs  and  curi- 
osities connected  with  such  history." 
The  club-house,  the  gift  of  Edwin  Booth 
to  the  society,  is  filled  with  paintings  and 
engravings,  scarce  books,  and  relics  of 
the  stage.  Members  are  elected  by  Trus- 
tees. The  President  was  the  late  Edwin 
Booth.  The  Vice-President  is  Augustin 
Daly  ;  the  Secretary,  Laurence  Hutton  ; 
the  Chairman  of  the  House  Committee, 
A.  M.  Palmer. 

The  Aldine  Club,  at  20  Lafayette 
Place,  organized  and  incorporated  in 
1889,  is  formed  of  printers,  publishers, 
authors  and  artists.  The  President  is 
Erank  R.  Stockton.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $100  for  resident,  and  $50  for  non- 
resident members  ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$50  for  resident,  and  $25  for  non-resi- 
dent members.  The  club-house  was 
formally  opened  Eebruary  12,  1890, 
with 
an  ex- 
manu- 


scripts of  American  authors.  Exhibitions,  din- 
ners, meetings  at  which  celebrated  writers  of 
stories  and  celebrated  speakers  tell  anecdotes  and 
recollections  of  men  and  events,  are  Aldine  traits. 

The  New-York  Press  Club,  at  120  Nassau 
Street,  was  organized  in  1872,  and  incorporated 
in  1874,  for  benevolent  and  social  purposes.  The 
initiation  fee  is  #10  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $10.  A 
congenial  dinner  and  monthly  informal  recep- 
tions of  prominent  artists,  musicians  and  players, 
are  distinctive  features  of  the  Press  Club.  The 
membership  is  700,  making  the  largest  organiza- 
tion of  newspaper  and  literary  men  in  the  world. 
It  has  a  good  reference  library  ;  and  also  a  read- 
ing-room, with  files  of  all  the  prominent  Ameri- 
can newspapers,  periodicals  and  magazines. 

The  local  societies  of  college  men  include, 
besides  the  University  Club,  the  following  : 

The  Union-College  Alumni  Association 
was  organized  in  1888  for  "social  intercourse  and 
mutual  acquaintance  and  the  promotion  of  the 
best  interests  of  Union  College."  It  is  formed  of 
persons  who  have  attended  the  college  for  a  year. 


ALCINE  CLUB,  20  LAFAYETTE  PLACE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


555 


The  Yale  Alumni  Association  of  New 
York  aims  "to  increase  the  acquaintance  among 
Yale  graduates,  to  facilitate  the  entrance  of  young 
graduates  into  active  life,  and  to  promote  the 
interests  of  the  University."  It  is  formed  of 
Yale  graduates.  The  President  is  Henry  E. 
Howland. 

The  Delta  Phi  Club,  at  56  East  49th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1884,  and  is  formed  of 
graduate  members  of  the  A  college  fraternity. 
The  President  is  T.  J.  Oakley  Rhinelander. 

The  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  Club,  at  435 
Fifth  Avenue,  was  formed  in  1885,  and  is  made 
up  of  500  graduate  members  of  the  A  KE  frater- 
nity.   The  President  is  Hon.  Calvin  S.  Brice. 

The  Zeta  Psi  Club,  at  45  West  326*  Street, 
was  organized  in  1882,  and  incorporated  in  1886, 
by  graduate  members  of  the  Z  W  college  frater- 
nity.   The  President  is  Austen  G.  Fox. 

The  Sigma  Phi  Club,  at  9  Fast  27th  Street, 
incorporated  in  1 887,  is  formed  of  graduate 
members  of  the  ^  $  college  fraternity.  The 
President  is  Daniel  Butterfield.  The  yearly  dues 
are  $5  for  non-resident  and  $20  for  resident 
members. 

The  Psi  Upsilon  Club,  at  33  West  42d 
Street,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1886, 
by  graduates  of  the  W  TC  college  fraternity.  The 
President  is  Dr.  George  Henry  Fox.  The  initia- 
tion-fee is  $15  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $25  for  resi- 
dent and  $10  for  non-resident  members. 

The  Del- 
ta Upsi- 
lon Club, 
at  1 42 West 
48th  Street, 
organized 
and  incor- 
porated in 
1887,  is 
formed  of 
fraternity, 
yearly  dues 


NEW-YORK  PRESS  CLUB,  120  NASSAU  STREET. 


PSI  UPSILON  CLUB,  33  WEST  420  STREET. 


graduates  of  the  A   V  college 
The  initiation-fee  is  $  10  ;  the 
are  $20  for  resident  and  $5  for 
non-resident  members. 

The  Alpha  Delta  Phi  Club,  at  226 
Madison  Avenue,  organized  and  incorporated 
in  1890,  is  formed  of  graduate  members  of  the 
A  A  $  college  fraternity.  The  President  is 
Joseph  H.  Choate.  The  initiation-fee  is  $25 
for  resident  and  $10  for  non-resident  members. 


556 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


'  "5* 


II 


WEST  22D  STREET. 


The  Harvard  Club  of  New 

York  City,  at  u  West  22d  Street, 
•was  organized  in  1865,  and  incor- 
porated in  1887,  "to  advance  the 
interests  of  the  University,  and  to 
promote  social  intercourse  among 
the  alumni  resident  in  New  York 
and  vicinity."  It  is  formed  of 
graduates  of  Harvard  elected  by 
the  club.  The  president  is  Ed- 
ward King,  '53  ;  the  Treasurer, 
Frederic  Cromwell,  '63  ;  the  Sec- 
retary, Evert  Jansen  Wendell,  '82. 
The  annual  Harvard-Club  dinner 
assembles,  at  Delmonico's,  in  Feb- 
ruary, many  eminent  persons.  A 
new  building  is  to  be  erected  on 
West  44th  Street,  near  Fifth  Avenue. 

The  Congregational,  Univer- 
salist  and  Unitarian  denomina- 
tions each  has  a  powerful  central 
club. 

The  Catholic  Club  of  New  York,  at  120  West  59th  Street,  was  organized  in 
1871,  and  incorporated  in  1873,  to  advance  Catholic  interests,  to  encourage  the 
study  of  Catholic  literature,  and  for  the  moral  and  intellectual  improvement  of  its 
members.  The  first  story  and  basement  of  the  building  are  of  rustic  stone,  the  upper 
stories  of  Roman  brick  and  terra  cotta.  The  style  is  early  Italian  Renaissance. 
The  library  occupies  the  third  story.  It  is  one  of  the  best  Catholic  libraries 
in  the  United  States.  The  Presi- 
dent is  Charles  V.  Fornes  ;  Vice- 
President,  Joseph  F.  Daly. 

The  Church  Club  was  organ- 
ized in  1887,  "  to  promote  the  study 
of  the  history  and  the  doctrines  of 
the  Church,  and  to  stimulate  the 
efforts  of  Churchmen  for  her  wel- 
fare and  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
faith."  It  is  formed  of  baptized 
laymen  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 
The  President  is  George  Zabriskie. 

The  Clergy  Club,  at  29  Lafay- 
ette Place,  organized  in  1888,  is  a 
social  and  literary  club  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  clergy.  The  Presi- 
dent is  Bishop  Potter. 

The  Xavier  Club  is  a  powerful 
organization  of  Roman  Catholic 
gentlemen,  with  a  fine  club-house, 
at  29  West  1 6th  Street.  It  is  many- 
sided  in  its  activities  and  aims. 


F£  t  £  £  z  . 


it 

81 


XAVIEft  CLUB,  29  WEST  I6TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


557 


The  Association  of  the 
Bar  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  at  7  West  29th  Street, 
was   organized    in    the  year 

1870,  and    incorporated  in 

1871,  "for  the  purpose  of 
maintaining  the  honor  and 
dignity  of  the  profession  of 
the  law,  of  cultivating  social 
relations  among  its  members, 
and  increasing  its  usefulness 
in  promoting  the  due  admin- 
istration of  justice."  The 
presidents  have  been  William 
M.  Evarts,  1870  to  1879; 
Stephen  P.  Nash,  1880  and 
1 88 1  ;  Francis  N.  Bangs,  1882 
and  1883  ;  James  C.  Carter, 
1884  and  1885  ;  William  Allen 
Butler,  1886  and  1887;  Joseph 
H.  Choate,  1888  and  1889; 
Frederic  R.  Coudert,  1890 
and  1 89 1  ;  and  Wheeler  H. 
Peckham.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $50  ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$40.     The  club-house,  wid- 


1  - 


ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  BAR  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK, 
7  WEST  29TH  STREET,  NEAR  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


ened  by  the  addition  of  a  new  building,  is  filled  with  oil-paintings  of  eminent  law- 
yers, and  engraved  portraits  of  famous  judges,  and  contains  the  most  famous  law- 
library  in  America.-  The  association  has  standing  committees  on  amendment  of  the 
law,  to  watch  all  proposed  changes  in  the  law,  and  propose  such  amendments  as  in 
their  opinion  should  be  recommended  ;  the  judiciary,  to  observe  the  practical  work- 
ing of  the  judicial  system,  and  to  entertain  and  examine  projects  for  change  or  re- 
form in  the  system,  and  recommend  such  action  as  they  deem  expedient  ;  grievances, 
to  investigate  charges  against  members  of  the  Bar,  whether  or  not  they  are  members 
of  the  association  ;  and  judicial  nominations,  to  pass  upon  the  qualifications  for 
judicial  office  of  candidates  nominated  by  political  parties. 

The  Lawyers'  Club,  at  120  Broadway,  was  incorporated  in  1887,  to  provide 
a  meeting-place,  lunch-room,  and  library  for  members.  The  President  is  William 
Allen  Butler  Jr.  Members  are  elected  by  a  Governing  Committee.  There  is  a 
special  dining-room  for  women. 

The  clubs  of  business  men  include  many  strong  organizations. 
The  Electric  Club,  at  17  East  22d  Street,  was  organized  in  1885,  and  incor- 
porated in  1887.  It  is  formed  of  persons  interested  in  electrical  science  and  industry, 
and  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States.  The  initiation-fee  is  $40 
for  active  and  $20  for  associate  members  ;  the  annual  dues  are  $40  for  active  and 
$20  for  associate  members.    The  club-house  contains  a  museum  of  electrical  works. 

The  Insurance  Club,  at  52  Cedar  Street,  is  formed  of  persons  engaged  in  the 
insurance  business.  It  was  incorporated  in  1891.  The  President  is  James  A.  Silvey. 
The  admission-fee  is  % 20  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $24  for  resident  and  $12  for  non- 
resident members. 


558 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Down-Town  Association,  at  60  Pine 
Street,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  April, 
i860,  to  afford  "facilities  and  accommodations 
for  social  intercourse,  dining  and  meeting  during 
intervals  of  business."  The  President  is  Samuel 
D.  Babcock.  The  entrance-fee  is  #150  for  resi- 
dent and  $75  for  non-resident  members  ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $50  for  resident  and  $25  for  non- 
resident members.  The  club-house  is  elegant 
and  handsomely  appointed. 

The  Merchants'  Club,  at  108  Leonard 
Street,  was  incorporated  in  1871,  "to  promote 
social  intercourse  ampng  the  members  thereof, 
and  to  provide  for  them  a  pleasant  place  of  com- 
mon resort  for  entertainment  and  improvement." 
Its  locality  makes  it  an  ideal  place  of  dining  for 
business  men  of  the  dry-goods  district.  The 
initiation-fee  is  %  100  ;  the  yearly  subscription  is 
$75-  Members  are  elected  by  the  Board  of 
Directors. 

The   Merchants'   Central    Club,  at  29 

Wooster  Street,  was  organized  and  incorporated 
in  July,  1886,  "to  promote  social  intercourse 
among  the  members,  and  to  provide  for  them  a 
pleasant  place  of  common  resort  for  entertain- 
ment." The  entrance-fee  is  $75  ;  the  yearly 
dues  are  $50.  Visitors  introduced  by  members  obtain  the  privileges  of  the  club- 
house for  $ioa  month. 

The  Building-Trades' Club,  at  1 17  East  23d  Street,  was  organized  in  1889,  "to 
maintain  a  club-house  furnished  with  all  the  requirements  for  the  advancement  of 
social  enjoyment  and  encouragement  of  friendly  intercourse  between  the  members 
thereof,  and  to  advocate  the  establishment  of  uniformity  of  action  upon  general  prin- 
ciples, among  those  concerned  in  the  erec- 
tion and  construction  of  buildings."  It  is 
formed  of  "employers  in  any  legitimate 
business  connected  with  the  erection  or  fur- 
nishing of  a  building."  The  initiation-fee  is 
$25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $20  for  resident, 
and  $10  for  non-resident  members. 

The  Importers'  and  Traders'  Club, 
at  13  Cedar  Street,  was  organized  in  1 891, 
"to  promote  a  more  enlarged  and  friendly 
intercourse  between  merchants  and  business 
men  and  united  action  in  all  matters  of  com- 
mon interest."  The  entrance-fee  is  $35  ; 
the  yearly  dues  are  $50. 

The  Engineers'  Club,  at  10  West 
29th  Street,  although  of  recent  origin  (in- 
corporated in  1888),  has  had  a  steady  and 
constant  advance   as  to   the  number  and 


DOWN-TOWN  ASSOCIATION,  60  PINE  STREET. 


T 

r 

g 

r 

I 

■EJB 

MERCHANTS'  CLUB,  108  LEONARD  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


559 


ENGINEERS'  CLUB,  10  WEST 


standing  of  its  members  equalled  by  but  few  of 
the  many  New-York  clubs.  While  its  aims  are 
purely  social,  it  has  in  its  membership  engineers 
whose  accomplished  work  at  home  and  abroad 
has  made  them  famous.  The  engineer  is  ever  a 
thoughtful  man,  bearing  about  with  him  the  heavy 
responsibilities  of  his  undertakings,  but  here, 
more  than  elsewhere,  he  for  the  time  being  lays 
them  aside  for  social  good  fellowship.  The 
membership  is  600.  The  president  is  J.  F.  Hol- 
loway,  who  is  consulting  engineer  of  the  cor- 
poration of  Henry  R.  Worthington,  steam-pump 
manufacturers.  The  treasurer  is  Addison  C. 
Rand,  of  the  Rand  Drill  Co. ;  and  the  secretary 
is  David  Williams,  publisher  of  The  Iron  Age. 

There  are  many  clubs  devoted  to  Americans 
of  foreign  origin  or  antecedents,  besides  the  great 
German  social  clubs,  the  Arion  and  Liederkranz 
and  other  musical  societies,  and  the  Tum-verein 
and  other  special  organizations.     Almost  every 

nationality  is  thus  represented,  and  even  the  Japanese  have  their  bright  little  club. 

St.  George's  Club  I  made  up  entirely  of  Englishmen,  and  dates  its  origin  from 
1891. 

The  New-York  Caledonian  Club,  at  8  and  10  Horatio  Street,  was  organized 
in  1856,  and  incorporated  in  1861,  for  "the  preservation  of  the  ancient  literature  and 
costume,  and  the  encouragement  and  practice  of  the  ancient  games,  of  Scotland." 
It  is  formed  of  Scotchmen  and  sons  of  Scottish  parents.  The  Chief  is  William 
Hogg.    The  initiation-fee  is  #5  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  #3.    The  annual  fall  games,  at 

Jones's  Wood,  are  distinguished 
for  their  athletic  feats,  and  the 
assemblage  of  Scots  from  all  over 
America.  The  Caledonian  built  its 
own  brick  and  stone  club-house. 

St.  Patrick's  Club,  Morton 
House,  was  organized  in  1884  for 
•'social  intercourse  among  Irish- 
men, their  descendants,  and  all 
those  friendly  to  the  Irish  peo- 
ple." The  president  is  Edward 
E.  McCall.  The  yearly  dues  are 
$10.  The  club  has  an  annual 
banquet,  on  March  17th. 

The  New-York  Swiss 
Club,  at  80  Clinton  Place,  was 
organized  in  1882,  for  social  and 
literary  intercourse  among  the 
Swiss  residents  of  New  York  and 
its  environs.  The  President  is 
J.  J.  Metzger.    The  yearly  dues 

NEW-YORK  CALEDONIAN  CLUB,  8  AND  10  HORATIO  STREET.  are  $IO. 


56o  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Other  interesting  societies  are  those  formed  by  men  from  other  States,  now 

dwelling  in  the  Empire  City. 

The  New-England  Society,  the  first  of  the  kind  in  America,  was  founded 
in  1805,  by  Watson  and  Woolsey,  Lawrence  and  Dwight,  Wolcott  and  Winthrop, 
and  other  New-England-born  New-Yorkers.  It  is  for  New-Englanders  and  their 
descendants,  and  to  promote  friendship,  charity  and  mutual  assistance;  and  for 
literary  purposes.  The  membership  is  1,542;  and  the  society's  productive  fund  of 
#92,000  pays  annuities  to  the  widows  and  children  of  deceased  members,  if  in  need. 

The  Ohio  Society  of  New  York,  at  236  Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1886, 
and  incorporated  in  1888,  "  to  cultivate  social  intercourse  among  its  members  and 
to  promote  their  best  interests."  It  is  formed  of  natives  of  Ohio,  sons  of  natives  of 
Ohio,  and  persons  who  have  lived  for  seven  years  in  Ohio.  The  President  is  Wil- 
liam L.  Strong.  The  initiation  fee  is  $20  for  resident  and  $10  for  non-resident 
members  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $15  for  resident  and  $10  for  non-resident  members. 

The  New-York  Southern  Society,  at  18  and  20  West  25th  Street,  was  or- 
ganized in  1886,  "  to  promote  friendly  relations  among  Southern  men  resident  in 
New-York  City,  and  to  cherish  and  perpetuate  the  memories  and  traditions  of  the 
Southern  people."  It  is  formed  of  persons  of  Southern  ancestry,  or  who  resided  in 
the  South  twenty  years  prior  to  1884.    The  initiation-fee  is  $50  for  resident  and 

$10  for  non-resident  mem- 
bers ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$30  for  resident  and  $  10 
for  non-resident  members. 

Among  the  clubs  of  mili- 
tary men  are  : — 

The  United  Service 
Club,  at  16  West  31st  Street. 
It  was  organized  and  incor- 
porated in  1889,  of  commis- 
sioned officers  or  ex-officers 
of  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Na- 
tional Guard,  and  graduates 
of  the  U.-S.  Military  and 
Naval  Academies.  The 
President  is  Brig. -Gen.  G. 
H.  McKibben.  The  initia- 
tion-fee is  $25  ;  the  yearly 
dues  are  $20.  The  mem- 
bership is  nearly  800. 

The  Old  Guard  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Fifth 
Avenue  and  14th  Street,  was 
organized  as  the  Light  Guard 
united  service  club,  16  west  31st  street.  in   1826,   and  as  the  City 

Guard  in  1833,  and  reorganized  and  incorporated  as  the  Old  Guard  in  1868.  It  is  a 
military  company,  governed  as  the  National  Guard,  but  formed  as  a  club  "  to  afford 
pecuniary  relief  to  indigent  or  reduced  members  and  their  widows  and  children  ;  and 
to  promote  social  union  and  fellowship."  Members  are  over  30  years  of  age,  and 
duly  qualified  by  military  service.    The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


56l 


$30.  The  President  is  the  Major  of  the  Guard,  Thomas  E.  Sloan.  The  yearly 
Old-Guard  ball,  in  January,  is  a  brilliant  social  festival. 

The  Seventh  Regiment  Veteran  Club,  at  756  Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized 
and  incorporated  in  1889,  and  formed  of  veterans  of  the  Seventh  Regiment,  N.  G., 
S.  N.  Y.,  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  Marine  Corps,  and  active  members  of 
the  Seventh  Regiment.  The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $35.  The 
President  is  Locke  W.  Winchester. 

The  Society  of  the  War  of  1812,  was  incorporated  in  1892,  "to  inculcate 
love  of  country  and  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  glorious  dead  and  of  the  sol- 
diers of  1 81 2."    The  President  is  Morgan  Dix,  S.  T.  D.,  D.  C.  L. 

The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  secret  order,  membership  in  which  is 
open  to  any  Federal  soldier  or  sailor  who  served  honorably  during  the  Civil  War,  is 
very  strong  in  this  city,  although  the  headquarters  of  the  department  of  New  York 
are  at  Albany.  There  are  55  posts  in  New-York  City,  of  which  the  best-known 
are  Phil-Kearny  Post  8,  which  meets  at  117  West  23d  Street;  Abraham-Lincoln, 
13,  at  54  Union  Square  ;  George  G.  Meade  38,  at  501  Hudson  Street ;  Farragut  75, 
at  the  Boulevard  and  74th  Street;  George- Washington  103,  at  Hotel  Brunswick; 
John-A.-Dix  135,  at  33  Union  Square;  Lafayette  140,  at  Masonic  Temple;  and 
PhH-Sheridan  233,  at  1 591  Second  Avenue.  The  membership  of  the  order  in  this 
city  is  not  far  from  8,000.  Two  officers  of  the  Department-Commander's  staff  come 
from  this  city.  They  are  the  Junior  Vice-Commander,  William  F.  Kirchner,  of  L. - 
Aspinwall  Post  600,  and  the  Senior  Aide-de-Camp,  L.  C.  Bartlett,  of  Lafayette 
Post  140.  There  is  in  the  city  a  permanent  relief  and  memorial  committee,  chosen 
from  the  different  posts,  with  headquarters  in  the  basement  of  the  City  Hall.  The 
officers  of  this  committee  are  David  S.  Brown,  of  James- Munroe  Post  607,  chair- 
man; N.  W.  Day,  of  John-A.-Dix  Post  135,  treasurer;  E.  J.  Atkinson,  of  Horace- 
B. -Claflin  Post  578,  recording  secretary. 

The  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States  is  an 
organization  composed  of  men  who  held  commissions  in  the  army  or  navy,  regular 
or  volunteer,  during  the  Civil  War.  The  headquarters  of  the  Commandery  of  the 
State  of  New  York  are  in  the  Morse  Building,  140  Nassau  Street.  The  organiza- 
tion has  regular  meetings  on  the  first  Wednesdays  in  February,  April,  May,  October 
and  December,  at  Delmonico's.    Gen.  Wager  Swayne  is  the  Commander. 

Political  Clubs  are  numbered  by  the  score,  in  all  grades  of  organization  and  soci- 
ety. The  van  of  the  Democratic  line  is  led  by  the  magnificent  Manhattan  Club  ; 
and  the  Republican  columns  are  marshalled  by  the  sagacious  leaders  of  the  Union 
League  Club. 

The  Tammany  Society,  or  Columbian  Order,  has  a  large  brick  building  on 
East  14th  Street,  with  a  spacious  public  hall.  This  organization  was  formed  in  1789, 
as  a  benevolent  society,  with  many  queer  observances  and  titles  borrowed  from  the 
Indians.  Even  yet  the  two  classes  of  its  members  are  known  as  Braves  and  Sachems, 
and  other  aboriginal  titles  diversify  the  roll  of  officers.  The  membership  is  almost 
identical  with  that  of 

The  Tammany  Hall  General  Committee,  which  is  allowed  by  the  society  to 
occupy  its  building.  This  is  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  skilfully  organized  polit- 
ical organization  in  the  world,  and  practically  holds  the  headship  of  the  Democratic 
party  in  the  city  of  New  York,  besides  being  a  power  in  State  and  National  politics. 
The  General  Committee  is  composed  of  1,100  members;  and  each  election-district 
has  its  local  committee.  The  organization  of  the  entire  Tammany  mechanism  is  so 
perfect  and  so  efficient  that  it  will  probably  control  the  city  for  an  indefinite  period. 
36 


562 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THIRD  AVENUE. 


merit  of  West-Side  property.    The  initiation 

The  Harlem  Democratic  Club,  at  15 
East  125th  Street,  was  organized  in  1882, 
"  to  foster  and  disseminate  Democratic  prin- 
ciples." The  initiation-fee  is  $10;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $20. 

The  New-York  Free-Trade  Club, 
whose  secretary's  office  is  at  365  Canal  Street, 
was  incorporated  in  1878,  for  the  "forma- 
tion of  a  public  opinion  that  will  secure  Con- 
gressional action  toward  freedom  of  commer- 
cial intercourse,  otherwise  abolition  or  a 
reduction  of  the  tariff."  The  President  is 
D.  H.  Chamberlain. 

Jhe  Lincoln  Club  of  New  York,  at 
56  Clinton  Place,  was  organized  in  1870,  and 
incorporated  in  1 871,  of  persons  who  are 
residents  of  the  city,  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  Republicans  in  politics.  The 
President  is  Cornelius  Van  Cott,  postmaster 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $24. 


The  Democratic  Club  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  at  617 

Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in 
1852,  and  incorporated  in  1890, 
"  to  foster,  disseminate,  and 
give  effect  to  Democratic  princi- 
ples." The  President  is  John 
II.  V.  Arnold.  The  initiation- 
fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$25  for  resident  members. 

The  Sagamore  Club,  at 
21  West  124th  Street,  incorpor- 
ated in  1889,  is  formed  of  per- 
sons Democratic  in  politics. 
The  entrance-fee  is  $10;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $10. 

The  Iroquois  Club,  at  4 
West  13th  Street,  was  organized 
and  incorporated  in  1889.  It 
is  formed  of  persons  Democratic 
in  politics.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $25;  the  yearly  dues  are  $13. 

The  West-Side  Demo- 
cratic Club,  at  59  West  96th 
Street,  was  incorporated  in 
1892,  for  the  promotion  of  Dem- 
ocratic political  ideas  and  the 
protection  and  secure  develop- 
fee  is  $10  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12. 


SAGAMORE  CLUB,  21  WEST  124TM  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


563 


The   Republican  Club,  at  450 

Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1879, 
and  incorporated  in  1886,  "to  advo- 
cate, promote  and  maintain  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Republican  party."  The 
President  is  James  A.  Blanchard.  The 
initiation-fee  is  $50  for  resident  and 
$25  for  non-resident  members. 

The  Harlem  Republican  Club, 
at  145-147  West  125th  Street,  was  or- 
ganized in  1887,  and  incorporated  in 
1888,  "to  advocate  and  maintain  the 
principles  of  Republicanism  as  enun- 
ciated by  the  party."  The  initiation- 
fee  is  %  10  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12  for 
resident  and  $6  for  non-resident  mem- 
bers. 

The  William  H.  Seward  Club, 

was  organized  in  1888,  and  incorpor- 
ated in  1890,  "to  honor  and  perpetu- 
ate the  memory  of  William  1 1.  Seward, 

,     .  11      .  1  •        ,i  „  REPUBLICAN  CLUB,  450  FIFTH  AVENUE. 

and  to  collect  and   preserve   in  the 

archives  of  the  club  everything  appertaining  to  his  public  and  private  life  ;  and  to 
advocate  and  maintain  the  principles  of  the  Republican  party."  The  President  is 
William  M.  Evarts. 

The  City  Reform  Club,  at  677  Fifth  Avenue,  is  a  non-partisan  municipal  organ- 
ization, founded  in  1882.  Its  objects  are  to  promote  honesty  and  efficiency  in 
municipal  affairs,  and  to  secure  honest  elections,  and  to  issue  publications  upon  these 
subjects,  and  an  "annual  record  of  the  members  of  the  Legislature,  in  book  form.  It 
makes  a  specialty  of  securing  and  preserving  information  bearing  upon  all  these  sub- 
jects, which  in- 
formation is  im- 
parted to  those 
wishing  to  use  it 
for  proper  pur- 
poses. The  club 
has  a  small  active 
and  large  sub- 
scribing member- 
ship. 

The  Com- 
monwealth 
Club  was  organ- 
ized in  1886,  for 
the  discussion  of 
political  and 
economical  ques- 
tions  at  monthly 


5^4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


mitted  to  the  principles  of  civil-service  reform,  and  assert  the  right  of  individual 
action  in  politics.  The  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  is  Hon.  Carl  Schurz. 
The  initiation-fee  is  $5  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $3. 

The  Reform  Club,  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and  27th  Street,  has  a  brick 
building  with  brownstone  trimmings  at  the  bay  windows  on  the  avenue  and  the 
entrance  on  the  street,  widened  by  the  addition  of  a  new  building  on  the  street.  It 
was  organized  in  1888  "to  promote  honest,  efficient  and  economical  government." 
The  President  is  Chas.  S.  Fairchild.  The  initiation  fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues 
are  $40  for  resident,  and  $10  for  non-resident  members. 

The  City  Club,  at  677  Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1892,  as  an  "anti-bad- 
city-government  club."  The  object  of  the  club  is  to  purify  the  government  of  that 
city,  and  render  it  efficient,  and  it  has  already  made  itself  felt  in  various  directions. 
The  President  is  James  C.  Carter.    There  are  650  members. 

The  City  Improvement  Society  was  organized  in  1892.  Its  objects  are  : 
To  promote  the  improvement  and  beautifying  of  the  city,  and  to  assist  and  stimu- 
late the  authorities  in  enforcing  the  laws  relating  to  such  subjects.  The  headquarters 
is  at  U26  East  23d  Street. 

The  Athletic  Clubs  of  New  York  include  some  of  the  famous  record-breakers 
of  the  world,  and  have  spacious,  beautiful  and  admirably  arranged  houses.  The 

Berkeley,  Cale- 
donian, Y.  M.  C. 
A. ,  West  -  Side, 
Olympic  and 
other  societies 
give  much  atten- 
tion to  athletics, 
and  there  are  sev- 
eral capital  pri- 
vate gymnasiums. 
The  grounds  of 
the  New -York 
Base -Ball  Club 
("The  Giants") 
are  at  Eighth 
Avenue  and  157th 
Street. 

The  Man- 
hattan Athletic 
Club, at  the  south- 
east corner  o  f 
Madison  Avenue 
and  45th  Street, 
was  organized  in 
1877,  and  incor- 
porated in  1878, 
"  for  the  encour- 
agement of  ath- 
letic exercises  and 
games,  and  to  pro- 
mote physical  cul- 

MANHATTAN  ATHLETIC   CLUB,  MADISON 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


565 


hire  and  social  intercourse  among  its  members.  The  magnificent  iron  and  stone 
club-house  is  said  to  be  the  finest  and  most  costly  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  and 
exemplifies  the  Renaissance  style,  with  a  little  of  Flamboyant  Gothic.  It  has  a 
swimming-tank  in  the  basement,  a  concert-hall  and  a  roof-garden,  besides  the  com- 
plete appurtenances  of  a  perfect  athletic  and  perfect  social  club.  The  club  has  an 
eight  years'  lease  of  Manhattan  Field,  which  is  said  to  be  the  finest  athletic  plant  on 
the  globe.  In  1892-93  the  club  became  financially  embarrassed,  and  its  great  club- 
house was  closed,  and  with  the  contents  sold  at  auction. 

The  New-York  Athletic  Club,  at  West  55th  Street  and  Sixth  Avenue,  was 
organized  in  1868,  and  incorporated  in  1870,  for  "the  promotion  of  amateur 
athletics,  physical  culture  and  the  encouragement  of  all  manner  of  sport."  The 
President  is  August  Bel- 
mont. The  initiation-fee 
is  $100  ;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$50  for  resident  members, 
$20  for  resident  athletic,  and 
$10  for  non-resident  athletic 
members.  The  magnificent 
four-story  brick  club-house 
has  bowling-alleys,  baths 
and  a  swimming-tank  in  the 
basement;  dining-rooms, 
parlors  and  reading-rooms 
on  the  first  floor  ;  1, 100 
lockers  on  the  second  floor, 
and  boxing  and  dressing- 
rooms  ;  a  rubber  running- 
track  around  the  grand 
gymnasium  on  the  fourth 
floor,  beside  the  admirable 
equipments.  Travers  Island, 
near  New  Rochelle,  is  the 
property  of  the  club,  and 
contains  a  country  club- 
house, boat-houses,  a  track  and  athletic  field.  The  cycle  department  of  the  club  is 
at  26  West  60th  Street.    The  membership  of  the  N.  Y.  A.  C.  is  3,000. 

The  University  Athletic  Club,  at  55  West  26th  Street,  in  the  building  for- 
merly occupied  by  the  Racquet  Club,  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1 891,  "to 
furnish  athletic  facilities  for  its  members,  and  to  cultivate  a  love  for  athletic  sports 
in  the  amateur  spirit,  without  a  trace  of  professionalism."  Members  must  be  gradu- 
ates of  colleges  where  at  least  three  years  of  residence  and  study  are  required.  The 
President  is  George  A.  Adee.  The  yearly  dues  are  $50  for  resident  and  $25  for 
non-resident  members. 

The  Actors'  Amateur  Athletic  Association  of  America,  at  43  West  28th 
Street,  was  organized  in  1889,  and  incorporated  in  1890,  for  the  "encouragement  of 
athletic  sports  among  actors,  and  for  social  purposes."  The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ; 
the  yearly  dues  are  $12.    It  is  usually  called  the  Five  A's. 

The  Pastime  Athletic  Club,  at  66th  Street  and  East  River,  was  organized  in 
1877,  and  incorporated  in  1891,  "to  encourage  all  out  and  in-door  exercises,  and  to 
promote  the  social  interests  of  its  members."    The  initiation-fee  is  $3. 


566 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Racquet  and 
Tennis  Club,  at  27  West 
43d  Street,  stands  "for  the 
encouragement  of  all  manly 
sports  among  its  members." 
The  President  is  Isaac 
Townsend.  The  initiation- 
fee  is  %  100  ;  the  yearly  dues 
are  $75  for  resident  and  $40 
for  non-resident  members. 
The  club-house  is  of  Long- 
meadow  stone,  in  the  Ro- 
manesque style.  The  sec- 
ond story  has  the  racquet- 
courts,  the  third  the  gymna- 
sium, and  the  fourth  the 
tennis-courts  ;  and  there  are 
all  the  appurtenances  of  a 
delightful  social  club. 


RACQUET  AND  TENNIS  CLUB,  WEST 


The  Central  Turn-Verein  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1886  for  physi- 


cal culture.     The  initiation-fee  is 


CENTRAL  TURN-VEREIN 


EAST  67th  STREET. 


the  yearly  dues  are  $9  for  active  and  $12  for 
passive  members.  The  President  is  Dr. 
H.  A.  C.  Anderson. 

The  Central  Turn-Verein  had  a  mag- 
nificent new  German  Renaissance  building, 
modern  and  fire-proof,  extending  from 
205  to  217  East  67th  Street,  near  Third 
Avenue,  six  stories  high,  and  covering  a 
ground-area  of  175  by  104  feet.  It  cost  in 
the  vicinity  of  $800,000.  Among  the  in- 
terior equipments  were  admirable  rooms 
for  swimming,  shooting,  fencing,  bowling, 
and  schools  ;  a  huge  gymnasium,  with  all 
kinds  of  apparatus  ;  a  library  and  reading- 
room  ;  meeting-rooms,  a  restaurant,  a 
theatre,  and  the  largest  ball-room  in  the 
city.  The  society  found  it  impossible  to 
pay  the  interest  on  the  mortgage,  and  in 
1893  it  vacated  the  building,  which  be- 
came the  property  of  Jacob  Ruppert. 

The  New-York  Turn-Verein,  at  66 
and  68  East  4th  Street,  was  organized  in 
1849,  anc*  incorporated  in  1857  "for  mental 
and  physical  education  and  for  the  relief 
of  members  in  case  of  sickness  or  distress." 
Members  must  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States.    The  initiation-fee  is  $5. 

Yachting  is  one  of  the  most  popular 
amusements  of  a  New-York  summer,  and 
there  are  more  than  a  score  of  clubs  here. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  patriarch  of  these  is  the  famous 
old  New- York  Yacht  Club  ;  and  the 
American  Yacht  Club,  with  its  splendid 
fleet  of  steam-yachts,  is  also  of  great 
interest. 

The  New-York  Yacht-Club  is 

the  foremost  and  the  oldest  yachting 
organization  in  the  country.  It  was 
organized  in  1 844,  and  incorporated  in 
1865.  Its  club-house  is  at  67  Madison 
Avenue,  New  York  ;  its  general  ren- 
dezvous, off  Bay  Ridge,  just  inside  the 
Narrows  ;  its  racing-course,  from  Bay 
Ridge  to  Sandy-Hook  Bay,  and  thence 
to  Sandy- 1  look  light-ship,  and  return. 
Its  membership-roll  includes  the  best- 
known  amateur  sailors  and  yacht-own- 
ers in  the  East.  Its  fleet  numbers 
nearly  300  steam  and  sailing  vessels, 
many  of  which  are  famous  for  speed  or 
cruising  qualities.  One  of  the  principal 
yachting  events  of  the  year  is  the  an- 
nual cruise  of  the  New-York  Yacht 
Club,  which  begins  early  in  August,  and  new-york  turn-vere.n,  ee  and  es  east  4t„  street. 
extends  generally  to  Marblehead,  Mass.,  with  calls  of  some  length  at  Newport  and 
Martha's  Vineyard.  It  lasts  for  two  weeks  or  more.  The  club  is  the  custodian  of  the 
famous  "  America  Cup,"  and  under  its  auspices  have  been  sailed  all  the  international 
races,  in  which  English  yachtsmen  have  attempted  to  win  the  cup.  The  entrance- 
fee  is  $100  ;  the  yearly  dues  $25.  The  officers  of  the  club  are  Edwin  D.  Morgan, 
Commodore  ;  V.  S.  Oddie,  Secretary;  Frank  W.  J.  Hurst,  Treasurer. 

The  American  Yacht-Club  has  its  principal  rendezvous  and  club-home  at 
Milton  Point,  on  Long-Island  Sound,  some  distance  beyond  the  city  limits,  but  it  is 
distinctively  a  New-York  organization,  and  its  business  meetings  are  held  in  the  city. 
Jay  Gould,  George  Gould,  Washington  E.  Conner,  the  Yanderbilts,  the  Aspinwalls, 
and  other  owners  of  palatial  pleasure-craft,  are  among  the  members.    The  officers  are 

Frank  R.  Lawrence,  Commodore ;  Thomas  L.  Sco- 
ville,  Secretary,  and  George  W.  Hall,  Treasurer. 

The  Seawanhaka  Corinthian  Yacht  Club, 
at  7  East  32d  Street,  was  organized  in  1871,  and  in- 
corporated in  1887,  to  encourage  its  members  "in 
becoming  proficient  in  navigation,  in  the  personal 
management,  control  and  handling  of  their  yachts  ; 
and  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  seamanship."  The 
club  has  a  very  handsome  and  commodious  house 
at  Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.  The  initiation-fee  is  $50 ; 
the  yearly  dues  are  $50. 

The  Columbia  Yacht  Club,  at  86th  Street  and 
the  Hudson  River,  was  organized  in  1867,  and  incor- 
porated in  1869  and  1885.    The  initiation-fee  is  $5  ; 

SEAWANHAKA  CORINTHIAN  YACHT  CLUB,  ,      ,  - 

7  east  32D  street.  the  annuo'  'Ines  are  $12. 


568  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Audubon  Yacht  Club  was  organized  in  1890.    The  initiation-fee  is  $5-. 

the  annual  dues  are  $6.  Grounds  have  been  procured  for  a  new  club-house,  at  the 
foot  of  West  147th  Street. 

The  boat-clubs  include  the  Bloomingdale,  Walhalla,  (iramercy,  Friendship  and 
others,  and  the  following  named  : 

The  Knickerbocker  Canoe  Club,  at  the  foot  of  West  152(1  Street,  Hudson 
River,  was  organized  in  1880,  and  incorporated  in  1884,  "to  promote  canoeing, 
sailing  and  racing."  The  initiation-fee  is  $20;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12  for  active 
and  $5  for  associate  members.  The  New-York  Canoe  Club  has  its  house  at  Staple- 
ton,  Staten  Island. 

The  Atalanta  Boat  Club  was  organized  in  1848,  and  incorporated  in  1866,  "  to 
improve,  encourage  and  perpetuate  the  healthful  exercise  of  rowing,  and  to  promote 
the  cultivation  of  social  intercourse  among  its  members."  The  club  has  a  boat-house 
on  the  Harlem,  and  on  the  Passaic  River. 

The  Dauntless  Rowing1  Club,  at  147th  Street  and  Lenox  Avenue,  was  organ- 
ized in  1863,  and  incorporated  in  1880,  for  "the  promotion  of  rowing,  athletics  and 
social  intercourse."    The  initiation-fee  is  $10;  the  yearly  dues  are  $24. 

The  Nassau  Boat  Club,  at  East  I32d  Street  and  the  Harlem  River,  was  organ- 
ized in  1867,  and  incorporated  in  1868.  The  initiation-fee  is  $10;  the  yearly  dues 
are  $25. 

The  Nonpareil  Rowing  Club,  at  133d  Sired  and  the  Harlem  River,  was 
organized  in  1874  for  aquatic  and  athletic  sports.  The  initiation-fee  is  «$20 ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $15. 

The  Union  Boat  Club,  at  140th  Street  and  the  Harlem  River,  was  organized  in 
1878,  and  incorporated  in  1882.  Members  must  be  Christians.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $20;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12. 

The  Waverley  Boat  Club,  at  156th  Street  and  the  I  ludson  River,  was  organized 
in  1859.    The  initiation-fee  is  $10;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12. 

The  Metropolitan  Rowing  Club,  on  the  Harlem  River,  was  organized  in  1880. 
The  initiation-fee  is  %  10 ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $18. 

The  Wyanoke  Boat  Club,  at  East  I32d  Street  and  the  Harlem  River,  was 

organized  in  1878, 
and  incorporated  in 
1885.  The  initia- 
tion-fee is  $10 ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  %  1 5. 

The  Wheel- 
men's Clubs,  be- 
sides the  New- 
York,  Citizens'  and 
Harlem,  are  : 

The  Manhat- 
tan Bicycle  Club, 
organized  in  1887, 
and  incorporated  in 
1888,  "  to  promote 
cycling  as  a  pastime 
and  pleasure,  " 
formed  of  persons 

RIDING  CLUB  AND  TROOP  A  ARMORY,    130  WEST  56TH  STREET.  eligible  tO  member- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


569 


ship  in  the  League  of  American  Wheel- 
men, and  amateurs  as  defined  by  the 
L.  A.  W.  rules.  The  yearly  dues  are 
$24  for  resident,  and  $6  for  non-resi- 
dent members. 

The  Gotham  Wheelmen,  at  54 
East  79th  Street,  was  organized  and 
incorporated  in  1890,  "for  the  promo- 
tion of  cycling  as  a  pastime,  and  for 
social  intercourse  among  its  members." 
The  initiation-fee  is  $5  for  men,  and 
$10  for  women;  the  yearly  dues  are 
$18  for  resident,  and  $9  for  non-resi- 
dent members. 

The  Riverside  Wheelmen,  at 
232  West  104th  Street,  incorporated  in 
1889,  exclude  professionals  under  the 
L.  A.  W.  rules,  and  members  of  other 
bicycle  clubs.  The  initiation-fee  is 
$5  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $24  for  resi- 
dent, and  $6  for  non-resident  members. 

Among  the  clubs  of  lovers  of  eques- 
trian exercise  are  : 

The  New-York  Riding  Club, 
at  Durland's  Academy,  Central  Park 
West,  organized  in  1873,  incorporated 
in  1883,  for  improvement  in  the  art  of 
riding.  The  initiation-fee  is  $100  ;  the 
yearly  dues  are  $50. 

Boys'  Clubs  are  conducted  by  hu- 
mane gentlemen  who  provide  meeting 
rooms  in  various  localities,  and  occasion- 
al outings  for  about  20,000  poor  boys. 
They  conduce  to  keep  boys  out  of  mis- 
chief by  furnishing  them  amusement. 

Shooting  Clubs,  besides  the 
Amateur  Rifle  Club,  and  the  St.  Nich- 
olas Gun  Club,  includes  : 

The  Dcutsch  -  Amerikanische 
Schuetzen  Gesellschaft,  the  central  organization  of  the  German  shooting-clubs 
in  New  York  and  the  adjacent  cities,  the  ranges  and  shooting-grounds  of  which  are 
mainly  on  the  western  end  of  Long  Island,  to  the  south  and  east  of  Brooklyn.  It 
has  a  fine  club-house  at  12  St.  Mark's  Place,  near  Third  Avenue,  which  contains, 
besides  the  usual  club-apartments,  a  large  hall  for  social  assemblies. 

The  Washington-Heights  Gun  Club,  at  Fort-Washington  Hotel,  was 
organized  in  1878  "to  perpetuate  the  use  of  the  rifle  and  shot-gun  in  the  city  of 
New  York  and  vicinity."    The  initiation-fee  is  $5  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $12. 

The  city  also  has  clubs  for  fishing,  bowling,  racquet,  tennis,  cricket,  base-ball, 
and  other  active  amusements,  besides  others  devoted  to  the  more  sedentary  amuse- 
ments of  chess,  whist  and  the  like. 


DEUTSCH -AMERIKANISCHE  SCHUETZEN  GESELLSCHAFT, 
12  8T.  MARK'S  PLACE,  NEAR  THIRD  AVENUE. 


57° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  Fencers'  Club,  at  8  West  28th  Street,  was  organized  in  1883  for  the 

encouragement  of  fencing  in  the  United  States.  The  President  is  Charles  de  Kay. 
The  initiation-fee  is  $50;  the  yearly  dues  are  $30  for  resident  and  $15  for  non- 
resident members. 

There  are  societies  devoted  to  the  English  beagle,  the  fox  terrier,  the  mastiff,  and 
the  spaniel;  and  to  Jersey  cattle.  The  Westminster  Kennel  Club,  the  American 
and  Long-Island  Jockey  Clubs,  and  the  Monmouth-Park  Association,  and  many 
other  societies  of  this  class  are  very  useful  in  their  way. 

Among  the  clubs  of  women  are  these  : 

Sorosis,  at  212  Fifth  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1868,  for  "the  promotion  of 
agreeable  and  useful  relations  among  women  of  literary,  artistic  and  scientific  tastes  ; 
the  discussion  and  dissemination  of  principles  and  facts  which  promise  to  exert  a 
salutary  influence  on  women  and  on  society."  Dr.  Jennie  de  la  H.  Lozier  is  Presi- 
dent.   The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $5. 

The  Meridian  Club,  at  the  Fifth- Avenue  Hotel,  was  organized  in  1886,  to 
discuss  social,  economical  and  literary  topics  for  men  and  women  only,  limited  in 

number  to  thirty. 
Every  member 
may  bring  guests, 
but  all  are  com- 
mitted to  secrecy 
about  the  pro- 
ceedings at  meet- 
ings. There  are 
no  fixed  dues; 
members  are  as- 
sessed for  actual 
expenses.  The 
Secretary  is  Mrs. 
Rossiter  Johnson. 

The  Berke- 
ley Ladies'Ath- 
letic  Club,  at  23 
West  44th  Street, 
was  organized  in 
1890,  "for  the 
promotion  of 
physical  culture, 
the  encourage- 
ment of  athletic 
sports  and  the  in- 
crease of  means 
of  recreation  for 
women."  The 

masonic  temple,  23d  street  and  sixth  avenue.  President  is  Mrs. 

Arthur  Brooks.  The  initiation-fee  is  $25  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  $40  for  resident  and 
$25  for  non-resident  members.  . 

The  Women's  Press  Club  was  organized  in  1890  by  women  engaged  in 
literary  and  art  work.  The  President  is  Jennie  June  Croly.  The  club  has  about 
150  members,  including  many  well-known  writers. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


57r 


The  Ladies'  New-York  Club,  at  28  East  22d  Street,  was  organized  in  1SS9. 
The  admission  fee  is  £20  ;  the  yearly  dues  are  £30. 
An  unclassified  club  is  : — 

The  Thirteen  Club,  incorporated  in  1SS2,  "to  combat  superstitious  beliefs," 
especially  the  one  relative  to  the  presence  of  thirteen  persons  at  one  table  at  dinner. 
The  club  exerts  itself  to  prevent  the  choice  of  Friday  for  sentences  of  criminals, 
makes  of  13  a  favorite  number,  publishes  essays,  speeches,  and  reports  of  its  meet- 
ings, and  is  doubtless  one  of 
the  most  persistently  adver- 
tised clubs  in  New  York. 
The  dues  are  trivial.  The 
expenses  of  the  monthly 
dinners  are  assessed  on  the 
members  present. 

Secret  and  Mutual 
Benefit  Societies  number 
more  than  a  hundred  organ- 
izations. 

The  Masonic  Temple, 
at  the  northeast  corner  of 
Sixth  Avenue  and  23d 
Street,  is  a  granite  building, 
the  portico  of  which  has 
coupled  Doric  columns  of 
bronze.  The  building  was 
erected  and  is  owned  by 
the  fraternity  of  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  June 
S,  1S70,  and  the  building 
dedicated  June  2,  1S75. 
Ninety  lodges  meet  regularly 
in  the  building,  and  the  Grand  Lodge  meets  there  annually  on  the  first  Tuesday  in 
June.  In  addition,  a  number  of  Chapters  of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Councils  of 
Roval  and  Select  Masters,  Commanderies  of  Knights  Templar,  and  Chapters  of  the 
Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  meet  there  regularly.  The  Temple  contains  a  valuable 
Masonic  library  and  museum.  The  architect  of  this  fine  building  was  Napoleon 
Le  Brun.  ITere  are  halls  modeled  after  Gothic  cathedrals,  or  classic  temples,  or 
Egyptian  tombs,  in  wonderful  and  interesting  architectural  forms,  shadowing  forth 
the  occult  symbolism  of  the  Masonic  order,  and  richly  and  appropriately  decorated. 
There  are  scores  of  minor  lodges,  meeting  in  halls  all  over  the  city,  and  exemplify- 
ing the  mysteries  and  the  charities  for  which  they  are  famous. 

Scottish  Rite  Hall,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  29th  Street,  was  formerly  the 
Rutgers  Presbyterian  Church.  The  building  was  purchased  in  iSSS,  for  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  bodies,  who  confer  the  32d  degree  in  Masonry.  Mecca  Temple,  of  the 
ancient  Arabic  order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  also  meets  here.  There  is  the 
original  jewel  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  which  was  presented  to  W.  J.  Florence  at  Cairo, 
in  Egypt.  In  a  valuable  collection  of  photographs  which  the  Lodges  preserve  is 
material  for  an  interesting  biographical  record. 


572 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Odd  Fellows  enumerate  more  than  150  lodges  in  New  York  City,  and 

their  lodges  meet  in  almost  every  part  of  the  metropolis,  advancing  the  cause  and 

the  purposes  of  the  order.  The  head- 
quarters are  at  853  Broadway.  The 
German  Odd  Fellows  have  a  handsome 
and  commodious  building  at  69  St. 
Mark's  Place. 

Other  Secret  Societies  arc  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  at  254  Broadway  ; 
the  Good  Templars,  167  Chambers 
Street ;  the  Order  of  United  Ameri- 
cans, 20  Second  Avenue  ;  the  Knights 
of  Honor,  38  Park  Row  ;  the  Elks,  115 
West  23d  Street ;  and  the  American 
Legion  of  Honor,  268  West  34th  Street. 

Other  Clubs  and  Associations, 
difficult  of  classification,  include  the 
following-: 

Aschenbroedel  Verein,  at  146 
East  86th  Street,  was  founded  in  i860, 
for  the  puipose  of  the  promotion  of 
good  music  and  good  fellowship  among 
its  members.  The  entrance-fee  is  $45- 
It  includes  the  representative  German 
musicians  of  New  York  and  vicinity, 
other  musicians  being  admitted  as  asso- 
ciate members.  In  November,  1892, 
the  club  occupied  its  handsome  new 
house,  on  86th  Street,  near  Lexington 
Avenue,  and  close  to  Central  Park. 
It  has  700  members,  besides  associates. 
The  club-house  contains  a  Kneipe  (or 
German  Inn),  assembly  and  reception 
rooms,  and  a  commodious  hall,  seating 
1,000  persons. 

The  Coaching  Club  was  organ- 
ized with  the  purpose  of  promoting 
four-horse  driving  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  organized  in  1875,  and 
has  between  40  and  50  members,  the 
initation-fee  being  $75,  and  the  yearly 
dues  >=35.  William  fay  is  the  president  and  J.  R.  Roosevelt  the  vice-president. 
The  membership  includes  only  persons  of  large  wealth  and  high  social  standing, 
and  the  parades  of  the  club,  which  are  held  in  Central  Park,  are  very  brilliant 
events  and  command  much  attention.  The  movement  which  has  been  set  in 
operation  by  the  Coaching  Club  has  obtained  a  considerable  vogue  among  the 
rich  vouth  of  America. 

The  Riding  Club  is  the  largest  in  the  United  States  of  its  kind,  and  has  the 
largest  club-house  in  the  world  devoted  to  riding.  It  is  a  fine  four-story  brick  edifice, 
sumptuously  equipped  and  furnished,  and  with  a  riding-ring  attached,  more  than  a 


GERMAN  ODD  FELLOWS   HALL,  69  ST.  MARK'S  PLACE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


573 


hundred  feet  square,  and  stables  for  300  horses. 
This  interesting  group  of  buildings  is  on  the 
square  between  Fifth  Avenue  and  Madison 
Avenue  and  58th  and  59th  streets.  The  club 
limit  is  500  members,  all  of  them  men,  al- 
though their  women  relatives  have  extensive 
apartments  reserved  for  their  use  in  the  club- 
house, and  continually  avail  themselves  of  the 
privileges  of  the  riding  ring.  The  initiation-fee 
is  $200,  and  the  yearly  dues  %  100.  In  its  earliest 
period  this  association  was  known  as  the  Gentle- 
men's Riding  Club,  but  when  it  was  incorporated, 
in  1883,  the  present  name  was  assumed.  There 
are  many  other  clubs  in  the  city  having  the  same 
purpose,  but  this  is  the  most  fashionable. 

Le  Cercle  Francais  de  I'Harmonie, which 
has  its  house  at  26  West  24th  Street,  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  of  the  New- York  City  clubs.  It 
is  peculiarly  a  French  institution,  and  no  other 
language  except  that  of  France  is  allowed  in  the 
club-house.  The  exclusiveness  found  among  the 
membership  is  not  exceeded  in  its  way  by  that 


ASCHENBROEDEL  vere 


574 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


which  appears  in  the  Union  Club  or  the  Knickerbocker,  and  nearly  ail  the  400  members 
are  well-known  persons  of  means  and  cultivation  in  the  French  colony  of  New  York. 

The  Tenderloin  Club,  organized  in  1889,  whose  house  is  at  114  West  32d  Street, 
is  a  singular  and  interesting  organization  of  nearly  500  journalists,  actors,  and  other 
men  with  vivacious  Bohemian  proclivities.     In  winter  it  gives  many  entertainments. 

The  Arion  Society,  whose  club-house  is  illustrated  in  another  chapter,  is  the 
largest  social  organization  in  the  United  States  pertaining  to  the  German  people.  It 
occupies  the  costly  and  beautiful  building  at  the  corner  of  Park  Avenue  and  59th 
Street.  The  Arion  has  1, 500  members.  The  initation-fee  is  $25,  and  the  annual 
dues  $30.  The  original  purpose  of  the  Arion  was  to  develop  the  art  of  singing  and 
instrumental  music,  both  secular  and  sacred,  and  to  organize  and  foster  these  noble 
arts  in  the  heart  of  the  great  German-speaking  population.  This  design  has  by  no 
means  been  lost  sight  of,  and  the  Arion  chorus  of  200  admirably  trained  voices  is 
celebrated  for  its  fine  work.  But,  apart  from  this  artistic  development,  the  society 
maintains  a  fascinating  series  of  musical  carnivals.  Since  the  business  and  most 
of  the  social  amenities  of  the  Arion  are  conducted  in  German,  it  results  that  there 
are  very  few  persons  in  the  society  who  are  not  of  the  Teutonic  race. 

Various  Other  Clubs  and  Societies  comprise  an  infinity  of  debating  socie- 
ties, reading  clubs,  music  clubs,  amateur  dramatic  clubs,  clubs  of  cooks,  and  clubs 

of  vegetarians.  There  are  even 
clubs  of  club-haters,  for  the 
New-Yorkers  lack  the  capacity 
not  to  form  clubs  and  cults. 
WThen  they  are  agnostics  they 
hire  a  hall  which  becomes  a 
temple  where  Voltaire  and  Paine 
are  worshipped  ;  when  they  are 
club-haters,  they  must  meet  and 
form  variations  of  an  Anti-Club 
Club. 

In  this  Paris  of  the  New 
World,  the  tendency  is  to  social 
life,  to  fraternal  union,  to  mani- 
fold forms  of  confederation. 
There  is  little  opportunity  here 
for  ascetic  seclusion,  or  for  with- 
drawal from  the  brightening  at- 
trition of  humanity.  There  is 
also  little  inclination  for  such 
separation.  The  air  of  the 
metropolis  is  full  of  mercurial 
activities,  and  gregariousness 
becomes  inevitable.  Hence  the 
multiplication  of  clubs,  or  places 
for  the  reunion  of  kindred  spirits,  of  brothers  in  art,  literature,  music,  war's  alarms, 
athletics,  and  religious  efforts,  as  well  as  in  the  pleasures  of  sociability. 

The  clubs  of  New  York,  like  those  of  London,  have  plenty  of  gossips,  and  their 
windows  are  favorite  places  from  which  to  watch  the  world's  passing  show,  and  to 
comment  upon  its  actors.  But  among  these  great  associations  of  gentlemen  scan- 
dals are  almost  unknown,  and  a  general  serenity  pervades  their  fraternal  halls. 


CATHOLIC  CLUB.  120  WEST  59th  STRFET,  OPPOSITE  CENTRAL  PARK. 


rat  Amusement  Places 


1 


Play-Houses,   Opera- Houses,   Theatres,   I *ut>lic  Halls, 
Lyceums,  Etc. 


AMONG  all  the  cities  of  America  New  York  stands  first  in  the  strength  and 
scope  of  its  interest  in  the  drama.  There  is  good  reason,  too,  for  claiming 
first  position  in  the  world,  for,  aside  from  its  purely  local  enterprises,  New  York  is 
distinctly  a  metropolis  in  the  dramatic  field.  It  is  the  great  clearing-house  and  out- 
fitting depot  for  the  theatrical  enterprises  of  the  entire  continent.  In  this  respect 
it  is  a  city  of  greater  importance  than  London,  Paris,  Berlin  or  Yienna.  As  many 
new  plays  are  produced  in  New  York  in  a  season  as  are  brought  forward  in  London 
or  Paris.  Occasionally  four,  five  and  even  six  new  plays  are  put  on  at  different 
theatres  on  a  single  Monday  night.  Then,  too,  New  York  is  the  only  city  in  the 
world  in  which  the  music  drama,  or  grand  opera,  is  maintained  as  a  permanent  insti- 
tution without  assistance  from  a  public  or  royal  treasury. 

In  its  business  phase  the  drama  is  of  great  importance  in  New  York.  There  are 
in  the  city  thirty-four  houses  at  which  regular  dramatic  or  operatic  performances  are 
given,  with  the  accessories  of  stage  scenery  and  drop  curtains,  and  at  which  no  other 
inducements  than  the  regular  performances  are  held  out  to  patrons.  Four  new 
theatres,  all  of  the  first  class,  are  either  in  process  of  construction,  or  have  been 
planned  to  that  degree  of  certainty  that  makes  it  safe  to  predict  their  erection  within 
a  year.  Including  as  theatres  all  houses  which,  have  more  or  less  distinctly  defined 
claims  to  the  title,  and  at  which  variety  or  vaudeville  performances  are  given,  the 
number  in  the  c;ty  of  New  York  is  about  fifty.  The  people  of  the  city  and  its  visi- 
tors pay  upward  of  $5,000,000  a  year  for  theatrical  amusement.  There  is  printed 
in  any  one  of  several  of  its  leading  newspapers,  in  a  year,  as  much  matter,  critical, 
descriptive  and  narrative,  concerning  plays  and  players,  as  would  make  a  volume  of 
perhaps  twice  the  size  of  this  "King's  Handbook."  The  theatrical  managers  pay 
to  the  proprietors  of  the  newspapers  about  $400,000  each  year  for  advertising  space. 
Several  hund,  ed  reputable  actors  and  actresses  find  permanent  employment  in  New 
York.  Many  thousands  regard  this  city  as  their  home,  and  every  year  return  to  it 
to  secure  their  employment  for  the  following  season.  All  America  looks  to  New 
York  for  its  dramatic  entertainment.  Nearly  all  the  large  theatrical  companies 
which  travel  over  the  continent  are  organized,  drilled  and  fitted  out  here. 
Eight  or  ten  men,  whose  desks  are  located  within  a  circle  of  a  radius  of  a  quarter  of 
a  mile,  allot,  six  months  or  a  year  in  advance,  the  main  part  of  the  theatrical  amuse- 
ment to  nearly  every  city  and  town  in  America  for  a  whole  season.  In  the  business 
aspect  of  the  drama  New  York  is  the  first  city  in  America.  The  purely  artistic 
aspect  is  inseparable  from  the  business  phase. 

Dramatic  history  in  New  York  began  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  ago.  Col. 
T.  Allston  Brown,  who  has  written  extensively  on  the  history  of  American  theatres 


570 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


for  the  New  York  Clipper,  and  who  is  recognized  as  an  authority  on  the  subject, 
avers  that  the  first  dramatic  performance  ever  seen  in  America  was  given  in  New 
York  during  the  last  week  in  September,  1732.  A  group  of  actors  who  came  from 
England  formed  the  nucleus  of  a  company,  in  which  there  were  also  a  number  of 
amateurs,  and  an  upper  room  in  some  building  which  cannot  be  definitely  located 
served  them  for  a  theatre.  The  company  gave  three  performances  a  week  for  about 
a  month,  and  then  disbanded.  It  re-assembled  in  December  of  the  same  year  and 
held  together  for  a  short  time.  'The  Recruiting  Officer  was  one  of  the  plays  presented 
in  those  early  days. 

The  first  play-house  erected  as  such  in  New  York  was  the  Nassau-Street  Thea- 
tre, and  its  site  was  on  the  east  side  of  Nassau  Street  —  then  called  Kip  —  between 
John  Street  and  Maiden  Lane.  It  was  a  wooden  building,  and  it  belonged  to  the 
estate  of  the  Hon.  Rip  Van  Dam.  It  was  opened  on  March  5.  1750.  Kean  and 
Murray  were  the  managers,  and  the  play  for  the  first  night  was  Richard  HI.  There 
were  performances  twice  a  week,  and  the  season  lasted  for  five  months.  This  house 
gave  place  to  a  new  one,  built  in  1753,  by  Lewis  and  William  Ilallem,  the  one  a 
manager,  the  other  an  actor-;  but  in  a  few  years  the  new  house  was  converted  into  a 
church  for  the  use  of  the  German  Calvinists.    The  building  was  torn  down  in  1765. 

One  David  Douglass,  built,  in  1 761,  a  theatre  at  Nassau  and  Beekman  Streets, 
where  Temple  Court  now  stands,  at  which,  on  November  26th  of  that  year,  Hamlet 
was  presented  for  the  first  time  in  America.  It  is  interesting  to  know  that  the  cost 
of  this  play-house  was  $1,625,  and  yet  it  was  a  theatre  of  fair  proportion,  for  the 
dimensions  are  given  as  90  by  40  feet.  This  establishment  was  very  nearly  demol- 
ished by  a  mob  which  assembled  to  express  disapproval  of  the  Stamp  Act,  in  1764. 

The  John-Street  Theatre,  erected  in  1767,  and  opened  on  December  7th,  was 
the  first  of  the  really  famous  play-houses  of  New  York.  Its  location  was  on  the  north 
side  of  John  Street,  six  doors  from  Broadway.  It  was  the  leading  theatre,  and  at 
times  the  only  one,  for  thirty-one  years.  Good  work  in  the  cause  of  the  drama  was 
done  on  its  stage,  for  among  the  plays  brought  forward  were  The  Beaux'  Stratagem, 
Richard  III.,  Hamlet,  Cymbe/ine,  The  Busy- Body,  A  Clandestine  Marriage,  Romeo 
and  Juliet,  Othello,  Jane  Shaw  and  The  Merchant  oj  Venice.  There  is  a  popular 
supposition  that  this  theatre  was  the  first  one  built  in  New  York.  This  arises  from 
the  fact  that  President  Washington  attended  performances  on  various  occasions,  and 
thus  gave  the  house  a  prominence  which  none  of  its  predecessors  ever  enjoyed. 
The  John-Street  Theatre  was  pulled  down  in  1798. 

The  Park  Theatre,  which  was  located  on  Park  Row,  at  what  is  now  numbered 
21  to  25,  was  built  by  a  stock  corporation,  and  was  opened  January  29,  1798.  With 
this  opening  the  real  history  of  the  drama,  or  rather  that  of  its  most  important 
period,  began.  For  fifty  years  the  Park  Theatre  was  the  prominent  play-house  of 
New  York.  It  occupied  a  position  similar  to  that  filled  by  Wallack's  Theatre  twenty 
years  ago.  At  the  outset  there  were  four  performances  a  week,  but  very  soon  after- 
ward the  house  was  open  every  secular  night.  John  E.  Harwood,  who  was  as  pop- 
ular in  his  time  as  was  ever  Lester  Wallack,  played  there  in  1803.  George  Frederick 
Cooke,  the  great  tragedian,  made  his  American  debut  at  the  Park,  November  21, 
1 8 10,  in  Richard  III.  James  W.  Wallack  made  his  first  appearance  in  America  in 
Macbeth  at  this  house,  September  7,  1818.  Junius  Brutus  Booth  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance October  5,  1821,  also  in  Richard  III.  During  the  season  of  1825-26  actors 
of  such  prominence  as  W.  A.  Conway,  Edmund  Kean,  and  Edwin  Forrest  played 
upon  its  stage  ;  and  the  Kean  riot,  so-called,  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  the  theatre, 
November  14,  1825.    The  first  performance  of  Italian  opera  in  America  was  given  at 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


577 


the  Park,  November  29,  1825.  The  opera  was  77  Barbiere  di  Seviglia.  The  company 
was  brought  here  by  Sig.  Garcia,  the  father  of  the  singer  who  afterward  became 
famous  under  the  name  of  Malibran.  Edwin  Forrest  played  his  first  star  engage- 
ment at  the  Park,  beginning  October  17,  1829.  Rip  Van  Winkle,  which  made  J.  H. 
Hackett  as  popular  during  the  early  days  of  the  century  as  it  has  made  Joseph  Jef- 
ferson in  the  later  days,  was  produced  April  29,  1S30.  The  Ravels,  Charles  and 
Fanny  Kemble,  Charles  Kean,  and  Tyrone  Power  were  among  the  artists  seen  on 
the  stage  in  1832  and  1833.  Ellen  Tree,  who  afterward  became  Mrs.  Charles  Kean, 
appeared  as  Rosalind  on  December  12,  1836.  James  E.  Murdock  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  1838  as  Benedick  in  Much  Ado  About  Nothing.  Fanny  Ellsler  intro- 
duced the  ballet  in  America,  May  14,  1840.  She  danced  a  pas  seule  called  La  Craco- 
Vienne,  and  aroused  the  indignation  of  all  the  clergymen  and  church-going  people 
in  the  city.  The  theatre  was  burned,  May  25,  1820.  It  was  rebuilt,  and  opened  a 
year  afterward  ;  and  was  again  destroyed  by  fire  December  16,  1848.  It  was  never 
again  rebuilt,  but  in  after  years  its  name  was  given  to  theatres  in  other  localities. 
There  is  a  reminiscence  of  the  ancient  play-house,  however,  in  Theatre  Alley,  the 
narrow  passage  which  runs  from  Beekman  Street  to  Ann  Street,  in  the  rear  of  the 
buildings  on  Park  Row. 

Two  buildings  only,  Castle  Garden  and  the  Bowery  Theatre,  remain  in  existence 
to-day  as  landmarks  of  the  drama  of  the  first  half  of  the  century,  although  a  third 
(Niblo's)  brings  down  to  the  present  generation  something  of  the  prestige  of  its 
predecessor,  which  was  burned. 

Castle  Garden,  the  picturesque  structure  at  the  southern  extremity  of  New- 
York  City,  is  the  oldest.  It  was  erected  by  the  General  Government  in  1807,  and 
its  site  was  then  300  yards  from  the  main  land.    A  portion  of  Battery  Park  is  made 


land,  occupying  the  intervening  space.  The  structure  was  known  as  Castle  Clinton 
in  the  early  days,  and,  as  its  name  indicates,  it  was  a  fortress.  The  necessity  for  its 
existence  as  a  means  of  defence  passed  away  in  time,  and  in  1822  the  structure  was 
ceded  to  New- York  City.  Two  years  later  it  was  leased  to  private  individuals  as  a 
place  of  amusement,  and  its  floor  was  laid  out  elaborately  as  an  in-door  garden. 
Many  pieces  of  statuary,  the  work  of  famous  sculptors,  were  placed  in  it.  A  stage 
was  erected  at  the  north  side,  concerts  were  given  at  intervals,  and  refreshments 
were  sold  in  the  audience.  Six  thousand  people  easily  found  room  for  amusement 
and  recreation,  and  on  various  occasions  as  many  as  10,000  people  were  in  the  gar- 


578 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


den  at  one  time.  Col.  Richard  French  (afterward  well-known  as  the  proprietoi  of 
French's  Hotel)  became  the  manager  in  1839,  and  thereafter  the  place  became  more 
distinctly  a  play-house.  Various  dramatic  companies  occupied  the  place,  and  for 
several  years,  succeeding  1847,  Castle  Garden  was  distinctively  the  home  of  grand 
opera.  The  Havana  Opera  Company  began  a  season  August  8,  1847,  an(1  sung 
such  operas  as  Ernani,  Norma  and  La  Sonnambtila.  Signor  Arditi,  whom  all 
musical  people  now  know  as  Patti's  conductor,  was  the  musical  director,,  and  Sig- 
norina  Detusco  was  the  prima-donna.  Max  Maretzek,  a  famous  impresario,  gave 
opera  in  Castle  Garden  for  several  seasons.  The  one  event,  however,  which  has 
made  Castle  Garden  famous  as  a  place  of  amusement  was  the  appearance  of  Jenny 
Lind  in  concert,  on  September  11,  1850,  under  the  management  of  P.  T.  Barnum. 
What  Patti  is  to-day,  and  has  been  for  twenty  years,  in  the  musical  world,  Jenny 
Lind  was  forty  years  ago.  The  enterprising  manager  had  engaged  her  for  a  con- 
cert tour  of  America,  at  figures  which  were  then  considered  fabulous,  but  Jenny 
Lind's  personal  prestige  was  so  well  supplemented  by  Manager  Barnum's  methods 
of  advertising  that  the  singer's  first  appearance  in  concert  was  regarded  by  musical 
people  of  the  day  as  the  event  of  a  life-time.  Fabulous  prices  were  paid  for  seats, 
and  a  tradesman  of  the  time  (Genin,  the  hatter)  made  a  business  reputation,  which 
lasted  for  many  years, by  buying  the  first  choice  of  seals  for  $225.  Jenny  Lind  gave 
four  concerts  at  Castle  Garden  in  the  fall  of  1850.  Another  event  of  importance  in 
the  old  fort  was  a  grand  dramatic  festival  which  was  held  on  September  6,  1852,  to 
celebrate  what  was  then  erroneously  considered  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  first 
theatrical  performance  in  America. 

Castle  Garden's  history  as  a  theatre  ended  in  May,  1855,  and  the  building  was 
turned  into  a  depot  for  the  reception  of  immigrants.  A  fire  on  May  23,  1870, 
destroyed  the  interior,  but  the  walls  remained  intact,  and  the  structure  was  re-built. 
When  the  General  Government  assumed  the  care  of  the  immigrants,  two  years  ago, 
the  reception  depot  was  transferred  to  the  Barge-office,  and  Castle  Garden  shortly 
afterward  passed  into  the  control  of  the  Department  of  Public  Parks  of  New-York 
City.  It  has  been  used  occasionally  for  great  popular  concerts,  and  recently  has 
been  the  rendezvous  of  the  New-York  State  Naval  Reserve.  The  Park  Commis- 
sioners have  determined  to  turn  the  place  into  a  grand  aquarium.  A  large  tank, 
fifty  feet  in  diameter  and  about  five  feet  deep,  is  to  be  built  in  the  center  of  the 
floor,  and  around  this  will  be  arranged,  in  a  circle,  six  other  pools,  somewhat  smaller. 
All  these  will  be  filled  with  very  large  fish.  Around  the  walls  will  be  arranged  two 
rows  of  smaller  tanks,  one  above  the  other,  numbering  about  150  in  all,  in  which 
every  form  of  marine  life,  both  animal  and  vegetable,  will  be  exhibited.  It  is  intended 
to  make  the  aquarium  an  educational  fully  as  much  as  an  amusement  establishment. 

The  Old  Bowery  Theatre  was  second  only  in  interest  and  prestige  to  the 
Park  Theatre.  Its  site  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bowery,  just  below  Canal  Street. 
It  was  built  in  1826,  and  opened  in  October  23d  of  that  year.  It  was  the  first 
theatre  in  New  York  to  be  lighted  by  gas.  For  many  years  Thomas  S.  Hamblin, 
who  did  greater  work  in  the  interest  of  the  drama  than  any  man  of  his  time,  was 
the  manager.  The  house  was  the  scene  of  Edwin  Forrest's  first  appearance  as  a 
tragedian,  on  November,  1826  ;  of  Malibran's  last  appearance  in  America,  October 
28,  1827  ;  of  Charlotte  Cushman's  debut  as  Lady  Macbeth,  September  13,  1836  ;  and 
of  the  first  grand  production  of  London  Assurance,  May  16,  1842.  The  theatre  was 
destroyed  by  fire  four  times.  First  on  May  26,  1828,  when  it  was  rebuilt  and  re- 
opened in  ninety  days.  It  was  destroyed  again  September  22,  1836  ;  for  the  third 
time,  February  8,  1 838  ;  and  last  on  April  25,  1845.    It  retained  the  name  Bowery 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  579 


until  1879,  when  it  was  re-christened  the  Thalia.  This  theatre  is  the  second  of  the 
two  landmarks  mentioned. 

Burton's  Chambers-Street  Theatre,  another  old  play-house,  was  famous 
mainly  because  of  the  name  of  its  manager,  William  E.  Burton,  a  popular  comedian 
who  had  been  identified  prominently  both  as  actor  and  manager,  with  a  number  of 
other  theatres.  It  was  originally  known  as  Palmo's  Opera-House,  and  was  opened 
February  4,  1 844,  for  a  season  of  grand  opera.  It  was  occupied  by  Christy's 
Minstrels  during  the  summer  of  1846,  and  was  leased  by  Burton  July  10,  1848. 
Some  years  later  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Harry  Watkins  and  E.  L.  Davenport, 
and  was  then  known  as  the  American  Theatre.  In  1857  it  was  leased  to  the  Federal 
Government,  and  occupied  for  offices.  The  site  of  the  building  is  now  occupied  by 
the  American  News  Company's  establishment,  having  been  sold  to  that  company, 
January  29,  1876. 

Barnum's  Museum  is  a  title  which  is  familiar  to  theatre-goers  even  of  the 
present  day.  The  nucleus  was  Scudder's  American  Museum,  which  was  originally 
opened  in  1 8 10,  on  Chambers  Street,  where  the  Court-House  now  stands.  It  was 
bought  by  Phineas  T.  Barnum  in  1841,  and  the  equipment  of  curiosities  and  objects 
of  interest  was  removed  to  Broadway  and  Ann  Streets,  the  site  of  the  New-  York 
Herald  Building.  As  a  museum  simply,  the  new  establishment  was  not  successful, 
but  Mr.  Barnum  opened  as  accessory  thereto  his  famous  "Moral  Lecture  Room," 
which  was  purely  and  simply  a  theatre  ;  and  the  joint  establishment,  comprising  both 
museum  and  theatre,  became  very  profitable.  It  was  here  that  Charles  S.  Stratton, 
who  became  famous  as  General  Tom  Thumb,  made  his  first  appearance,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1842.  As  a  theatre,  Barnum's  Museum  ranked  with  the  first  of  the  day  for 
twenty  years  or  more.  It  was  fired  on  November  25,  1864,  by  an  incendiary,  but 
the  flames  were  extinguished,  after  serious  damage  had  been  done.  The  establish- 
ment was  destroyed  by  fire  July  13,  1865.  The  name  Barnum  was  then  trans- 
ferred to  a  building  at  539  and  541  Broadway,  which  previously  had  been  known  as 
the  Chinese  Rooms.  The  establishment  was  re-fitted  and  opened  September  6, 
1865,  as  Barnum  and  Van  Amburgh's  Museum  and  Menagerie,  with  a  dramatic  com- 
pany and  a  large  collection  of  curiosities.  Fire  followed  Mr.  Barnum,  however,  for 
this  place  was  burned,  March  3,  1868.  Again  Barnum  transferred  his  name  and 
prestige  to  an  establishment  on  the  south  side  of  14th  Street,  opposite  the  Academy, 
which  had  been  previously  known  as  the  Hippotheatron  and  Lent's  Circus.  But 
this  establishment,  too,  was  burned,  on  December  24,  1872.  Since  then,  the  name 
and  prestige  of  Barnum  have  been  attached  to  a  travelling  amusement  enterprise, 
billed  all  over  the  world  as  "  The  Greatest  Show  on  Earth,"  which  has  had  for  its 
temporary  New- York  home,  each  season,  the  Madison-Square  Garden. 

The  As'or-Place  Opera-House,  which  was  opened  November  22,  1847,  was 
for  a  number  of  years  the  home  of  grand  opera.  Sanquirico  and  Patti  were  the 
managers  at  the  outset,  and  Max  Maretzek  conducted  operas  there  for  several  seasons. 
The  place  was  best  known,  however,  because  of  the  fierce  Macready  riot,  which 
occurred  on  May  9,  1849.  This  was  the  forcible  expression  of  the  intense  dislike 
of  a  certain  class  of  New- York  people  toward  Macready,  the  famous  English  actor, 
because  of  their  belief  that  he  was  responsible  for  the  ill-treatment  of  Edwin 
Forrest  in  London  a  few  years  previous.  The  house  was  re-christened  the 
New- York  Theatre  in  1852,  and  two  years  later  was  sold  to  the  Mercantile  Library 
Association,  and  remodelled  and  re-opened  as  Clinton  Hall.  In  1890  the  old 
building  was  torn  down,  and  the  fine  new  Clinton  Hall  and  Mercantile  Library  build- 
ing arose  on  its  site. 


58o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tripler  Hall,  which  was  on  Broadway,  nearly  opposite  Bond  Street,  was  built  to 

serve  for  Jenny  Lind's  debut,  and  it  was  because  it  was  not  finished  in  time  that  the 
famous  singer  made  her  debut  at  Castle  Garden.  Tripler  Hall  was  the  scene  of  the 
first  appearance  in  public  of  Adelina  Patti,  on  September  22,  1853.  Patti  was  then 
a  child  of  ten  years,  and  Max  Maretzek,  who  was  the  manager,  is  authority  for  the 
statement  that  the  price  of  her  services  was  a  hatful  of  candy.  The  house  was  burned 
on  January  8,  1854.  It  was  re-built,  and  re-opened  on  September  18th,  as  the 
New-York  Theatre  and  Metropolitan  Opera-House,  and  as  such  was  the  scene  of 
Rachel's  first  appearance  in  America,  September  3,  1855.  The  house  was  re-fitted 
and  re-christened  in  December  as  Laura  Keene's  Varieties  ;  and  in  September,  1856, 
was  called  Burton's  New  Theatre.  Still  later,  it  was  known  as  the  Winter  Garden, 
and  in  August,  1864,  it  passed  into  the  control  of  William  Stuart,  Edwin  Booth  and 
John  S.  Clarke.  A  performance  of  Julius  Ccesar,  given  November  25,  1864,  is  of 
historical  interest,  in  that  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  Edwin  Booth  and  John  Wilkes 
Booth  were  in  the  cast.  It  was  at  this  house  that  the  famous  100-night  run  of  JIamlet 
occurred.  It  began  November  26,  1864.  The  house  was  destroyed  by  fire  March 
23,  1867. 

Brougham's  Lyceum  Theatre,  which  was  on  Broadway,  near  Broome  Street, 
was  opened  December  23,  1850,  and  passed  under  the  management  of  James  W.  Wal- 
lack  a  few  years  later,  and  was  re-christened  Wallack's  Lyceum.  This  was  the  first 
Wallack's  Theatre,  and  the  one  dear  to  the  hearts  of  the  older  theatre-goers.  It  was 
a  successful  establishment  from  the  outset.  Lester  Wallack's  name  appeared  as  such 
for  the  first  time,  October  30,  1 859.  Previous  to  that  date  he  had  appeared  under 
the  name  of  John  Lester.  The  Wallacks  retired  from  this  house  in  186 1,  and  trans- 
ferred their  prestige  and  name  to  a  new  theatre  at  Broadway  and  13th  Street,  now 
known  as  the  Star  Theatre.     The  old  house  was  finally  torn  down  in  1869. 

Franconi's  Hippodrome  is  well  remembered  by  many  New- York  people.  It 
was  built  by  a  syndicate  of  eight  American  showmen,  among  them  Avery  Smith, 
Richard  Sands,  and  Seth  B.  Howe,  as  a  permanent  home  for  a  Roman  circus  and 
chariot  races,  such  as  have  been  made  popular  in  recent  years  by  P.  T.  Barnum  and 
his  associates.  Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Fifth- Avenue  Hotel.  Before  the  days 
of  the  Hippodrome  there  was  on  the  spot  a  famous  road-house  called  the  Madison 
Cottage,  kept  by  Corporal  Thompson,  which  was  very  popular  with  horsemen.  The 
Hippodrome  was  of  brick,  two  stories  high,  and  700  feet  in  circumference.  There  was 
a  roof  over  the  auditorium  only.  The  arena,  which  was  in  the  center,  was  uncovered. 
The  opening,  on  May  2,  1853,  was  a  brilliant  event.  About  4,000  people  were 
present,  and  many  of  them  had  paid  high  prices  for  their  tickets.  For  two  seasons 
the  Hippodrome  was  in  high  favor.    Then  it  gave  way  to  the  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel. 

The  Crystal  Palace  was  a  unique  structure,  modelled  after  the  Crystal  Palace 
of  London,  but  much  more  beautiful  as  an  architectural  work.  It  occupied  the  plot 
of  ground  at  Sixth  Avenue,  40th  and  42d  Streets,  now  known  as  Bryant  Park.  It 
covered  five  acres  of  ground.  The  building  was  two  stories  in  height  ;  the  lower 
one  octagonal  in  form,  the  upper  one  in  the  shape  of  a  Greek  cross.  The  central 
portion  rose  to  a  dome,  148  feet  from  the  ground,  and  there  were  eight  towers,  70 
feet  high,  at  the  angles  of  the  octagon.  There  was  an  entrance,  47  feet  wide,  on 
each  street.  The  style  of  architecture  was  Moorish  and  Byzantine.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, there  were  no  walls.  The  roof  was  supported  by  iron  columns,  and  the  spaces 
between  them  was  closed  in  with  glass.  Hence  the  name  of  the  edifice.  The  dedi- 
cation of  the  place  as  an  industrial  exhibition  hall,  on  July  14,  1853,  occasioned  a 
grand  public  demonstration.    There  were  present  President  Franklin  Pierce,  Secre- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


58i 


tary  of  War  Jefferson  Davis,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  James  Guthrie,  Attorney- 
General  Caleb  Cushing,  many  United-States  Senators,  army  officers,  the  governors 
of  several  States,  prominent  foreigners,  and  about  20,000  people.     Several  of  the 


THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE  OF  1853,  IN  BRYANT  PARK. 

annual  fairs  of  the  American  Institute  were  held  at  the  Crystal  Palace     The  edifice 
was  burned  on  October  5,  1858.    The  land  was  owned  bv  the  city  of  New  York 
and  it  was  turned  into  a  park.     It  is  advocated  by  some  people,  especially  through 
the  New  \  ork  Herald,  that  this  is  the  proper  site  for  a  new  city  hall. 

Laura  Keene's  Varieties  was  a-  title  attached  to  half  a  dozen  different  theatres 
during  the  period  from  1850  to  1870.  But  the  best-known  house  was  that  which 
was  opened  on  Broadway,  just  above  Houston  Street,  November  18  1856  and 
which  was  soon  afterward  re-christened  Laura  Keene's  New  Theatre  Joseph  Tef 
ferson,  already  a  good  and  well-known  actor,  came  prominently  to  the  front  during 
the  years  1857  and  1858.  Our  American  Cousin,  a  play  afterwards  made  famous 
the  country  over  by  E.  A.  Sothern,  was  first  produced  October  18,  i8<8  and  Tef- 
ferson  played  the  part  of  Asa  Trenchard.  The  Colleen  Baivn,  one  of  the  best  of 
Dion  Boucicault's  Irish  plays,  was  presented  for  the  first  time  March  20  i860 
Laura  Keene  retired  in  1863,  and  John  Duff,  who  then  became  the  manager' 
re-opened  the  house  as  Mrs.  John  Wood's  Olympic  Theatre.  Mrs.  Wood  retired 
in  1866.  Afterward  the  house  had  a  checkered  career,  and  finally  became  a  variety 
theatre.     It  was  demolished  in  1880.  1 

The  Broadway  Athenaeum  was  the  title  given  by  A.  T.  Stewart  to  a  theatre 
built  out  of  a  church,  which  stood  on  Broadway,  opposite  Waverly  Place.  It  was 
opened  January  23,  1865.  Lucy  Rushton,  Lewis  Baker  and  Mark  Smith,  the  Worrell 
Sisters,  and  Josh  Hart  were  in  control  at  various  times  during  the  following  ei-ht  vears 
Augustin  Daly  leased  the  house  soon  after  the  burning  of  the  first  Fifth-Avenue 
1  heatre,  and  opened  it  January  21,  1873,  as  Daly's  New  Fifth-Avenue  Theatre  A 
year  later  it  was  known  as  Fox's  Broadway  Theatre,  but  it  is  best  remembered  by 
play-goers  of  to-day  as  Harrigan  &  Hart's  New  Theatre  Comique.  It  was  the 
house  at  which  The  Mulligan  Guards  Ball  and  others  of  Edward  Harrigan's  earlier 
plays  were  produced.  Harrigan  &  Hart  took  possession  on  October  20  188 1  The 
D-ember  23>  '884.  Three  years  later  the  quaint  structure  known 
as  The  Old  London  Streets  was  built.  It  was  an  attempt  to  reproduce  a  fragment  of 
ancient  London,  and  to  combine  it  with  nineteenth-century  retail  shop-keeping  •  but 
i!  was  not  a  success.    The  place  has  been  tenantless  for  some  time 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Booth's  Theatre,  at  Sixth  Avenue  and  23d  Street,  was  one  of  the  leading  play, 

houses  of  the  city  for  fourteen  years.  It  was  built  of  granite,  in  the  Renaissance 
style  of  architecture,  and  occupied  a  plot  of  ground  measuring  184  feet  on  23d  Street 
and  76  on  Sixth  Avenue.  The  seating  capacity  was  about  1,800.  It  was  opened 
February  3,  1869,  with  Edwin  Booth  as  manager,  and  with  such  artists  as  Mary 
McVicker,  Edwin  Adams,  Fanny  Morant,  Mark  Smith,  Kate  Bateman,  W.  E.  Sheri- 
dan and  Agnes  Booth  as  members  of  the  company.  Among  the  significant  perform- 
ances given  here  were  those  of  A  Wititer's  Tale,  April  25,  1871  ;  Man  O'Airlee— its 
first  in  America — June  5th  ;  Julius  Ca-sar,  with  Edwin  Booth,  Lawrence  Barrett,  F. 
C.  Bangs,  D.  W.  Waller  and  Bella  Pateman,  in  the  cast,  December  5th ;  Adelaide 
Neilson's  first  appearance  in  America  as  Juliet,  November  18,  1872;  George  Rig- 
nold's  production  of  Henry  V.,  February  8,  1875;  ancl  Sarah  Bernhardt's  American 
debut  in  Adriemie,  November  8,  1880.  J.  B.  Booth,  Jr.,  succeeded  his  brother  as 
manager  in  1873;  Jarrett  &  Palmer  followed  in  1874;  James  C.  Duff,  in  1878;  and 
then,  after  several  quick  changes,  Henry  E.  Abbey  became  the  manager,  April  12, 
1879.  John  Stetson  succeeded  him,  August  31,  1881,  and  he  held  the  house  until  it 
was  permanently  closed,  April  30,  1883.  The  site  is  now  occupied  by  a  large  busi- 
ness block. 

The  Park  Theatre,  a  title  which  became  famous  down-town,  reappeared  April 
13,  1874,  over  the  door  of  a  new  play-house  on  Broadway,  between  2 1st  Street  and 
22d  Street.  William  Stuart  was  the  manager,  and  Charles  Fechter  stage -manager. 
The  construction  had  been  begun  by  Dion  Boucicault  in  1873,  but  he  lost  control  of 
the  house,  through  business  complications.  It  was  at  this  theatre  that  the  French 
opera  Girojle'-Girojla  was  sung  for  the  first  time  in  New  York,  February  4,  1875  ! 
and  its  stage  was  the  scene  on  December  18th  of  the  same  year  of  the  debut  of  ex- 
Mayor  A.  Oakey  Hall  in  his  own  play,  The  Crucible.  Henry  E.  Abbey  became 
the  manager,  November  27,  1876.  The  house  was  burned  late  in  the  afternoon 
of  October  30,  1882,  the  day  on  which  Mrs.  Langtry  was  to  have  made  her  American 
debut  on  its  stage.    It  was  never  rebuilt. 

Other  Play-Houses  by  scores  have  risen  and  passed  out  of  existence  during 
the  present  century.  For  example,  the  Chatham-Street  Garden  and  Theatre,  on 
Chatham  Street,  between  Duane  and  Pearl,  was  a  formidable  rival  to  the  old  Park 
Theatre  during  the  period  from  1 82 1  to  1823.  Henry  Wallack  was  at  one  time  the 
manager,  and  the  elder  Booth,  the  stage-manager.  The  National  Theatre,  at  Leon- 
ard and  Church  Streets,  was  in  existence  from  1833  to  1841.  During  a  part  of  that 
time  it  was  the  home  of  Italian  opera,  and  for  the  latter  portion  it  was  under  the 
management  of  William  E.  Burton.  The  Franklin  Theatre,  in  Chatham  Street 
(now  Park  Row),  was  opened  in  1835,  an(^  remained  in  existence  for  19  years.  Wil-  * 
liam  Rufus  Blake,  a  comedian  contemporary  with  Burton,  was  stage-director  in  its 
early  days.  Mitchell's  Olympic  Theatre,  at  442  Broadway,  contemporary  with  the 
Franklin,  was  also  the  scene  of  some  of  the  best  work  of  Burton  and  Blake.  The 
old  Broadway  Theatre,  which  stood  on  Broadway,  between  Pearl  and  Worth  Streets, 
was  opened  in  1847,  an^  continued  as  a  play-house,  under  various  names,  for  twelve 
years.  At  this  house  Edwin  Forrest  and  W.  C.  Macready  won  their  greatest 
laurels.  The  Wallacks  also  played  there  in  its  early  days.  C.  W.  Couldock,  who 
has  been  on  the  stage  in  this  country  almost  constantly  for  forty-three  years,  made  his 
American  debut  there,  October  8,  1849  »  and  E.  L.  Davenport  played  Hamlet  on  its 
stage  for  the  first  time  in  New  York,  February  19,  1855. 

Theatre  Fires  have  caused  fearful  losses  to  the  theatrical  interest  of  New  York. 
Thirty-seven  theatres  have  been  burned  during  the  past  century.    This  is  the  record  : 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


583 


Rickett's  Circus  and  Greenwich- Street  Theatre,  burned  December  17,  1799;  Park 
Theatre,  May  25,  1820 ;  again,  December  16,  1848;  Vauxhali  Garden,  August  30, 
1808;  Bowery  Theatre,  May  24,  1828,  September  22,  1836,  February  18,  1838,  and 
April  25,  1845;  Lafayette,  April  1 1,  1829;  Mount-Pitt  Circus,  August  5,  1829; 
National  Theatre,  September  23,  1839;  again,  May  28,  1841  ;  Niblo's,  September 
18,  1846;  again,  May  6,  1872;  White's  Melodeon,  May  20,  1849;  Wood's  Opera- 
House,  December  20,  1854;  Tripler  Hall,  January  8,  1854;  Crystal  Palace, 
October  5,  1858;  Barnum's  Museum,  July  13,  1865;  Barnum's  at  Broadway  and 
Spring  Street,  March  3,  1868;  Barnum's  at  14th  Street,  December  24,  1872;  But- 
ler's American  Theatre,  February  15,  1866;  Academy  of  Music,  May  21,  1866;  New 
Bowery  Theatre,  December  18,  1866;  Winter  Garden,  March  23,  1867;  Theatre 
Comique,  December  4,  1868;  Mechanics'  Hall,  April  8,  1868;  Kelly  and  Leon's, 
November  28,  1872  ;  Daly's  Fifth- Avenue,  January,  1873  ;  Tony  Pastor's,  at  585 
Broadway,  December  28,  1876;  Abbey's  Park,  October  30,  1882;  Windsor,  Novem- 
ber 29,  1883;  Standard,  December  14,  1883,  Harrigan  &  Hart's  Theatre  Comique, 
December  23,  1884;  Union-Square,  February  28,  "1888;  Fifth  Avenue,  January  2, 
1 89 1  ;  and  the  Metropolitan  Opera-House,  August  27,  1892. 

Theatrical  Construction  at  present  is  governed  by  very  stringent  building 
laws,  which  have  been  enacted  from  time  to  time,  and  which  were  revised  in  1887. 
Some  of  the  important  provisions  are,  that  there  shall  be  an  open  court  or  alley  on 


I 


MADISON -SQUARE  GARDEN,  FOURTH -AVENUE  PORTICO  AND  26TH-STREET  FRONT. 


each  side  of  a  theatre,  providing  of  course  that  the  side  wall  is  not  also  the  street 
wall ;  that  extra  doors  shall  open  upon  the  courts  ;  that  there  shall  be  outside  stair- 
ways of  iron,  leading  to  the  galleries  ;  that  the  proscenium-wall  shall  extend  from 


5^4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  foundation  to  and  through  the  roof,  and,  with  a  fire-curtain,  shall  constitute  a 
fire-proof  boundary  ;  that  the  roof  of  the  stage  shall  be  fitted  with  skylights,  arranged 
to  fly  open  automatically  when  released  by  the  cutting  of  cords  on  the  stage,  in  order 
that  the  direction  of  the  draught  shall  be  away  from  the  auditorium  ;  that  there  shall 
be,  at  suitable  points  on  each  floor,  fire-extinguishers  and  a  supply  of  fire-hose,  con- 
nected to  pipes  leading  from  a  large  tank  on  the  roof ;  that  all  floors  and  partitions 
shall  be  constructed  of  iron  and  masonry  ;  and  that  diagrams  of  each  floor,  showing 
all  the  exits,  shall  be  printed  in  the  programmes.  Plans  of  new  theatres  are  subjected 
to  the  closest  scrutiny  in  the  Department  of  the  Inspection  of  Buildings  ;  and  the 
structures  themselves  are  examined  rigidly  before  permits  to  open  the  doors  are 
issued.  A  fireman  in  uniform,  a  regular  member  of  the  department,  is  detailed  to 
every  theatre  at  every  performance.  His  post  is  on  the  stage,  and  it  is  his  duty,  not 
only  to  act  as  fireman  in  case  of  fire,  but  also  to  watch  for  and  report  to  the  depart- 
ment any  proceeding  which  may  tend  to  increase  the  risk  of  a  blaze.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  it  may  be  said,  for  the  comfort  of  timid  people,  that  the  theatres  built  since 
1887  are  as  nearly  fire-proof  as  scientific  construction  and  the  exclusion  of  burnable 
material  can  make  them. 

•  The  Places  of  Amusement  in  1892  in  New  York  include  three — the  Madison- 
Square  Garden,  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  and  the  Music  Hall  —  which  are  of 
special  prominence  because  of  their  magnitude  as  buildings  and  of  their  breadth  of 
purpose.  All  are  comparatively  new.  Each  of  them  requires  the  expenditure  of 
enormous  sums  of  money,  and  each  stands  alone  in  its  field. 

The  Madison-Square  Garden  is,  in  magnitude,  the  most  important  of  the 
three.  It  is  the  largest  building  in  America  devoted  entirely  to  amusements.  It 
occupies  the  entire  block  bounded  by  Madison  and  Fourth  Avenues  and  26th  ami 
27th  Streets.  It  is  465  feet  long  and  200  feet  wide,  and  its  walls  rise  to  a  height  of 
65  feet.  Architecturally  it  is  a  magnificent  structure,  because  of  the  simplicity  of 
the  construction  and  the  absence  of  trifling  details  in  the  ornamentation.  The  style 
is  in  the  Renaissance,  and  the  materials  buff  brick  and  terra-cotta.  The  roof  is  flat, 
or  nearly  so,  but  the  sky-lines  are  broken  by  a  colonnade  which  rises  above  the  roof 
at  the  Madison- Avenue  end  and  extends  along  either  side  for  100  feet ;  by  six 
open  cupolas,  with  semi-spherical  domes,  which  rise  above  the  colonnade ;  by  two 
towers  at  the  Fourth-Avenue  corners  ;  and  by  a  magnificent  square  tower  which  rises 
from  the  26th-Street  side,  with  its  lines  unbroken  for  249  feet,  and  then  in  a  series 
of  open  cupolas,  decreasing  in  diameter,  on  the  smallest  and  topmost  of  which  is 
poised  a  figure  of  Diana,  of  heroic  size,  the  crown  of  whose  head  is  332  feet  from 
the  side-walk.  Along  the  Madison-Avenue  end,  and  extending  along  either  side 
for  a  distance  of  1 50  feet,  there  is  an  open  arcade,  which  covers  the  side-walk,  and 
the  roof  of  which  rests  upon  pillars  of  polished  granite  and  piers  of  brick.  The  top 
of  the  arcade  is  laid  out  as  a  promenade.  The  main  entrance  to  the  building  is  at 
the  Madison-Avenue  end,  through  a  triple  doorway,  and  above  it  is  the  most  promi- 
nent feature  of  exterior  decoration,  an  elaborate  arch  in  terra-cotta,  set  in  relief  into 
the  wall.  From  the  entrance  a  lobby  100  feet  long  and  23  feet  wide  leads  to  a 
foyer,  and  this  opens  into  the  amphitheatre,  which  is  the  main  feature  of  the  build- 
ing. This  grand  hall  is  300  feet  long,  200  feet  wide,  and  59  feet  in  height  to  the 
bottom  of  the  girders.  In  the  centre  is  the  arena  floor,  268  feet  long  and  122  feet 
wide,  with  parallel  straight  sides  and  semi-circular  ends,  and  from  this  floor  rise  the 
box-tiers  and  rows  upon  rows  of  seats,  extending  back  to  the  walls.  No  attempt 
has  been  made  at  decoration,  other  than  to  leave  all  the  construction  open  to  view 
and  to  paint  the  columns,  roof,  girders,  etc.,  a  light  buff  tint ;  and  the  beauty  of  the 


ICING' S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


585 


MADISON-SQUARE  GARDEN. 

MACISCN  SQUARE,  MADISON  AND  FOURTH  AVENUES,  AND  WEST  26th  AND  WEST  27TH  STREETS. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


interior  resides  in  the  simplicity  and  the  light  and  graceful  appearance  of  the  con- 
struction. Above  the  arena  seats  there  is  a  balcony,  which  extends  around  the 
amphitheatre,  and  still  above  is  a  promenade,  which  is  20  feet  wide  in  its  narrowest 
part.  Properly  speaking,  there  is  no  stage,  but  when  one  is  required  it  is  con- 
structed at  the  eastern  end,  either  in  front  of  the  boxes  or  in  the  space  gained  by 
removing  a  number  of  them.  There  are  no  arena  boxes  around  the  edges  of  the 
floor,  52  in  the  first  tier,  26  in  the  second,  and  26  in  the  third,  these  tiers  being  dis- 
posed at  either  end  of  the  amphitheatre.  With  the  floor  left  open,  for  a  perform- 
ance like  that  of  a  circus,  for  example,  there  are  seats  for  5,000  people.  "With  the 
floor  occupied  by  chairs,  as  for  concerts,  leaving  space  either  in  the  centre  or  at  the 
eastern  end  for  a  band  stand,  the  seating  capacity  is  9,000,  and  there  is  standing 
room  for  many  thousands  more.  On  the  opening  night,  June  16,  1890,  with  a  con- 
cert by  Edward  Strauss's  orchestra  and  two  grand  ballets  as  attractions,  there  were 
present  17,000  people,  and  that  ample  provision  for  exit  had  been  made  was  shown 
in  the  fact  that  the  amphitheatre  was  vacated  after  the  performance  in  4^  minutes. 
There  are  ten  exits,  and  all  of  them,  save  that  on  Fourth  Avenue,  are  on  inclines, 
without  stairs.  Besides  the  usual  means  of  ventilation,  there  is  a  movable  sky- 
light, the  area  of  which  is  one-half  that  of  the  roof.  When  this  is  moved  aside  the 
people  in  the  amphitheatre  are  virtually,  in  so  far  as  fresh  air  is  concerned,  out  of 
doors.  The  whole  building  is  thoroughly  equipped  with  Worthington  pumps.  Since 
the  opening  the  amphitheatre  has  been  in  use  for  gigantic  musical  and  social  under- 
takings, circus  performances,  horse  and  dog  shows,  bicycle  tournaments  and  other 
sporting  events.  During  the  week  of  May  2-7,  1892,  the  Actors'-Fund  Fair  was 
held  in  it.  The  entire  floor  was  laid  out  as  a  miniature  village  of  one  street  in  the 
midst  of  a  plain.  The  buildings  were  models  of  famous  theatres  of  ancient  London 
and  older  New  York,  and  the  architecture  and  picturesque  local  color  of  several 
centuries  and  of  places  far  distant  from  each  other  were  cleverly  brought  into  har- 
mony. On  the  evenings  of  May  10  and  12,  and  the  afternoon  of  May  14,  1892, 
Adelina  Patti  sang,  in  association  with  other  distinguished  soloists,  a  chorus  of 
1,000  volunteers  and  a  grand  orchestra,  to  three  of  the  largest  audiences  ever  assem- 
bled at  concerts.  As  the  price  of  seats  was  set  at  popular  figures  the  audiences 
were  composed  for  the  most  part  of  people  who  had  never  heard  Patti  sing,  and  on 
each  occasion  the  enthusiasm  rose  almost  to  the  point  of  hysteria.  At  the  after- 
noon concert  Patti's  managers  and  agents  were  compelled  to  rescue  her  almost  by 
force  from  the  chorus  people,  who  paid  homage  to  her  so  vigorously  as  seriously  to 
frighten  her. 

In  the  Madison-Avenue  and  26th-Street  corner  of  the  building  there  is,  on  the 
first  floor,  a  cafe  115  feet  long  and  70  feet  wide.  Above  it  is  a  concert-hall,  elabo- 
rately decorated"  in  white  and  gold,  with  two  balconies,  the  lower  of  which  is  divided 
into  36  open  boxes.  The  seating  capacity  is  1,100.  Opening  from  the  lower  bal- 
cony there  is  an  assembly,  or  dining-hall,  69  by  32  feet  ;  and  connected  therewith  is 
a  kitchen  equipment,  sufficiently  large  to  provide  for  2,000  people.  Above  the 
Madison-Avenue  end  of  the  building  there  is  a  roof-garden,  200  by  80  feet,  with  a 
small  stage  or  band-stand.  This  was  opened  for  the  first  time  on  May  30,  1892,  and 
it  is  estimated  that  3,500  people  were  present.  The  roof-garden  is  reached  by  two 
principal  stairways,  10  feet  wide,  and  a  third  of  lesser  dimensions,  as  well  as  by  two 
elevators  of  large  carrying  capacity.  One  of  the  elevators  runs  to  the  top  of  the 
main  tower,  249  feet  from  the  ground,  and  from  this  level  there  is  a  stairway,  by 
means  of  which  visitors  may  ascend  to  the  topmost  cupola,  just  below  the  feet  of 
Diana.     The  view  of  New  York  and  the  surrounding  country  which  is  had  from  the 


ICING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


587 


top  of  the  Madison-Square-Garden  tower  is  one  that  cannot  be  seen  from  any  other 
point,  and  is  paralleled  only  by  that  from  the  dome  of  the  Pulitzer  Building,  2\  miles 
farther  down-town.  Manhattan  Island,  North  River,  East  River,  and  broad  sections 
of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  are  at  the  feet  of  the  visitors.  The  building  is 
lighted  in  every  part  by  electricity.  There  is  a  complete  plant  of  engines,  dynamos, 
etc.,  in  the  basement,  and  about  6,800  incandescent  lamps  are  in  use.  Some  hun- 
dreds are  disposed  about  the  roof,  the  roof-garden,  cupolas  and  main  tower,  and 
around  the  figure  of  Diana.  When  the  edifice  is  fully  illuminated  at  night,  it  presents 
a  spectacle  the  beauty  of  which  is  unsurpassed.  It  becomes  an  object  of  great  interest, 
and  can  be  seen  from  thousands  of  points  of  view  in  New  York  and  vicinity. 

The  cost  of  the  Madison-Square-Garden  building  was  about  $3,000,000.  It  is 
owned  by  the  Madison-Square-Garden  Company,  among  the  stock -holders  of  which 
are  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  James  T.  Woodward,  Charles  Lanier,  Alfred  B.  Darling, 
Hiram  Hitchcock,  Darius  O.  Mills,  Charles  Crocker,  and  Adolph  Ladenburg. 
William  F.  Wharton  is  the  manager. 

The  site  of  the  building  was  occupied  for  nearly  twenty  years  by  the  older  Mad- 
ison-Square Garden,  which  was  the  abandoned  passenger-station  of  the  New-York 
Central  &  Hudson-River  Railroad,  remodelled.  It  was  at  one  time  called  Gil- 
more's  Garden,  because  of  a  series  of  popular  concerts,  given  under  the  direction  of 
the  famous  band-master,  P.  S.  Gilmore. 

The  Garden  Theatre  is  a  portion  of  the  Madison-Square  Garden  structure, 
although  the  management  is  distinct.  It  is  in  the  Madison- Avenue  and  27th-Street 
corner,  and  occupies  a  space  1 1 5  feet  long  and  70  wide.  The  entrance  is  at  the 
extreme  corner,  through  a  lobby  and  foyer,  which  together  occupy  the  entire  front 
of  the  theatre.  The  auditorium,  with  eight  boxes,  a  balcony,  and  a  gallery,  has  a 
seating  capacity  of  about  1,200.  The  interior  gives  one  the  impression  of  costliness 
in  the  construction  and  decoration,  for  the  bases  of  the  box  tiers,  and  the  heavy  col- 
umns which  form  the  frames  of  the  outer  proscenium  arch,  are  of  onyx.  The  walls 
are  hung  with  silk,  in  tints  of  light  yellow  and  cream.  The  stage  is  39  feet  deep 
and  70  feet  wide.  '  The  Garden  Theatre  was  opened  to  the  public  on  September  27, 
1890,  with  the  production  of  the  farcical  comedy  entitled  Dr.  Bill.  The  most  sig- 
nificant production  that  has  ever  been  made  on  its  stage  was  that  of  the  comic  opera, 
La  Cigale,  which  ran  nearly  all  the  season  of  1891-92.  The  house  is  under  the 
management  of  T.  Henry  French,  and  comic  operas  are  the  principal  attractions. 

The  Metropolitan  Opera-House,  which  occupies  the  whole  block  bounded 
by  Broadway,  Seventh  Avenue  and  39th  and  40th  Streets,  was  perhaps  the  second 
establishment  of  importance  on  the  continent.  In  some  sense  it  may  be  considered 
the  first,  as  it  was  the  only  permanent  home  of  grand  opera.  It  was  built  by  a  cor- 
poration, composed  largely  of  men  who  were  unable,  several  years  ago,  to  secure 
boxes  at  the  Academy  of  Music,  which  was  then  the  only  opera-house  in  the  city. 
The  cost  was  about  $1,500,000.  The  building  is  of  buff  brick,  stone  and  iron,  in 
the  Italian  Renaissance  style  of  architecture.  The  exterior  dimensions  are  :  on 
Broadway,  205  feet ;  30th  Street,  284  feet ;  Seventh  Avenue,  197  feet  ;  40th  Street, 
229  feet.  Each  of  the  Broadway  corners,  occupying  a  space  of  about  seventy  feet 
square,  rises  to  a  height  of  seven  stories.  The  lower  floors  are  occupied,  one  by 
the  Bank  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  the  other  as  a  restaurant.  The  second,  story  of 
the  39th-Street  corner  is  one  of  a  suite  of  assembly-rooms.  The  upper  stories  of 
both  corners  are  laid  out  in  apartments  for  dwellings.  The  intervening  section 
on  Broadway  is  carried  to  a  height  of  full  four  stories,  and,  is  devoted  to  the  pur- 
poses of  the  Opera-House,  and  to  such  other  apartments  as  will  increase  the  con- 


588 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NFAV  YORK 


venience  of  the  establishment  for  balls  and  extensive  social  functions.  The  main 
auditorium  occupies  the  geographical  centre  of  the  block.  It  is  reached  from  the 
front,  through  a  vestibule  65  by  35  feet,  and  from  either  side,  through  vestibules 
which  are  33  feet  wide,  and  70  and  50  feet  in  length,  respectively.  All  three  vesti- 
bules open  into  a  semi-circular  corridor,  which  extends  around  the  auditorium  to 
the  proscenium-wall  on  either  side.  The  box  tiers  and  upper  circles  are  approached 
by  a  magnificent  double  stairway,  which  rises  from  either  side  of  the  front  vestibule 
and  joins  in  a  single  stairway  above  the  first  tier,  and  by  four  other  stairways  lead- 
ing from  the  side  vestibules.  Within,  the  auditorium  is  surrounded  by  two  tiers  of 
boxes,  and  three  balconies,  making  in  all  five  galleries.  There  are  73  boxes  in  the 
two  tiers,  and  twelve  below  the  first  tier,  near  the  stage,  six  on  either  side,  on  a 
level  with  the  main  floor.  There  are  584  seats  in  the  parquet,  750  in  the  balcony 
and  dress-circle,  and  930  in  the  gallery  ;  the  total  seating  capacity,  inclu  ling  the 
boxes,  is  3,500.  The  tone  of  the  decoration  is  in  old  gold.  There  are  figures  repre- 
senting The  Chorus  and  The  Ballet,  on  the  pilasters  at  the  sides  of  the  curtain 
opening  ;  and  above  the  middle  of  the  arch,  there  is  an  allegory,  with  Apollo  as 
the  central  figure.  Statues  of  the  Muses  are  placed  in  niches  at  either  side. 
Strictly  speaking,  there  is  no  proscenium.  The  great  curtain  opening  is  48  by 
50  feet.  The  stage,  which  is  the  largest  in  the  country,  is  IOI  feet  wide,  90  feet 
deep,  and  150  feet  high,  to  the  roof.  As  a  consequence,  the  scenic  outfits  are  made 
on  a  gigantic  scale.  On  either  side  of  the  stage,  facing  39th  and  40th  Streets 
respectively,  are  large  apartments  which  are  used  as  executive  offices.  Above  the 
vestibules  and  the  three  entrances,  are  assembly-rooms,  parlors,  retiring-rooms, 
toilet-rooms,  and  other  accessory  apartments.  A  feature  of  the  stage  is  a  fine 
organ,  which  has  ten  speaking  stops  and  661  pipes.  It  occupies  a  position  next  to 
the  proscenium  wall  on  the  south  side,  twenty  feet  above  the  stage  floor.  The  key- 
box  is  at  the  left  end  of  the  orchestra  space  and  the  action  is  electric.  The  house 
was  thought  to  be  fire-proof.  The  partitions  are  all  of  masonry  ;  the  floors  of  iron 
beams  and  brick  arches  ;  and  the  roof  of  iron  and  brick.  The  Opera- House  was 
opened  October  22,  1883,  with  a  performance  of  Faust  in  Italian.  Henry  E. 
Abbey  was  the  manager,  and  Italo  Campanini  and  Christine  Nilsson  were  the  prin- 
cipals of  the  cast.  Mr.  Abbey's  management  ended  for  the  time  being  in  the  spring 
following.  In  the  fall  of  1884  a  season  of  German  opera  was  begun,  under  the 
management  of  Edmund  C.  Stanton,  acting  in  the  interests  of  the  stockholders, 
and  with  Leopold  Damrosch  as  Musical  Director.  The  giving  of  German  opera 
was  an  experiment  in  those  days,  but  it  was  so  successful,  especially  in  an  artistic 
sense,  that  a  similar  policy  was  pursued  for  the  six  years  following.  During  that 
period,  all  Wagner's  operas  (excepting  Parsifal}  were  produced  in  magnificent  style, 
some  of  them  for  the  first  time  in  America.  In  the  spring  of  1 89 1  the  stockholders 
decided  to  set  aside  German  opera  for  the  time  being,  and  contracted  with  Henry  E. 
Abbey  for  a  season  of  Italian  and  French  opera,  to  be  given  during  the  winter  of 
1 89 1  and  1892.  A  fire  destroyed  the  interior  of  this  supposed  fire-proof  opera- 
house  on  August  27,  1892.  New  York  will  continue  to  have  one  of  the  great 
opera-houses  of  the  world,  for  a  newly  formed  company  of  wealthy  and  influential 
citizens  is  now  rebuilding  the  burnt-out  auditorium.  Among  these  men  are 
George  G.  Haven,  Adrian  Iselin,  Elbridge  T.  Gerry,  Edward  Cooper,  J.  Pierpont 
Morgan,  S.  D.  Babcock,  S.  P.  Wetmore,(  Perry  Belmont,  D.  O.  Mills,  Henry  Clews, 
W.  C.  Whitney,  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  Cornelius,  Frederick  and  W.  K.  Vanderbilt. 
The  fact  that  the  Opera-House  has  not  been  financially  profitable  is  offset  by  the 
benefit  derived  by  the  people  from  the  musical  culture  developed  here. 


59° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Music  Hall,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Seventh  Avenue  and  57th  Street,  is 

the  next  in  magnitude  of  the  principal  establishments  to  which  reference  has  been 
made.  It  was  built  by  a  corporation  known  as  the  Music-Hail  Company,  of  the 
stock  of  which  Andrew  Carnegie  owns  about  nine-tenths.  The  material  of  construc- 
tion is  brick  and  terra  cotta.  The  architecture  is  simple,  but  rich.  The  57th-Street 
front  is  a  modification  of  the  modern  Renaissance.  The  centre  of  the  fac,ade,  a  space 
80  feet  broad,  is  divided  into  a  series  of  five  arches,  which  serve  collectively  as  the  main 
entrance.  Above  these  is  a  similar  series  which  extends  through  two  stories ;  and 
still  above,  a  series  of  small  double  arches,  which  extends  to  the  main  cornice. 
Still  above  is  a  plain  roof,  of  the  style  known  as  the  Mansard.  The  appearance 
presented  by  the  exterior  is  one  of  dignity,  rather  than  of  beauty.  In  so  far  as  the 
arrangement  of  wall-openings  indicates,  the  building  is  of  six  stories,  but  the  floor 
lines  are  irregularly  placed,  and  only  a  small  portion  of  the  edifice  conforms  to  that 
arrangement.  The  principal  feature  of  the  building  is  the  grand  concert-hall,  which 
occupies  the  main  part  of  the  ground-floor.  It  is  a  magnificent  auditorium,  with 
seats  for  3,000  people,  and  standing  room  for  1,000  more.  The  entrance  leads  to  a 
vestibule  70  feet  long,  the  ceiling  of  which  is  a  semi-circular  vault,  25  feet  high. 
The  vestibule  opens  into  a  spacious  corridor,  which  extends  around  three  sides  of 
the  hall,  and  from  both  angles  of  which  broad  stairways  lead  to  the  box  tiers,  dress- 
circle  and  balcony.  The  parquet  floor,  which  of  itself  seats  over  1,000  persons,  has 
nine  exits  to  the  corridor,  and  the  latter  and  the  main  vestibule  have  doors  opening 
upon  the  three  streets.  The  upper  circles  do  not  extend  to  the  proscenium-wall, 
but  terminate  at  points  on  the  side- walls  farther  and  farther  back  as  they  rise.  This 
arrangement  brings  the  ceiling  into  view,  and  (it  is  claimed)  improves  the  acoustic 
properties.  The  decorations  are  in  ivory  and  gold,  relieved  with  tints  of  old  rose.  The 
stage  is  an  integral  part  of  the  hall,  and  has  no  theatrical  equipment,  the  hall  having 
been  designed  purely  for  concerts  and  lectures.  The  hall  is  lighted  by  electricity.  The 
incandescent  lamps  are  so  disposed  in  the  cornices  and  decorative  work  that  very  few  of 
them  are  in  sight  of  any  one  in  the  audience.  The  effect  of  lighting  is  something  like 
that  of  sunlight  coming  over  one's  shoulder.  In  the  basement  below  the  grand  hall, 
and  having  a  separate  entrance  on  57th  Street,  is  Recital  Hall,  the  seating  capacity 
of  which  is  1,200.  These  two  large  halls  are  so  connected  by  stairways  and  ante- 
rooms that  they  may  easily  be  transformed  into  a  ball-room  and  banquet-hall  for  use 
on  a  great  social  occasion.  Connected  with  Recital  Hall  is  an  extensive  kitchen. 
Above  the  latter,  on  the  street  level,  is  a  dining-room.  On  the  second  story  there 
is  a  grand  drawing-room  ;  on  the  third,  a  chamber  music  hall,  with  seating  capac- 
ity of  450  ;  on  the  fourth,  a  chapter-room,  so-called,  which  sometimes  serves  the 
purpose  of  an  additional  chamber  music  room,  and  on  the  fifth,  still  another  hall 
of  similar  size.  The  roof-story  is  laid  out  in  offices  and  music  studios,  which  are 
very  conveniently  arranged  for  the  purposes  of  instruction  or  recital,  or  other  kindred 
uses.  There  are  in  the  building  numbers  of  parlors,  retiring  rooms,  cloak-rooms, 
and  the  like  ;  and  the  entire  edifice  is  so  arranged  that  the  different  portions  may  be 
used  for  the  special  purposes  for  which  they  were  planned,  with  complete  isolation, 
or  all  may  be  thrown  into  connection  for  a  grand  social  event,  as  easily  as  the  apart- 
ments in  a  private  residence.  A  grand  musical  festival,  which  was  begun  on  May  5, 
1 89 1,  and  lasted  five  days,  was  the  dedicating  event  in  Music  Hall,  although  Re- 
cital Hall  had  then  been  in  service  for  some  weeks.  The  festival  was  carried  out 
jointly  by  the  Symphony  and  Oratorio  Societies,  with  the  assistance  of  a  boys' 
choir  of  100  voices,  and  eighteen  prominent  solo  singers,  among  whom  were  Frau 
Antonia  Mielke,  Mile.  Clementine  de  Vere,  Frau  Marie  Ritter-Goetze,  Sig.  Italo 


KIN&S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


591 


Campanini,  Herr  Theodor  Reichmann  and  Herr  Emil  Fischer.  Walter  Damrosch 
was  the  director,  and  he  was  assisted  by  P.  Tschaikowsky,  an  eminent  Russian  com- 
poser, who  led  the  orchestra  in  the  interpretation  of  a  number  of  his  own  com- 
positions. 

The  building  of  Music  Hall  was  largely  in  the  nature  of  an  experiment,  and 
experience  has  shown  that  extensive  alterations  will  be  necessary  to  make  it  a 
thoroughly  available  property.  Plans  have  been  perfected,  therefore,  for  rebuild- 
ing, which  will  involve  an  expense  nearly  equal  to  the  first  cost.    The  corner-lot  on 


CARNEGIE  MUSIC  HALL,  SEVENTH  AVENUE,   SOUTHEAST  CORNER  OF  57TH  STREET. 


56th  Street  has  been  purchased,  and  it  is  intended  to  extend  the  building  over  it ; 
to  continue  the  edifice  several  stories  higher;  and  to  provide  a  large  number  of 
studios  and  offices.  When  these  changes  shall  have  been  made,  Music  Hall  will  be 
one  of  the  foremost  centres  of  culture  and  elegance  in  the  Empire  City,  and  the 
home  of  art  and  melody. 

The  Casino  is  one  of  the  picturesque  buildings  in  New-York  City.  It  stands 
on  the  southeast  corner  of  Broadway  and  39th  Street,  and  is  a  fine  illustration  of  the 
Arabesque  or  Moorish  style  of  architecture.  The  materials  are  terra  cotta,  brick  and 
sandstone.  As  viewed  from  the  corner  diagonally  opposite,  it  presents  a  round 
tower,  surmounted  by  a  Moorish  dome,  at  the  street  angle  ;  a  curved  overhanging 
gallery  at  the  upper  story  on  the  39th-Street  side ;  and  an  open  colonnade,  which 
rises  above  the  roof  on  the  Broadway  front.  The  dimensions  of  the  building  are 
144  by  107  feet.  The  interior  architecture  corresponds  with  the  exterior  appearance. 
The  auditorium,  which  is  in  the  second  story,  and  is  reached  by  means  of  a  wide 
marble  stairway  from  a  spacious  lobby  on  the  39th- Street  side,  is  decorated  in  plastic 


592 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


materials,  of  which  asbestos  forms  a  considerable  part.  Everywhere  is  seen  the  low 
horse-shoe  arch,  the  semi-spherical  dome,  the  low  colonnade,  and  the  lattice  work, 
which  are  characteristic  of  Moorish  architecture.  The  seating  capacity  is 'about 
2,000.  There  are  16  boxes,  a  balcony,  and  (in  place  of  the  usual  gallery)  a  buffet 
floor,  virtually  an  open  smoking-room,  with  the  performance  in  view.  The  stage  is 
40  feet  wide,  and  32  feet  deep.  A  feature  of  the  Casino  is  its  roof-garden,  where 
in  hot  weather  one  may  partake  of  refreshments,  and  listen  to  the  orchestral  music. 
The  garden,  tower  and  overhanging  balcony  are  brilliantly  lighted  with  electricity 
at  night.  The  Casino  was  built  and  is  owned  by  the  New- York  Concert  Company, 
and  was  intended  as  a  concert-hall,  but  from  the  outset  until  recently  it  has  been  a 
permanent  home  for  comic  opera.  It  was  opened  October  22,  1882,  with  a  perform- 
ance of  The  Queen's  Lace  Handkerchief.  Its  most  famous  production  was  that  of 
Ertninie,  which  in  several  runs  has  been  performed  upwards  of  1,000  times.  In  the 
fall  of  1892  the  proprietors  of  the  Casino  abandoned  the  field  of  comic  opera, 
rearranged  the  auditorium  and  stage  of  the  house,  and  turned  it  into  a  concert-hall 
of  the  English  type.    The  manager  is  Rudolph  Aronson. 

Palmer's  Theatre,  at  Broadway  and  30th  Street,  is  often  spoken  of  as  the 
leading  theatre  in  America  ;  partly  because  it  is  the  play-house  with  which  the  name 
of  Lester  Wallack  was  most  recently  associated,  and  partly  because  of  the  prestige 
of  the  present  manager,  Albert  M.  Palmer,  who  had  achieved  distinct  success  at  the 


I 


PALMER'S  THEATRE  (AS  IT  IS),  BROADWAY,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  OF  30TH  STREET. 

Union-Square  and  Madison- Square  Theatres  before  he  took  charge  of  this  house. 
This  prestige  is  also  made  evident  by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Palmer  has  been  president  of 
the  Actors'  Fund  ever  since  it  was  founded.    The  theatre  was  built  by  Lester  Wal- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


593 


lack  and  Theodore  Moss,  and  opened  January  4,  1882,  with  a  performance  of  School 
for  Scandal,  with  John  Gilbert,  Harry  Edwards,  Osmond  Tearle,  Gerald  Eyre,  Rose 
Coghlan,  Mme.  Ponisi  and  Stella  Boniface  in  the  cast.     Mrs.  Langtry  made  her 
debut  in  America  on  its  stage  in  An  Unequal  Match,  November  6,  1S82.  Lester 
Wallack  retired  from  the  management  early  in  1887,  and  during  the  season  of 
1887-88  the  affairs  of  the  house  were  conducted  by  Henry  E.  Abbey.     Mr.  Palmer 
took  possession  as  manager 
in  September,  1888.  Theo- 
dore Moss  is  now  the  owner. 
The  engagement    of  Mary 
Anderson,  her  last  in  this 
city  ;  the  production  of  An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,  by  Mrs. 
James  Brown  Potter  ;  and  the 
engagement  of  the  Coquelin- 
Hading  Company  were  the 
principal   events  of  Mr. 
Palmer's   first   season ;  the 
productions  of  Samson,  by 
Salvini,  the  famous  Italian 
tragedian,   and  of  Richard 
III.,  by  Richard  Mansfield, 
were  significant  occurrences 
of  his  second.   E.  S.  Willard, 
an  English  actor  of  great 
ability,  occupied   the  stage 
during  the  third  ;  and  Mr. 
Palmer's  own  stock-company 
furnished  the  attractions  dur- 
ing the  fourth,  which  ended 
April  30,  1892.    In  the  sum- 
mer,   Palmer's   Theatre  is 
given  over  to  comic  opera. 
The  house  has  a  frontage  of  92  feet  on  Broadway,  and  of  150  feet  on  West  30th 
Street.     The  auditorium  stands  back  from  both  streets,  and  is  skirted  by  a  portion 
of  the  projected  lofty  and  magnificent  edifice,  which  is  now  completed  for  two  stories 
only.     The  entrance  lobby  and  main  foyer  on  the  first  story,  and  a  grand  foyer  on 
the  second,  which  is  reached  by  two  wide  stairways,  occupy  the  Broadway  front  for 
the  full  width  of  the  theatre  proper,  which  is  75  feet.   There  is  a  side  entrance,  used 
principally  by  people  who  arrive  in  carriages,  on  30th  Street.    The  rest  of  the  incom- 
plete building  fronting  on  both  streets,  is  devoted  to  stores  and  business  offices. 
The  auditorium  is  handsomely  decorated  in  dark  tints,  relieved  with  gold.  There 
are  seats  in  the  parquet,  balcony,  gallery  and  boxes  for  1,200  people.     The  stage 
measures  70  by  35  feet,  and  is  entered  from  30th  Street.     Palmer's  Theatre  may 
invariably  be  depended  on  as  worthy  of  the  best  and  most  fastidious  patronage. 

Daly's  Theatre  occupies  the  centre  of  the  block  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway, 
between  29th  and  30th  Streets.  Its  front  is  an  unpretentious  brick  building,  of 
three  stories  and  a  Mansard  roof,  the  single  feature  of  which  is  a  portico  which 
covers  the  entrance  to  a  lobby,  twenty-five  feet  wide.  The  lobby  leads,  by  succeed- 
ing stairways  of  half  a  dozen  steps  each,  into  a  foyer,  which  is  nearly  as  large  as  the 
38 


PALMER'S  THEATRE  (WHEN   COMPLETED  I 
WEST  30TH  STREET. 


BROADWAY  AND 


594 


KING'S  HAND  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


auditorium  into  which  it  opens.  The  auditorium  is  richly  decorated,  dark  red  and 
gold  being  the  prevailing  tints.  There  are  eight  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a  gallery, 
and  the  seating  capacity  is  about  1,400.  The  stage  is  very  large,  and  the  accessory 
building  in  the  rear  for  dressing-rooms  and  scenery  unusually  spacious.  An  addition 
extending  at  right  angles  to  29th  Street  was  built  in  1892.  Daly's  Theatre  is  the 
home  of  the  most  famous  stock-company  in  America,  a  company  which,  with  Ada 
Rehan  as  the  leading  lady,  has  won  repeated  triumphs  in  London,  Paris  and  Berlin. 
The  productions  are  mainly  Shakespeare's  comedies  and  plays  adapted  by  Augustin 
Daly  from  German  or  French  sources.  A  peculiarity  of  the  business  management 
is  that  a  person  who  purchases  a  seat  in  advance  does  not  receive  the  conventional 
theatre-ticket,  but  simply  a  strip  of  paper,  bearing  upon  its  face  two  numbers, 
which  are  meaningless,  apparently,  but  which  prove  to  the  attaches  of  the  house  the 
right  of  the  holder  to  enter  the  theatre  at  a  specific  performance,  and  to  seats  which 
are  designated  upon  a  coupon,  which  is  given  to  him  at  the  gate.  This  method  was 
adopted  to  put  an  end  to  ticket  speculation.  As  the  strip  of  paper  bears  no  evidence 
on  its  face  that  it  is  a  theatre-ticket,  it  is  not  salable.  Daly's  Theatre  was  opened 
as  Banvard's  Museum,  in  1867,  and  during  the  succeeding  twelve  years  it  was 
variously  known  as  Wood's  Museum  and  Metropolitan  Theatre,  Wood's  Museum 
and  Menagerie,  and  the  Broadway  Theatre.  In  its  early  days  it  was  both  a  museum 
and  a  play-house,  and  in  the  early  70's  it  was  the  home  of  burlesque.  Augustin 
Daly  took  possession,  remodelled  it,  and  gave  it  its  present  name  in  1879.  The 
house  was  again  remodelled  in  1 89 1. 

The  Empire  Theatre  is  a  new  play-house,  on  40th  Street,  near  Broadway,  on 
which  is  the  main  entrance.  It  was  built  by  Dayman  and  Sanger,  and  leased  for  a 
term  of  ten  years  by  Charles  Frohman  and  Rich  &  Harris.  Work  upon  the  foun- 
dation was  begun  on  May  1,  1892.  The  theatre  proper  is  100  feet  square,  and 
seats  1,050  people.  Charles  Frohman's  stock  company  has  occupied  the  stage. 
The  theatre  is  in  the  style  of  the  First  Empire.  The  top  story  on  Broadway  is  of 
terra  cotta,  the  next  two  of  pressed  Roman  brick,  and  the  two  lower  stories  of 
Indiana  limestone.  The  auditorium  is  frescoed  in  crimson  and  gold,  and  lighted  by 
clusters  of  electric  lights.  The  interior  is  rich,  quiet  and  restful.  The  Empire  is 
not  a  large  theatre,  but  is  one  of  the  most  comfortable  and  luxurious  in  the  country. 

The  Manhattan  Opera  House  is  on  West  34th  Street,  between  Broadway 
and  Seventh  Avenue.  This  also  is  one  of  the  new  theatres,  having  been  erected  by 
Oscar  Hammerstein,  in  1892-93,  for  the  purposes  of  opera.  The  entrance  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  New  York,  and  conducts  to  a  splendid  auditorium,  seating  2,500 
persons.    There  are  72  boxes  ;  and  the  great  gallery  seats  2,500  persons. 

The  American  Theatre,  at  the  southeastern  corner  of  Eighth  Avenue  and 
West  42d  Street,  was  opened  for  the  first  time  in  1893,  and  attained  immediate 
popularity.  It  has  a  very  rich  and  attractive  interior,  beautifully  decorated  and 
adorned.  The  auditorium  seats  1,800  persons.  The  stage  is  of  unusual  size,  and 
elaborately  equipped  with  machinery,  to  facilitate  the  spectacular  productions  which 
the  theatre  gives.    The  manager  of  the  American  is  T.  Henry  French. 

Abbey's  Theatre,  the  newest  of  the  great  places  of  amusement  in  which  New 
York  delights,  combines  in  its  construction  and  decoration  all  the  comforts  and  beau- 
ties of  the  last  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  was  finished  in  1893.  The  situa- 
tion of  the  building  is  peculiarly  favorable,  in  the  heart  of  the  theatre  district,  at  the 
corner  of  Broadway  and  38th  Street,  and  adjoining  the  Casino.  The  long  and  success- 
ful experience  of  Mr.  Abbey  as  a  manager  ensures  for  this  establishment  a  prominent 
and  worthy  place  among  the  most  notable  theatres  of  New  York  and  of  the  world. 


A'LXC'S  If  A  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


595 


1 


L.  *      '  .  .       ■   ;  ■  ■ 

EIGHTH  AVENUE  AND  420  STREET.   SHOWING  AMERICAN  THEATRE. 


596 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Lyceum  Theatre,  a  parlor  play-house,  is  on  the  west  side  of  Fourth  Ave- 
nue, between  23d  and  24th  Streets.  The  building  is  50  feet  wide  and  125  feet  deep. 
The  first  floor  is  devoted  to  an  entrance  lobby,  business  offices,  cloak  and  smoking 
rooms,  and  stage  dressing-rooms.  The  theatre  proper  is  on  the  second  floor.  The 
auditorium  is  decorated  in  dark  colors.  There  are  four  boxes  and  a  balcony,  and  the 
seating  capacity  is  700.  The  stage  is  47^  feet  wide  and  50  feet  deep.  The  house  is 
owned  by  the  New- York  Theatre  Company,  a  corporation  of  which  Brent  Good  is  the 
president  and  Daniel  Frohman  manager.  The  theatre  was  opened  in  April,  1885,  with 
a  production  of  Steele  Mackaye's  play  Dakolar.  Helen  Dauvray  and  her  company 
gave  the  performances  for  the  seasons  of  1 885-6  and  1886-7,  and  the  Lyceum-Theatre 
stock-company  was  organized  in  November,  1886.  The  policy  of  the  management  is 
to  present  modern  society  dramas  of  English  and  American  authorship.  During  the 
season  of  1893  4  tne  house  will  be  devoted  to  the  seventh  annual  appearance  of  E.  H. 
Sothern  and  the  seventh  annual  season  of  the  Lyceum-Theatre  stock-company. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Theatre  is  the  fourth  play-house  that  has  borne  that  name. 
It  is  on  the  north  side  of  West  28th  Street,  a  few  feet  from  Broadway  ;  on  the  site 
of  its  namesake,  which  was  burned  on  January  2,  1891.  It  is  one  of  the  handsom- 
est theatres  in  the  country.  The  28th-Street  front,  which  is  the  broadside  of  the 
building,  is  in  the  style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance,  very  elaborate  in  the  detail  of  its 
ornamentation,  in  which  free  use  has  been  made  of  the  emblems  of  the  drama.  An 
architectural  feature  of  this  front  is  a 'handsome  portico,  which  covers  a  portion  of 
the  sidewalk,  and  serves  as  a  commodious  fire-escape.  All  of  the  windows  are  filled 
with  stained  glass.  There  are  two  principal  entrances,  one  of  which  is  sheltered  by 
the  portico,  and  opens  into  the  main  foyer,  an  apartment  40  feet  long  and  15  feet 
wide,  and  from  which  a  wide  marble  stairway  leads  to  the  upper  boxes  and  balcony. 
The  other  entrance  is  through  a  lobby  50  feet  long  and  12  feet  wide,  which  leads 
from  Broadway  to  the  rear  of  the  orchestra.  The  floors  of  the  foyer  and  lobby  are 
laid  in  white  marble,  and  the  walls  are  divided  into  panels  by  pilasters  and  columns 
of  Mycenian  marble.  In  the  auditorium  the  decorations  are  in  tint,  grading  from 
a  dark  crimson  to  pink,  with  ornamentations  in  ivory  and  gold.  The  distinctive 
architectural  feature  is  the  great  semi-spherical  dome  of  steel  and  tiles,  silver  and 
blue  in  tints,  around  the  base  of  which  extends  a  series  of  panels,  containing  figures 
of  the  Muses.  There  are  eight  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a  gallery,  both  of  which  extend 
well  forward,  and  the  seating  capacity  is  1,400.  The  auditorium  is  68  feet  wide 
and  64  feet  deep,  and  the  height  of  the  dome  is  65  feet.  The  stage  is  80  by  35 
feet.  The  Fifth-Avenue  Theatre  was  built  by  the  executors  of  the  Peter-Gilsey 
estate,  and  is  leased  to  Manager  Henry  C.  Miner.  It  was  opened  on  May  28,  1892, 
with  a  production  of  the  comic  opera,  The  Robber  of  the  Rhine.  Its  predecessor 
was  built  by  the  Gilsey  estate  in  1873,  on  the  site  of  a  building  which  was  opened 
October  16,  1868,  as  Apollo  Hall,  and  was  variously  known  as  Newcomb's  Hall  and 
the  St.  James  Theatre,  and  used  for  concert  and  minstrel  performances.  Augustin 
■Daly  became  manager  December  3,  1873,  an(i  named  the  new  house  the  Fifth- 
Avenue.  During  his  tenancy  of  four  years  he  gained  fame  but  lost  money.  Suc- 
ceeding managers  were  Stephen  Fiske,  Daniel  H.  Harkins,  John  H.  Haverly,  John 
Stetson,  Eugene  Tompkins  and  Henry  C.  Miner.  The  house  was  the  scene  of  Mary 
Anderson's  New- York  debut,  November  12,  1877  ;  of  Modjeska's  New- York  debut, 
December  22,  1877  ;  of  the  first  authorized  performance  in  America  of  Gilbert  and 
Sullivan's  famous  opera,  The  Mikado,  September  24,  1885  ;  and  of  Mrs.  James 
Brown  Potter's  debut,  October  31,  1887.  At  the  time  of  the  fire  the  attraction  was 
Fanny  Davenport's  production  of  Sardou's  Cleopatra. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


597 


Hoyt's  Madison-Square  Theatre  is  a  handsome  play-house  on  the  south  side 
of  West  24th  Street,  near  Broadway.    The  front  of  the  main  building,  fifty  feet 
wide,  is  of  granite,  and  there  is  an  extension  of  brick,  which  contains  the  entrance- 
lobby,  dressing-rooms  and  offices.    The  auditorium  is  finished  in  carved  mahogany 
and  other  rare  woods,  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  city.    The  seating  capac- 
ity is  800.    A  peculiarity  of  the  stage  is  that  it  consists  of  two  platforms,  like  the 
roof  and  floor  of  an  elevator,  one  thirty-five  feet  above  the  other.    Either  platform 
is  brought  to  the  proper  level  at  will,  by  means  of  counter-weights.    This  peculiarity 
enables  the  management  to 
furnish  elaborate  and  solid 
scenic    settings,  without 
necessitating  any  waits  be- 
tween'the  acts.    The  thea- 
tre was  built  in  1879  an(l 
1880,  by  the  Mallory  broth- 
ers, for   Steele  Mackaye, 
and  was  opened  on  Febru- 
ary 4,  1880,  with  the  pro- 
duction of   Hazel  Kirke, 
which  had  a  run  of  about 
456  performances.  Mack- 
aye's  tenancy  was  short. 
Daniel  Frohman  succeeded 
him  as  manager.  Albeit 
M.  Palmer  took  possession, 
as  a  partner  of  the  Mal- 
lorys,    on    September  1, 
1884,    and    organized  a 
stock-company  for  the 
house.     Hoyt  &  Thomas 
(Charles    H.    Hoyt  and 
Charles  W.  Thomas)  suc- 
ceeded as  managers  on  Sep- 
tember 15,  1 89 1,  and  pro- 
duced Hoyt's  farcical  com- 
edy, A  Trip  to  Chinatown. 
This  piece  had  a  run  of 
about  a  year.    Both  the 
managers  are  young  men, 
and  have  been  singularly 
successful.    They  began  in 
the  spring  of  1884.    The  site  of  this  theatre  was  occupied  in  1865  by  Christy's 
Minstrel  Hall.    This  building  was  later  leased  and  remodelled  by  James  Fisk,  and 
opened  January  5,  1869,  as  Brougham's  Theatre.     It  was  rechristened  the  Fifth- 
Avenue  Theatre,  April  5th  following,  and  leased  to  Augustin  Daly.    It  was  the  first 
of  the  four  different  theatres  which  have  borne  that  name.     It  was  the  scene  of  the 
first  performance  in  America  of  Frou  Frou,  on  January  15,  1870,  and  of  Clara 
Morris's  New- York  debut,  on  September  30th  of  the  same  year.    It  was  burned  on 
January  1,  1873.     I*  w»§  rebuilt  in  1877,  and  opened  on  December  10th  as  Fifth- 
Avenue  Hall,  and  was  so  known  until  rebuilt  by  the  Mallorys. 


HOYT'S   MADISON  -SQUARE  THEATRE,  24 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Harrigan's  Theatre  occupies  a  plot  of  ground  75  by  100  feet,  on  the  north  side 

of  West  35th  Street,  east  of  Sixth  Avenue.  The  front  is  in  the  Italian  Renaissance 
style,  of  buff  brick  and  terra  cotta.  The  auditorium  is  decorated  in  tints  of  ivory, 
with  gold  ornamentation.  There  are  seats  in  the  orchestra,  six  boxes,  a  balcony 
and  a  gallery,  for  about  800  people.  The  theatre  was  built  by  Edward  Harrigan, 
well-known  both  as  an  actor  and  as  a  writer  of  Irish  comedies.  It  was  opened 
December  29,  1890,  with  the  production  of  Mr.  Harrigan's  play,  Reilly  and  the 
400. 

The  Broadway  Theatre,  one  of  the  largest  in  the  city,  is  at  Broadway,  41st 
Street  and  Seventh  Avenue.  It  is  92  feet  wide  on  Broadway,  and  has  an  average 
depth  of  160  feet.  The  front,  of  Anderson  pressed  brick,  five  stories  high,  presents 
an  imposing  appearance.  The  entrance  is  through  a  spacious  arch,  the  crown  of 
which  reaches  through  the  second  story.  The  lobby,  24  by  18  feet,  opens  into  a 
foyer,  72^  by  15  feet,  from  either  end  of  which  an  iron  stairway  leads  to  the  balcony. 
The  decorations  arc  Romanesque,  in  dull  colors,  varying  from  maroon  to  antique 
pink.  Most  of  the  incandescent  lamps  by  which  the  house  is  lighted  are  so  placed 
in  the  ceiling,  proscenium-arch  and  decorations  as  to  appear  like  stars.  There  are 
seats  for  700  people  on  the  orchestra-floor  ;  and  the  capacity  of  ten  boxes,  the  bal- 
cony and  the  gallery  bring  the  total  up  to  1,776.  The  stage  is  75  feet  wide  and  48 
feet  deep.  The  house  was  built  by  the  Broadway-Theatre  Company,  consisting  of 
Elliot  Zborowski,  T.  Henry  Erench  and  Frank  W.  Sanger;  and  was  opened  on 
March  3,  1888,  with  a  production  of  La  Tosca  by  Fanny  Davenport.  Mr.  Sanger 
managed  the  house  up  to  the  present  season  of  1892-93,  when  he  sold  out  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  French.  The  house  is  devoted  to  comic  opera,  the  Francis  Wilson 
and  De  Wolf  Hopper  companies  alternating  in  possession  of  the  stage  during  the 
regular  seasons.  The  site  of  the  Broadway  was  occupied  from  May,  1880,  until  the 
construction  of  the  new  theatre  was  begun,  in  1887,  by  a  building  erected  by  Zborow- 
ski, Rudolph  Aronson  and  others  as  a  concert-hall,  and  variously  known  as  the 
Metropolitan  Concert-Hall,  Metropolitan  Casino,  Alcazar,  Cosmopolitan  Theatre, 
and  Skating-Rink.  It  was  the  scene  not  only  of  musical  and  dramatic  performances, 
but  also  of  sporting  events. 

The  Bijou  Theatre,  distinctively  the  home  of  farce  comedy,  or  variety  farce, 
is  a  little  play-house  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  between  30th  and  31st  Streets. 
It  is  long  and  narrow,  the  width  of  the  building  being  only  40  feet,  while  the  depth 
of  the  auditorium  is  sufficient  for  thirty  rows  of  seats.  The  seating  capacity  of  the 
orchestra,  balcony,  gallery  and  eight  boxes,  is  about  1,400.  The  stage  is  38  by  37 
feet.  The  house,  which  is  owned  by  Edward  F.  James,  was  built  on  leasehold 
title  by  Miles  &  Barton,  and  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1883,  Edward  E.  Rice  having 
charge  of  the  performances.  Its  fame  rests  upon  the  long  run  of  the  burlesque 
Adonis,  with  Henry  E.  Dixey  in  the  principal  role,  which  held  the  stage  from  Octo- 
ber, 1884,  to  the  spring  of  1886.  Alexander  Herrmann  succeeded  Miles  &  Barton 
as  lessee  in  1887,  and  transferred  his  lease  to  J.  Wesley  Rosenquest,  the  present  man- 
ager, a  year  later.  Travelling  companies  give  the  performances.  There  was  on 
the  site  previous  to  Miles  &  Barton's  tenancy  a  theatre,  which  had  been  remodelled 
from  Jerry  Thomas's  saloon,  a  place  of  considerable  publicity  twenty  years  ago,  and 
which  was  variously  known  as  the  Theatre  Brighton,  the  St. -James  Theatre  and  the 
Bijou  Opera  House.  The  last  manager,  in  1881-82,  was  John  A.  McCaull,  who 
produced  a  number  of  comic  operas,  among  them  The  Snake- Charmer,  in  the  per- 
formance of  which  Lillian  Russell  came  prominently  before  the  public,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  continuous  and  enthusiastic  applause. 


KING'S  HANDBOQK  OF  NEW  YORK 


599 


Proctor's  Theatre,  at  141  West  23d  Street,  is  a  picturesque  structure,  unique  in 
that  it  is  an  example  of  the  peculiarly  sombre  but  pleasing  Flemish  style  of  architec- 
ture. It  has  a  frontage  of  75  feet,  and  a  depth  of  137^  feet,  with  an  extension  25 
feet  wide,  which  runs  to  24th  Street.  The  material  is  brick  set  in  dark  cement. 
The  building  stands  a  few  feet  back  from  the  sidewalk  line,  and  the  intervening 
space  is  covered  by  a  closed  porch  with  a  tiled  roof.  The  entrance  lobby  is  of  the 
full  width  of  the  building,  and  has  a  wide  stairway  at  either  end,  leading  to  the 
upper  circles.  There  are  twelve  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a  gallery,  besides  the  orchestra 
floor,  and  the  seating  capacity  is  1,717.  The  decorations  are  in  soft  tints  of  grey- 
blue,  on  the  ceiling, 
running  into  red  and 
old  gold  on  the  walls. 
The  scenery  is  handled 
from  the  main  floor  by 
means  of  a  system  of 
counter-weights.  Proc- 
tor's Theatre  was  built 
and  is  owned  by  Alfred 
B.  Darling,  senior  part- 
ner of  the  firm  of  Hitch- 
cock, Darling  &  Co., 
of  the  Fifth-Avenue 
Hotel  ;  and  it  is  leased 
for  twenty  years  to 
Frederick  P.  Proctor. 
It  is  absolutely  fire- 
proof. The  architect 
was  H.  Ed  wards- Fick- 
en.  It  was  opened  on 
March  5,  1888,  with 
a  production  of  The 
County  Fair.  Its  site 
was  once  occupied  by 
the  79th-Regiment 
Armory,  which  in  1882 
was  converted  by  Salmi 
Morse  into  a  "Tem- 
ple," in  which  he  pro- 
posed to  present  a  Pas- 
sion Play.  A  dress  re- 
hearsal   was    actually  "octcws  theatre,  H1  west  23d  street,  near  s.xth  avenue. 

held  on  February  16,  1883,  but  Mr.  Morse  was  enjoined  from  giving  a  performance. 
Then  the  place  was  known  as  the  Twenty-third- Street  Theatre,  and  had  several 
managers,  among  whom  was  Max  Strakosch.  Then  it  was  rechristened  the  Twenty- 
third-Street  Tabernacle  and  used  for  religious  meetings.  It  was  the  place  in  which 
Munkacsy's  painting  of  Christ  before  Pilate  was  exhibited,  in  1886. 

Proctor's  Theatre  is  now  devoted  to  amusement  for  women  and  children,  and  is 
conducted  as  a  woman's  club,  with  colored  boys  and  girls  as  uniformed  pages  and 
waiting  maids.  The  performance,  on  the  lines  of  the  French  family  vaudeville 
Theatre,  begins  at  10.30  A.  M.,  and  continues  until  10.30  at  night. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Standard  Theatre,  a  combination  house,  so  called,  in  that  its  stage  is; 

occupied  by  traveling  companies,  is  geographically  speaking,  on  Sixth  Avenue, 
between  32d  and  33d  Streets,  but  by  law  that  portion  of  what  apparently  should 
be  the  west  side  of  Sixth  Avenue  is  declared  to  be  Broadway.  Legally,  therefore, 
the  location  of  the  Standard  is  at  1287  Broadway.  The  front  is  75  feet  wide,  and  six 
stories  high,  and  is  built  of  brick,  painted  white.  The  house  has  a  seating  capacity 
of  1,200,  and  a  large  stage.  The  auditorium  is  decorated  in  conventional  style,  with 
little  attempt  at  artistic  effect.  There  are  eight  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a  gallery.  The 
performances  given  at  the  Standard  are  usually  of  a  high  grade.  The  original  Stand- 
ard was  built  in  1873,  and  opened  by  Josh  Hart,  as  the  Eagle  Theatre.  It  was 
leased  and  re-named  the  Standard  by  William  Henderson,  in  1875  >  an(l  was  burned 
December  14,  1883.  John  Duff  was  the  first  manager  of  the  present  house.  The 
present  manager,  James  M.  Hill,  took  possession  in  January,  1890.  The  most  sig- 
nificant performances  of  recent  years  were  those  of  Sarah  Bernhardt  and  her  com- 
pany, in  November,  189 1. 

The  Park  Theatre,  the  second  to  bear  the  name  since  the  final  destruction  of  the 
historic  house  on  Park  Row,  is  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Broadway  and  35th  Street. 
It  was  built  in  1883,  partly  of  the  material  taken  from  Booth's  Theatre  when  that 
house  was  demolished.  The  owners  are  Hyde  &  Behman,  of  Brooklyn.  It  was 
occupied  by  Edward  Ilarrigan's  company  from  1885  to  1890,  and  the  plays  presented 
were  the  frish  comedies  written  by  that  author-actor.  William  M.  Dunlevy  was  the 
manager  from  September  1,  1890,  until  May,  1892,  and  ran  it  as  a  combination 
house,  with  variety  farces  as  the  attractions.  The  house  is  now  a  variety  theatre, 
managed  by  the  owners.    The  seating  capacity  is  1,800  ;  and  the  stage  is  quite  large. 

Herrmann's  Theatre  is  on  Broadway,  between  28th  and  29th  Streets.  The 
facade  is  of  galvanized  zinc,  indented  with  arches  of  vari-colored  glass,  which  gives, 
when  lighted,  a  brilliant  effect.  The  lobby  is  of  tessellated  marble  and  prismatic  glass. 
The  theatre  is  toned  in  terra  cotta,  cream  and  old  gold,  and  is  carpeted  in  color 
harmonizing.  The  stage  is  43  x  28  feet,  surmounted  by  an  oil-painting  over  the 
proscenium  arch  representing  the  apotheosis  of  Music.  The  theatre  was  originally 
opened  as  the  San-Francisco  Minstrel  Hall,  in  1873.  ^  was  afterward  known  as 
the  Comedy  Theatre,  and  from  1 886  to  1890  as  Dockstader's  Minstrel  House. 
Herrmann,  the  magician,  under  a  lease  from  the  Gilsey  estate,  remodelled  and 
practically  rebuilt  the  theatre,  enlarging  it  and  beautifying  it.  Under  his  manage- 
ment the  house  was  opened  October  4,  1890. 

The  Star  Theatre,  at  Broadway  and  13th  Street,  is  the  Wallack's  Theatre- 
best  remembered  as  such  by  theatre-goers  of  the  present  generation.  It  was  there 
that  the  name  Wallack  gained  its  brightest  laurels.  It  was  opened  September 
25,  1861,  with  James  W.  Wallack,  Sr.,  as  manager;  but  he  never  appeared  on 
its  stage ;  and  to  all  intents  John  Lester  Wallack  was  the  manager  as  well  as 
the  leading  actor  from  the  outset.  During  twenty  years  there  were  in  the  com- 
pany such  actors  as  Charles  Fisher,  John  Sefton,  Mark  Smith,  John  Gilbert,  James 
Williamson,  E.  L.  Davenport,  J.  H.  Stoddard,  Harry  Montague,  Dion  Boucicault, 
Charles  Coghlan,  Fanny  Morant,  Rose  Eytinge,  Katherine  Rogers  and  Rose  Coghlan. 
Among  the  plays  presented  were  standard  old  comedies  and  the  best  of  the  works  of 
contemporaneous  English  dramatists.  The  house  and  the  company  were  famous  for 
the  general  excellence  of  the  productions,  rather  than  for  the  brilliancy  of  particular 
events.  The  name  Wallack's  Theatre  disappeared  in  1 881,  and  for  a  time  the  house 
was  known  as  the  Germania  Theatre.  In  1883,  it  was  rechristened  the  Star.  Theo- 
dore Moss,  Wallack's  old  business-partner,  has  been  the  manager  for  many  years. 


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60 1 


•   BROAOWAY  AND  28th  STREET,  6HOWINQ  FIFTH-AVENUE  THEATRE,  GILSEY  BUILDING,  AND  HERRMANN'S  THEATRE- 


602 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


He  remodelled  the  interior  of  the  house  in  1883,  and  again  in  1889.    Of  late,  it  has 

been  considered  a  first-class  combination  house,  and  its  stage  has  been  occupied  by 
the  best  travelling  stars  and  companies.  The  building  is  75  feet  wide  and  148  feet 
deep.  The  stage  is  48  by  45  feet,  and  the  seating  capacity  of  the  auditorium  is 
1,600. 

The  Union-Square  Theatre,  on  14th  Street,  facing  the  Square  from  which 
it  derives  its  name,  is  the  successor  of  the  original  Union-Square,  which  was  built 
by  Sheridan  Shook,  and  opened  as  a  variety-house  September  II,  1871.  Albert  If. 
Palmer  became  Mr.  Shook's  partner  and  the  responsible  manager  September  17, 
1S72,  and  during  the  eleven  years  succeeding  made  the  house  famous  by  the  pro- 
duction of  such  plays  as  The  Two  Orphans,  Sardou's  Agnes,  Led  Astray,  Miss  M ni- 
ton, The  Danicheffs,  A  Celebrated  Case,  The  Bankers  Daughter  and  A  Parisian 
Romance,  each  of  which  had  a  long  run.  The  Union-Square  Theatre  stock-com- 
pany was  considered  second  only  to  that  of  Wallack's  Theatre.  James  W.  Collier 
succeeded  as  manager  in  1883,  and  James  M.  Hill  as  lessee  and  manager  in  1886. 
The  house  was  burned  February  28,  1888,  and  was  rebuilt  by  the  Cortlandt-Palmer 
estate,  the  owner  of  the  land,  and  reopened  by  Hill  March  27,  1889.  Since  then  it 
has  been  a  first-class  combination  house.  Greenwall  &  Pierson  are  now  the  man- 
agers, having  taken  Hill's  lease  May  14,  1892.  The  new  Union-Square  Theatre  is 
entered  from  14th  Street  through  a  main  lobby,  49  by  33  feet.  The  auditorium, 
with  its  orchestra,  balcony  and  gallery  and  eight  boxes,  will  accommodate  1,300 
people.  The  decorations  are  in  ivory  and  gold.  The  stage,  55  by  33  feet,  is  entered 
by  a  passage-way  which  leads  from  Fourth  Avenue. 

The  Fourteenth-Street  Theatre,  on  14th  Street,  west  of  Sixth  Avenue,  was 
built  in  1S66,  and  opened  on  May  26th  as  the  Theatre  Francais,  under  the  man- 
agement of  Guegnet  &  Drivet.  Jacob  Grau  became  the  lessee  on  August  25th,  and 
under  his  management  Ristori  made  her  first  appearance  in  America,  September  20, 
1S66,  in  Midea.  La  Grande  Duchesse  was  first  presented  here  in  its  entirety  in 
French  September  24,  1867,  and  La  Belle  Helene  was  first  performed,  with  Tostee 
in  the  title  role,  September  24,  1S67.  Charles  Fechter  purchased  and  rebuilt  the 
house  in  1S71,  renaming  it  the  Lyceum,  but  lost  control  of  it  through  financial 
embarrassment.  W.  L.  Mauser,  J.  H.  McVicker,  James  M.  Hill,  John  H.  Haverly 
(who  gave  his  own  name  to  the  house),  Samuel  Colville,  Bartlev  Campbell  and  Col- 
ville  &  Gilmore  were  managers  in  succession.  Mr.  Colville,  who  gave  the  house  its 
present  name,  died  in  1SS6,  and  J.  Wesley  Rosenquest,  the  present  manager,  pur- 
chased various  conflicting  interests  in  the  lease  November  I,  1886.  The  Fourteenth- 
Street  Theatre  is  a  first-class  combination  house,  in  which  plays  slightly  melo- 
dramatic or  sensational  are  the  principal  attraction.  The  front  is  unique,  in  that  it 
presents  the  appearance  of  two  very  high  stories  with  a  double  portico,  supported 
by  columns,  and  a  permanent  canopy  which  extends  over  the  sidewalk.  The 
entrance  lobby  is  shallow,  and  opens  directly  upon  the  auditorium.  There  are 
eight  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a  gallery,  and  the  seating  capacity  is  1,600.  The  stage 
is  73  by  45  feet,  with  an  extension  14  feet  wide,  which  runs  through  the  block  to 
1 5th  Street.    The  building  is  owned  by  the  estate  of  Marshall  O.  Roberts. 

The  Irving-Place  Theatre  (formerly  Amberg's),  the  German  play-house,  is  at 
the  southwest  corner  of  15th  Street  and  Irving  Place.  It  is  a  picturesque  structure, 
of  the  Spanish-Moresque  style  of  architecture,  constructed  of  mottled  yellow  and 
dark  red  brick,  with  terra-cotta  trimmings.  The  building  is  75  by  125  feet.  The 
auditorium  is  reached  through  two  shallow  lobbies,  from  Irving  Place.    The  deco- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


603 


rations  and  hangings  are  of  a  deep  red  tint.  There  are  ten  boxes,  a  balcony  and  a 
gallery  ;  and  the  seating  capacity  is  1,250.  The  stage  is  70  feet  wide  and  40  deep. 
The  theatre  was  opened  December  I,  1888,  and  since  then  has  been  the  home  of 
Amberg's  stock-company,  a  double  organization,  suited  to  both  dramatic  and  oper- 
atic performances.  An  interesting  event  in  the  history  of  the  house  was  the  appear- 
ance there  of  the  Muenchener  Company,  on  November  5,  1890.  The  theatre  occu- 
pies the  site  of  Irving  Hall,  which  was  opened  on  December  20,  i860,  for  balls, 
lectures  and  concerts,  and  which  was  famous  for  many  years  as  the  rendezvous  of 
one  faction  of  the  local  Democratic  party,  to  which  it  gave  its  name. 

The  Grand  Opera-House,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Eighth  Avenue  and 
West  23d  Street,  is  in  some  respects  the  most  imposing  in  appearance  of  the  older 
theatres.  The  front  building,  through  which  there  is  a  wide  entrance  from  either 
street  to  a  common  lobby,  is  six  stories  in  height,  and  is  built  of  marble.  The 
theatre  proper  stands  parallel  to  and  back  from  23d  Street.  A  striking  feature  seen 
on  entering  is  the  grand  foyer,  the  largest  in  any  theatre  in  the  city,  open  in  part  to 
the  roof.  A  stairway  of  unusual  width  leads  to  the  balcony.  The  auditorium  has 
seats  in  the  orchestra,  balcony,  gallery  and  boxes  for  2,000  people,  and  standing 
room  for  1,500  more.  It  is  magnificent  in  its  outlines  and  proportions,  but  the 
decorations  are  sombre.  The  stage,  one  of  the  largest  in  New  York,  is  eighty  feet 
wide  and  seventy  feet  deep,  and  the  green-room  is  much  the  most  extensive  in  the 
city.  The  house  was  built  by  Samuel  N.  Pike,  the  builder  of  Pike's  Opera-House, 
in  Cincinnati  ;  and  was  opened  January  9,  1868,  as  Pike's  Opera-House,  with  a 
performance  of  7/  Trovatore,  given  under  the  direction  of  Max  Strakosch.  James 
Fisk  and  Jay  Gould  purchased  the  house  in  March,  1 869,  but  Gould's  name  was 
withdrawn  from  the  enterprise  on  March  31st.  Fisk  gave  the  theatre  its  present 
name,  and  made  it  famous  by  his  grand  spectacular  and  ballet  productions,  such  as 
that  of  The  Tempest,  with  which  he  began  his  career  as  manager,  and  of  Twelve 
Temptations,  on  February  7,  1 870.  After  Fisk's  death  Mr.  Gould  purchased  the 
property,  and  for  several  seasons,  under  various  lessees  and  managers,  grand  opera 
in  Italian,  spectacles  and  extensive  dramatic  productions  were  seen  on  its  stage. 
Pauline  Lucca  made  her  first  appearance  there,  October  6,  1873,  and  lima  di 
Murska  first  sang  in  America  the  following  night.  For  ten  years  the  Grand  Opera- 
House  has  been  a  second-class  combination  house,  so  classed  because  the  price  of 
the  best  seat  is  one  dollar.  Joseph  H.  Tooker,  Poole  &  Donnelly  and  Henry  E. 
Abbey  succeeded  each  other  as  managers.  T.  Henry  French,  the  present  lessee, 
took  possession  November  23,  1885. 

The  Academy  of  Music  occupies  a  plot  of  ground  117  by  204  feet,  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  14th  Street  and  Irving  Place.  It  is  an  imposing  building  in  its 
outlines,  rather  than  in  architecture.  The  original  Academy  was  built  in  1854,  by  a 
corporation,  as  a  permanent  home  for  Italian  opera.  It  was  opened  on  October  2d 
of  that  year,  with  a  performance  of  Norma,  by  the  Grisi  and  Mario  Company.  It 
was  burned  on  May  22,  1866  ;  and  the  present  Academy,  built  on  the  same  site,  was 
opened  in  February,  1868.  Max  Maretzek,  Jacob  Grau,  Max  and  Maurice  Strakosch, 
Bernard  Ullman,  Leonard  Grover,  Carl  Anschutz,  and  James  H.  Mapleson  were 
among  the  managers  who  conducted  seasons  of  grand  opera  during  the  years  from 
1854  to  1887.  As  an  opera-house,  however,  it  could  not  endure  the  opposition  of 
the  newer  and  more  fashionable  Metropolitan  ;  and  the  Academy  Company  sold  it 
to  William  P.  Dinsmore  on  April  27,  1887.  It  was  purchased  by  Gilmore  &  Tomp- 
kins, November  28,  1887  ;  and  since  then  has  been  a  dramatic  house,  famous  only 
by  virtue  of  the  run  of  The  Old  Homestead,  which  began  August  30,  1 888,  and  ended 


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A'fXCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


in  May,  1S91.  In  1S93  the  main  attraction  was  The  Black  Crook.  All  the  boxes 
of  opera  days,  save  the  twelve  under  the  proscenium  arch,  were  removed  five  years 
ago,  and  the  auditorium  is  arranged  in  the  ordinary  fashion.  It  has  a  seating 
capacity  of  2,700.    The  stage  is  73  feet  wide  and  49  deep,  with  an  extension  a  third 

as  large,  which  runs  towards  15th  Street. 

Niblo's  Theatre,  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between  Prince  and  Houston 
Streets,  with  an  entrance  through  the  Metropolitan-Hotel  building,  occupies  the 
'■'         C  -.2.  <.iir  irr..  -.v-Lf    per.rd  i>  a  summer-r^h:  ;".i;e  2.amse- 

ment  in  1823,  Ni bio's  Theatre,  disconnected  from  the  garden,  was  buQt  by  William 
Niblo,  and  opened  on  May  19.  1S43.  I*  burned  on  September  18,  1846  ; 
rebuilt,  and  opened  January  30,  1S49  ;  burned  again  May  6,  1872  ;  and  rebuilt  and 
opened  on  November  30,  1872.  At  various  times  it  has  been  the  home  of  grand 
opera,  of  the  spectacle  and  ballet,  and  of  the  drama.  Henrietta  Son  tag  made  her 
first  appearance  in  America  there  January  10,  1853.  William  Niblo  retired  in  May, 
I     I  •  :'     -  ~  .  r.  j_  set --en:  :    Y:  __:y  ~.  isr'2.  .re  j-.i^re  v,  i»  -::up:ed 

by  the  Wallack-Jarrett-Davenport  Company,  consisting  of  James  W.  WaDack,  E. 
L.  Davenport,  Tom  Placide,  and  other  prominent  actors  of  the  time.  An  event 
which  brought  the  house  to  the  attention  of  the  whole  country  was  the  production 
of  the  spectacle  The  Black  Crook,  on  September  12,  1866.  There  were  475  per- 
formers  and  auxiliaries,  and  the  ballet  was  led  by  Marie  Bonfanti,  Rita  Sangalli  and 
Betty  RigL  The  Black  -Crook  was  the  most  violently  abused  play  of  the  time. 
Clergymen  preached  against  it,  and  good  people  denounced  it,  because  of  the  pre- 
sumed immorality  of  the  display  of  the  female  figure.  But  the  production  popular- 
ized the  ballet,  and  the  piece  has  been  revived  many  times  since,  and  always  success- 
fully. For  many  years  Niblo's  has  been  a  second-class  house,  with  spectacles  and 
melodramas  as  attractions  The  piopatv  is  owned  by  the  estate  of  A.  T.  Stewart, 
Edward  GOmore  was  the  lessee  from  1885  to  1S92.  In  July,  1892,  he  was  succeeded 
by  Alexander  Comstock,  who  made  old  Niblo's  a  low-priced  house.  The  audito- 
rium is  82  by  75  feet.  Its  seating  capacity  is  2,000.  The  stage  is  75  by  62  feet, 
and  the  entrance  thereto  is  on  Crosby  Street. 

The  People's  Theatre,  at  199,  201  and  203  Bowery,  is  a  dramatic  house,  of 
which  Henry  C  Miner  is  both  owner  and  manager.    The  house  stands  a  little 
back  from  die  street,  and  is  entered  by  a  wide  lobby.    There  are  seals  in  the 
orchestra,  balcony,  gallery  and  boxes  for  1,400  people.    The  theatre,  which  was 
>-r:e~:.er  :.  -vi;  r-rll:  :z        y.:±      T :.-v  P^?:;.-r's  •!  »!•*:-£- House,  a 

variety  theatre,  at  which  Pastor  first  appeared  in  1865.  It  was  originally  opened 
as  Hoym's  Theatre,  in  1S5S. 

7'r.e  V.'indscr  Tbes.:re  :-  :.:  -15  -    7ht     -  t  v..;;  2.::  ~~  Yi,\~  z. 

people.    It  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  first  Windsor  Theatre,  which  was  burned 
November  29,  1885.;  and  was  opened  February  8,  1886.    It  was  built  by  a  com  pan y 
:'    Ttr-ar.f.  mi  ~^    r^.-Yy  :  per.ri  ^  :r.e  Theatre.  Set:e~  ":>er  6,  1864. 

Frank  B.  Murtha  ran  it  as  a  combination  house  for  a  long  time.  In  1&93,  Isidore 
\  :  .  .  Yz~--~i  Yi.z~-YY::  ir.i  ' :  set ':.  Levy  '.ensei  :r.e  h:-a>e  nr.::".  Mar.  1S97, 

for  the  production  of  Hebrew  and  German  operas  and  Sunday  sacred  concerts. 

The  Thalia  Theatre,  at  46  Bowery,  was  thus  christened  by  Gustave  Amberg,  . ; 
'.  •.  — ..-.-zctr.  ir.:~-  YYYYt  ~ :  ::re"."y  ~-  r-:n--:-  c:re:  tress.  Set: :  err. :  >er  11, 
1879.    I*     C01*  rather  was)  the  Bowery  Theatre,  the  history  of  which  has  been  told,  i 

•    .     •    .  -  :.-  :  •. - ,  :"•  •.  2::rz::i:r»  nr.::".  i\>>.  -err,  en  Amr>er^  ?n>~^eased 

the  house  to  H.  R.  Jacobs  for  a  year.  A  company  of  Hebrew  actors  gave  perform- 
ances in  their  own  tongue  at  the  Thalia  during  Y.t  --.-1-  r.  ::'  :  Then  it 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


605 


was  closed  for  a  year,  and  during  the  season  of  1891-92  it  was  open  for  performance 
in  German,  under  the  management  of  the  Rosenfeld  Brothers. 

The  Third-Avenue  Theatre,  at  Third  Avenue  and  East  31st  Street,  is  a  so- 
called  "Cheap-price"  house,  at  which  the  attractions  are  melodramas  and  sensa- 
tional plays.  It  is  the  headquarters  theatre  of  H.  R.  Jacobs'  chain  of  popular  play- 
houses, which  extends  through  many  cities.    It  was  built  in  1875,  by  J-  S.  Berger. 

The  Eighth-Street  Theatre,  at  145  8th  Street,  is  devoted  to  performances 
in  Hebrew,  given  by  native  actors.  The  manager  is  Leonard  Hangan.  The  build- 
ing was  once  St.  Ann's  Roman  Catholic  Church  ;  and  was  turned  into  a  variety 
theatre  by  Jac.  Aberle,  in  1879. 

The  Roumania  Opera-House,  at  104  Bowery,  is  another  play-house  devoted 
to  the  Hebrew  drama.     It  is  a  small  establishment,  and  is  not  open  continuously. 

Tony  Pastor's  Theatre,  is  a  little  play-house  in  the  Tammany-Hall  building, 
on  the  north  side  of  14th  Street,  near  Third  Avenue.  The  attractions  are  invariably 
of  the  variety  order.  It  was  partly  burned  on  June  6,  1888,  and  was  rebuilt  there- 
after. The  house  was  originally  opened  in  1868,  as  Dan  Bryant's  Minstrel  Hall, 
and  was  afterward  known  as  the  Germania  Theatre. 

Koster  and  Bial's  Concert  Hall,  at  115  West  23d  Street,  is  a  high-class 
vaudeville  theatre  and  a  beer-garden.  The  entertainments  are  of  the  vaudeville  or 
variety  order,  like  those  given  at  the  Alhambra  in  London,  and  the  Eldorado  in 
Paris,  with  a  burlesque  to  lead  the  programme,  and  are  given  without  the  use  of  a 
curtain.  The  property  is  owned  by  Alfred  B.  Darling,  who  is  also  the  owner  of 
Proctor's  Theatre,  and  is  one  of  the  senior  proprietors  of  the  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel. 

The  Eden  Musee,  at  55  West  23d  Street  is  primarily  a  museum  of  wax  groups, 
some  of  which  are  meritorious  as  works  of  art.  Secondarily  it  is  a  concert-hall  and 
variety  house.  The  establishment  is  75  feet  wide  on  23d  Street,  and  runs  through 
the  block  to  24th  Street,  on  which  it  has  a  frontage  of  50  feet. 

Miner's  Bowery  Theatre  is  a  variety  house,  at  169  Bowery.  The  entertain- 
ments given  are  of  a  reputable  sort,  but  boisterous. 

The  London  Theatre  is  a  variety  house  at  235  Bowery. 

Miner's  Eighth-Avenue  Theatre,  at  312  Eighth  Avenue,  furnishes  variety 
entertainment  for  the  West  Side  of  the  City. 

The  Harlem  Opera-House  is  the  principal  theatre  of  the  up-town  section  of 
the  city.  It  is  a  handsome  structure,  at  207  West  125th  Street,  occupying  three 
city  lots,  each  of  25  feet  frontage  on  that  street  and  four  on  126th  Street.  There 
are  really  two  buildings,  one  on  each  street.  That  on  125th  Street  contains  the 
entrance  and  lobby  of  the  theatre,  and  also  a  music-hall  100  by  75  feet.  The  theatre 
proper  stands  broadside  to  126th  Street,  and  is  entered  through  an  arcade,  130  feet 
long  and  from  20  to  40  feet  wide.  The  auditorium  is  handsomely  decorated,  blue 
being  the  pre\  xiling  tint.  There  are  seats  in  the  orchestra,  balcony,  gallery  and 
boxes  for  1,800  people.  The  stage  is  70  by  40  feet.  The  house  was  built  and  is 
owned  by  the  manager,  Oscar  Hammerstein.  It  was  opened  September  30,  1889. 
It  is  a  first-class  combination  house. 

The  Columbus  Theatre,  at  114  East  125th  Street,  is  also  owned  and  managed 
by  Oscar  Hammerstein.  The  building  is  200  by  100  feet,  and  runs  through  to  124th 
Street.  It  has  a  seating  capacity  of  2,000  people.  The  stage  is  76  by  40  feet.  It 
is  a  combination  house.    It  was  opened  October  11,  1890. 

The  Olympic  Theatre,  built  in  1882,  at  130th  Street  and  Third  Avenue,  is  a 
small  variety  house,  which  was  devoted  to  dramatic  performances  previous  to  the 
opening  of  the  Harlem  Opera-House. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK, 


The  Theatre  Comique  is  on  the  south  side  of  125th  Street,  near  Third  Ave- 
nue.   It  is  a  small  variety  house.     It  was  remodelled  from  a  skating-rink  in  1888. 

The  Falls  of  Niagara  is  a  cycloramic  painting,  exhibited  in  a  circular  iron 
building  at  the  southeast  corner  of  19th  Street  and  Fourth  Avenue.  The  painting 
itself  is  50  feet  high  and  400  feet  long,  with  the  ends  joined  to  complete  the  circle. 
It  is  a  very  faithful  reproduction  on  canvas,  by  Phillipotteaux,  of  a  bird's-eye  view 
of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  surrounding  country.  The  building  w  as  devoted  for  several 
years  to  the  display  of  a  similar  painting  of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

The  Lyceum  Opera-House,  at  160  Fast  34th  Street,  near  Lexington  Avenue, 
is  mainly  used  for  balls,  receptions,  concerts,  literary  entertainments,  fairs,  banquets, 
conventions,  commencements,  weddings,  and  similar  events.  It  is  a  handsome  and 
elaborately  decorated  hall,  with  boxes,  balcony  and  stalls.    W.  W.  Astor  is  its  owner. 

Terrace  Garden  and  Lexington  Opera-House  are  two  names  by  which  an 
establishment  which  extends  from  East  58th  Street  to  Fast  59th  Street,  near  Lex- 
ington Avenue,  is  known.  It  consists  of  a  theatre,  fronting  on  58th  Street,  a  ball- 
room and  an  open-air  garden. 
Properly  speaking,  the  first 
title  applies  to  the  entire  es- 
tablishment, and  the  second 
to  the  theatre  only.  Perform- 
ances of  comic  opera  in  Ger- 
man are  given  in  the  theater, 
and  concerts  in  the  garden  in 
the  summer,  and  both  theatre 
and  ball-room  are  used  for 
social  affairs  in  winter.  The 
place  is  greatly  in  favor 
among  the  Germans.  During 
the  summer  of  1892  the  inte- 
rior of  the  theatre  was  repaired 
and  re-decorated,  and  an  ad- 
dition to  the  building,  extend- 
ing to  58th  Street,  was  erected. 
This  provided  another  ball- 
room, four  Masonic  lodge 
rooms,  and  space  for  enlarg- 
ing the  restaurant  connected 
with  the  garden.  Michael 
Heumann  is  proprietor  and 
manager. 

The  Berkeley  Lyceum 
is  a  theatre  originally  built 
for  amateurs  by  the  Berkeley- 
Lyceum  Company.  It  is  at 
19  and  21  West  44th  Street,  near  Fifth  Avenue.  The  auditorium  will  accommodate 
500  people,  and  the  stage  measures  30  feet  by  30.  The  house  was  opened  February 
27,  1888.  It  is  now  the  home  of  the  American  Academy  of  the  Dramatic  Arts,  at 
the  head  of  which  is  Franklin  H.  Sargent. 

The  Lenox  Lyceum  is  a  large  hall,  suitable  for  concerts,  at  Madison  Avenue 
and  59th  Street.    The  floor  is  circular  in  form,  135  feet  in  diameter.     It  is  sur- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


607 


rounded  by  a  tier  of  57  boxes  and  a  balcony,  and  the  total  seating  capacity  is  2,300. 
The  decorations  are  in  ivory  white,  blue  and  gold.  There  is  a  concert  platform 
simply,  and  above  it  there  is  an  immense  sounding  board.  Banquet  and  drawing- 
rooms  make  the  establishment  suitable  for  social  affairs.  The  Lenox  Lyceum  was 
opened  on  January  2,  1890,  with  a  concert  by  the  Theodore  Thomas  Orchestra. 

Steinway  Hall,  on  the  north  side  of  East  14th  Street,  between  Union  Square 
and  Irving  Place,  was  erected  in  1866,  and  opened  on  October  31st  of  that  year 
with  a  concert  at  which  Madame  Parepa,  Brignoli,  and  Ferranti  sang  ;  and  S.  B. 
Mills  played  the  first  concerto  of  Schumann  in  A  minor.  Theodore  Thomas  con- 
ducted the  orchestra.  For  about  25  years  Steinway  Hall,  so  to  say,  has  been  the 
cradle  of  classical  rrrusic  in 
this  country  ;  every  promi- 
nent orchestral  organization 
has  been  heard  within  its 
walls,  and  so  have  the  most 
eminent  vocalists  and  in- 
strumentalists, an  enumera- 
tion of  whom  may  prove  of 
interest. 

Pianists:  Anton  Rubin- 
stein, Rafael  Joseffy,  Leo- 
pold De  Meyer,  S.  B.  Mills, 
William  Mason,  Theo. 
Ritter,  Franz  Rummel, 
Moriz  Rosenthal,  Carl  Baer- 
mann,  Ferd.  Von  Inten, 
Carl  Wolfsohn,  Annette 
Essipoff,  Anna  Mehlig, 
Adele  Aus  Der  Ohe,  Marie 
Krebs,  B.  Boeckelmann,  J. 
II.  Bonawitz,  F.  Boscovitz, 
Teresa  Carreno,  Edward 
Dannreuther,  Cecilia  Gaul, 
Mine.  Arabella  Goddard, 
Robert  Goldbeck,  Emil 
Guion,  Robert  Heller,  Max 
Liebling,  S.  Liebling,  Lina 
Luckhardt,  Arthur  Na- 
poleon, Willie  B.  Pape,  Alfred 
H.  Pease,  Max  Pinner,  D. 
Pruckner,  Madeline  Schiller, 
Alida  Topp,  Jean  Vogt. 

Violinists  :  Maurice 
Dengremont,  Henry  Schradieck,  Henri  Wieniawski,  Henri  Vieuxtemps,  Ole  Bull, 
August  Wilhelmj,  Pablo  de  Sarasate,  Carl  Rosa,  Camilla  Urso,  Wenzel  Kopta, 
F.  J.  Prume,  Ovide  Musin,  Edward  Mollenhauer,  Maud  Powell,  Bernhard 
Listemann,  Franz  Kneisel,  Richard  Arnold,  S.  E.  Jacobsohn,  Joseph  Mosenthal, 
Hermann  Brandt,  Emile  Sauret,  Leopold  Lichtenberg,  Alfred  Vivien,  Fritz  Kreisler, 
Edward  Remenyi,  Nahan  Franko,  Jeanne  Franko,  Madge  Wickham,  Nettie  Car- 
penter, Dora  Becker,  M.  Van  Gelder,  Franz  Wilczeck,  Max  Bendix. 


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KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Violoncellists:  Frederick  Bergner,  Carl  Werner,  Joseph  Diehm,  Louis  Lubcck, 
Gaetano  Braga,  A.  Hekking,  Fred.  Mollenhauer,  Wilhelm  Mueller,  Louis  Blumen- 
berg,  Adolphe  Fischer,  Victor  Herbert,  Fritz  Giesc,  Rudolph  Hennig. 

Sopranos:  Adelina  Patti,  Parepa  Rosa,  Carlotta  Patti,  Anna  de  la  Grange,  Gaz- 
zaniga,  Marie  Rozc,  Minnie  Hauk,  Fugenie  Pappenheim,  Louisa  Cappiani,  Teresa 
Parodi,  Lilian  Norton  (Nordica),  lima  di  Murska,  Caroline  Richings,  Fmma 
Juch,  Etelka  Gerstcr,  Christine  Nilsson,  Bertha  Johanssen,  Anna  Bishop,  Lilli 
Lehmann,  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  Isabella  McCullough,  Mme.  Ambre,  Alwina 
Valleria,  Emma  Albani,  Marcella  Sembrich,  Amalie  Materna,  Fmmy  Fursch-Madi. 

Contraltos:  D'Angri,  Scalchi,  Zelie  Trebelli,  Antoinette  Sterling,  Lena  Little, 
Adelaide  Phillips,  Zelda  Seguin,  Jennie  Kempton,  Annie  Louise  Cary,  Krebs-Mich- 
alesi,  Antonia  Henne,  Kate  Morensi,  Mrs.  Patey,  Anna  Drasdil,  Marie  Gramm, 
Anna  de  Belocca,  Emily  Winant,  Anna  Lankow,  Mme.  Lablache,  Marianne  Brandt. 

Tenors:  Massimiliani,  Campanini,  Ravelli,  Theodore  Wachtel,  W.  Candidas, 
Achille  Frrani,  P.  Brignoli,  Le  Franc,  Frnest  Perring,  Theo.  Ilabelmann,  Paul 
Kalisch,  Christian  Fritsch,  Wm.  Courtney,  Theo.  J.  Toedt,  Jos.  Maas,  Ernesto 
Nicolini,  Anton  Schott,  Albert  Niemann. 

Baritones:  Bellini,  Fossati,  Ferranti,  Ardavani,  J.  R.  Thomas,  Galassi,  Taglia- 
pietra,  Victor  Maurel,  Del  Puente,  Charles  Santley,  Georg  Ilenschel,  Harrison  Mil- 
lard, Max  Treumann,  Jacob  Muller,  N.  Verger,  Theodor  Reichmann. 

Bassos:  Carl  Formes,  Susini,  Ronconi,  Coletti,  Myron  W.  Whitney,  Joseph 
Weinlich,  Joseph  Herrmann,  Conrad  Behrens,  L.  G.  Gottschalk,  Max  Heinrich, 
Joseph  Jamet,  Franz  Remmertz. 

Organists:  George  F.  Bristow,  George  W.  Morgan,  S.  E.  Warren,  Dudley  Buck. 

Conductors:  Carl  Bergmann,  Luigi  Arditi,  Theodore  Thomas,  Leopold  Dam- 
rosch,  Wilhelm  Gericke,  Frederick  Louis  Ritter,  Carl  Anschutz,  Anton  Seidl,  Max 
Spicker,  Frank  Van  der  Stucken,  Gotthold  Carlberg,  W.  E.  Dietrich,  Max  Mare- 
tzek,  Franz  Abt,  Agr.  Paur,  Reinhard  Schmelz,  Adolph  Neuendorff,  Arthur  Claas- 
sen,  Arthur  Nikisch,  Walter  Damrosch. 

Other  Halls. — -  Chickering  Hall,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  1 8th  Street  ;  Ilardman 
Hall,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  19th  Street;  Behr  Hall,  at  81  Fifth  Avenue  ;  Steck 
Hall,  at  11  East  14th  Street  ;  and  Mason  &  Hamlin  Hall,  at  158  Fifth  Avenue,  are 
used  mainly  for  concerts  and  recitals.  Sherry's  Hall,  at  402  Fifth  Avenue,  and 
Jaegar  Hall,  at  Madison  Avenue  and  59th  Street,  are  in  favor  for  social  events,  ban- 
quets, and  balls  of  considerable  importance.  Lyric  Hall,  at  723  Sixth  Avenue, 
Adelphi  Hall,  at  201  West  53d  Street,  and  Koster  &  Bial's  upper  halls,  at  115 
West  23d  Street,  are  social  rallying-places  of  lesser  importance.  Cooper-Union 
Hall,  upper  and  lower,  at  Third  Avenue  and  8th  Street,  and  Grand  Opera-House 
Hall,  at  Eighth  Avenue  and  23d  Street  are  much  in  use  for  political  and  public 
meetings,  as  well  as  for  other  gatherings.  The  titles  of  Masonic  Hall,  at  Sixth 
Avenue  and  23d  Street,  and  Scottish  Rite  Hall  at  Madison  Avenue  and  29th  Street, 
indicate  their  main  purposes.  The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Hall,  at 
Fourth  Avenue  and  23d  Street,  is  in  use  for  religious  meetings,  concerts,  lectures  and 
semi-religious  or  instructive  entertainments.  Clarendon  Hall,  at  114  East  13th 
Street,  and  Arlington  Hall,  at  21  St.  Mark's  Place,  are  meeting-places  for  trades- 
organizations.  The  first-named  is  in  occasional  use  for  dramatic  performances  in 
French.  Neilson  Hall,  on  15th  Street,  near  Irving  Place,  is  available  for  miscel- 
laneous use.  Pythagoras  Hall,  134  Canal  Street,  is  used  by  the  Knights  of  Labor. 
Ilotz  Assembly-rooms,  263  Bowery,  Military  Hall,  193  Bowery,  Germania  Assembly 
Room,  291  Bowery,  are  used  for  social  and  political  gatherings. 


Newspapers   and   Periodicals,   Boole,    Music  and.  Other 

Publishing. 


NEW  YORK  has  not  a  complete  file  of  its  first  newspaper,  the  Gazette,  printed 
from  1725  to  1741,  by  William  Bradford,  but  it  guards  jealously  the  Weekly 
Journal,  printed  from  1733  to  1746,  by  John  Peter  Zenger,  who  was  arrested  and 
tried  for  libel  against  the  government  of  the  New- York  colony  in  1735,  and  acquitted 
by  jurors  anxious  to  keep  inviolate  the  liberty  of  the  press.  In  1743  Bradford's 
Gazette  had  a  successor  in  the  New-  York  Gazette  or  Weekly  Post-Boy,  published  by 
James  Parker.  It  lasted  until  1773.  In  1746  and  1747  Henry  De  Forest  pub- 
lished the  Evening  Post.  In  1752  the  Independent  Reflector,  a  literary  journal  founded 
by  James  Parker,  and  the  Mercury,  founded  by  Hugh  Gaine,  made  their  first  ap- 
pearance. The  former  lasted  until  1754,  and  the  latter  until  1783.  In  1753  Wil- 
liam Wenman  began  the  publication  of  the  Pacquet,  which  lasted  until  1767.  In 
1 761  and  1762  Samuel  Farley  published  the  American  Chronicle.  In  1766  John 
Holt  published  The  New- York  Journal,  or  General  Advertiser  ;  in  1787  the  paper 
was  sold  to  Thomas  Greenleaf,  who  changed  its  name  to  The  Argus,  or  Greenleafs 
New  Daily  Advertiser,  and  published  semi- weekly  Greenleafs  New-  York  Journal 
and  Patriotic  Register.  These  papers  were  sold  in  1800  to  James  Cheetham,  who 
continued  their  publication — under  the  name  of  The  American  Citizen  for  the  daily, 
and  The  American  Watchman  for  the  semi-weekly — until  1810.  In  1766  A.  and  J. 
Robertson  published  the  Chronicle  and  removed  to  Albany.  In  1773  appeared  Riv- 
ington's  New-  York  Gazetteer  or  The  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Hudson'' s  River  and 
Quebec  Weekly  Advertiser ;  in  1775  the  publication  was  suspended;  in  1777  it  was 
resumed  as  Rivington's  New-  York  Loyal  Gazette,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  Royal 
Gazette  a  short  time  before  its  suspension,  in  1783.  In  1775  John  Anderson's  Con- 
stitutional Gazette  was  born  and  died.  In  1776  Samuel  Loudon  published  the  New- 
York  Packet  and  the  American  Advertiser,  and  during  the  war  removed  to  Fishkill. 
In  1776  appeared  for  three  months  John  Englishman  in  Defence  of  the  English  Con- 
stitution. The  publishers  were  Parker  &  Wyman.  After  the  Revolution  there  were 
the  New-  York  Daily  Advertiser,  founded  in  1785  by  Francis  Childs  &  Co.  ;  the  In- 
dependent Journal,  founded  in  1787,  wherein  appeared  the  first  of  the  essays  in  favor 
of  the  Constitution,  afterward  united  in  book-form  under  the  title  of  The  Federalist  ; 
the  Gazette,  founded  in  1788,  and  absorbed  in  1840  by  the  Journal  of  Coi?imerce  ; 
the  United-States  Gazette,  founded  in  1789  by  John  Fenno,  and  removed  with  the 
National  capital  to  Philadelphia  in  1790  ;  the  Minerva,  founded  in  1793  by  Noah 
Webster,  and  merged  with  The  Commercial  Advertiser,  the  most  ancient  of  the  New- 
York  city  papers  extant. 

In  1 816  there  were  the  Mercantile  Advertiser,  of  Ramsey  Crooks,  with  a  circula- 
tion of  2,250  copies;  the  Gazette,  1,750;  the  Evening  Post,  1,600;  the  Commercial 
39 


6io 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Advertiser,  1, 200;  the  Courier,  920;  the  Columbian,  825;  the  National  Advocate, 
875.  In  1826  appeared  Noah's  New-  York  National  Advocate,  the  name  of  which  was 
enjoined,  and  changed  to  the  New-  York  Enquirer,  merged  with  the  Courier  in  1839. 
In  1823  Wood  worth,  author  of  the  popular  Old  Oaken  Bucket,  edited  the  Weekly 
Mirror,  which  became  The  Mirror,  with  George  P.  Morris  and  Nathaniel  P.  Willis. 
In  1822  appeared  The  Albion,  an  organ  of  English  opinion.  Of  course  it  failed  at 
once.  In  1825  appeared  the  first  Sunday  newspaper,  the  Sunday  Courier.  In  1832 
James  Gordon  Bennett  founded  the  Globe,  and  it  failed.  In  1848  the  Journal  of 
Commerce,  the  Courier  and  Enquirer,  the  Tribune,  the  Herald,  the  Sun  and  the  Ex- 
press united  in  the  formation  of  the  Associated  Press,  the  object  of  which,  immedi- 
ately attained,  was  to  put  an  end  to  extravagant  rivalry  for  news,  and  to  obtain  ser- 
vice very  much  better.  There  are  at  present  the  Associated  Press,  the  United  Press, 
the  American  Press  Association,  the  International  Telegram  Company,  the  Dalziel 
Cable  News  Company,  and  several  city  press  syndicates,  serving  735  daily  and  periodi- 
cal papers.  There  are  printed  in  German,  51  papers  ;  in  Spanish,  9  ;  in  Italian,  4  ;  in 
French,  4  ;  in  Swedish,  2  ;  in  Bohemian,  5  ;  in  Hungarian,  1  ;  in  Armenian,  I.  There 
are  160  trade-papers;  16  art-papers;  39  scientific  papers;  and  10  sporting  papers. 

There  are  many  powerful  religious  papers  published  in  New  York,  and  circulated 
all  over  the  continent.  Among  these  The  Churchman,  the  great  organ  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church  ;  The  Freeman's  Journal,  The  Tablet,  and  five  other  Roman  Catholic 
papers,  besides  the  scholarly  magazine,  The  Catholic  World;  The  American 
Hebrew,  and  seven  other  Jewish  papers  ;  T he  Examiner,  founded  by  the  Baptists 
away  back  in  1823  ;  The  Observer  and  The  Evangelist,  powerful  Presbyterian 
weeklies;  the  widely  circulated  Christian  Advocate,  known  to  all  Methodists;  The 
Christian  Intelligencer,  the  organ  of  the  Reformed  Church  ;  'The  Independent,  The  , 
Outlook,  and  The  Christian  Herald,  evangelical  and  literary,  and  edited  with  great 
ability  ;  and  many  other  denominational  papers. 

The  Commercial  Advertiser,  founded  in  1797,  edited  by  John  A.  Cockerill, 
Republican  in  politics,  is  an  evening  paper,  containing  illustrations  that  startling 
news  or  curious  news  evoke.  In  its  later  history,  a  Republican  paper,  under  the 
management  of  Hugh  Hastings ;  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  Cleveland  administra- 
tion, and  with  a  distinctive  artistic  aim,  under  the  management  of  Henry  Marquand  ; 
it  was  until  recently  impartial  in  politics.  Although  the  oldest  New-York  paper,  it 
is  also  one  of  the  brightest,  and  has  gained  greatly  in  circulation  since  1890. 

The  Evening;  Post  is  almost  coeval  with  the  nineteenth  century,  its  first  num- 
ber having  appeared  on  the  16th  of  November,  1801.  The  purpose  of  its  establish- 
ment was  to  afford  an  organ  for  the  Federalist  party,  and  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
a  number  of  his  political  friends,  men  then  very  prominent  in  National  affairs,  were 
the  founders  of  the  paper.  The  editor-in-chief  for  the  first  twenty  years  was  William 
Coleman,  at  one  time  the  law-partner  of  Aaron  Burr.  In  1826  William  Cullen 
Bryant  became  one  of  the  editors,  and  assumed  full  control  two  years  later.  While 
he  was  in  Europe,  between  1834  and  1836,  the  Evening  Post  was  edited  by  William 
Leggett,  who  vigorously  denounced  the  subjection  of  Abolitionists  to  mob-law,  and 
demanded  the  right  of  free  speech  for  all  Americans,  on  all  topics.  The  paper  fought 
heroically  for  these  principles,  but  lost  ground,  and  Bryant  was  obliged  to  return, 
and  renew  its  popularity.  In  Jackson's  administration  the  Evening  Post  won  wide 
recognition  by  its  opposition  to  the  United-States  Bank,  and  its  advocacy  of  free 
trade.  In  1 88 1,  three  years  after  his  death,  the  paper  changed  hands,  and  was 
edited  by  Carl  Schurz,  ex-Senator  and  ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior.  Upon  Mr. 
Schurz's  withdrawal,  his  colleagues,  Horace  White  and  Edwin  L.  Godkin,  continued 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  6ll 


"  THE  EVENING  POST"  AND  "THE  NATION,"    EVENING  POST  BUILDING. 

BROADWAY,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER  OF  FULTON  STREET. 


6l2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


the  editorial  management.  The  Evening  Post  Building,  at  Broadway  and  Fulton 
Street,  was  one  of  the  first  of  the  large  office-buildings  to  be  erected  in  New  York. 

In  politics  the  Evening  Post  is  absolutely  independent.  It  is  constant  in  its 
opposition  to  high  protection,  and  continually  exposes  what  it  considers  the  fallacies 
of  that  doctrine.  It  stands  in  general  for  the  political  principles  represented  by 
Grover  Cleveland,  economy  in  National  administration,  tariff-reform,  civil-service 
reform,  the  industrial  development  of  the  United  States,  and  unity,  reciprocity  and 
broadening  trade  with  other  nations.  In  its  news,  as  well  as  in  its  editorial  columns, 
it  is  dignified,  straightforward  and  accurate,  publishing  all  the  news  of  the  day,  but 
eschewing  sensationalism. 

The  lofty  and  impressive  building  of  the  Evening  Post  is  crowded  with  import- 
ant offices  and  the  headquarters  of  many  important  enterprises,  occupying,  as  it  does, 
a  favorable  position  just  between  the  district  of  the  great  business  exchanges  and 
that  of  the  newspapers,  and  close  to  the  Post  Office  and  the  City  Hall.  At  this 
notable  strategic  point,  Broadway,  the  noblest  street  of  the  world,  is  crossed  by  the 
ever-busy  Fulton  Street,  which  runs  from  the  Washington  Market,  on  the  North 
River,  to  the  Fulton  Market  and  the  ferry  to  Brooklyn,  on  the  East  River.  At  this 
intersection  is  one  of  the  best  points  for  offices  in  the  city,  and  the  Evening  Post 
Building  occupies  it  with  fine  effect. 

The  Journal  of  Commerce  and  Commercial  Bulletin  is  a  consolidation  (in 
1893)  of  the  Commercial  Bulletin,  founded  in  1865,  and  the  Journal  of  Commerce, 
founded  in  1827.  It  is  absolutely  faithful  to  its  title.  Containing  the  market 
reports  in  detail,  and  intended  as  a  guide  for  men  of  business,  it  is  found  in  offices 
and  stores,  and  not  in  the  hands  of  newsboys.  Its  editorials  treat  all  questions  of 
public  interest  with  fairness  and  candor,  and  arc  widely  copied  at  home  and  abroad. 
Its  market,  stock,  crop  and  other  reports  are  among  its  special  features. 

The  Courrier  des  Etats-Unis,  founded  in  1828,  is  edited  by  H.  P.  Sampers 
and  Leon  Meunier,  printed  in  French,  Republican  in  French  politics,  Democratic  in 
American  politics.  One  of  its  founders  was  Charles  Lasalle,  a  French  compositor, 
who  worked  at  the  case  in  New  York  with  Horace  Greeley.  The  paper  contains 
all  the  news  cabled  to  other  papers  from  Paris,  an  editorial  article,  a  feuilleton  or 
serial  story,  local  news  in  brief,  and  reprints  from  the  French  journals. 

The  Sun  was  founded  in  1833  by  a  Yankee  job-printer  named  Benjamin  II. 
Day,  as  a  penny  paper  ;  and  on  the  3d  of  September  he  issued  the  first  number. 
In  1835  it  printed  Locke's  celebrated  "Moon  Hoax."  In  1838  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Beach  family,  who  ran  it  for  thirty  years,  except  during  an  interval  of 
about  a  year,  in  1861,  when  it  was  owned  by  a  religious  enthusiast,  and  published 
as  a  theological  daily.  It  was  smart  enough  in  its  early  days,  but  for  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century  it  has  been  a  work  of  genius.  The  Sun  Printing  and  Publish- 
ing Association  became  the  owners,  and  Charles  A.  Dana  the  editor,  in  1868.  The 
publication  and  editorial  rooms  were  transferred  to  their  present  location  at  the 
corner  of  Park  Row  and  Frankfort  Street,  the  old  Tammany- Hall  structure  ;  then 
lofty  and  imposing,  but  now  a  seemingly  small  and  insignificant  brick  building,  with 
mansard  windows,  quite  dwarfed  by  the  tall  edifices  between  which  it  stands. 
Instantly  the  Sun  became  "the  Sim  that  shines  for  all."  It  was  a  journal  of  broad 
and  human  symmetry,  enthusiastic,  patriotic,  vigorous,  and  full  of  convictions  of 
which  it  had  the  courage.  It  was  too  learned  to  be  pedantic  ;  it  was  too  sincere  to 
be  commonplace.  It  was  and  is  a  model.  The  Sun  gives  the  news  without  useless 
ornaments,  but  with  words  that  paint.  "If  you  see  it  in  the  Sun  it  is  so."  The 
Sun's  prose  is  good  sound  Anglo-Saxon.     Its  editorial  writers  know  how  to  say  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  613 


THE  SUN,"  NASSAU  AND  FRANKFORT  STREETS. 


things  that  they  wish  to  say,  as  they  wish  to  say  them.  Its  bright  young  men  do 
not  report  occurrences  that  they  have  not  seen,  nor  report  everything  they  hear. 
Its  correspondents  know  that  it  would  be  folly  to  try  to  make  it  print  banalities,  and 
those  who  have  hugged  that  fond  delusion  have  been  speedily  dissuaded.  The  Sum 
is  the  wit,  humor,  science  and  art  of  New  York  expressed.  If  its  owners  build  for 
it  a  new  domicile,  to  be  emblematic  it  must  be  marvelous.  It  is  not  surprising  that 
the  most  daring,  novel  and  seductive  of  plans  for  an  architectural  masterpiece  of 
thirty-two  stories  has  come  to  the  Sun,  by  the  design  of  its  business  manager, 
W.  M.  Laffan. 

The  New-Yorker  Staats-Zeitung,  founded  in  1834,  and  edited  by  Oswald 
Ottendorfer,  is  independent  in  politics.  It  occupies  in  Tryon  Row  its  own  granite 
building.  Printed  in  German,  severely  classic  in  tone,  filled  with  notes  of  the 
Fatherland,  besides  all  the  American  news,  it  is  an  influential  journal  in  Berlin  by 
reflection  of  its  German- American  authority.  The  Staats-Zeitung  Building  is  at  the 
junction  of  Centre  Street  and  Park  Row. 


614 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Herald,  founded  in  1835  James  Gordon  Bennett,  is  independent  in  poli- 
tics. It  is  against  everything  that  savors  of  the  wrong.  It  aims  to  give  news, 
not  to  explain  or  interpret  them.  It  paid  the  expenses  of  Stanley,  who  found 
Livingston  ;  it  has  fitted  out  expeditions  to  the  North  Pole  ;  it  has  a  reputation 
wherever  there  are  readers  of  news.  It  is  unique.  It  defies  criticism.  Its  build- 
ing, on  Broadway  at  the  corner  of  Ann  Street,  was  formerly  the  site  of  Barnum's 
Museum.  The  paper  is  more  famous  than  Barnum  ;  Barnum  was  more  ambitious 
for  literary,  scientific,  political  and  social  authority.  It  could,  if  it  wished,  be  a 
tyrant  in  art,  letters  and  politics,  but  it  does  not  wish.  It  is  deliberately  that  its 
editorial  page  is  weak.  It  is  a  newspaper,  simply,  perfectly.  To  have  the  faintest 
suspicion  that  the  Herald  might  suppress  or  amend  any  bit  of  news  for  any  reason, 
political,  literary,  social  or  artistic,  is  not  to  understand  the  Herald.  That  is  the 
secret  of  its  success. 

The  Herald  is  now  erecting,  on  the  immense  block  bounded  by  Broadway  and 
Sixth  Avenue,  35th  and  36th  Streets,  a  magnificent  Italian  Renaissance  building, 
nchly  adorned  with  marble,  with  arcades  of  polished  granite  columns,  press-rooms 


Ml 


m  « < « ■  1  ifrnfi'iHiiU 

ij§<M< , , « , ,  1  ""'I'iMIMRiilB 

■  um  <>,<  , inifiMutm  * 


PRINTING-HOUSE  SQUARE 


separated  from  Broadway  only  by  plate-glass,  and  an  enormous  clock  with  a  deep- 
toned  bell.  This  noble  structure,  abounding  in  reminiscences  of  the  palaces  of 
Venice,  Verona  and  Padua,  is  to  be  used  exclusively  by  the  Herald.  Its  architects 
are  McKim,  Mead  &  White,  who  constructed  the  gorgeous  Madison-Square  Garden. 

The  Mail  and  Express  is  pre-eminently  a  leading  evening  newspaper  of  New 
Vork.  It  is  "newsy,"  in  the  professional  sense  of  the  word,  in  that  its  record  of 
the  day's  events  is  comprehensive,  and  is  carried  down  to  the  latest  possible  moment. 
Its  editorial  page  is  dignified  and  scholarly.  Its  political  faith  is  Republican,  and  it 
is  a  leader  in  expressing  the  opinion  of  the  party.  As  its  name  suggests,  the  Mail 
and  Express  is  a  consolidation  of  two  newspapers.  The  New- Vork  Evening  Ex- 
presses established  in  1839,  anc*  for  many  years  it  was  edited  by  James  and  Erastus 
Brooks.  The  New- Vork  Evening  Alail,  an  evening  daily  paper,  was  started  about 
1869.  The  consolidation  of  the  two  into  one  great  newspaper  was  effected  by  the 
late  Cyrus  W.  Field.    He  purchased  the  Mail  in  1880,  and  the  Express  two  years 


AT/JVC'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


6.5 


THE  "MAIL  AND  EXPRESS  BUILDING. 

CROADWAY,  SOUTHWEST  CORNER  OF  FULTON  STREET  J    OPPOSITE  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD. 


6i6 


KINGyS  IIAXDBOOK'  OF  XI'AV  YoKK. 


later.  The  combined  establishment  was  purchased  by  the  late  Col.  Elliott  F. 
Shepard,  in  March,  1SS8,  and  since  then  the  paper  has  made  long  strides. 

It  is  the  only  evening  paper  that  has  a  franchise  in  the  New- York  Associated 
Press.  The  new  Mail  and  Express  Building,  on  Broadway  and  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard, is  one  of  the  most  elaborate  newspaper  establishments  in  the  country.  It  is 
X -shaped  in  form,  thus,  T-  Its  Broadway  front  measures  25  feet,  and  its  depth  100 
feet.  The  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  front  is  77  feet,  and  the  depth  of  that  section  of 
the  X  >s  9°  feet.  There  are  eleven  stories,  and  the  highest  point  is  211  feet  above 
the  curb.  The  building  is  a  handsome  illustration  of  the  French  Renaissance  (Henry 
the  Second)  style  of  architecture,  designed  by  Carrere  &  Hastings.  Four  large 
figures,  allegorically  representing  the  four  continents,  adorn  the  lower  story  of  the 
Broadway  fac,ade.  The  material  is  Indiana  limestone  throughout,  with  steel  con- 
struction. The  newspaper  establishment  occupies  the  basement  for  mechanical 
purposes,  the  first  story  as  a  business  office,  and  the  tenth  and  eleventh  stories  for 
editorial  departments  and  the  composing-room.  The  new  Hoe  presses  in  the  new 
building  are  capable  of  printing  98,000  papers  an  hour.    The  motive  powers  for 

the  machinery  and  the  Otis  ele- 
vators are  electricity  and  steam. 

Col.  Shepard  imprinted  his 
strong  and  fearless  personality 
upon  all  departments  of  the 
paper,  making  it  clean,  pure  and 
sweet,  and  at  the  same  time  bright 
and  enterprising.  The  super- 
abundant space  devoted  by  some 
journals  to  minute  and  wire- 
drawn records  of  crime,  the  suc- 
cessive rounds  of  a  prize  fight, 
the  gory  details  of  a  murder,  is 
avoided  in  the  Mail  and  Express, 
which  devotes  its  space  to  the 
best  and  most  interesting  general 
news  of  the  day,  to  careful  ac- 
counts of  philanthropic,  charita- 
ble, religious  and  educational 
movements,  and  to  the  leading 
and  happiest  events  in  social  life. 
This  sweetness  and  light  in  one 
of  New- York's  greatest  secular  dailies  is  the  result  of  Col.-  Shepard's  firm  and 
faithful  policy,  and  stands  as  a  monument  to  his  finished  life. 

The  New-York  Tribune,  founded  by  Horace  Greeley  in  1S41,  and  conducted 
by  him  until  he  was  nominated  for  President  of  the  United  States,  in  1872,  has  been 
almost  constantly,  since  the  birth  of  the  Republican  party,  its  organ  and  counselor. 
Aside  from  politics  it  represents  the  best  elements  in  the  National  character  and 
life.  It  was  foremost  in  the  struggle  for  free  men  and  free  speech,  and  foremost  in 
the  fight  for  National  unity.  It  is  brilliant  at  times,  forceful  and  telling  usually, 
dignified  and  scholarly  always.  Its  influence  upon  its  readers  has  not  been  sur- 
passed by  any  other  American  newspaper.  It  speaks  in  pure,  clean-cut  English. 
Graduates  from  its  editorial  room  take  high  rank  in  journalism.  Since  December, 
1S72  (with  the  exception  of  the  period  when  Mr.   Reid  was  abroad,  and  during 


'•THE  SUN"  AND  "  THE  TRIBUNE. 


6i8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1892),  the  Tribune  has  heen  conducted  by  Whitelaw  Reid,  United-States  Minister 
to  France  for  three  years,  beginning  in  1889,  and  the  Republican  nominee  for  Vice- 
President  in  1892.  The  'Tribune  Building,  an  eleven-story  edifice  at  Nassau  and 
Spruce  Streets,  facing  Printing-House  Square,  and  the  pioneer  of  the  great  news- 
paper office-buildings  in  New  York,  was  erected  during  the  early  years  of  Mr.  Reid's 
administration.  It  is  the  greatest  newspaper  centre  in  the  United  States,  for  more 
than  6,000  journals,  mostly  Western  and  Southern,  have  their  New- York  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Tribune  Building.  The  great  bulk  of  the  stock  of  the  Tribune 
Association  is  owned  by  Whitelaw  Reid,  Darius  O.  Mills  and  Ogden  Mills.  Ogden 
Mills  is  the  President  of  the  corporation. 

The  New-Yorker  Zeitung,  founded  in  1845,  is  independent  in  German  and 
American  politics,  and  is  printed  in  the  German  language. 

L'Eco  dTtalia  was  founded  in  1849  by  political  refugees,  companions  of  Gari- 
baldi. It  is  monarchical  and  anti-clerical  in  Italian  politics,  and  independent  in 
American  politics;  and  is  one  of  the  most  influential  and  largely  circulated  Italian 
journals  in  the  United  States. 

The  New-York  Times,  founded  in  185 1  by  George  Jones  and  Henry  J.  Ray- 
mond, is  Democratic  in  politics.  The  recent  death  of  Mr.  Jones  has,  in  the  unani- 
mous expression  of  respect  and  admiration  for  him  and  his  work  that  it  evoked, 
made  familiar  a  valuable  lesson.  In  this  age,  called  materialistic,  wherein  mere 
apparent  success  is  said  to  be  accepted  as  a  test  of  worth,  this  great  newspaper  has  an 
inspiring,  elevated  ideal,  and  is  a  journal  of  scholars,  artists,  lovers  of  truth,  country 
and  humanity.  It  is  absolutely  sincere.  It  fears  nothing,  because  it  looks  at  truth 
in  the  face.  Monsters  of  corruption  have  come  to  life,  and  the  Times  has  destroyed 
them  with  its  arrows  of  light.  The  Tweed  rule  undone  ;  the  relinquishment  of  great 
financial  advantages  in  favor  of  popular  welfare ;  the  abandonment  of  a  great  pat- 
ronage for  a  question  of  principle  ;  acts  of  the  Times  most  frequently  quoted  in 
records  of  the  services  of  the  Press  in  America,  are  only  better-known  instances 
of  its  value.  In  science,  in  literature,  in  art,  in  matters  theological  and  social,  the 
Times  is  a  guide  as  conscientious  as  in  politics.  The  old  home  of  the  Times  was 
replaced  in  1889  by  the  present  Times  Building,  of  which  David  H.  King,  Jr.,  was 
the  builder.  The  substitution  was  accomplished  as  by  enchantment.  The  offices 
of  the  newspaper  were  not  removed.  The  conventionally  designed  old  building 
disappeared  as  scenes  are  shifted  in  plays.  The  crowds  that  passed  by  Printing-House 
Square  saw  an  infinity  of  workmen  by  day  and  by  night,  and  were  perpetually  sur- 
prised by  their  work.  The  corner-stone  of  the  new  building  was  laid,  privately, 
June  7,  1888.  The  building  is  an  architectural  treasure.  There  are  fifteen  stories, 
two  of  which  are  below  the  pavement.  The  architect,  George  B.  Post,  accomplished 
a  masterpiece  of  the  Romanesque  style,  that  is  becoming  national.  Discreet, 
moderate,  bold,  vigorous,  perfect  in  every  detail  of  ornamentation,  in  moldings, 
in  capitals,  in  gargoyles ;  so  beautiful  that  it  charms  the  naive  and  the  refined,  the 
ignorant  and  the  most  learned  in  art  ;  the  Times  Building  is  the  Nezv-  York  Times 
expressed  in  stone.  In  April,  1893,  the  Times  was  purchased  of  its  former  owners 
by  the  New-  York  Times  Publishing  Co. ,  a  stock  company  organized  by  Charles  R. 
Miller  and  George  F.  Spinney,  who  for  many  years  had  been  respectively  Editor- 
in-Chief  and  Managing  Editor  of  the  paper,  Mr.  Miller  still  retaining  his  position 
as  Editor-in-Chief,  and  Mr.  Spinney  becoming  the  publisher  and  business  manager. 
The  new  management  has  put  fresh  life  and  greater  energy  into  the  paper ;  it  has 
been  expended  and  improved  on  every  department,  and  as  a  wide-awake  Democratic 
newspaper  now  occupies  a  leading  position. 


02O  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  World  was  founded  in  June,  i860,  as  a  religious  journal.    Tn  1861  it 

absorbed  the  Courier  and  Enquirer.  Later,  The  Albany  Regency,  Thurlow  Weed, 
August  Belmont,  Samuel  L.  M.  Barlow  and  others,  were  said  to  be  its  owners.  In 
1869  it  became  the  property  of  Manton  Marble.  After  varied  fortunes  it  fell  under 
an  editor  who  was  bound  to  Jay  Gould  and  devoted  to  the  aristocracy  of  England. 
When  its  redemption  seemed  hopeless,  it  was  purchased  by  Joseph  Pulitzer.  He 
signed  this  inaugural  announcement  : 

"The  entire  World  newspaper  property  has  been  purchased  by  the  undersigned, 
and  will  from  this  day  be  under  different  management,— different  in  men,  measures 
and  methods,  —  different  in  purpose,  policy  and  principle,— different  in  objects  and 
interests,— different  in  sympathies  and  convictions,— different  in  head  and  heart. 
Performance  is  better  than  promise.  Exuberant  assurances  are  cheap.  1  make 
none.  I  simply  refer  the  public  to  the  new  World  itself,  which  henceforth  shall  be 
the  daily  evidence  of  its  own  growing  improvement,  with  forty-eight  daily  witnesses 
in  its  forty-eight  columns. 

"There  is  room  in  this -great  and  growing  city  for  a  journal  that  is  not  only 
cheap  but  bright,  not  only  bright  but  large,  not  only  large  but  truly  Democratic,— 
dedicated  to  the  cause  of  the  people  rather  than  that  of  purse-potentates,  — devoted 
more  to  the  news  of  the  New  than  the  Old  World,  —  that  will  expose  all  fraud  and 
sham,  fight  all  public  evils  and  abuses,— that  will  serve  and  battle  for  the  people 
with  all  earnest  sincerity.  In  that  cause  and  for  that  end  solely  the  new  World  is 
hereby  enlisted,  and  committed  to  the  attention  of  the  intelligent  public." 

This  was  a  decade  ago.  Then,  in  1883,  the  daily  average  circulation  of  the 
Worlds  33,521  ;  weekly,  234,648;  yearly  total,  12,235,238.  In  1892  the  daily 
average  circulation  was  380,499;  total,  139,262,685.  In  1883  the  World  printed 
86,577  advertisements  ;  in  1892,  890,975.  In  1892  the  World  used  37,562  rolls  of 
white  paper,  weighing  26,973,252  pounds,  and  forming  473,018,836  four-page 
sheets;  set  90,927  columns  of  type,  formed  of  568,316,999  ems,  that  involved  the 
handling  of  1,278,713,247  pieces  of  type.  On  Sunday,  May  7,  1893,  the  World 
celebrated  the  tenth  anniversary  of  Mr.  Pulitzer's  ownership  of  the  paper  by  pub- 
lishing an  edition  of  400,000  hundred-page  papers  — the  largest  newspaper  ever 
printed,  using  303  tons  of  white  paper  and  47^  tons  of  ink.  If  the  elder  Dumas 
could  make  an  electoral  canvass  with  no  other  platform- than  the  gratitude  of  the 
men  whom  the  mere  mechanical  production  of  his  works  had  benefited,  what  might 
not  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  World  expect  from  a  similar  platform  ? 

When,  in  October,  1889,  on  the  site  formerly  occupied  by  French's  Hotel,  the 
corner-stone  of  the  Pulitzer  Building  was  laid,  Joseph  Pulitzer  wrote  : 

"God  grant  that  this  structure  be  the  enduring  home  of  a  newspaper,^ forever 
unsatisfied  with  merely  printing  news  —  forever  fighting  every  form  of  WTrong  — 
forever  Independent —forever  advancing  in  Enlightenment  and  Progress  —  forever 
wedded  to  truly  Democratic  ideas  —  forever  aspiring  to  be  a  Moral  Force  —  forever 
rising  to  a  higher  plane  of  perfection  as  a  Public  Institution. 

"God  grant  that  the  World  may  forever  strive  toward  the  Highest  Ideals  — be 
both  a  daily  schoolhouse  and  a  daily  forum,  both  a  daily  teacher  and  a  daily  tribune, 
an  instrument  of  Justice,  a  terror  to  crime,  an  aid  to  education,  an  exponent  of  true 
Americanism. 

"  Let  it  ever  be  remembered  that  this  edifice  owes  its  existence  to  the  public  ; 
that  its  architect  is  popular  favor;  that  its  moral  corner-stone  is  love  of  Liberty  and 
Justice  ;  that  its  every  stone  comes  from  the  people  and  represents  public  approval 
for  public  services  rendered. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


621 


THE  "WORLD"  BUILDI NQ -- PARK  ROW  AND  FRANKFORT  STREET. 

AS  SEEN   FROM   BROADWAY,  ACROSS  CITY-HALL  PARK. 


622 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


"God  forbid  that  the  vast  army  following  the  standard  of  the  World  should  in 
this,  or  in  future  generations,  ever  find  it  faithless  to  those  ideas  and  moral  princi- 
ples to  which  alone  it  owes  its  life,  and  without  which  I  would  rather  have  it  perish." 

The  Pulitzer  Building,  the  home  of  the  World,  erected  in  1889-90,  is  the  tallest 
office-building  in  the  world,  reaching  309  feet  from  sidewalk  to  lantern,  or  375^ 
feet  from  the  foundation  to  the  top  of  the  flagstaff.  It  has  a  huge  skeleton  of  iron 
and  steel,  sustaining  its  26  stories  ;  an  impressive  dome  ;  and  a  perfect  modern 
equipment,  electric  lights,  Worthington  pumps,  etc. 

The  News,  founded  in  1867,  is  edited  by  Benjamin  Wood  ;  Democratic  in 
politics.  A  small  evening  paper,  giving  the  news  in  a  popular  form,  it  contains,  in 
the  supplement  of  its  Sunday  edition,,  information  invaluable  to  persons  who  have 
not  the  time  or  the  opportunity  to  read  books.  Its  offices  are  in  a  five-story  brick 
building  in  Park  Row. 

The  Evening  Telegram  was  founded  in  1867,  by  James  Gordon  Bennett. 
It  is  independent  in  politics  ;  having  no  other  purpose  than  to  give  the  news  of  the 
day,  which  it  does,  in  a  most  piquant  manner. 

The  City  Record,  founded  in  1873,  *s  tne  official  municipal  journal,  printing 
only  city  advertisements  and  minutes  of  the  several  departments  of  the  city  govern- 
ment.    It  is  supervised  by  William  J.  K.  Kenny. 

Las  Novedades,  founded  in  1876,  edited  by  J.  G.  Garcia,  is  independent  in  poli- 
tics. It  is  printed  in  Spanish,  with  all  the  important  news  of  Spain,  its  colonies  and 
South-American  descendants,  of  whose  interests  in  this  country  it  is  the  champion. 

II  Progreso  Italo-Americano,  founded  in  1879,  edited  by  Carlo  Barsotti,  is 
conservative  in  Italian,  independent  in  American  politics.  It  is  printed  in  Italian, 
and  has  a  reflected  influence  at  the  Quirinal. 

New-York  Herold,  founded  in  1879,  *s  tne  evening  edition,  printed  in  German, 
of  the  Zeitung.     It  is  independent  in  politics. 

New-Yorker  Tages-Nachrichten,  founded  in  1870,  edited  by  Benjamin 
Wood,  is  Democratic  in  politics.    It  is  the  German  edition  of  the  News, 

New-Yorker  Volks-Zeitung,  founded  in  1878,  is  independent  in  politics. 
Printed  in  German,  it  expresses  the  theories  and  aims  of  the  German  Socialists. 

The  Morning  Journal,  founded  in  1882,  edited  by  Albert  Pulitzer  as  a  one- 
cent  paper,  is  independent  in  politics.  It  was  organized  with  practically  no  capital 
but  energy.  Its  leading  motive  was  to  amuse,  while  instructing.  It  was  pains- 
taking, brilliant,  ingenious.  At  first  it  was  printed  on  presses  of  the  Tribune.  It 
became  gradually  a  wealthy,  popular,  distinctive  newspaper. 

The  Evening  World,  founded  in  1887,  edited  by  Joseph  Pulitzer,  Democratic 
in  politics,  is  a  popular  newspaper. 

The  Evening  Sun,  founded  in  1887,  edited  by  Charles  A.  Dana,  Democratic 
in  politics,  is  also  a  popular  newspaper. 

The  Press  was  founded  in  1887.  Republican  in  politics,  it  is  especially  devoted 
to  tariff  problems.  It  quickly  attained  its  aim,  to  rival  the  Democrats  in  the  field, 
which  they  occupied  entirely,  of  penny  popular  newspapers.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
influential  Republican  newspaper,  with  a  daily  circulation  of  over  100,000  copies. 
Its  editorial  and  business  offices  are  in  the  Potter  Building. 

Hlas  Lindu,  founded  in  1886,  edited  by  John  Korinck,  is  printed  in  Bohemian. 

New-Yorske  Listy,  founded  in  1875,  ^s  printed  in  Bohemian.  The  Bohemian 
population  in  New  York  supports  two  Bohemian  newspapers. 

Das  Morgen  Journal,  founded  in  1890  by  Albert  Pulitzer,  is  Democratic.  It 
is  the  counterpart  in  German  of  the  Morning  Journal,  and  has  a  Sunday  edition. 


624 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  0/<  NEW  YORK. 


>  6  KING'S  HANDBOOK'  OF  NEW  YORK.  ' 

The  Morning  Advertiser  was  founded  in  .891  by  Col.  John  A.  Cockerili, 

with  the  distinctive  aim  of  furnishing  in  brief,  without  attempting  to  be  entertaining 
in  a  literary  sense,  to  busy  people  the  news  of  the  day.    It  is  Republican 

The  Recorder,  founded  in  ,89.,  Republican  in  politics,  is  edited  and  managed 
by  George  W.  Turner,  one  of  the  most  energetic  workers  ever  connected  with  a 
daily  paper.  It  is  one  of  the  marvels  of  journalism,  and  has  one  of  the  best  equipped 
pLt  in  the  city.  The  Reorder  Building  is  an  eight-story  brick  edifice,  at  .5 
Spruce  Street,  probably  the  first  time  a  newspaper  has  ever  put  up  its  own  building 
to  the  second  year  of  its  existence.    It  is  occupied  solely  by  the  Recorder 

Daily  America,  a  straight  Democratic  newspaper,  with  special  features  on 
Wall  Street,  the  drama,  racing,  and  all  legitimate  sports.  It  was  founded  m  .893, 
by  George  H.  Dickinson,  and  is  a  paper  for  busy  men. 

The  Daily  Mercury  is  a  Democratic  morning  one-cent  paper,  founded  in  1893 
by  the  company  which  has  published  the  Sunday  Mereury  since  1839. 
There  are  daily  legal,  financial,  sporting  and  other  papers. 
Ha  net's  Weekly,  illustrated,  was  founded  in  1856.    It  is  independent  in  po  1- 
tiesfanTfolTa  pictorial  history  of  the  period  in  which  we  ive,  with  admirable 
erary  and  artistic  features.    It  is  rightly  called  «  A  Journal  of  Civilization 
Harper's  Bazaar,  illustrated,  founded  in  .868,  is  a  paper  particularly  devoted 
,0  "shi  ms  home  management,  the  progress  of  women,  and  art  and  literature. 

Ha  nefs  Young  People,  illustrated,  founded  in  ,879,  is  a  paper  for  boys  and 
rirl  "bounds  in  stories  ami  pictures,  and  articles  on  games,  needlework  boat- 
bu  Mine  draw  ng  and  other  practical  themes  made  attractive  to  boys  and  girls. 

Frank  L«sHe's  Illustrated  Newspaper,  founded  in  ,853,  »  Republican  m 
nolkies     It  affords  a  picturesque  chronicle  of  the  events  of  the  day. 
'    Frank  LesHe's  'illustrate  Zeitung,  founded  in  ,855,  and  Republican  in 

rounded  in  ,874,  by  C,  A.  Byrnes,  and 
ha5Ing  be^hed  by  Leander  Richardson.     It  is  devoted  « .  critical  reviews  of 

a2LS£S!£  »  is  published  every  Tuesday  and  has  a  very  large  crcula- 
tion  among  persons  interested  in  theatrical  news  of  all  kinds. 

The  Critic  founded  in  1881,  is  edited  by  Jeannette  L.  and  Joseph  B.  Gilder 

entertaining  news  of  authors  and  new  publications. 

The  Ledger  founded  by  Robert  Bonner  in  1844,  »  a  family  story-paper. 
Forest  and  Stream,  founded  in  .871,  is  a  paper  devoted  to  outdoor  life. 

S  S  ed"hSas  attained  a  -mend.is  =.    I.  is  an  inde- 

juu^c,  WQ0.P<;  a  merrv  war  against  the  Democrats. 

Ucan  in  pontic* .  and  v ages  a  mer  y  g  .nJependent  ;„  polui 

Life,  founded       ^3'  's  a  sat         J  ^  ^  fctnt,  social 

^ ■» iltamiLted a,so by charm,ng,y wi,ty ,ext' 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


627 


The  Churchman,  at  47  Lafayette  Place,  was  established  in  1844.  It  is  the 
leading,  largest  and  most  widely  circulated  weekly  paper  in  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church.  The  full  significance  of  this  is  not  entirely  in  the  statistics,  which  show 
that  there  are  532,230  communicants  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  300,000 
of  whom  are  residents  of  the  New-England  and  Middle  States.  These  communi- 
cants are  the  wealthy  and  intelligent  people  in  every  community.  To  be  agreeable 
to  them  a  journal  must  be  excellent.  It  must  be  as  The  Churchman  is.  The  only 
denominational  paper  regularly  illustrated,  it  is  illustrated  with  exquisite  taste. 
Having  to  reflect  not  only  the  artistic  life  of  its  readers,  but  their  religious  life,  the 
beautiful  ideals  of  their  faith,  it  is  written  by  scholars,  by  men  of  letters  in  the  truest 
sense.  The  editor  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  George  S.  Maljory,  formerly  professor  of  English 
literature  in  Trinity  College.  The  business  manager  is  Marshall  H.  Mallory. 
They  knew  well  at  the  outset  the  difficulties  and  the  possibilities  of  their  task. 
Before  them  several  men  of  undoubted  ability  had  lost  fortunes.     A  paper,  founded 


"THE  CHURCHMAN,"  47  LAFAYETTE  PLACE,  OPPOSITE  ASTOR  LIBRARY. 


in  1 83 1,  and  wearing  the  name  which  they  chose,  had  made  a  brave  effort,  and 
died,  giving  way  to  The  Church  Journal ;  but  the  Messrs.  Mallory  had  the  strength 
of  the  faithful  and  the  confidence  of  genius.  They  made  a  success  of  The  Church- 
man. In  1878  it  absorbed  The  Church  Journal.  Since  then  The  Churchman  has 
been  more  than  a  success.  It  is  an  accepted  power.  The  paper  is  printed  with  a 
jealous  regard  for  typographical  beauty  and  accuracy.  It  is  published  in  magazine 
form,  and  makes  an  annual  record  of  2,500  pages,  every  phase  of  which  is  a  phase 


628 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


of  Christian  thought,  admirably  expressed.  The  owners  of  this  "most  distinctively 
religious  of  journals  "  have  purchased  for  its  offices  one  of  the  Colonnade  Buildings, 
in  Lafayette  Place,  formerly  the  residences  of  New  York's  most  eminent  citizens, 
and  the  brilliant  centre  of  New  York's  intellectual  supremacy.  It  is  immediately 
opposite  the  Astor  Library,  and  near  the  Episcopal  Diocesan  House,  which  is  the 
first  building  on  the  left  of  the  Colonnade  Row,  in  the  picture  on  preceding  page. 

The  New-York  Observer,  the  oldest  religious  newspaper  in  America,  has  for 
seventy  years  occupied  a  noble  and  glorious  position  as  a  defender  of  the  faith  and  a 
recorder  of  the  news  of  the  churches  and  of  the  world.  The  Observer  was  estab- 
lished in  1823,  by  Sidney  E.  and  Richard  C.  Morse  ;  and  for  many  years  was  pub- 
lished at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Beekman  Streets,  on  the  site  of  the  Morse  Build- 
ing, erected  by  the  sons  of  the  founders  of  the  paper.  In  1840  Samuel  Irenaeus 
Prime  became  editor  of  The  Observer,  and  retained  this  position  until  his  death,  in 
1885.  His  brother,  E.  D.  G.  Prime,  was  connected  with  the  paper  from  1853  to 
1890.  In  1859  Charles  Augustus  Stoddard,  pastor  of  the  Washington-Heights 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  son-in-law  of  Irenaeus  Prime,  became  associate  editor  of 
The  Observer;  and  Wendell  Prime,  the  son  of  Irenaeus,  in  1878.  The  Prime 
brothers  bought  the  paper  from  the  Morse  brothers  ;  and  it  now  belongs  to  the 
children  of  Irenaeus,  and  is  managed  by  his  son-in-law.  The  offices  were  established 
at  37  Park  Row,  on  the  site  of  the  original  Brick  Church,  from  1859  to  1 881, 
when  the  building  was  burned,  with  the  loss  of  several  lives.  When  the  new  Potter 
Building  was  erected,  on  the  same  site,  The  Observer  returned  to  its  former  place, 
at  37  and  38  Park  Row,  where  it  still  abides.  Under  its  firm,  harmonious  and  pro- 
gressive editorial  "administration,  The  Observer  has  continued  steadfast  to  the  ideals 
of  its  founders  ;  and  is  now,  as  it  was  in  the  early  days,  a  wholesome,  conservative 
and  interesting  family  newspaper,  always  supporting  the  things  which  are  right 
and  good,  defending  the  principles  of  Christian  truth,  and  presenting  an  admirable 
record  of  the  world's  news,  as  seen  from  a  religious  standpoint.  Its  files  present 
the  fullest  and  most  accurate  religious  history  of  the  world,  and  are  continually  con- 
sulted for  facts  and  figures.  When  the  Southern  States  seceded,  the  paper  lost 
10,000  subscribers  in  a  single  day  ;  but  it  survived  this  amazing  mischance  by  the 
same  inherent  strength  which  has  carried  it  through  the  disasters  of  fire  and  panic 
and  ecclesiastical  disturbances.  At  the  present  time,  with  a  larger  corps  of  editors 
than  ever  before,  and  with  unexcelled  facilities,  it  has  more  subscribers  than  at  any 
previous  time  in  its  history,  and  has  no  rival  as  an  invaluable,  instructing,  and  enter- 
taining repository  of  the  events  and  opinions  of  the  day,  in  their  bearings  upon  the 
American  Republic  and  the  Christian  Church. 

The  Nation  is  published  every  week,  at  Broadway  and  Fulton  Street.  Its 
writers  include  some  of  the  foremost  specialists  in  science,  art,  public  affairs,  and 
literary  criticism.  The  Nation  is  an  independent  weekly  review  of  literature, 
science,  art  and  politics,  with  a  serial  commentary  on  the  most  important  American 
and  foreign  events,  special  and  occasional  correspondence,  and  thoroughly  compe- 
tent criticism  of  the  latest  developments  of  literature,  science,  art,  music  and  the 
drama.  The  two  hundred  contributors  who  prepare  this  feast  for  the  scholar  and 
the  thinker  include  the  foremost  names  in  literature  and  thought.  The  Nation  has 
been  pronounced  by  the  Saturday  Review  to  be  "on  the  intellectual  level  of  the  best 
European  periodicals."  In  1 88 1  it  became  the  property  of  the  owners  of  the  Even- 
ing Post,  and  maintains  an  allied  yet  original  existence. 

The  Home  Journal,  founded  in  1846,  edited  by  Morris  Phillips,  is  a  news- 
paper of  literature,  art  and  society,  with  abundant  news  of  pleasure-resorts. 


NEW-YORK  OBSERVER. 

REDUCED  FAC  SIMILE  OF  THE  FIRST  NUMBER  OF  THE  FIRST  RELIGIOUS  PAPER. 


630 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Christian  Advocate,  the  official  organ  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
is  issued  weekly  from  the  headquarters  of  the  Church  in  New-York  City,  known  as 
the  Methodist  Book  Concern.  This  large  and  prosperous  establishment  (located  on 
the  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and  20th  Street)  is  managed  for  the  Church  by  two 
ministers,  who  are  called  Agents,  and  who  are  elected  by  the  General  Conference  of 
the  Church  quadrennially.  Rev.  Sanford  Hunt,  D.  I).,  and  Rev.  Homer  Eaton, 
D.  D.,  are  the  present  heads  of  the  house,  and  conduct  its  business  under  the  title 
of  Hunt  &  Eaton.  This  ably  conducted  church  newspaper  has  for  its  editor-in- 
chief  Rev.  James  M.  Buckley,  I).  I).,  one  of  the  brightest  and  clearest  minds  in  the 
membership  of  the  great  Church  ;  a  man  also  of  amazing  industry  and  wonderful 
mental  resources.  He  is  assisted  in  the  conduct  of  the  "  Great  Official  "  by  a  com- 
pany of  able  contributors,  and  the  general  managing  editorship  is  in  the  hands  of 
Rev.  \V.  H.  Depuy,  1).  D.,  who  was  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  People's  Encyclo- 
paedia, which  was  published  so  successfully  by  the  Methodist  Book  Concern.  The 
Christian  Advocate  was  established  in  September,  1826  ;  and  during  the  sixty-seven 


SQUARE  AND  THE  HARPERS'   PUBLISHING  HOUSE. 


years  of  its  history  has  been  under  careful  management,  and  has  been  kept  in  touch 
with  the  progress  of  humanity  on  all  religious  and  philanthropic  lines.  The  adver- 
tising department  is  under  the  business  management  of  William  Baldwin.  Adver- 
tisements are  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  editor.  Medical  advertisements  are 
not  admitted,  except  when  well  known  to  have  exceptional  merit.  Advertisements 
are  declined  also  in  which  the  name  of  any  bishop  or  minister  is  used  as  an  endorse- 
ment of  the  article  advertised.  No  advertiser  is  permitted  to  use  a  picture  of  his 
face,  and  no  financial  advertisement  is  admitted  offering  a  higher  rate  of  interest 
than  St  to  investors.  The  discriminating  care  shown  in  its  general  business  man- 
agement has  gained  the  confidence  of  its  subscribers  and  readers,  which  necessarily 
is  of  decided  advantage  to  its  advertisers. 

Bradstreet's,  founded  in  1879,  is  a  paper  for  men  of  business.  It  is  the  fore- 
most journal  of  its  class  in  America.  It  is  published  by  the  Bradstreet  Company, 
and  reaches  all  parts  of  the  world. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THE  CHRISTIAN  ADVOCATE,"  METHODIST  BOOK  CONCERN  AND  MISSION  HOUSE. 

FIFTH  AVENUE,  SOUTHWEST  CORNER  OF  20th  STREET. 


632 


K/XG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The    Christian    Herald  is  a  leading  weekly  religious  illustrated  journal. 

Probably  no  publication  in  the  history  of  religious  journalism  in  America  can 
point  to  so  successful  a  record.  Established  in  1878,  it  speedily  took  rank  as 
a  publication  of  influence;  but  it  was  not  until  1890,  when  it  passed  under  the 
control  of  its  present  proprietor,  Dr.  Louis  Klopsch  of  New  York,  that  it  attained 
the  splendid  success  which  has  since  crowned  its  career.  One  of  the  first  steps 
taken  by  the  new  management  was  to  secure  the  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Talmage,  D.D. , 
as  editor,  and  the  powerful  Gospel  sermons  of  this  preeminent  American  divine 
were  supplemented  by  the  rich  pulpit  utterances  of  Pastor  Spurgeon  of  London, 


Rev.  Dr.  R.  S.  McArthur  of  New  York,  Rev.  Dr.  A.  J.  Gordon  of  Boston,  and 
other  preachers  of  world-wide  eminence.  The  Christian  Herald  was  enlarged  and 
greatly  improved,  and  to-day  mechanically,  artistically,  and  in  point  of  circulation 
and  practical  Christian  teaching  it  leads  the  entire  religious  weekly  press.  Its 
press-rooms  and  bindery,  in  the  De  Vinne  Building,  are  equipped  with  the  latest 
and  most  improved  machinery  for  printing  and  folding ;  and  its  business  offices, 
Rooms  91  to  98  in  the  Bible  House,  occupy  the  largest  space  of  any  tenants  in  the 
building  next  to  the  Bible  Society  itself.  Absolutely  undenominational,  The  Chris- 
tian Herald  appeals  to  the  moral  and  spiritual  interests  of  Christians  everywhere. 
Pastors  find  in  its  models  a  powerful  aid  to  sermon-making  ;  Sunday-school  teachers 
draw  inspiration  from  it ;  workers  in  every  branch  of  Christian  service  find  it 
a  valuable  help  and  encouragement.  With  its  half  million  readers,  in  every  State 
of  the  Union,  it  has  an  influence  possessed  by  no  other  weekly  religious  newspaper. 
In  the  field  of  charity  and  philanthropy   The  Christian  Herald  has  performed 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


633 


distinguished  service.  P'or  years  it  has  supported  a  missionary  in  the  Southwest, 
where  he  has  been  the  means  of  founding  many  Sunday-schools  and  chapels,  and 
it  also  supported  two  evangelists  in  the  East  for  several  successive  seasons.  It 
conducted,  at  its  own  cost,  the  famous  winter  series  of  evangelistic  services  in  the 
New- York  Academy  of  Music,  a  few  years  ago,  when  many  hundreds  of  conversions 
occurred.  In  the  summer  of  1892  it  raised  a  fund  of  $40,000,  with  which  it  purchased 
a  cargo  of  breadstuffs  for  the  starving  peasants  of  Russia.  It  cashed,  free  of  charge, 
the  checks  of  army  pensioners  (aggregating  half  a  million  dollars),  to  keep  them 
from  the  degrading  contact  of  the  saloons.  In  one  year  it  distributed  among  its 
readers  150,000  beautiful  genuine  Oxford  Teachers'  Bibles,  as  free  gifts.  In  a 
multitude  of  other  ways  its  influence  is  exerted  for  the  good  of  the  deserving ; 
and  object-lessons  in  Christian  helpfulness  are  furnished  to  a  circle  of  readers  whose 
members  are  found  in  every  country  of  the  globe. 

The  Dry  Goods  Economist,  the  leading  dry-goods  paper  in  the  world,  enjoys 
the  further  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  trade  journal  in  existence,  having  been 
established  in  1846. 
It  was  published 
for  many  years  un- 
der the  name  of 
United- States  Econ- 
omist and  Dry  Goods 
Reporter \  which  was 
abridged  to  its  pres- 
ent title.  The  scope 
of  the  paper  com- 
prises everything 
pertaining  to  the 
origination  and  dis- 
tribution of  textile 
fabrics,  excepting 
only  the  mechanical 
processes  of  their 
production.  The 
evolution  of  styles, 
weaves,  colors  and 
fashions  abroad 
and  at  home,  the 

problems  of  importation,  transportation,  and  the  whole  machinery  of  distribu- 
tion receive  its  constant  attention.  Commercial  methods  and  abuses  form  a  staple 
of  discussion  in  its  columns,  while  the  practical  operations  of  merchandise,  purchas- 
ing, stock-keeping,  advertising,  window  dressing  and  store  management  are  each  in 
its  own  department  regularly  elucidated.  The  staff  of  the  Dry  Goods  Economist  is 
unique  in  trade  journalism,  approaching  probably  more  nearly  than  that  of  any 
publication  to  the  organization  of  a  great  daily.  This  staff  is  distributed  throughout 
the  textile  centres  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain  and  Continental  Europe,  and 
is  composed  of  expert  specialists,  so  that  its  reports,  statistics  and  opinions  upon  the 
subjects  within  its  scope  are  regarded  as  authoritative  not  only  in  America,  where  it 
is  the  vade  meciwi  of  dry  goods  men  in  every  State  and  territory,  but  also  through- 
out Europe,  where  it  is  widely  circulated.  From  its  prominence  as  the  recognized 
organ  of  our  largest  group  of  allied  industries,  its  influence  extends  to  matters  of 


GOODS  ECONOIN 


1ST  "  AND  NEW-YORK  DRY  GOODS  EXCHANGE, 
AND  80  WALKER  STREET. 


634 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


finance,  and  of  legislation  affecting  textile  industries.  By  reason  of  its  unequalled 
hold  upon  the  jobbing  and  retail  merchants,  the  Dry  Goods  Economist  has  become 
the  recognized  sign-board  of  the  dry-goods  trade,  and  in  its  advertising  pages  will  be 
found  the  timely  announcements  of  the  great  textile  establishments.  The  paper  is 
distinguished  for  the  extent  and  elegance  of  its  special  issues  at  the  opening  of  the 
trade  seasons,  which  are  models  of  editorial  and  artistic  excellence.  The  home  of 
the  paper  is  in  the  Economist  Building,  close  to  Broadway,  on  Walker  Street,  which 
marks  the  longitudinal  centre  of  the  metropolitan  dry-goods  district,  and  contains 

the  New- York  Dry-Goods  Exchange.  The  paper 
is  published  weekly  by  the  Textile  Publishing  Co., 
Charles  T.  Root,  President  ;  Max  Jaegerhuber, 
Treasurer ;  Henry  R.  Elliot,  Secretary. 

The  Insurance  Monitor,  published  by  C.  C 
Hine,  at  137  Broadway,  is  one  of  the  oldest  trade 
journals  in  America,  and  the  oldest  in  its  particular 
line  of  serv  ice.  It  has  been  published  continuously 
since  March,  1853,  —  upwards  of  40  years, —  and 
during  this  time  has  not  only  recorded  but  has 
been  influential  in  every  important  move  that  has 
helped  to  develop  the  insurance  business  in  all  of 
its  many  branches.  In  size  of  page  it  'has  remained 
virtually  the  same  from  the  start,  but  in  number  of 
pages  it  has  run  up  from  8  pages  to  a  regular  48 
pages,  and  occasional  80  pages,  —  in  one  year 
(1871-72)  having  issued  1,078  pages.  In  name  it 
was  at  first  The  Monitor;  then  The  Insurance 
Monitor  and  Commercial  Register;  later  The  Insur- 
ance Monitor  and  Wall  Street  Review;  and  since 
1869  simply  Insurance  Monitor.  Its  first  owner 
was  T.  Jones,  Jr.;  and  since  1868,  —  a  full  quarter 
of  a  century,  —  it  has  been  owned  and  edited  by 
C.  C.  Hine,  who  has  done  more  than  any  one  else 
to  elevate  and  maintain  the  character  of  insurance 
journalism.  Its  mission  has  been  well  executed, 
=^_MI  and  in  its  columns  has  been  disseminated  and  per- 
itfl  fHl-'ilH^ft,  I    Petualed  all  that  is  worthy  of  notice,  technically, 

I^'-wSiy  I    critical^'  anfl  practically,  in  every  matter  pertaining 

L«2g^^y^^^^^^^^^Hs    to  all  the  various  branches  of  insurance.  The 
flfVf^^^V^H    Insurance  .Monitor   has   not    only   watched  and 
PlPfPS  HkV  »  Br!    chronicled,  but  it  has  taken  such  part  as  an  active 

journal  would  naturally  take  in  the  promulgation 
and  advancement  of  insurance  business.  And 
then,  too,  under  Mr.  Hine's  editorship  the  whole 
insurance  fraternity,  from  the  east  to  the  west  and 
from  the  north  to  the  south,  have  learned  to  respect  the  clean,  honest  and  trust- 
worthy columns  of  the  Insurance  Monitor. 

Other  Weekly  Publications  include  legal,  financial  and  innumerable  others. 
The  Monthly  Publications  cover  every  conceivable  topic.    There  are  maga- 
zines devoted  to  homreopathy,  obstetrics,  veterinary  science,  cutaneous  diseases, 
microscopy,  phrenology,  ophthalmology  ;  to  telegraphy,  electricity,  water  works  ; 


INSURANCE   MONITOR;-'  137  BROADWAY. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


635 


to  home-decoration,  music,  cabinet-making,  penmanship  ;  to  insurance,  banking,  and 
investments  ;  to  dogs,  bees,  poultry,  and  horses. 

The  grocers  have  their  magazines  here,  and  so  have  the  hair-dressers,  the  rail- 
road men,  the  booksellers,  the  engineers,  the  photographers,  the  gas-men,  the  wine- 
merchants,  the  carpet-dealers,  the  printers,  the  stationers,  the  plumbers,  the  apothe- 


"  JUDGE"  BUILDING,  THE  HOME  OF  FRANK  LESLIE'S  PUBLICATIONS,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  16th  STREET. 


caries,  the  paper-makers,  the  brewers,  the  bottlers,  the  exporters,  the  silk-makers, 
the  tailors,  the  bankers,  the  blacksmiths,  the  wheelwrights,  the  woodworkers,  the 
stenographers,  the  builders,  the  cloak-makers,  the  confectioners,  the  clothiers, 
expressmen,  millers,  hatters,  furriers,  jewellers,  cooks,  newsdealers,  milliners,  car- 
builders,  sailors,  teachers,  travellers,  and  many  other  classes  of  the  great  American 
people. 


636 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine  was  founded  in  1850,  and  now  enjoys  an 
enormous  circulation  all  over  the  world.  II.  M.  Alden  is  the  editor;  and  among 
the  writers  for  departments  have  been  Curtis,  Warner,  Howells,  Aldrich,  Mitchell, 
and  other  foremost  leaders  in  American  literature.  The  illustrations  are  the  finest 
work  of  the  best  artists,  and  richly  illuminate  the  magazine. 

The  Century  Magazine,  whose  first  editor  was  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland,  is  now 
edited  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  and  published  by  the  Century  Company,  of  which 
the  late  Roswell  Smith  was  longtime  President.  It  is  international  in  its  character 
and  circulation,  and  has  an  enormous  circulation,  running  far  beyond  100,000.  The 
literary  and  artistic  character  of  The  Centitry  cannot  be  surpassed. 

Scribner's  Magazine  was  founded  in  1887,  and  has  been  edited,  ever  since 
that  date,  by  E.  L.  Burlingame.  It  is  a  brilliantly  illustrated  modern  periodical, 
treating  vigorously  of  themes  of  present  interest,  with  articles  from  the  best  writers. 

The  Cosmopolitan,  founded  in  1885,  and  edited  by  James  Brisben  Walker,  is  a 
handsome  illustrated  magazine,  absolutely  fin  du  sil-cle  in  its  range  of  subjects  and 
manner  of  treatment,  and  reaching  a  vast  constituency  of  readers. 

The  North  American  Review,  founded  in  181 5,  is  edited  by  Lloyd  Brice. 
The  most  venerable  publication  of  the  kind  in  the  Western  World,  it  discusses  the 
leading  problems  of  the  day,  giving  the  views  of  the  foremost  authorities. 

The  Forum,  founded  in  1886,  is  edited  by  Walter  H.  Page.  It  is  a  monthly 
review  of  the  uppermost  topics  of  the  time,  in  essays  by  well-known  writers. 

The  Art  Amateur,  founded  in  1879,  is  owned  and  edited  by  Montague  Marks  ; 
and  has  been  of  great  avail  in  the  development  of  American  art. 

The  Art-Interchange  dates  its  origin  from  the  year  1864,  and  has  choice  illus- 
trations, and  articles  on  modern  painting,  etching,  engraving  and  similar  themes. 

The  Catholic  World,  founded  in  1840,  and  edited  by  Rev.  W.  D.  Hughes,  is 
published  by  the  Paulist  Fathers,  and  has  a  wide  circulation  among  cultivated 
Roman  Catholics.     It  is  purely  literary  in  tone,  and  has  many  able  contributors. 

Outing  is  an  attractive  illustrated  magazine,  devoted  to  descriptions  of  out-door 
life,  fresh,  breezy  and  exhilarating.  It  was  founded  by  W.  B.  Howland,  at  Chat- 
ham, N.  Y.,  and,  after  being  transferred  to  Boston  for  a  few  years,  became  a  New- 
York  institution. 

Godey's  Magazine  is  one  of  the  most  venerable  of  American  periodicals.  It 
was  founded  at  Philadelphia  in  1830,  and  recently  moved  to  New  York,  where  it 
has  developed  into  a  brilliant  and  progressive  modern  magazine. 

McClure's  Magazine,  founded  in  1893,  is  a  small-priced  illustrated  periodical, 
with  contributions  from  the  most  illustrious  authors,  on  the  most  interesting  subjects. 
It  is  published  by  S.  S.  McClure,  of  newspaper  "syndicate"  fame. 

The  Magazine  of  American  History,  founded  in  1877,  *s  occupied  by 
illustrated  articles  on  historical  themes.  It  was  long  edited  by  the  late  Martha 
J.  Lamb. 

The  Popular  Science  Monthly,  founded  in  1872,  and  edited  by  Prof.  W.  J. 
Youmans,  is  devoted  to  papers  by  competent  writers  on  the  latest  phases  of 
sciences. 

St.  Nicholas,  founded  in  1873,  edited  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge  ;  for  boys  and 
girls  ;  illustrated.     This  is  the  best  magazine  for  young  people  ever  published. 

In  the  years  between  1833  and  1872  more  than  a  hundred  papers,  periodical  and 
daily,  were  founded  and  suspended.  In  the  two  decades  since  1872,  there  was  a 
still  greater  number.  The  new  processes  of  engraving  illustrations  tempted  many 
newspaper  minds,  but  in  the  struggle  for  life  the  fittest  survived. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  637 


JLUMBIA  BUIUCINB.  BROADWAY.  CONSOLIDATED  EXCHANii. 


TRINITY  CNUKCN.  MANHATTAN  LIFE  BUILDING.  STANDARD  OIL  BUILClNS 

LOWER  BROADWAY. 
LOOKING  NORTH  FROM  BOWLING  GREEN. 


Fire  andiWarine 
Insurance 


Offices   and  Companies  for  Assuming  Losses  by  Fires  and 
Transit,  and  Fire  and  Marine  Underwriters'  Associations. 


IN  1759  the  "Old  Insurance  Office,"  open  from  noon  to  one  o'clock  and  from  six 
to  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  every  day,  and  the  "New- York  Insurance  Office," 
the  former  at  the  Coffee-House,  under  charge  of  Kefeltas  &  Sharpe,  the  latter  in  an 
adjoining  building,  under  charge  of  Anthony  Van  Dam,  gave  marine  insurance  to 
merchants,  secured  by  subscriptions  of  underwriters.  In  1778,  as  the  destruction 
of  vessels  by  American  privateers  had  increased  the  risk  of  navigation,  a  "New 
Insurance  Office"  was  opened  at  the  Coffee-House.  Vessels  or  their  cargoes  were 
then  in  a  primitive  manner  protected  ;  but  if  buildings  were  burned,  their  value  to 
the  owners  of  them  was  lost,  unless  they  circulated  subscription-papers,  as  did  the 
owner  of  a  wooden  building  in  Barclay  Street,  destroyed  by  fire  in  November,  1796. 
He  said  to  the  public  :  "Citizens  are  all  dependent,  the  one  upon  the  other.  Re- 
lieve the  distress  of  a  sinking  brother,  and  he,  and  not  he  only,  will  bless  you." 

In  1770  as  the  "  Philadelphia  Contrihutionship  for  the  Insurance  of  Houses  from 
Loss  by  Fire"  had  eighteen  years  of  life  and  prosperity,  a  member  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  in  New  York  proposed  the  formation  of  a  similar  Contrihutionship  ; 
but  not  until  1787  was  incorporated,  under  the  name  of  "Mutual  Assurance  Com- 
pany," the  first  New- York  fire-insurance  company. 

In  1798  a  charter  was  granted  to  Nicholas  Low  and  others,  with  corporate  pow- 
ers, in  the  name  of  "United  Insurance  Company  in  the  city  of  New  York,"  enabling 
them  "  the  better  to  carry  on  and  extend  the  business  of  maritime  insurance  and  of 
insurance  upon  houses,  goods  and  lives,  which  were  the  useful  purpose  of  their 
institution."  The  "Mutual  Assurance  Company "  was  renewed  and  incorporated 
—  it  had  been  organized  in  1787,  under  a  deed  of  settlement,  by  its  secretary,  John 
Pintard,  according  to  the  English  custom.  In  1809  the  company  was  reorganized, 
with  a  capital  stock  ;  in  1846,  its  name  was  changed  to  "  Knickerbocker  Fire-Insur- 
ance Company";  and  in  1 890  it  was  dissolved.  One  of  its  policies  of  1798  is 
framed  in  the  Fire  Patrol  Office.  In  1798  a  third  company  was  incorporated,  "  The 
New- York  Insurance  Company  for  Maritime  Insurance,  Houses,  Goods  and  Lives." 
It  had  a  capital,  in  shares  of  $50  each,  not  to  exceed  $500,000  ;  and  its  charter 
expired  in  1809. 

In  1801  the  first  exclusively  marine  stock  company  in  New  York,  the  "Marine 
Insurance  Company,"  was  organized,  with  a  capital  of  $250,000.  Then  came  a 
revision  of  contracts,  a  classification  of  hazards,  and  a  re-arrangement  of  rates,  made 
necessary  by  extension  of  business  and  provoked  by  experience.  The  "Eagle  Insur- 
ance Company,"  incorporated  in  1806,  issued  this  tariff  : — 

"Hazards  of  the  first  class,  brick  or  stone  buildings,  with  slate,  tile  or  metal 
roofs,  and  non-hazardous  goods  therein,  25  per  cent.    Hazards  of  the  fourth  class, 


640 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


wooden  buildings,  non-hazardous  goods  therein,  and  hazardous  goods  in  third  class, 
75  to  100  per  cent." 

In  1830  there  were  in  New  York  eight  marine  companies,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $3,050,000  ;  and  twenty-five  fire  companies,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$7,800,000.  In  1835  there  were  twenty-six  fire  companies  ;  and  twenty-three  of 
them  were  thrown  into  bankruptcy  by  the  fire  which  destroyed,  on  the  night  of 
December  16,  529  stores  and  41  other  buildings  situated  south  of  Wall  Street,  the 
business  centre  of  the  city.  Then  followed  the  wise  law  by  which  fire  companies  are 
prohibited  from  engaging  in  the  affairs  of  life-insurance,  banking  and  trust  com- 
panies; and  other  companies  may  not  accumulate  functions,  but  are  chartered  for 
specific  purposes,  life  or  marine  or  other  insurance,  or  banking.  Then  came  the 
repeal  of  an  act  passed  in  1829,  by  which  foreign  companies  were  excluded  from  the 
State  of  New  York.  Then  forms  of  policies,  conditions  of  insurance,  classifications, 
the  entire  system  of  fire  and  marine  insurance  acquired  the  precision,  the  exactness 
of  the  present  time.  With  Massachusetts,  New  York  began  to  shape  insurance  legis- 
lation and  methods  for  the  whole  country.  In  1845  a  second  conflagration  in  the 
business  center  of  New  York  destroyed  property  valued  at  $6,000,000.  In  1846  an 
association  of  city  underwriters,  formed  for  mutual  protection,  convened  in  New  York 
a  national  meeting  of  underwriters.  Of  this  meeting,  and  of  two  others,  in  1849  and 
1850,  came  in  1866  the  National  Board  of  Fire-Underwriters,  by  which  the  advan- 
tages obtained  in  New  York  were  made  applicable  to  the  whole  country. 

In  1859  the  Insurance  Department  of  the  State  of  New  York  was  organized.  In 
1864,  for  the  first  time,  all  the  insurance  companies  were  required  by  law  to  make 
and  file  annual  statements.  From  this  period,  the  complete  historical  and  financial 
chronicles  of  insurance  may  be  easily  compiled.  They  are  in  the  reports  made  to 
the  State  Assembly  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  Insurance  Department.  In  i860 
the  premium  receipts  of  the  New-York  stock  fire  companies  were  $7,000,000  ;  in 
1863,  after  two  years  of  civil  war,  they  were  $10,000,000  ;  in  1865  they  were  $20,000,- 
000.  In  i860  the  premium  receipts  of  the  marine  companies  were  $14,000,000; 
and  in  1863  they  were  $18,000,000.  In  187 1  the  Chicago  fire,  in  1872  the  Boston 
fire,  ruined  the  Astor,  Beekman,  Corn-Exchange,  Excelsior,  Humboldt,  Market, 
New- Amsterdam,  North-American,  Washington,  Yonkers,  New- York  and  other 
insurance  companies,  some  of  which  were  afterward  reorganized.  In  thirty  years 
the  Insurance  Department  noted  the  withdrawal  of  eighty-three  fire  and  ten  marine 
insurance  companies. 

The  Board  of  Fire-Underwriters  is  an  evolution  of  the  "Salamander  Soci- 
ety," a  combination  of  insurance  officers  organized  in  181 9  to  1826,  transformed 
frequently,  and  incorporated  under  its  present  title  in  1867.  It  guides  insurance 
legislation  ;  guards  or  advises  the  Superintendent  of  Buildings,  the  Fire-Commis- 
sioners and  the  Fire-Marshal ;  maintains  the  Fire-Patrol,  with  the  aid  of  a  legisla- 
tive enactment  that  it  created  ;  and  usually  commands  a  tariff  of  rates  of  premium  to 
be  charged  by  all  underwriters  on  metropolitan  risks.  It  has,  at  present,  an  execu- 
tive committee  of  forty  members.  Its  standing  committees  are  on  Finance,  Fire- 
Patrol,  Laws  and  Legislation,  Surveys,  Police  and  Origin  of  Fires,  Arbitration, 
Patents,  Membership,  and  Water  Supply.  It  adopted  in  1886  a  standard  fire- 
insurance  policy,  the  form  of  which  is  desirable. 

The  Fire-Patrol  is  an  organization  of  the  Board  of  Fire-Underwriters,  and  was 
a  condition  of  its  charter,  "to  provide  a  patrol  of  men,  and  a  competent  person  to 
act  as  superintendent,  to  discover  and  prevent  fires,  with  suitable  apparatus  to  save 
and  preserve  property  or  life  at  and  after  a  fire  ;  and  the  better  to  enable  them  so 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


641 


to  act  with  promptness  and  efficiency,  full  power  is  given  to  such  superintendent 
and  to  such  patrol  to  enter  any  building  on  fire,  or  which  may  be  exposed  to  or  in 
danger  of  taking  fire  from  other  burning  buildings,  at  once  proceed  to  protect  and 
endeavor  to  save  the  property  therein,  and  to  remove  such  property,  or  any  part 
thereof,  from  the  ruins  after  a  fire."  For  the  maintenance  of  this  patrol  the  Board 
of  Fire-Underwriters  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  obliging  all  insurance  compa- 
nies doing  business  in  New  York  to  pay  two  per  cent,  of  their  city  premium  receipts 
semi-annually,  as  a  tax. 

The  Fire-Patrol  existed  long  before  this  act,  but  in  a  different  form.  In  1835 
the  city  association  of  fire-insurance  companies  paid  $1,000  a  year  to  a  Fire-Police 
of  four  men  ;  in  1839  it  employed  forty  members  or  past  members  of  the  Volunteer 
Fire-Department  as  patrolmen  at  night  in  the  Fifth  Fire  (the  mercantile)  District. 
In  1845  water-proof  covers  for  merchandise,  in  1851  covers  for  roofs  and  sky-lights, 
in  1864  a  steam  pumping-engine  for  drying  cellars,  were  adopted  ;  but  the  service 
was  practically,  like  the  contributions  of  the  insurance  companies  for  the  expen- 
ses, voluntary.  The  last  statistical  record,  the  record  of  189 1,  of  the  present  well- 
equipped  and  well-paid  Fire-Patrol,  shows  that  during  the  year  189 1  it  attended  to 
2,091  fire-alarms,  performed  2,228^  hours  of  service,  spread  9,819  covers,  and  cared 
for  property  the  total  insurance  on  which  was  $29,897,649,  and  the  total  loss 
$5,252,659.  The  Fire-Patrol  stations  are:  No.  1,  41  Murray  Street,  42  officers 
and  men  ;  No.  2,  31  Great  Jones  Street,  40  officers  and  men  ;  No.  3,  104  West  30th 
Street,  29  officers  and  men  ;  No.  4,  113  East  90th  Street,  14  officers  and  men  ;  and 
No.  5,  307  West  121st  Street,  14  officers  and  men.  Abram  C.  Hull  is  the  super- 
intendent. Wm.  ML  Randall,  an  old  volunteer  fireman  and  underwriter,  has  long 
occupied  the  office  of  Secretary  to  the  Fire-Patrol  committee. 

The  Insurance  Companies  of  to-day  represent  an  enormous  accumulation 
of  assets  for  the  payment  of  losses  by  fire  and  the  elements.  There  were  $63,947,365 
in  assets  of  New- York  joint-stock  companies;  $112,072,902  in  assets  of  joint-stock 
companiesof  other  States  ;  $2,637,562  in  assets  of  mutual  companies  ;  and  $56,324,- 
823  in  assets  of  foreign  companies,  invested  in  the  fire-insurance  business  in  New 
York,  at  the  date  of  the  report  to  the  Insurance  Department,  December  31,  1892. 


FIREMEN  AT  WORK  IN  1800. 


41 


642 


AVNG'S  HA X J) BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  history  of  the  following  companies  is  the  main  history  of  the  fire-insurance- 
business  in  New  York  in  its  best  aspects: 

The  New-York  Bowery  Fire-Insurance  Company,  at  124  Boweiyand  168 
Broadway,  was  incorporated  April  24,  1833.  It  commenced  business  September 
2I>  1%33>  and  at  the  end  of  a  year  had  gross  assets  amounting  to  $322,818.  Its 
paid-up  cash  capital  was  then  .$290,318.  January  1,  1892,  its  paid-up  cash  capital 
was  $300,000,  and  the  amount  of  its  gross  assets  $548,719,  invested  as  follows  : 
New- York  City  stock,  $150,000;  railroad  bonds,  $76,565;  stocks,  $204,733; 
loans  on  bond  and  mortgage,  $16,200;  call  loans  on  collateral  security,  $3,700; 
interest  accrued,  $4,623;  premiums  in  course  of  collection,  not  over  ninety  days 
due,  $90,532  ;  cash  in  bank  and  office,  $1,654  ;  re-insurance  due  from  other  com- 
panies on  losses,  $711.  It  has  a  net  surplus  of  $70,521  over  all  its  liabilities, 
including  the  capital  stock  and  the  reserve-fund  for  re-insurance,  making  a  surplus 

to  policy-holders  of  $370,- 
521.  It  has  paid  in  losses 
by  fire,  since  its  organization, 
$4,772,457.  It  passed,  with- 
out imperilling  its  constant 
financial  solidity,  through  the 
conflagrations  of  1835,  I&45> 
1871,  and  1872,  by  which 
hundreds  of  companies  were 
thrown  into  bankruptcy.  Its 
President  is  Henry  Silber- 
horn,  its  Yice-President  is 
Charles  A.  Blauvelt,  its 
Secretary  is  J.  Frank  Patter- 
son, New-Yorkers,  long  and 
faithful  servants  of  the  com- 
pany, as  were  before  them 
Geo.  G.  Taylor,  William  Hib- 
bard,  Peter  Pinckney,  James 
Lovett,  and  the  first  Presi- 
dent, Benjamin  M.  Brown. 
The  Directors  are  :  Thomp- 
son Pinckney,  William  P. 
Woodcock,  2d,  Henry 
Silberhorn,  John  Wilkin, 
Gurdon  G.  Brinckerhoff, 
Helmuth  Kranich,  Charles 
A.  Blauvelt,  Henry  B.  Pye: 
Herman  F.  Kanenbley 
George  W.  Silberhorn,  J 
Frank  Patterson,  James  E 
Morris,  Edwin  Van  Houten 
O.  J.  Wiggins,  Benjamin  T 
Personally  acquainted  with  every  phase  of  the  company's  experi 


RY  FIRE-INSURANCE  COMPAI* 
AND  GRAND  STREET. 


Jr. 


Rhoads. 

ence,  the  officers  and  Board  of  Directors  merit  the  confidence  that  the  record 
of  the  New- York  Bowery  Fire-Insurance  Company  and  its  financial  statement 
command. 


KING'S  IIAXDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


643 


The  company  has  its  agencies  scattered  throughout  the  United  States,  but  it 
seeks  to  do  only  the  most  conservative  class  of  business,  moderate  lines  and  well  dis- 
tributed. The  New- York  Bowery  is  virtually,  with  a  single  exception,  the  oldest  of 
the  New- York  fire-insurance  companies,  for,  while  some  have  taken  the  names  and 
succeeded  to  the  business  of  older  companies,  they  were  either  re-organized  or 
decapitalized  after  the  great  fires  of  1835,  or  1871  and  1872. 

The  Greenwich  Insurance  Company,  of  New  York,  the  principal  offices  of 
which  are  in  the  company's  own  five-story  stone-front  building  at  161  Broadway,  has 
been  uninterruptedly  and  successfully  in  business  nearly  sixty  years.  It  was  organ- 
ized in  1834.  Timothy  Whittemore  was  its  first  President  and  held  that  office  25 
years.  Samuel  C.  Harriot  was  President  for  31  years.  Joseph  Torrey  was  Secretary 
13  years.  James  Harrison  was  Secretary  23  years.  Mason  A.  Stone  was  Secretary 
19  years.  Such  tenures  of  office  indicate  an 
unusual  conservatism  of  policy  and  security 
of  operation,  and  must  inevitably  inspire  con- 
fidence in  the  Greenwich  Insurance  Company 
as  a  strong  and  secure  financial  corporation. 

The  value  of  property  destroyed  by  fire  in 
the  United  States  in  189 1  was  $143,764,967, 
an  amount  larger  than  the  yearly  cost  of  the 
public  schools  of  America,  larger  than  the 
payments  to  pensioners,  larger  than  the  value 
of  the  National  bank  notes  in  circulation, 
larger  than  the  aggregate  yearly  cost  of  the 
War  and  Navy  Departments,  larger  than  the 
coining  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  mined 
in  the  United  States  yearly.  It  is  to  save  the 
people  from  the  appalling  consecpaences  of 
such  losses,  unrelieved,  that  the  Greenwich 
and  its  sister  companies  are  perpetually  active. 

An  institution  that  has  paid  nearly  $10,- 
000,000  for  fire-losses  and  dividends,  as  the 
Greenwich  has,  without  a  single  failure  or 
delay  in  over  half  a  century  of  extremely 
active  business,  is  certainly  a  firm  support  to 
lean  upon. 

Its  capital  stock  is  $200,000 ;  and  its 
net  surplus  January  f,  1891,  was  nearly 
$400,000;  making,  with  its  capital,  a  net 
surplus,  so  far  as  concerns  policy-holders,  of 
$595,000.  It  owns  real  estate  to  the  value 
of  $170,000,  and  its  available  assets  amount 
to  about  $1,600,000.  The  Greenwich  has 
had  an  honorable  career.  It  has  paid  losses 
amounting  to  nearly  $7,000,000,  since  it 
began  business  ;  and  it  has  paid  to  its  stock- 
holders in  cash  dividends  over  $2,000,000, 
and  has  never  failed  to  pay  a  semi-annual 
dividend  in  every  year  since  organization.  Its  business  at  its  home  office  in  the 
city  of  New  York  is  very  large,  only  two  of  the  140  companies  doing  business  in 


THE  GREENWICH  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  161 
BROADWAY,  BETWEEN  LIBERTY  AND  CORTLAND. 


644  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

the  city  receiving  as  large  a  volume  of  premiums  on  New-York  City  business 
as  the  Greenwich.  The  directors  of  the  company  own  more  than  25  per  cent. 
'  of  its  stock.  The  present  President,  Mason  A.  Stone,  has  been  an  officer  of  the 
corporation  for  21  years,  having  been  chosen  Assistant-Secretary  in  187 1  and  Secre- 
tary in  1872.  Associated  with  him,  as  a  Board  of  Directors,  are  William  H.  S. 
Elting,  Quentin  McAdam,  Solomon  W.  Albro,  James  A.  Roosevelt,  George  Gordon, 
Allen  S.  Apgar,  Augustus  C.  Brown,  William  P.  Douglas,  Samuel  W.  Harriot, 
William  Brookfield,  Alexander  T.  Van  Nest,  John  L.  Riker,  Robert  B.  Suckley, 
Isaac  G.  Johnson,  Joseph  P.  Puels,  f^benezer  Bailey  and  J.  Lynch  Montgomery. 
WTalter  B.  Ward  and  William  Adams  are  Assistant-Secretaries.  The  Greenwich  has 
its  agencies  in  most  of  the  chief  cities  of  this  country.  Its  policies  are  sought  for 
by  the  best  business  men  of  the  whole  country,  and  the  fire-insurance  agents  and 
brokers  everywhere  never  hesitate  to  recommend  to  their  patrons  the  insurance  pro- 
tection afforded  by  the  Greenwich  Insurance  Company. 

The  Citizens'  Insurance  Company,  at  156  Broadway,  was  incorporated 
April  28,  1836,  as  the  "  Williamsburgh  Fire-Insurance  Company ;'  of  Williamsburgh, 
N.  Y.,  now  the  Eastern  District  of  Brooklyn  ;  changed  in  name  to  "Citizens'  Fire- 
insurance  Company,"  and  in  location  to 
Brooklyn,  in  1 849  ;  and  amended  in 
title  to  M  Citizens'  Insurance  Company  " 
simply,  in  1865.  It  had  in  1849  a 
capital  of  $105,000,  and  gross  assets 
amounting  to  $131,143.  In  a  quarter 
of  a  century,  after  the  great  fires  of 
Chicago  and  Boston  had  thrown  into 
bankruptcy  a  hundred  insurance  com- 
panies, and  crippled  and  almost  ruined 
many  others,  the  Citizens'  Insurance 
Company  had  a  capital  of  $300,000 
and  gross  assets  amounting  to  $843,802. 
This  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  great 
fires  of  Chicago  and  Boston  had  multi- 
plied by  eight  its  annual  average  of 
losses  by  fire.  At  present  the  Citizens' 
Insurance  Company  has  a  capital  of 
$300,000,  and  gross  assets  amounting 
to  $1,081,041.  It  has  a  net  surplus 
over  all  its  liabilities  and  the  reserve 
fund  for  re-insurance,  of  $228,150.  It 
has  paid  for  losses,  since  its  organiza- 
tion, $6,355,398,  about  fifty  per  cent, 
of  its  premium  receipts,  a  smaller  pro- 
portion of  loss  than  the  statistics  of  the 
fire-insurance  business  concede.  The 
Citizens'  Insurance  Company  has  had 
in  its  entire  history  three  Presidents  : 
Daniel  Burtnett,  until  1859;  James  M. 
McLean,  until  1886  ;  and  Edward  A.  Walton,  until  the  present  time.  Mr.  McLean 
was  Secretary  during  the  entire  period  that  Mr.  Burtnett  was  President,  and  was 
in  the  service  of  the  company  for  39  years.    Mr.  Walton  was  Secretary  until  188 1, 


CITIZENS'  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  156  BROADWAY. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


645 


and  from  that  year  Vice-President  until  1886,  when  he  became  President,  and 
has  been  in  the  service  of  the  company  for  43  years.  The  Vice-President  is  George 
H.  McLean,  a  well-known  and  esteemed  New-Vorker,  son  of  the  former  President 
of  the  company,  and  in  its  service  for  a  decade.  The  Secretary  is  Frank  M.  Parker, 
a  prominent  citizen  of  Newark,  X.  J.,  and  a  servant  of  the  company  in  every 
department  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Thus  the  Citizens'  Insurance  Company  has 
the  advantage  of  a  management  intimately  allied  with  every  phase  of  its  experience 
—  an  experience  which  begins  with  the  first  years  of  fire-insurance  in  this  country. 
The  Directors  are  :  \Ym.  J.  Valentine,  capitalist ;  Edward  Schell,  President  Man- 
hattan Savings  Institution ;  Amos  F.  Eno,  real  estate ;  John  D.  Jones,  President 
Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co. ;  Edward  A.  Walton,  President  ;  De  Witt  C.  Hays, 
President  Manhattan  Company  Bank;  Edward  King,  President  Union  Trust  Co.; 
George  H.  McLean,  Vice-President ;  James  W.  Smith,  President  Consolidated  Gas 
Co.;  George  F.  Baker,  President  First  National  Bank  ;  Garret  A.  Hobart,  lawyer  ; 


ATLANTIC   MUTUAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  WALL  AND  WILLIAM  STREETS. 

William  Barbour,  President  Barbour  Brothers  Thread  Co. ;  and  H.  B.  Stokes, 
President  Manhattan  Life-insurance  Co.  It  is  allied  with  the  "Hanover"  in  the 
operations  of  the  New-York  Underwriters'  Agency  in  the  South  and  West. 

The  Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Company  was  incorporated  in  1842  as  a 
mutual  insurance  company,  without  capital  other  than  the  sum  of  $  100,000,  which 
was  borrowed  as  a  temporary  convenience,  and  which  was  returned  within  two  years. 
Since  its  organization,  the  premiums  received  from  dealers  on  risks  terminated 
amount  to  $186,730,564.  The  losses  paid  to  dealers  on  risks  insured  have  been 
$107,981,322.  The  certificates  of  profits  issued  to  dealers  have  amounted  to 
$66,147,580,  of  which  there  have  been  redeemed  in  cash  $59,135,560,  and  the  cash 
paid  for  interest  on  certificates  amounts  to  $14,020,573. 


646 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Its  main  business  is  the  insuring  of  vessels  and  their  cargoes,  as  well  as  inland 
transportation  risks.  Since  its  incorporation  in  1842  it  has  done  a  great  service  to 
the  commercial  interests  of  New  York,  by  reason  of  its  absolute  protection  to  the 
property  of  the  owners  of  vessels,  the  importers  and  exporters,  by  making  insurance  in 
their  interests.  Its  gross  assets  exceed  $12,250,000,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  detailed 
statement.  Perhaps  some  conception  of  the  insurance  it  grants  can  be  obtained 
from  the  statement  that  its  annual  premium  receipts  alone  exceed  $5,000,000. 
This  company  is  a  wholly  mutual  organization,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  a  semi- 
public  institution.  All  the  profits  of  the  company  revert  to  the  insured,  and  are 
divided  yearly  upon  the  premiums  terminated  during  the  year,  thereby  reducing  the 
cost  of  insurance.  These  dividends  are  paid  in  interest-bearing  certificates  known 
as  "  scrip,"  which  are  in  time  redeemed  by  the  company.  Provision  is  made  for 
issuing  policies  by  which  the  losses  are  payable  in  England. 

January  I,  1893,  the  company's  assets  amounted  to  $12,485,685,  and  in  1892  its 
gross  premiums  aggregated  $5,162,393,  while  the  losses  paid  amounted  to  $1,466,- 
178,  and  return  of  premiums  and  expenses,  $738,617.  The  company  owns  its  own 
office-building  on  Wall  Street,  at  the  corner  of  William  Street.  Its  plain  and  sub- 
stantial appearance  indicates  the  solid  conservative  corporation  whose  offices  it  con- 
tains. When  it  was  built,  in  1852,  it  was  the  finest  office-building  on  Wall  Street, 
but  now  it  is  overshadowed  by  many  superb  structures,  so  that  it  seems  to  be  a  con- 
spicuous landmark  of  two  generations  ago.  European  countries  boast  of  long  records 
of  officers  of  their  great  corporations,  and  the  civil-service  advocates  make  great 
claims  for  the  advancement  of  men  in  various  positions,  but  the  Atlantic  Mutual  In- 
surance Company  has  a  record  in  this  particular  hardly  equalled  on  either  continent. 
Its  President,  John  D.  Jones,  has  been  continuously  an  officer  almost  coeval  with 
the  history  of  the  company  for  50  years,  first  as  its  Secretary,  and  for  the  past  37 
years  as  its  President.  Its  Vice-President,  W.  H.  H.  Moore,  has  been  connected 
with  the  company  for  37  years  ;  the  Second  Vice-President,  A.  A.  Raven,  for  40 
years  ;  the  Secretary,  Joseph  H.  Chapman,  for  38  years  ;  four  of  those  holding  im- 
portant positions  have  been  connected  with  the  company  for  40  years  and  over  ;  and 
many  of  its  trustees,,  the  leading  influential  men  of  New  York,  have  served  on  the 
Board  continuously  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  peculiar  constitution 
and  methods  of  the  Atlantic  Mutual  have  made  it  an  interesting  study  for  insurance 
experts,  as  well  as  an  invincible  tower  of  strength  to  all  shipowners  who  can  avail 
themselves  of  its  splendid  defence. 

The  Niagara  Fire-insurance  Company  owns  and  occupies  its  own  six-story 
stone-front  building  at  135  and  137  Broadway.  It  was  incorporated  December  29, 
1849,  an(l  commenced  business  August  I,  1850,  with  a  paid-up  cash  capital  of  $200,- 
000.  In  1864  it  had  paid  the  equivalent  of  its  capital  more  than  twice  in  dividends, 
and  more  than  twice  in  losses,  and  yet  accumulated  a  large  surplus.  The  capital 
was  increased  to  $1,000,000  in  1864.  In  1 87 1  came  the  Chicago  fire,  which 
destroyed  property  to  the  value  of  200, 000, 000,  ruined  68  companies  and  forced 
24  to  assess  their  stockholders.  The  next  year  came  the  Boston  fire,  which 
destroyed  property  to  the  value  of  $73,500,000,  and  ruined  several  other  companies. 
The  Niagara  paid  at  once  every  claim,  and  reduced  its  capital  to  $500,000.  There 
was  not  a  moment  of  hesitation  in  its  affairs.  The  company  wished  to  prove,  and 
it  proved,  that  it  was  ready  for  any  emergency.  Its  progress  in  twenty  years  has 
been  constant.  The  assets,  which  were  $1,264,538  at  the  end  of  1872,  were  at  the 
end  of  1891,  $2,723,185.  The  total  liabilities,  actual  and  contingent,  including 
the  re-insurance  fund,  are  $1,902,401.     The  company  has  a  surplus,  as  regards 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


647 


policy-holders,  of  $820,784.  Its  business  is  excellent;  its  investments  sacrifice 
speculative  profits  in  favor  of  absolute  security  ;  its  management  is  celebrated  for 
its  carefulness. 

The  officers  of  the  company  are  personally  allied  with  every  phase  of  its 
history.  The  earlier  Presidents  have  been  W.  B.  Bend,  in  1850;  Jonathan  D. 
Steele,  in  1852;  Henry  A.  Howe,  in  1871,  and  Peter  Notman,  in  1880.  The 
President  isThos. 
F.  Goodrich, 
who  became  con- 
nected with  the 
company  in  1880 
as  Secretary, 
and  was  made 
Vice-President  in 
1884,  and  Presi- 
dent in  1893.  The 
Secretaries  are 
George  C.  Howe, 
who  has  been  with 
the  company  since 
he  was  fifteen 
years  of  age,  and 
Charles  H.  Post, 
who  has  been  with 
the  company  over 
five  years. 

T  h  c  Niagara 
Fire-  Insurance 
Company,  in  1 892, 
consummated  the 
arrangements  by 
which  it  takes 
charge  of  the 
American  busi- 
ness of  the  Cale- 
donian Fire-Insurance  Company  of  Scotland,  the  officers  of  the  Niagara  Fire- 
insurance  Company  being  the  American  managers  for  that  famous  old  Scottish 
organization. 

The  Hanover  Fire-insurance  Company  of  New  York,  the  principal  office 
of  which  is  at  present  in  the  Mutual  Life-insurance  Company's  Building  at  40  Nassau 
Street,  was  incorporated  April  6,  1852,  and  commenced  business  April  16th,  with 
John  N.  Wyckoff  as  its  first  president,  and  a  cash  capital  of  $150,000.  This  was 
increased  to  $200,000  in  1857,  and  to  $400,000  in  1863  ;  and  reduced  to  $250,000 
after  the  losses  by  the  Boston  fire,  in  1872,  which  ruined  so  many  companies,  had 
been  paid  ;  increased  within  four  months  to  $400,000,  in  1873  ;  and  to  $500,000  in 
1875,  a  stock  dividend  of  $100,000.  The  cash  capital  is  now  $1,000,000,  and 
the  gross  assets  are  $2,600,990.  The  amount  is  made  up  of  real  estate,  $250,000  ; 
United-States  bonds,  $111,025  5  bonds  and  mortgages,  first  liens  on  improved  real- 
estate  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  $23,000  ;  State  and  city  bonds,  $485,000  ;  loans 
on  call,  $51,600;   cash  in  banks  and  in  office,  $95,412;  railroad  first-mortgage 


NIAGARA   FIRE- INSURANCE  COMPANY,   135  AND   137  BROADWAY. 


648  KINCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

bonds,  $770,778;  bank  and  trust  companies'  stocks,  5192,715;  railroad,  gas  and 
telegraph  companies'  stocks,  $538,262  ;  premiums  in  hands  of  agents,  in  course  of 
transmission,  and  uncollected  office  premiums,  $172,194  ;  accrued  interest,  $11,002. 
The  Hanover  Fire-Insurance  Company  has  a  net  surplus  over  its  capital,  liabilities 
and  re-insurance  reserve  of  $403,089.  It  has  never  passed  a  dividend,  and  has 
paid  450  per  cent,  to  stockholders  in  its  forty-one  years  of  life.  It  has  paid 
to  policy-holders  for  losses  by  fire  in  that  period  $13,943,180.  Its  losses  by  the 
great  fires  in  Chicago  ( 187 1 )  and  Boston  (1872)  were  over  a  quarter  of  a  million 
dollars  each. 

The  President  is  I.  Remsen  Lane,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  company  for 
thirty  years,  and  began  service  with  it  as  a  clerk.  Vice-President  and  Secretary  Charles 
L.  Roe,  Assistant-Secretary  Charles  A.  Shaw,  and  General  Agent  of  the  Eastern  De- 
partment, Thomas  James,  have  all  been  identified  with  the  company  for  a  long  series 
of  years.  It  is  allied  with  the  "Citizens'  "  in  the  operations  of  the  New-York  Under- 
writers' Agency  in  the  South  and  West. 

Within  a  year  or  two  it  has  purchased  the 
valuable  property  at  34  and  34}  Pine  Street,  in 
the  very  heart  of  the  Fire  Underwriters'  district, 
and  has  begun  the  erection  thereon  of  a  grace- 
ful ten-story  fire-proof  office-building,  which 
will  be  completed  in  1893,  and  the  business  of 
the  company  will  then  be  removed  to  more 
commodious  quarters  provided  therein.  A  per- 
spective view  of  the  new  building  is  given  on 
the  opposite  page. 

The  Continental  Insurance  Company 
of  New  York,  at  100  and  102  Broadway, 
attained  a  preeminent  position  under  the  admin- 
istration of  the  late  George  T.  Hope  and  his 
associate,  H.  H.  Lamport.  Its  President  is 
Francis  C.  Moore.  The  company  is  erecting  a 
fine  new  building  on  Cedar  Street,  near  Wil- 
liam Street. 


STREET,   WEST  FROM   FOURTH  AVENUE. 


KIN&S  HA  XD BOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


649 


HANOVER  FIRE-INSURANCE  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

PINE  STREET,  BETWEEN  NASSAU  AND  WILUAM  STREETS. 


650 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Home  Insurance  Company  of  New  York  is,  with  a  single  exception, 

the  greatest  of  all  the  fire-insurance  companies  of  America.  The  Home  was  organ- 
ized April  13,  1853,  and  has  had  over  forty  years  of  success  and  steady  growth. 
From  the  start  it  has  been  a  national  institution,  seeking  its  patronage  from  every 
nook  and  corner  of  the  whole  country,  and  the  traditions  and  experiences  of  the 
agency  business  might  readily  be  written  within  the  records  of  this  company.  It 


HOME  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  117  AND  119  BROADWAY. 


was  the  pioneer  New- York  company  to  enter  the  agency  business,  and,  jointly  with 
a  few  of  the  oldest  Hartford  companies,  it  was  the  founder  of  the  whole  business  of 
fire-underwriting  through  agencies.  Tt  started  with  a  cash  capital  of  $500,000, 
at  that  time  considered  an  enormous  amount  for  a  fire-insurance  company.  It  has 
since  been  increased — in  1858,  to  $600,000;  in  1859,  to  $1,000,000;  in  1864,  to 
$2,000,000;  in  1870,  to  $2,500,000;  and  in  1875,  to  $3,000,000,  at  which  it  still 
remains,  equalled  by  only  one  other  American  company.  Its  gross  assets,  which 
exceed  $9,000,000,  are  also  equalled  by  only  one  other  company.  It  has  passed 
through  all  the  great  fires  of  the  last  forty  years,  and  after  the  Chicago  fire  its 
stockholders  almost  spontaneously  paid  in  $1,500,000,  to  more  than  make  good 
its  impairment  of  capital,  so  as  to  leave  the  Home  richer  in  assets  and  stronger  in 
reputation  than  ever  before.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1893  its  gross  assets 
were  $9,328,754,  which  included  its  great  reserve  premium  fund  of  $4,225,113, 
besides  a  net  surplus  over  its  capital  of  $3,000,000,  and  all  liabilities,  of  $1,279,239. 
It  had  also  set  aside  $637,255  for  unpaid  losses,  and  $187,147  for  other  items.  A 
glance  at  its  detailed  statement  shows  conclusively  that  its  enormous  assets  are  judi- 
ciously invested,  with  a  keen  provision  for  any  extraordinary  demand  that  may  come 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


up  in  any  emergency.  Its  officers  are  men  of  ripe  experience,  several  having  been 
identified  with  the  company  since  its  beginning.  Its  President  is  Daniel  A.  Heald. 
The  Vice-Presidents  are  John  H.  Washburn  and  Elbridge  G.  Snow  ;  the  Secretaries, 
William  L.  Bigelow  and  Thomas  B.  Greene;  and  the  Assistant- Secretaries  are 
Henry  J.  Ferris  and  Areunah  M.  Burtis  ;  altogether  forming  a  coterie  of  fire-under- 
writers that  commands  the  respect  of  the  w  hole  profession  ;  and  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors includes  a  most  distinguished  body  of  New- York  business  men.  The  company's 
New- York  offices  for  sixteen  years  were  at  135  Broadway,  but  at  the  completion  of 
the  Boreel  Building,  in  1879,  at  117  and  119  Broadway,  it  took  possession  of  its 
present  offices,  the  main  floor  being  one  of  the  largest  and  grandest  offices  on  this 
continent.  In  Chicago  the  "Home"  built,  in  1885-86,  and  still  owns,  one  of  the  best 
of  those  gigantic  and  admirable  office-buildings  for  which  the  Western  metropolis  is 
famous.  The  Home  Insurance  Company  has  its  ramifications  everywhere,  and  its  corps 
of  reporting  agents  would  make  an  army  of  about  3,500  men.  Founded,  built  up,  and 
conducted  on  the  broadest,  most  progressive,  and  most  generous  lines,  the  "  Home" 
is  an  institution  that,  in  its  field,  brings  the  utmost  credit  to  the  American  metropolis. 

The  Rutgers  Fire-insurance  Company,  on  Chatham  Square,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Park  Row,  Mott  and  Worth  Streets,  was  incorporated  October  3d,  and  com- 
menced business  October  10, 
1853.  "  Are  you  insured?" 
For  thirty-nine  years  the 
New-Yorkers  have  read  and 
heard  this  startling  ques- 
tion of  the  Rutgers.  "Are 
you  insured  ?  Rutgers  Fire- 
insurance  Company,"  on  the 
signboard  in  front  of  its 
plain,  unpretentious  build- 
ing, on  its  policies,  bills, 
letter-paper,  card's  ;  in  the 
flames  that  made  the  sky 
red  ;  in  the  alarm-bells  of 
the  City  Hall  in  the  days 
when  firemen  were  volun- 
teers. Are  you  insured  ?  It 
is  like  a  cry  of  conscience. 
In  over  forty  years  there 
were  many  w  ho  did  not  heed 
it  ;  there  were  many  who 
heeded  it  partly,  insuring  in 
other  companies,  some  of 
which  failed,  some  of  which 
were  ruined  by  the  fire  in 
Chicago,  some  of  w  hich  were 
vburned  out  of  life  in  Boston, 
and  some  perhaps  by  inju- 
dicious management,  but  the 
Rutgers  never  desisted  a 
moment.    Are  vou  insured  ? 

^p,  .    .    .    „.         .    XT  RUTGERS  FIRE-INSURANCE  CO..  PARK  ROW,  WORTH  AND 

The  most  intelligent  ^ew•-  MOTT  STREETS. 


6.5 2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Yorkers  have  always  understood.  It  is  not  everything  to  have  a  policy  of  insurance  ; 
is  it  a  policy  of  the  Rutgers?  The  company  began  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  It  has 
paid  nearly  six  times  the  amount  of  its  capital  in  dividends  to  its  stockholders  ;  it  has 
paid  $1,400,000  to  its  policy-holders  for  losses  ;  it  has  contributed  handsomely  to  the 
business  supremacy  of  New  York  ;  but  it  has  its  capital  of  $200,000  intact,  and  a  net 
surplus  of  $134,576  over  all  its  liabilities,  including  its  reserve-fund  for  re-insurance, 
Are  you  insured  ?  The  President  of  the  Rutgers  from  1853  until  1866  was  Hon.  Isaac 
O.  Barker,  an  eminent  New-Yorker,  and  President  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen.  At 
his  death,  Edward  B.  Fellows,  who  had  been  Secretary  since  the  first  day  of  the 
company's  existence,  and  one  of  its  originators,  became  President.  It  was  princi- 
pally by  his  influence  that  the  office  of  Fire-Marshal  was  created  in  1854.  He  has 
had  a  share  in  every  labor  for  the  improvement  of  New  York  within  the  lines  of  the 
fire-insurance  business.  The  present  officers  are  :  E.  B.  Fellows,  President  ;  D.  H. 
McAlpin,  Vice-President;  H.  C.  Kreiser,  Secretary;  Wm.  Peet,  Attorney;  Levvis 
S.  Watkins,  Surveyor ;  and  Geo.  F.  Burger,  Agency  Department.  The  Directors 
are  William  Peet,  Jacob  Miller,  Edgar  M.  Crawford,  Thomas  H.  Brown,  Geo. 
Williamson,  Henry  Silberhorn,  Oscar  Purdy,  William  M.  Cole,  David  H.  McAlpin, 
Edward  B.  Fellows,  James  L.  Stewart,  David  Mahany,  Seth  P.  Squire,  Thos.  H. 
Dolan,  Joseph  Haight,  Henry  Demarest,  Elwood  B.  Mingay,  George  F.  Coddington, 
Geo.  W.  Quackenboss,  and  James  Y.  Watkins.  The  Rutgers  has  never  changed.  If 
the  members  of  its  Board  of  Directors  who  have  died  should  return  they  would  find 
the  table  at  which  they  sat,  familiar  furniture,  well-known  office  surroundings.  The 
Rutgers  has  improved  with  age  ;  every  decade  has  made  it  stronger  and  stronger. 
Its  funds  are  wisely  invested,  its  affairs  are  managed  with  economy  and  ability. 

The  American  Fire-Insurance  Company,  at  146  Broadway,  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1857.  In  i860  its  assets  were  $269,671  ;  in  1870  they  were  $743,405  ;  in 
1880  they  were  $1,044,604.  The  first  of  January,  1892,  they  were  $1,685,083. 
In  1868  the  American  was  one  of  95  New- York-State  insurance  companies  ;  in  1870, 
one  of  96  ;  in  1880,  one  of  78  ;  in  1891,  one  of  41.  It  has  staying  qualities  unsur- 
passed by  any  other  company.  Its  first  President  was  James  M.  Halsted,  who 
remained  in  office  until  his  death,  in  1888.  Its  present  President  came  into  the 
service  of  the  company  in  1862,  was  Assistant- Secretary  in  1866,  afterward  Secre- 
tary, Vice-President  in  1887,  and  naturally  succeeded  James  M.  Halsted.  Its  first 
Secretary  was  Frederick  W.  Downer,  until  1865  ;  its  second,  Thomas  L.  Thornell, 
until  1880  ;  its  third,  David  Adee,  now  President,  then  assisted  by  William  H.  Cro- 
lius,  now  Secretary,  for  27  years  in  the  company's  service.  The  Assistant- Secre- 
tary, Charles  P.  Peirce,  was  cashier  for  20  years,  and  has  been  an  employee  of  the 
company  for  25  years.  The  Agency  Manager,  Silas  P.  Wood,  has  also  been  con- 
nected with  the  company  for  a  number  of  years.  Few  companies  anywhere  have 
their  experience  more  intimately  allied  with  their  officers.  Few  have  made  better 
use  of  their  opportunities.  The  American  passed  without  injury  through  the  con- 
flagrations of  Boston  and  Chicago,  and  despite  the  depression  in  business  of  later 
years,  from  which  so  many  strong  institutions  have  suffered,  has  accumulated  a  sur- 
plus, over  unearned  premiums  and  other  liabilities,  amounting  to  $642, 167.  Prompt 
in  its  adjustment  of  losses,  and  zealous  in  the  interest  of  its  policy-holders,  the 
American  unites  all  the  qualities  that  command  implicit  confidence.  Its  capital  is 
$400,000;  its  re-insurance  reserve,  $792,552;  its  gross  liabilities,  $1,042,915,  and 
its  gross  assets  $1,685,083. 

The  Williamsburgh  City  Fire-Insurance  Company,  organized  in  1853, 
owns  the  tall  and  graceful  brick-and-stone  building  at  the  northeast  corner  of 


KIXG'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  XEW  YORK.  653 


AMERICAN  FIRE-INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

MUTUAL  LIFE  BUILDING,  BROADWAY  AND  LIBERTY  STREET. 


6^4  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Broadway  and  Liberty  Street,  a  model  office-building,  erected  on  a  site  formerly 
occupied  by  houses  of  the  Jumel  estate.    The  structure  is  equipped  with  Worthington 

pumps,  electric  lights,  and 
other  modern  conveniences. 

The  German  Ameri- 
can Insurance  Company, 
at  115  Broadway,  was  organ- 
ized March  7,  1872,  by  mer- 
chants, among  whom  were 
some  of  the  most  eminent 
dry-goods  men  of  the  city. 
It  has  a  capital  of  $1,000,- 
000,  and  gross  assets  amount- 
ing to  $5,879,208,  thus  in- 
vested :  United-States,  New- 
York  City,  and  Brooklyn 
city  bonds,  $1,410,988  ;  St. 
Louis,  Portland,  Ore.,  At- 
lanta and  Nashville  city 
bonds,  $213,500;  railroad 
bonds,  $1,590,107;  railroad 
stocks,  $1,497,931  ;  New- 
York  City  bank  stocks, 
$121,365  ;  New- York  City 
gas-companies'  stocks, 
$140,250;  Standard  Oil 
Trust  stock,  $84, 500  ;  West- 
ern Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany stock,  $83,750;  cash 
in   banks,  trust  -  companies 


GERMAN  AMERICAN   INSURANCE  COMPANY 


it 


MR 


'ESTRY    AND  VARICK  STREETS,   SHOWING  ST.    JOHN'S  CHURCH. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


655 


656  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  office,  and  with  department  managers,  $420,775  ;  premiums  in  course  of  collec- 
tion and  accrued  interest,  $316,044.  Above  all  its  liabilities  and  reserve-fund  for 
re-insurance  it  has  a  surplus  of  $2,255,389.  The  President  of  the  company  is  E. 
Oelbermann,  the  head  of  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  greatest  of  American  importing 
houses ;  the  Vice-President  is  John  W.  Murray,  an  old  and  experienced  fire-under- 
writer, who  was  Secretary  at  the  organization  ;  the  Second  Vice-President  and  Secre- 
tary is  James  A.  Silvey  ;  the  Third  Vice-President  is  George  T.  Patterson  ;  the 
Assistant-Secretaries  of  the  Agency  Department  are  W.  S.  Newell  and  P.  E.  Rasor. 
In  its  Board  of  Directors,  in  its  managing  officers,  in  the  character  of  its  investments, 
the  German-American  Insurance  Company  is  excellent.  In  the  just  pride  with  which 
it  is  regarded  as  an  institution  of  New  York,  the  share  of  praise  to  be  divided  between 
its  sound  financial  and  skilful  underwriting  departments  could  not  easily  be  figured. 
It  started  at  the  time  of  the  great  Chicago  and  Boston  fires,  with  a  paid-up  capital 
of  immense  magnitude,  and  its  career  has  been  steadily  and  remarkably  successful. 

The  Western  Department  of  the  German-American  has  its  headquarters  at  Chicago, 
under  Eugene  Cary,  Manager,  and  Rogers  Porter,  Assistant-Manager.  The  Pacific 
Department  is  managed  by  George  H,  Tyson,  General  Agent,  at  San  Francisco. 

The  New-York  Underwriters'  Agency,  formerly  at  34  Nassau  Street  and 
now  at  135  Broadway,  is  under  the  management  of  Alexander  Stoddart.  It  is 
formed  of  the  Hanover  Ehe-Insurance  Company  and  of  the  Citizens'  (Fire)  Insur- 
ance Company,  and  issues  by  its  agents  throughout  the  South  and  West  a  single 
policy  representing  assets  amounting  to  $3,632,371,  and  a  net  surplus  over  all 
liabilities  of  $683,588.  It  represents  the  combined  strength  and  integrity  of  two 
fire-insurance  companies  which  promptly  paid  every  cent  of  their  losses  by  the 
conflagrations  which  destroyed  the  business  districts  of  Chicago  and  Boston,  and 
ruined  hundreds  of  insurance  companies.    It  has  its  own  independent  record,  the 


NEW-YORK  UNDERWRITERS'  AGENCY  j    ALEXANDER  STODDART,  GENERAL  AGENT. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


657 


record  of  an  organization  as  distinct  as  either  of  the  companies  that  form  it.  With 
the  public  and  with  all  the  prominent  fire-insurance  agents  of  the  country  the  name 
of  the  New- York  Underwriters'  Agency  is  a  synonym  for  correct  business  methods. 
Its  agents  are  its  firm  friends,  and  it  carefully  guards  their  interests.  It  is  equitable 
in  its  adjustments  of  losses,  it  is  prompt  in  meeting  its  obligations,  it  is  an  honor 
and  an  advantage  to  every  agent  by  whom  it  is  represented,  for  its  policy  of  insur- 
ance is  a  guarantee  of  absolute  safety.  There  is  no  institution  with  'which  the 
interests  of  the  people  of  the  West  and  South  are  more  closely  allied. 

Mr.  Stoddart  was  the  originator  of  the  plan,  since  quite  often  followed,  of  utiliz- 
ing the  combined  assets  of  two  or  more  companies  by  means  of  issuing  a  single 
policy  to  the  insured;  thus  giving  to  the  insured  far  greater  security,  and  affording 
to  the  companies  a  minimum  of  cost  in  securing  and  carrying  on  the  business. 
The  general  offices  of  the  New-York  Underwriters'  Agency  were  in  the  Mutual 
Life-Insurance  Building  on  Nassau  Street  ever  since  that  magnificent  building  was 
completed  until  1893.  Sketches  of  the  Citizens'  and  the  Hanover  Fire-insurance 
companies  appear  elsewhere  in  this  chapter. 

The  Mutual  Fire-insurance  Company,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  com- 
menced business  June  19,  1882,  with  a  cash  fund  of  $200,000,  contributed  by  about 
two  hundred  of  the  leading  business  houses  of  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Boston. 
At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30,  1883,  its  cash  assets  amounted  to  $317,* 
and  on  January  1,  1893,  the  cash  assets 
were  $1,284,656.  From  its  organization  to 
January  1,  1893,  it  has  received  $6,464,315 
net  premiums,  and  paid  losses  amounting 
to  $3,662,715,  and  paid  cash  dividends  to 
its  policy-holders  of  over  $1,000,000. 
This  company  makes  a  specialty  of  writing 
large  lines  on  selected  and  protected  risks, 
in  fact,  this  was  the  fundamental  idea 
upon  which  the  company  was  organized. 
It  is  in  fact  a  business  men's  institution, 
organized  and  conducted  by  business  men 
in  their  mutual  interests  for  the  preven- 
tion and  indemnification  of  fires  and  fire 
losses.  The  financial  standing  of  every 
applicant  and  the  peculiar  hazard  of  each 
risk  are  carefully  scrutinized,  and  when 
they  are  found  satisfactory,  a  policy  for 
the  maximum  amount  is  written.  This 
company  has  organized  a  system  of  fre- 
quent and  thorough  examination  of  all 
risks  taken,  for  the  purpose  of  discover- 
ing the  particular  fire  hazards  and  the 
means  of  overcoming  them.  The  Mutual 
Fire  was  the  first  company  to  apply  a 
system  of  regular  and  rigid  inspection  of 
mercantile  risks,  and  while  claiming  no 
original  ideas  with  regard  to  preventing 
fires,  yet  good  work  has  been  done  in  secur- 
ing improvements  and  removing  dangers. 
42 


TUAL  FIRE-INSURANCE  CO.,  49  CEDAR  STREET. 


658 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Its  main  offices  are  in  the  handsome  and  graceful  eleven-story  Stokes  Building, 
at  45,  47  and  49  Cedar  Street,  on  the  north  side  between  William  Street  and  Nassau 
Street. 

The  Mutual  Fire-insurance  Co.'s  policies  are  sought  for  by  the  largest  and  most 
conservative  business  houses  everywhere. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  company  on  January  1,  1893,  was  as  follows  : 
assets,  $1,284,656  ;  liabilities,  $557,321  ;  surplus  to  policy-holders,  $727,335.  The 
present  officers  of  the  company  are  :  Joseph  C.  Hatie,  President  ;  Oscar  R.  Meyer, 

Vice-President ;  and 
James  W.  DurbrOw, 
Secretary. 

The  Trustees  of  the 
Mutual  Fire-insurance 
Company  for  1893 -1 894 
are  :  O.  R.  Meyer, 
Joseph  Fox,  John  Dick- 
son, A.  F.  Troescher, 
Otto  Von  Hein,  Aaron 
Carter,  Emil  Caiman, 
W.  E.  Lowe,  R.  A. 
Loewenthal,  C.  S. 
Braisted,  J.  C.  Hatie, 
D.  W.  Crouse,  William 
Eggert,  Ed.  Barr,  John 
R.  Waters,  David  Cai- 
man, Samson  Lach- 
man,  Nathan  D.  Bill, 
J.  Spencer  Turner, 
Henry  Morgenthau, 
and  S.  M.  Milliken. 

The  North  Brit- 
ish and  Mercantile 
Insurance  Company 
of  London  and  Edin- 
burgh dated  its  begin- 
ning to  1809,  and  has  a 
record  of  fourscore  and 
four  years,  having  few 
equals  among  insur- 
ance companies.  Of 
the  American  fire  com- 
panies there  are  only 
half  a  dozen  so  old  as 
this  company.  It  had 
its  origin  and  grew 
slowly  and  strongly  on 
Scottish  soil,  for  originally  it  was  the  North  British  of  Edinburgh,  and  continued  as 
such  for  over  half  a  century,  until  1 86 1,  when  it  was  united  with  the  Mercantile 
Insurance  Company  of  London,  under  the  present  corporate  name.  In  the  past  32 
years  the  company  has  extended  its  business  into  eleven  different  countries,  and 


ILLIAM  STREET  :    LOOKING  TOWARDS  EXCHANGE  PLACE  FROM  WALL  STREET, 
AND  SHOWING  SITE  FOR  PROPOSED  BUILDING  OF  NORTH 
BRITISH  &.  MERCANTILE  INSURANCE  CO. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


659 


stands  in  the  front  rank  of  the  great  insurance  corporations  of  the  world.  In  the 
United  States  alone  the  company  had,  on  January  1,  1893,  cash  assets  of  $3,453>- 
004;  a  reserve  for  unearned  premiums,  $1^929,077  ;  a  reserve  for  unpaid  losses, 
$339,961  ;  a  reserve  for  all  other  liabilities,  $88,641  ;  and  a  net  surplus  of  $1,095,- 
324.  In  this  country  its  income  on  fire  premiums  was  nearly  $2, 500,000  in  1892  ; 
and  since  1866,  when  it  entered  this  country,  it  has  received  in  the  United  States 
over  $39,000,000  in  premiums.  It  has  paid  out  for  fire-losses  here  over  $25,000,000, 
including  $2,330,000  in  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871,  and  $750,000  in  the  Boston  fire 
of  1872.  Twenty  years  ago  it  had  about  225  agents  in  this  country  ;  now  it  has 
over  3>5°°-  At  home  and  abroad  it  has  eminent  men  at  the  head  of  all  its  different 
departments.  Its  President  is  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe  ;  its  Vice-President,  the  Duke 
of  Sutherland  ;  and  the  Directory  is  of  notable  strength.  The  Manager  is  G.  H. 
Burnett,  at  London.  The  Manager  for  the  United  States  is  Sam.  P.  Blagden,  who 
became  Assistant-Manager  in  1869,  Associate-Manager  in  1870,  one  of  the  two 
Managers  in  1876,  and  sole  Manager  in  1887.  The  Assistant-Manager  is  William 
A.  Francis,  who  has  held  this  position  since  1888.  The  General  Agent  is  E.  T. 
Campbell  ;  and  the  Secretary  in  New  York  is  II.  M.  Jackson.  The  Pacific  Depart- 
ment of  the  company  is  in  San  Francisco,  under  the  management  of  Tom  C.  Grant, 
General  Agent.  In  principal  cities  of  the  East  and  Middle  West  the  company  has 
established  branch-offices,  in  charge  of  resident  secretaries,  and  thus  the  company 
secures  immediate  local  supervision  over  its  business.  The  United-States  Branch 
has  a  Board  of  Directors  composed  of  Solon  Humphreys,  of  E.  D.  Morgan  &  Co.; 
II.  W.  Barnes;  Jacob  Wendell  ;  David  Dows,  Jr.;  Charles  II.  Coster,  of  Drexel, 
Morgan  &  Co. ;  Charles  Ezra  White ;  and  William  Waldorf  Astor.  The  company 
has  lately  bought  the  southwest  corner  of  William  Street  and  Exchange  Place,  and 
will  soon  begin  the  erection  of  a  fine  office-building. 


BROADWAY  AND  ASTOR  PLACE,    LOOKING  SOUTHWARD  ON  BROADWAY. 


66o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Northern  Assurance  Company,  of  London,  England,  whose  principal 

United-States  office  is  at  38  Pine  Street,  New  York,  was  organized  in  1 836,  and 
commenced  business  the  same  year.  Its  head-offices  are  in  London,  England,  and 
in  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  One  of  the  largest  and  strongest  among  the  older  British 
companies,  it  does  business  in  all  the 
civilized  portions  of  the  world,  and  is 
noted  for  its  careful  and  successful 
management.  The  marvellous  growth 
of  the  company  appears  in  the  record 
of  its  fire  -  premiums,  which  were 
$4,500,  in  1836;  $14,500,  in  1840 ; 
$19,000,  in  1845;  $40,000,  in  1850; 
$276,500,  in  1855  ;  $607,000,  in  i860; 
$820,000,  in  1865  ;  $1,068,000,  in 
1870;  $1,756,500,  in  1875;  $2,223,- 
000,  in  1880;  $2,886,500,  in  1885; 
and  $3,553,810,  in  1892.  In  (ireat 
Britain  the  company  does  a  fire  and 
life-insurance  business.  In  the  United 
States  its  business  is  restricted  to  fire- 
insurance  only.  Its  United  -  States 
assets,  December  31,  1892,  were 
$1,653,232;  unpaid  losses,  unearned 
premiums,  and  all  actual  and  con- 
tingent liabilities,  $1,155,318.  The 
company  has,  specially  deposited  with 
the  Insurance  Departments  of  the 
several  States,  and  with  trustees  in 
New  York,  securities  to  the  value  of 
$1,364,692,  none  of  which  it  may  with- 
draw or  remove  while  it  has  any  exist- 
ing liability  in  the  United  States.  Since 
its  organization  the  company  has  re- 
ceived in  fire-premiums  alone,  $64,- 
496,666  ;  and  paid  in  fire-losses  alone, 
$37,954,407.  It  is  represented  in 
nearly  all  the  States,  cities,  principal 
towns  and  villages  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  Its  territory  in  the  United 
States  is  divided  into  four  depart- 
ments :  The  New- York,  Middle-States 
and  Southern  Department,  the  head- 
office  of  which  is  at  38  Pine  Street, 
New  York,  and  the  Manager,  George 
W.  Babb,  Jr.  ;  the  New-England  De- 
partment, the  head-office  of  which  is 
at  27  Kilby  Street,  Boston,  and  the 
Manager,  Howard  S.  Wheelock  ;  the 
Western  Department,  the  head-office 
of  which  is  at  226  La  Salle  Street,      northern  assurance  co.  of  ioncon.  38  pine  street. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


661 


Chicago,  and  the  Managers,  William  D.  Crooke  and  Warren  F.  Goodwin  ;  and  the 
Pacific-Coast  Department,  the  head-office  of  which  is  in  San  Francisco,  and  the 
Manager,  George  F.  Grant.  The  growth  of  the  company  has  been  steady  and  unin- 
terrupted. It  has  established  a  fire  fund,  co-extensive  with  its  net  surplus,  to  meet 
extraordinary  conflagrations.  No  conflagration  which  can  be  considered  possible 
could  retard  for  a  single  hour  the  operations  of  the  Northern  Assurance  Company. 
Its  accommodations  to  its  policy-holders,  and  its  equitable  and  prompt  adjustment 
of  losses,  have  made  it  popular  with  its  customers  and  agents.  Its  vast  resources 
furnish  certain  indemnity.  The  cut  on  preceding  page  represents  the  Northern's 
graceful  stone  building,  completed  in  1889,  and  entirely  occupied  for  its  own  use. 
It  is  at  the  heart  of  the  "insurance  district." 

The  Imperial  Insurance  Company,  Limited,  of  London,  England,  is  one  of 
those  old  and  staunch  foreign  corporations  which  have  become  an  absolute  necessity 
for  the  protection  of  losses  against  fire  in  this  country.  The  Imperial  is  over  ninety 
years  old,  having  been  instituted  in  1803.  It  is,  with  a  single  exception,  the  largest 
purely  fire-insurance 


company  in 
Britain  :  and, 


Great 
without 
any  exceptions,  it  has 
the  largest  net  surplus 
of  any  English  insur- 
ance company  doing  a 
fire  business.  At  home 
it  is  esteemed  as  one 
of  the  strongest  and 
most  successful  of  the 
insurance  corporations. 
In  this  country,  since 
its  establishment  in 
1868,  when  it  opened 
its  office  in  New  York, 
it  has  made  a  record 
which  places  theUnited- 
States  branch  on  an 
equal  footing  with  the 
best  American  com- 
panies. In  this  coun- 
try its  gross  assets  are 
$1,854,882,  which  in- 
cludes the  reserve  of 
$964,666  for  unearned 
premiums,  $  1 28, 625  for 
unsettled  losses,  and 
$41,165  for  all  other 
claims,  leaving  a  net 
surplus  in  the  United 
States  of  $720,425.  It 
has  paid  the  colossal 
sum  of  $64, 000, 000  for 
losses. 


THE  IMPERIAL 


AND  35  PINE  STREET. 


662 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  General  Manager  of  the  company  is  Edward  Cozens-Smith,  who  has  been  at 
the  head  of  the  company's  affairs  for  over  twenty  years.  The  managers  of  the 
Metropolitan  District  of  the  Imperial  are  J.  J.  Courtney  and  John  R.  McCay,  a  firm 
composed  of  two  experienced  and  energetic  underwriters.  Mr.  Courtney  has  been 
connected  with  the  Imperial  for  twenty-eight  years,  eighteen  of  which  were  spent 
at  the  company's  head-offices  in  London,  and  during  the  last  ten  years  he  has  been 
the  company's  resident-secretary  in  this  country.  Mr.  McCay  has  been  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Phenix  Insurance  Company  of  Hartford,  with  which  company  he 
made  a  record  as  a  most  efficient  underwriter.  Besides  having  the  management  of 
the  Metropolitan  District  for  the  Imperial,  they  have  the  management  of  the  old 
Phenix  of  Hartford,  one  of  the  staunchest  of  the  American  insurance  companies, 
and  also  of  the  Lion  Insurance  Company  of  England,  another  of  the  great  English 
fire  corporations.  Their  offices  are  in  the  Imperial  Building,  at  31  and  33  Pine 
Street,  a  six-story,  marble-front,  office-building  owned  by  the  Imperial  Insurance 
Company,  and  well  situated  in  what  is  regarded  now  as  the  insurance  district.  John 
J.  Swainson,  for  ten  years  connected  with  the  London  offices,  has  been  appointed 
resident-secretary  at  New  York.  The  trustees  of  the  Imperial  in  the  United  States 
are  Thomas  Maitland,  of  the  time-honored  banking  house  of  Maitland,  Phelps  & 
Co.,  of  New  York  ;  Col.  Josiah  H.  Benton,  Jr.,  of  Boston  ;  and  John  C.  Paige,  the 
resident-manager  of  the  company  in  Boston.  The  Imperial  has  its  representatives 
in  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  United  States,  and  also  throughout  the  civilized 
world. 

The  Liverpool,  London  and  Globe  Insurance  Company  is  one  of  the 

greatest  insurance  corporations  in  the  world.  It  was  founded  in  1836,  as  the 
Liverpool  Insurance  Co.  ;  acknowledged  its  success  at  the  British  metropolis  by 
taking  the  title  of  the  Liverpool  and  London  Insurance  Co.,  in  1848  ;  and  in  1864 
acquired  the  business  and  title  of  the  Globe  Insurance  Co.  In  1848  it  opened  an 
American  business,  which  has  already  paid  over  $56,000,000  in  fire-losses,  and  accu- 
mulated a  surplus  of  $3,000,000.  In  the  Chicago  and  Boston  fires  the  company  lost 
$4,670,000,  and  paid  every  cent  of  it.  Its  fine  office-building  is  L  shaped  and 
fronts  on  two  streets — Pine  and  William. 

Other  New-York  Fire-insurance  Companies  are :  the  Eagle  Fire,  Peter 
Cooper,  Farragut,  United-States,  Manufacturers'  and  Builders',  North-River, 
Stuyvesant,  Westchester,  Alliance,  Commonwealth,  Empire  City,  Exchange, 
Germania,  Globe,  Guardian,  Hamilton,  New- York,  Pacific,  People's,  and 
Standard. 

There  are  a  number  of  New- York  companies  in  process  of  liquidation  ;  the  rates 
or  premiums  generally  being  too  low,  and  the  commissions  and  compulsory 
expenses  too  high,  for  the  smaller  companies  to  earn  the  dividends  expected  by  their 
stockholders.  But  the  general  record  of  the  well-managed  fire-insurance  companies 
shows  a  profitable  business. 

English  insurance  corporations  have  become  an  important  part  of  the 
insurance  business  of  this  country.  Many  foreign  corporations  have  established 
their  American  branches  in  this  city,  and  thereby  practically  become  local  institu- 
tions. The  Liverpool  and  London  and  Globe,  the  Royal,  the  Sun,  the  Imperial,  the 
London  and  Lancashire,  the  Lancashire,  the  Guardian,  the  Northern,  and  the  Com- 
mercial Union,  own  their  own  office-buildings ;  and  the  North  British  &  Mercantile 
is  about  to  build  a  fine  office-building.  The  American  branches  of  some  of  these 
companies  have  assets  in  this  country  which  place  these  branches  on  a  level  with  the 
strongest  American  companies. 


l^tC-Lire  Insurancejfe 

Companies  for  Protection  of  Widows,  Orphans  and  Others,  and 
for  Providing  Incomes  in  Advanced  Age,  Etc.,  and 
Life-Insurance  Associations. 


IN  1769  the  Proprietaries  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  obtained  charters  in 
Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  for  the  "Corporation  for  the  Relief  of 
the  Widows  and  Children  of  Clergymen  of  the  Communion  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  America."  In  1797  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  authorized  a  division  of 
the  funds  among  the  three  States.  In  1798  the  Legislature  of  New  York  recognized 
the  New- York  branch  as  "  The  Corporation  for  the  Pelief  of  the  Widows  and  Chil- 
dren of  Clergymen  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  State  of  New  York." 
In  1798  the  M  United  Insurance  Company  "  and  the  "  New-York  Insurance  Company 
for  Maritime  Insurance  "  were  chartered,  to  insure  lives  as  well  as  vessels,  houses 
and  goods  ;  but  their  life-insurance  privilege  was  unused.  The  "  Union,"  chartered 
in  1818  to  do  a  marine  and  life  insurance  business,  and  the  "New-York  Mechanics' 
Life-Insurance  and  Coal  Company,"  incorporated  in  1812,  "with  power  to  make 
insurance  upon  lives  or  in  any  way  depending  upon  lives,  to  grant  annuities  and  to 
open,  find  out,  discover  and  work  coal-beds,"  issued  only  an  insignificant  number  of 
life-policies.  In  1830  the  "  New- York  Life-Insurance  and  Trust  Company  "  was 
chartered.  It  had  a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  and  thirty  trustees,  among  whom  were 
Van  Rensselaer,  Verplanck,  Bloodgood,  Lenox,  and  Lorillard  ;  but  in  nine  years  it 
had  issued  only  1,821  policies,  694  of  which  were  in  force,  for  $2,451,958,  at  the 
end  of  1839.  In  1841  the  Nautilus  Insurance  Company  and  an  existing  marine  cor- 
poration, the  New-York  Mutual  Insurance  Company,  were  chartered,  with  power  to 
combine  fire,  life  and  marine  business.  The  Nautilus  did  no  business  until  1845. 
In  1849  its  name  was  changed  to  the  New- York  Life-Insurance  Company.  In  1842 
the  Mutual  Life-Insurance  Company  was  chartered.  It  began  business  in  February, 
1843,  and  thus  won  the  honor  of  being  the  first  mutual  life-insurance  company  of 
New  Yo  k.  The  New- York  Life-Insurance  and  Trust  Company  and  all  other  life- 
corporations  previously  formed  in  New  York  had  been  proprietary.  The  Mutual 
and  the  Nautilus  made  a  new  era.  In  nineteen  months  the  Mutual  had  issued  796 
policies,  as  follows  :  merchants  and  clerks,  396 ;  brokers,  37  ;  officers  of  incorpor- 
ated companies,  34  ;  lawyers,  46  ;  clergymen,  30  ;  physicians,  26  ;  mechanics,  36 ; 
manufacturers,  25  ;  college-professors  and  students,  26  ;  army  and  navy  officers,  116  ; 
and  farmers,  24.    It  had  received  nearly  $90,000. 

In  1 85 1  all  the  life-companies  doing  business  in  New  York-  were  required  by 
the  New-York  deposit  law,  passed  in  April,  to  deposit  with  the  comptroller  of  the 
State,  within  ten  months,  $100,000,  in  two  installments.  Other  States  adopted 
retaliatory  measures  against  the  companies  of  New  York,  until  the  law  was  modified 


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in  1853,  when  outside  companies  were  allowed  to  make  the  required  deposits  in 
their  own  States.  In  1856  the  New- York  State  comptroller  published  the  state- 
ments of  eleven  American  companies,  with  total  assets  of  %  18, 804, 303.  In  1859 
the  first  National  meeting  of  life-underwriters  was  convened,  at  the  Astor  Mouse,  in 
New  York.  Vital  statistics,  extra  rates,  renewal  of  lapsed  policies,  and  State  legis- 
lation received  then  careful  consideration.  In  1861  the  Insurance  Departments  of 
New  York  and  Massachusetts  were  agreed  in  a  doctrine  that  the  standing  of  each 
company,  for  State  purposes,  must  be  judged  from  its  present  status  and  its  past 
receipts  and  expenditures,  although  they  differed  in  the  method  of  testing  net  valua- 
tion. Without  precedent  or  aid  from  England,  they  made  perfect  the  system  of 
State  supervision.  In  1859  the  life-insurance  companies  of  New  York  had  assets 
amounting  to  %  10,000,000,  only  #770,000  of  which  was  invested  in  stocks  or  bonds 
of  any  description.  In  1863,  when  the  war  was  at  its  height,  they  had  assets 
amounting  to  $17,000,000,  and  one-third  and  more  of  the  amount,  #7,000,000,  was 
invested  with  patriotic  purpose  in  securities  of  the  United  States.  They  took  the 
life-risks  of  the  war  with  similar  public  spirit.  Their  policies  increased  by  over 
7,000  during  1862,  while  in  1861  the  increase  was  only  1,300.  After  the  war  the 
increase  was  constant  until  1869,  when  it  fell  to  123,631,  from  136,454  in  1868.  In 
1876  the  number  of  life-insurance  companies  authorized  to  transact  business  in  New 
York  was  decreased  by  25,  but  the  remaining  45  companies  had  a  larger  volume  of 
business  than  the  70  companies  of  1870.  At  present  there  are  31  insurance  com- 
panies authorized  to  transact  business  in  New  York.  Their  assets  amount  to  $903,- 
734,557,  and  $538,938,478  of  that  sum,  much  more  than  half,  is  the  property  of 
New- York  companies.  The  New- York  companies  have  an  aggregate  surplus  as 
regards  policy-holders  of  $69,232,669,  the  companies  of  other  States  of  $44,827,- 
851.  The  receipts  for  1892  of  the  New  -York  companies  were  $139,903,917  ;  of  the 
companies  of  other  States,  $83,121,081.  The  disbursements  for  1892  of  all  the 
companies  were,  for  claims,  $72,576,867;  for  lapsed,  surrendered  and  purchased 
policies,  $15,658,759  ;  for  dividends  to  policy-holders,  $14,386,195  ;  for  dividends 
to  stock-holders,  $602,783;  for  commissions,  $24,451,161;  for  salaries,  medical 
fees  and  employees,  $10,140,167;  miscellaneous,  $15,074,403;  a  total  of  $152,- 
890,333.  The  sum  of  $102,621,821  was  paid  to  policy-holders.  The  cost  of  man- 
agement, including  dividends  to  stock-holders,  was  $50,268,512. 

The  history  of  life-insurance  is  best  told  in  the  records  of  the  following  com- 
panies : 

The  Mutual  Life-insurance  Company  is  on  Nassau  Street,  between  Liberty 
and  Cedar  Streets.  Its  beautiful  building,  of  granite  and  Indiana  stone,  is  located 
on  the  site  formerly  occupied  by  the  Post-Office,  originally  the  Middle  Dutch 
Church.  It  also  owns  the  splendid  white  marble  office-building  at  140  to  146 
Broadway,  where  its  business  offices  were  formerly  located,  before  its  removal  to  the 
present  building.  This  corporation  leads  the  life-insurance  business  of  the  United 
States,  by  which  the  life-insurance  business  of  the  world  is  led.  The  Mutual  Life- 
Insurance  Company,  incorporated  April  12,  1842,  by  36  merchants,  waited  until 
$1,000,000  of  insurance  had  been  subscribed;  until  one-half  of  the  amount  that  it 
had  taken  a  proprietary  company'nine  years  to  accumulate  had  been  pledged  ;  and 
the  first  day  of  February,  1843,  opened  the  first  mutual  life-insurance  office  in  New 
York.  Its  cash  receipts  that  day  were  $109.50;  its  cash  receipts  in  nineteen 
months  were  $90,000.  Its  chronicles  have  the  splendor  of  Oriental  tales,  but  every 
phase  of  them  has  a  realistic  element  of  arduous  labor  and  incessant  watchfulness. 
Professor  Charles  Gill  was  appointed  actuary  of  the  company  in  1849.     ^e  was 


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famous  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics,  and  had  been  from  the  age  of  17  a  constant 
contributor  to  mathematical  works.  He  compiled  the  first  distinctively  American 
system  of  rates  and  tables.  His  formuloe  embraced  every  question  that  could  then 
be  foreseen  in  the  company's  experience.  Frederick  S.  Winston  became  Presi- 
dent in  1852.  In  1856  a  board  of  examiners  reported  :  "This  institution,  in  the 
method  of  its  administration,  was  never  so  judicious  ;  in  the  principles  of  its  trans- 
actions, never  so  sound  ;  or  in  the  general  conduct  of  its  affairs,  never  so  safe  and 
prosperous,  as  at  the  present  moment."  To  mention  the  fact  that  subsequent 
boards  of  examiners  repeated  variations  of  the  same  report  is  unnecessary.  The 
vital  statistics  of  the  United  States  were  made  for  the  Mutual  Life-insurance  Com- 
pany by  Dr.  Wynne  ;  and  they  were  universally  accepted  as  the  most  valuable 
work  on  the  subject  in  America.  The  Mutual  Life-Insurance  Company  compiled  a 
mortuary  table  of  its  experience,  and  in  1868  it  was  published,  under  the  name  of 
the  American  Experience,  and  adopted  by  New  York  as  the  legal  standard  of  the 
State.  In  1872  commutation  and  other  extensive  tables  were  published,  based  on 
the  Mutual  Life  Experience.  In  1876  the  company  issued  its  Mortality  Report,  the 
standard  authority  on  all  questions  relating  to  the  laws  of  American  insured  lives. 
Financial  ability  was  never  less  characteristic  of  the  company  than  mathematical 
precision.  Always,  as  at  present,  it  adhered  to  a  rigid  cash  basis  ;  confined  its  con- 
tracts to  insurance  and  annuities  upon  life  ;  made  its  investments  at  home  with 
regard  to  safety  and  not  speculative  rates  of  interest  ;  and  won  advantages  by  merit, 
not  by  purchase.  It  is  ideally  a  policy-holders'  company.  The  original  terms  of 
the  charter  required  the  application  of  all  dividends  to  the  purchase  of  a  paid-up 
policy,  and  they  were  modified  that  the  assured  might  convert  his  dividend  into  an 
annuity,  or  to  the  payment  of  an  annual  premium.  Dividends  were  declared  quin- 
quennially  from  1848  to  1863.  In  1866  a  triennial  dividend  of  nearly  $3,000,000  was 
credited.  Since  1867,  every  year  has  produced  an  annual  dividend,  ranging  in  amounts 
from  $2,500,000  to  $5,000,000.  In  1850  the  company  had  in  assets  $1,000,000  ; 
in  1863,  $10,000,000;  in  1876,  $78,000,000.  Its  assets  at  present  are  $175,084,- 
157,  the  exclusive  property  of  the  holders  of  246,650  policies.  The  Mutual  Life- 
insurance  Company  has  received  for  premiums  in  50  years,  $454,550,997  ;  in 
interest,  $128,645,568.  It  has  paid  to  members,  for  claims  by  death,  $130,069,- 
209;  for  endowments,  $32,176,665;  for  dividends,  $85,653,562  ;  and  for  surren- 
dered policies,  $98,092,465.  It  has  246,650  policies  now  in  force,  insuring  $745,- 
780,083.  There  is  no  other  institution  of  its  kind  rivalling  it  in  financial  magnitude  ; 
and  there  is  no  institution  with  which  the  interests  of  Americans  are  more  closely 
allied  than  with  the  Mutual  Life-insurance  Company.  Its  president  is  Richard  A. 
McCurdy  ;  and  its  Board  of  Trustees  is  composed  of  men  whose  names  are  synony- 
mous with  financial  wisdom,  integrity  and  greatness. 

The  New-York  Life-insurance  Company,  which  divides  with  the  Mutual 
Life  the  honor  of  being  the  only  purely  mutual  life-insurance  companies  in  New- 
York  State,  owns  and  occupies  a  handsome  white  marble  edifice  at  346  and  348 
Broadway,  corner  of  Leonard  Street.  The  site  is  a  familiar  one  with  old  New- 
Yorkers,  having  been  formerly  occupied  by  the  Society  Library.  The  present  build- 
ing, erected  in  1868-70,  is  60  by  172  feet,  and  five  stories  in  height  above  the  base- 
ment. When  first  built,  it  had  only  three  stories,  but  the  now  universally-used 
Otis  passenger-elevator  was  first  introduced  into  this  building,  and  resulted  in  the 
adding  of  two  new  stories.  These  five  stories  are  now  all  required  for  the  company's 
use,  so  vast  has  its  business  become,  while  the  basement  and  sub-cellar  are  occupied 
by  the  Manhattan  Safe-Deposit  &  Storage  Company  and  the  Farragut  Fire-insurance 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


667 


NEW-YORK  LIFE-INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

346  AND  348  BROADWAY,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER  OF  LEONARD  STREET. 


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Company.  The  location  is  an  ideal  one  for  all  purposes,  being  open  on  three  sides 
to  light  and  air  ;  and  to  accommodate  the  company's  increasing  business,  the  building 
will  be  extended  along  Leonard  Street  to  Elm  Street.  The  New- York  Life  was 
organized  in  1845  >  anc^  aftcr  48  years'  business,  during  which  time  it  has  paid  to  its 
members  over  $169,000,000,  it  holds  as  security  for  contracts  now  in  force  $137,- 
499,199.  Of  this  vast  amount  nearly  $17,000,000  is  surplus,  according  to  the  legal 
standard  of  the  State  of  New  York.  During  1892  the  company  was  thoroughly 
examined  by  the  New-York  Insurance  Department,  the  examination  covering  a 
period  of  nearly  six  months,  and  requiring  the  services  of  over  fifty  men.  The 
present  statement  of  the  company's  condition  is  therefore  officially  certified,  after 
careful  valuation  of  each  item  that  enters  into  its  assets  and  liabilities.  The  Super- 
intendent of  Insurance,  in  his  report  for  1892  (page  39),  refers  to  President  John  A. 
McCalPs  expressed  determination  to  conduct  the  company  as  "a  company  of  the 
policy-holder,  by  the  policy-holder,  and  for  the  policy-holder,  "  and  adds  :  "  Under 
an  administration  which  thus  broadly  announces  the  fundamental  principle  that  is 
to  control  its  policy  for  the  future,  this  company  now  enters  the  forty-eighth  year 
of  an  honorable  business  career.  " 

The  New-York  Life  has  borne  an  honorable  and  a  leading  part  in  the  reforms 
which  have  simplified  and  made  more  valuable  the  policy  contract.  It  was  the  first 
company,  and  for  many  years  the  only  company,  to  omit  from  its  policies  the  clause 
making  them  void  in  case  of  suicide.  It  was  the  first  company  to  recognize  the 
policy-holder's  right  to  paid-up  insurance,  in  case  of  a  discontinuance  in  the  payment 
of  premiums,  by  originating  and  introducing,  in  i860,  the  first  non-forfeitable  policies. 
It  was  the  first  company  to  attach  to  its  policies  a  copy  of  the  application  upon 
which  the  contract  is  based.  The  company  has  recently  (June,  1892)  begun  the 
issue  of  a  contract  containing  no  restrictions  whatever  as  to  occupation,  residence, 
travel,  habits  of  life,  or  manner  of  death.  Its  "Accumulation  Policy"  contains  but 
one  condition  ;  viz.,  that  the  premiums  be  paid  as  agreed.  If  the  insured  pays  the 
premiums  the  company  agrees  to  pay  the  policy.  The  New- York  Life- Insurance 
Company  is  one  of  the  dozen  great  financial  corporations  of  the  world.  It  carries 
policies  of  insurance  amounting  to  almost  •* 700, 000, 000.  The  endowment  business 
of  this  company  exceeds  that  of  any  other,  and  its  annuity  business  is  as  great 
almost  as  that  of  all  other  American  companies  combined.  The  New- York  Life 
owns  large  fire-proof  office-buildings  in  New  York,  Kansas  City,  Omaha,  Minneapolis 
and  St.  Paul,  and  in  Paris,  Berlin  and  Yienna. 

The  Manhattan  Life-Insurance  Company  is  one  of  the  staunchest  and 
most  highly  esteemed  of  the  fiduciary  institutions,  not  only  of  New- York  City,  but 
of  the  whole  country,  and  it  will  soon  occupy  its  new  and  gigantic  edifice,  which  is  to 
be  one  of  the  most  notable  structures  on  this  continent.  The  company  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1850,  and  issued  its  first  policy  on  August  1st  of  that  year,  from  its  office  at 
108  Broadway,  at  the  corner  of  Pine  Street.  Fifteen  years  later  it  moved  to  156 
and  158  Broadway,  into  what  was  then  an  important  building  on  Broadway,  but 
which  to-day  appears  simply  as  a  graceful  white  marble  structure,  with  a  lower 
story  of  iron  and  Doric  columns.  Its  new  building  is  to  be  erected  at  64,  66  and  68 
Broadway.  It  will  be  nominally  16  stories  high,  but  in  fact  it  will  be  19  stories  on 
Broadway  and  17  stories  on  New  Street,  and  will  be  surmounted  by  a  tower  which 
would  make  the  total  structure  equivalent  to  20  stories  in  height.  Even  its  stately 
neighbors,  such  as  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  Building,  the  Columbia  Building,  Aldrich 
Court,  the  Consolidated  Stock  and  Petroleum  Exchange,  the  Union  Trust  Co.,  and 
the  tall  and  graceful  spire  of  Trinity  Church  will  be  well  shaded  by  this  new 


KING'S  II A  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


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THE  MANHATTAN  LIFE-INSURANCE  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

64  ANO  66  BROADWAY  (NOW  BUILDING),  BETWEEN  WALL  STREET  AND  EXCHANGE  PLACE. 


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imposing  Manhattan  Life  Building.  An  idea  of  its  facade  can  be  had  from  the 
illustration  on  the  preceding  page.  Its  height  from  the  sidewalk  on  Broadway  to 
the  foot  of  the  flagstaff  will  be  about  350  feet.  The  size  of  the  building  will  be 
67x125  feet,  and  indicates  a  feat  in  building  construction  heretofore  unknown.  It 
is  to  be  supported  on  piers  sunk  to  the  solid  rock,  55  feet  below  Broadway  ;  the 
method  of  sinking  being  by  means  of  caissons  operated  by  the  pneumatic  process. 
The  building  will  contain  about  160  offices,  exclusive  of  the  company's  quarters, 
which  will  occupy  the  sixth  and  seventh  floors.  The  Broadway  front  will  be  of 
Indiana  limestone.  The  structure  throughout  will  be  absolutely  fire-proof.  The 
style  of  architecture  adopted  is  the  Italian  Renaissance,  enriched  in  keeping 
with  the  best  examples  of  that  style.  Francis  II.  Kimball  and  G.  Kramer  Thomp- 
son, architects,  have  charge  of  the  entire  construction  and  supervision  of  the  work. 

The  Manhattan  Life  has  an  admirable  record  of  growth,  size,  rank  and  stability, 
of  which  its  new  building  will  be  emblematic.  In  its  first  year  its  assets  were 
$108,500;  in  1865  they  were  $2,619,691;  at  present  they  are  $13,293,778.  In 
its  first  year  it  paid  to  policy-holders  $1,000;  in  1865  it  paid  to  them  $285,175  ; 
in  December,  1891,  it  had  paid  to  them  an  aggregate  of  $31,935,138.  If  the  total 
amount  paid  to  policy-holders  up  to  December,  1891,  be  added  to  the  assets  then 
held  for  their  protection,  the  sum  exceeds  the  premiums  received  from  them  by 
$5,058,056,  showing  a  gain  to  policy-holders  of  12.7^.  A  similar  computation 
shows  the  gain  of  the  policy-holders  in  all  the  other  New- York  State  companies 
other  than  the  Manhattan  Life  as  only  3.8$.  In  1893  it  has  over  $61,000,000  of 
insurance  in  force,  none  of  which  was  acquired  by  re-insurance  of  unsuccessful 
companies.  The  New- York  Insurance  Reports  for  1892  showed  for  the  Manhattan 
an  increase  in  assets,  increase  in  insurance  in  force,  increase  in  surplus,  increase  in 
new  insurance  written,  increase  in  interest,  increase  in  premiums,  increase  in  all 
the  facilities  and  ramifications  of  the  company.  All  the  faculties  of  the  company 
are  used  solely  in  the  interest  of  its  policy-holders.  It  was  the  first  company  to 
introduce  the  non-forfeiture  system.  It  was  the  first  company  to  adopt  the  indisput- 
able policy  to  guarantee  payment  in  spite  of  errors,  omissions,  and  mis-statements 
in  the  assured's  application.  It  was  the  first  company  to  issue  the  most  progressive 
policy  of  the  age  —  a  simple,  clear,  direct  form  of  contract  which  everybody  may 
understand,  wherein  there  is  not  an  equivocal  word.  It  pays  all  claims  promptly. 
Litigation  is  something  exceptionally  rare  in  its  records.  The  Manhattan  Life 
desires  nothing  but  the  interest  of  its  policy-holders.  It  is  sound,  economical,  just 
and  liberal.  Its  Survivorship  Dividend  Policy  is  incontestable,  non-forfeitable  and 
payable  at  sight ;  contains  no  suicide  nor  intemperance  clauses ;  grants  absolute 
freedom  of  travel  and  residence ;  and  is  free  from  all  technicalities.  The  agents  of 
the  Manhattan  Life-Insurance  Company  are  a  representative  body  of  men,  and  are 
to  be  found  in  every  city  of  any  importance  in  the  country.  In  Philadelphia  the 
company  owns  one  of  the  finest  office-buildings  in  that  city. 

Its  presidents  have  been:  Alonzo  A.  Alvard,  form  1850  to  1854;  Nathan  D. 
Morgan,  from  1854  to  1861 ;  Henry  Stokes,  from  1861  to  1888;  and  James  M. 
McLean,  from  1888  to  1890.  The  president  is  Henry  B.  Stokes,  who  has  been 
in  the  service  of  the  company  for  about  thirty  years.  The  vice-president  is  Jacob 
L.  Ilalsey,  who  has  been  in  the  service  of  the  company  from  its  inception.  The 
second  vice-president,  H.  Y.  Wemple ;  the  secretary,  \V.  C.  Frazee ;  and  the 
assistant  secretary,  J.  H.  Giffin,  Jr.,  are  also  old  and  faithful  servants  of  the  com- 
pany, familiar  with  every  phase  of  its  experience.  Its  Board  of  Directors  include 
the  following  well-known  names :  Edw.  Schell,  Henry  Van  Schaick,  Jno.  H.  Wat- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


671 


THE  EQUITABLE  LIFE-ASSURANCE  SOCIETY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
BROADWAY,  BETWEEN  PINE  AND  CEDAR  STREETS. 


KING'S  If  AND  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


son,  Henry  B.  Stokes,  0.  G.  Walbridge,  1).  1 1.  McAlpin,  W.  J.  Valentine,  E.  A. 
Walton,  Geo.  W.  Quintard,  Geo.  II.  McLean,  Robert  S.  Green,  Artemas  H. 
Holmes,  Henry  15.  Peirce,  E.  F.  Del  Bondio,  Wm.  IT.  Oakley,  Jas.  O.  Hoyt, 
Benj.  F.  Tracy,  Philip  Bissinger,  Thos.  F.  Oakes,  Hyman  Blum,  Jno.  W.  Hunter, 
P.  Van  Zandt  Lane,  Jacob  Naylor,  Jas.  Stokes,  H.  Y.  Wemple,  John  King, 
DeWitt  C.  Hays,  N.  F.  Palmer,  Jr.,  S.  II.  Smith,  Jacob  L.  Ilalsey,  Walter  C. 
Stokes,  C.  I).  Wood,  Benj.  Griffen,  and  Andrew  Mills. 

The  United-States  Life-insurance  Company,  in  Elbridge  T.  Gerry's  ver- 
milion iron-front  building,  at  Broadway  and  Warren  Street,  was  organized  in  1850. 
Its  assets  amount  to  $6,889,712,  invested  jn  United-States  bonds,  in  bonds  and 
mortgages,  and  real  estate.  It  has  a  surplus,  as  regards  policy-holders,  over  all  its 
liabilities,  including  the  reserve-fund  for  outstanding  policies,  of  $611,405.  In 
1881  its  assets  were  $4,994,670;  now  they  are  $6,889,212;  its  annual  income  was 
$809,918,  now  it  is  $1,495,629;  the  number  of  its  policies  in  force  was  9,508; 
now  it  is  17,944;  its  total  amount  insured  was  $16,671,328;  now  it  is  $43, 730,853. 
In  ten  years  the  company  attained  an  increase  of  $1,743,318  in  assets,  and  $24,492,- 
798  in  insurance  in  force.  Its  new  insurance  in  1888  amounted  to  $6,335,666; 
in  1889,  to  $8,463,625  ;  in  1890,  to  $1 1,955, 157  ;  in  1891,  to  $14, 101,654  ;  in  1892, 
to  $  14,001,695.  It  paid  in  1892  for  death  claims,  endowments  and  surrendered  poli- 
cies, $688,570.  The  President  is  George  H.  Burford  ;  the  Secretary  isC.  P.  Fraleigh, 
since  1875  ;  the  Assistant-Secretary,  A.  Wheelwright ;  the  Actuary,  William  T. 
Standen ;  the  Cashier,  Arthur  C.  Perry ;  the  Medical  Director,  John  P.  Munn. 
J.  S.  Gaffney  is  Superintendent  of  Agencies.  Its  Finance  Committee  comprises  \ 
George  G.  Williams,  the  President  of  the  Chemical  National  Bank  ;  Julius  Catlin, 
the  dry-goods  merchant ;  John  J.  Tucker,  the  builder;  and  E.  H.  Perkins,  Jr.,  the 
President  of  the  Importers'  and  Traders'  National  Bank. 

The  Equitable  Life-Assurance  Society  of  the  United  States  is  one  of  the 
foremost  life-insurance  corporations  of  the  world.  Its  policies  include  a  variety 
of  forms,  tontines,  indemnity  bonds,  annuities  and  others.  The  society  was  organ- 
ized in  1859.  It  has  done  much  to  liberalize  the  policy  contract,  and  to  make  insur- 
ance popular.  The  Equitable  Building  in  New  York,  erected  by  the  society  in  1872, 
and  enlarged  in  18S7,  contains  the  main  offices.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
substantial  commercial  buildings  in  the  world.  It  fills  the  block  bounded  by  Broad- 
way and  Cedar,  Pine  and  Nassau  Streets,  save  two  small  corners  on  Nassau  Street, 
and  covers  about  an  acje  of  ground.  The  architectural  treatment  of  the  exterior 
gives  the  impression  that  it  is  of  five  very  high  stories,  with  an  immense  Mansard 
roof,  the  cornice  of  each  story  being  supported  by  a  colonnade.  Really,  the  number 
of  stories  is  twice  as  many,  as  each  space  is  divided  by  a  floor  line.  The  material  is 
granite,  and  the  building  gives  an  impression  of  solidity  in  a  greater  degree  than 
does  any  other  in  the  city.  The  Broadway  entrance,  which  is  through  a  high  semi- 
circular arch,  leads  into  one  of  the  finest  rotundas  in  America,  the  sides  of  which 
are  outlined  by  rows  of  marble  columns,  with  onyx  capitals,  upholding  an  entabla- 
ture of  red  granite  and  an  arched  roof  of  stained  glass.  The  offices  of  the  society 
on  the  second  floor  are  perhaps  the  most  costly  business  headquarters  in  the  coun- 
try. The  view  from  the  roof  of  the  building  includes  the  city,  harbor  and  suburbs, 
and  is  one  of  the  great  attractions  to  strangers.  Along  the  roof,  in  several  towers, 
are  the  apartments  of  the  superintendent  of  the  building  and  the  offices  of  the  local 
forecast  officials  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture's  Bureau  for  Meteorological  Ob- 
servations, popularly  known  as  the  "Weather  Bureau."  The  building  is  equipped 
with  Worthington  pumps  and  Otis  elevators. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


613 


me,  is 


The  Germania  Life-Insurance  Company,  at  20  Nassau  Street,  commenced 
business  in  i860.  In  32  years  it  paid  for  claims  by  death,  $15,534,697;  for 
matured  endowments,  $3,312,808  ;  for  annuities,  $213,467  ;  for  dividends  and  sur- 
rendered policies,  $9,023,487  ;  a  total  of  payments  to  policy-holders  of  $28,084,459. 
At  the  same  time,  it  accumulated  assets  to  the  amount  of  $17,744,263,  invested 
In  bonds  and  mortgages  on  real-estate  and  domestic  and  foreign  State,  city  and 
railroad  bonds.  It  has  a  surplus  as  regards  policy-holders  of  $1,230,288  over 
all  its  liabilities,  including  the  reserve  fund,  computed  at  four  percent,  for  outstanding 
policies.  If  this  reserve-fund  be  computed  on  a  4^  per  cent,  basis  this  ample  extra- 
ordinary surplus  even  reaches  the  figure  of  $2,041*215.  The  total  amount  of  insur- 
ance outstanding  on  the  company's  books  is  $66,061,867.  The  economical  and  suc- 
cessful administration  of  the  company's  affairs  is  evident  from  a  number  of  compara- 
tive exhibits  compiled  from  official  records.  One,  prepared  by  C.  C.  Hi 
a  recapitulation  of 
American  life-i  in- 
surance for  ten 
years.  It  shows 
that  the  growth  of 
the  Germania  was 
the  most  healthful, 
the  increase  during 
those  ten  years 
being :  in  assets, 
$7,217,501  ;  in  an- 
il u  a  1  income,  of 
$1,664,268;  in 
number  of  policies 
in  force,  13,989  ;  in 
amount  insured., 
$25,424,060.  The 
increase  in  the 
assets  and  income 
bears  a  larger  pro- 
portion to  the  in- 
crease in  amount 
insured  than  in  any 
other  company. 
Another  exhibit 
shows  that  the  com- 
pany paid  to  policy- 
holders and  holds 
for  future  payments 
$2>575>996  more 
than  it  received  in 

premiums.      There  germania  life-insurance  company,  nassau  and  cedar  streets. 

is  a  third  exhibit,  issued  in  three  parts,  showing  that  its  income  from  investments 
averaged  during  the  last  five  years  $751,097  ;  and  that  the  total  amount  of  its  ex- 
penses was  $611,941,  an  excess  of  investment  income  over  expenses  of  nineteen  per 
cent.;  that  in  many  companies  the  expenses  exceeded  the  investment  income  ;  that 
the  ratio  of  its  expenses  to  its  assets  was  3.97  per  cent.,  much  smaller  than  in  other 
43 


674 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


companies  ;  and  that  the  proportion  of  assets  to  each  %  1,000  of  insurance  in  force 
is  much  larger  than  in  the  other  companies.  The  company  offers  in  its  Dividend 
Tontine  Policies  a  contract  of  insurance  as  simple  in  form,  as  liberal  in  character, 
and  as  productive  of  good  results  as  any  that  can  be  devised.  After  one  year  from 
their  date,  these  policies  are  incontestable,  free  from  restrictions,  a  simple  promise 
to  pay  the  amount  assured  when  due.    After  three  years,  they  are  non-forfeitable. 

The  officers  of  the  company  are  as  follows  : 
Hugo  Wesendonck,  President  ;  Cornelius 
Doremus,  Vice-President  ;  Hubert  Cillis, 
Secretary  and  Actuary  ;  and  Gustav  Meidt, 
Assistant-Secretary. 

The  Home  Life-insurance  Company 
of  New  York  was  organized  in  i860  by  a  party 
of  Brooklyn  capitalists,  whose  names  are  con- 
nected with  the  financial  and  commercial 
growth  of  that  city  during  the  last  35  years. 
It  has  always  been  managed  on  the  most  con- 
servative lines,  and  while  in  point  of  size  it 
does  not  attain  the  prominence  reached  by 
many  other  companies,  yet  it  stands  without 
a  peer  in  solidity  and  strength.  With  assets 
of  over  $8,000,000,  it  has  an  absolute  surplus 
of  over  $1,500,000.  It  issues  all  forms  of  life 
and  endowment  insurance  and  annuity  bonds. 
In  June,  1892,  the  company  commenced  the 
erection  of  a  new  building  on  their  lot  on 
Broadway,  near  the  corner  of  Murray  Street, 
on  the  site  immediately  adjoining  on  the 
north  the  building  owned  and  occupied  by  the 
company  for  many  years.  In  order  to  secure 
the  best  results,  from  an  architectural  as  well 
as  a  business  standpoint,  the  company  insti- 
tuted a  competition  in  which  the  highest 
architectural  talent  was  represented  ;  the  de- 
cision being  left  to  Prof.  William  K.  Ware, 
of  Columbia  College,  the  eminent  expert  in 
this  line.  The  result  was  a  most  noteworthy 
set  of  designs,  from  which  was  selected  that 
of  Napoleon  LeBrun  &  Sons.  The  building 
was  to  have  had  a  frontage  on  Broadway  of  301^  feet  ;  and  its  construction 
was  rapidly  pushed  until  the  early  part  of  1 893,  when  the  company  purchased 
25  feet  additional  on  Broadway,  from  the  Merchants'  Exchange  National  Bank, 
thus  acquiring  a  total  frontage  for  their  new  building  of  55  feet.  The  original 
elevation  has  been  altered  to  cover  the  entire  lot,  and  shows  a  building  of  14  stories, 
surmounted  by  a  high  gable,  the  terminating  finial  of  which  will  be  256  feet  above 
the  sidewalk.  The  first  story  of  the  new  building  will  have  a  ceiling  height  of 
\%Y2  feet,  and  will  be  arranged  for  counting-rooms  or  banking  purposes.  The 
second  story,  to  be  used  as  the  general  offices  of  the  company,  will  be  231^  feet 
in  height  on  the  Broadway  front,  and  will  have  main  and  mezzanine  floors  in  the 
rear.    The  depth  of  the  building  will  be  107^  feet,  and  it  will  abut  against  the  L  of 


HOME  LIFE-INSURANCE  CO.  OF  NEW  YORK. 

BROADWAY,  WEST  SIDE,  BETWEEN  MURRAY  AND  WARREN  STREETS,  OPPOSITE  CITY-HALL  PARK. 


676 


A'/XG\S  HA XI) BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


the  Postal-Telegraph-Cable  Company's  building.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  accom- 
panying illustration,  the  style  of  building  is  the  severest  kind  of  early  Italian 
Renaissance,  most  effective  in  its  purity  and  simplicity.  The  structure  will  be 
absolutely  fire-proof,  and  thoroughly  equipped  with  all  the  modern  appliances  of 
office-buildings.  The  material  for  the  front  is  of  white  marble,  bringing  out  in 
exquisite  detail  the  carvings,  which  are  merely  suggested  in  the  accompanying 


MJOuCt  l«ChAN6E.  BuWUNS  (KEEN.  STUMSHiP  ROW. 


BROADWAY  AT  ITS  BEGINNING. 

elevation.  In  view  of  the  most  fortunate  location  of  this  building,  fronting  as  it 
does  on  the  City-Hall  Park,  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  so  situated  that  its  artistic 
merit  is  conspicuous,  which  is  rarely  the  case  in  our  city  streets. 

The  officers  of  the  Home  Life-insurance  Company  are  George  H.  Ripley,  Presi- 
dent ;  George  E.  Ide,  Vice-President;  Ellis  W.  Gladwin,  Secretary;  and  William 
A.  Marshall,  Actuary.  Its  agents  are  at  all  important  points  throughout  the 
country. 

The  Washington  Life-insurance  Company  was  organized  in  i860,  and 
has  enjoyed  a  third  of  a  century  of  gradual  and  healthy  development.  It  is  one 
of  the  soundest  and  most  popular  corporations  of  its  class  in  the  city.  It  is  unique 
in  the  character  of  its  investments,  which  include  only  the  soundest  and  most 
available  securities,  seven-eighths  of  them  being  in  bonds  and  mortgages.  No 
other  American  company  has  so  large  a  percentage  of  its  assets  in  non-fluctuating 
real-estate  securities.  Since  the  stability,  strength  and  value  of  a  company  is  meas- 
ured justly  by  the  character  of  its  assets,  the  standing  of  the  Washington  Life  will 
be  seen  to  be  in  the  very  highest  rank.  Nor  does  the  company  seize  all  the  new 
business  that  offers,  since  it  prefers  to  accept  only  such  classes  of  risks  as  may  safely 
provide  reserves  and  strengthen  assets.  Since  1880,  the  Washington  Life  has  more 
than  doubled  its  assets,  its  income,  and  its  insurance  in  force.  The  great  principle 
followed  from  the  first  is  to  give  absolute  protection  to  policy-holders,  and  to 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


677 


secure  this  end,  the  company  has  made  its  investments  in  carefully  selected  loans 
on  American  real-estate  (in  New-York  City  and  vicinity),  avoiding  foreign  securities 
and  bank  or  corporation  stocks.  It  has  now  assets  of  over  #12,500,000,  and  insur- 
ance in  force  amounting  to  above  $50,000,000,  and  has  paid  to  policy-holders  more 
than  $22,000,000  in  cash  since  organization.  With  the  largest  proportion  of  bond 
and  mortgage  investments  ;  a  comprehensive  yet  simple  and  concise  policy  contract ; 
non-forfeitable  policies  and  immediate  settlement  of  claims  ;  residence,  travel  and 
occupation  unrestricted  after  two  years  ;  with  loans  on  policies  to  assist  the  owners 
to  keep  them  in  force  ;  there  is  no  organization  that  better  fills  the  conditions  of  a 
first-class  life-insurance  company  than  the  Washington  Life  of  New  York.  Its 
President,  William  A.  Brewer,  Jr.,  was  its  fust  Actuary;  its  Vice-President,  William 
Ilaxtun,  was  its  Secretary  in  1869;  and 
its  second  Vice-President,  K.  S.  French, 
who  is  also  the  Superintendent  of  Agen- 
cies, has  been  connected  with  the  com- 
pany more  than  a  score  of  years.  Cyrus 
Munn  has  been  its  Assistant-Secretary 
almost  from  the  date  of  the  company's 
incorporation.  The  Aetuary  is  Israel 
C.  Pierson,  Ph.  I).,  Secretary  of  the 
Actuarial  Society  of  America.  The 
Directors  include  :  VV.  A.  Brewer, 
Jr.,  Wm.  Ilaxtun,  George  N.  Law- 
rence, Levi  P.  Morton,  Merritt  Trimble, 
George  A.  Bobbins,  James  Thomson, 
Chas.  II.  Ludington,  Robert  Bowne, 
Francis  Speir,  Frederic  R.  Coudert, 
Benjamin  Ilaxtun,  Edwin  II.  Mead, 
Henry  F.  Hitch,  Chas.  P.  Britton, 
Francis  ('..  Adams,  David  Thomson, 
Harold  A.  Sanderson,  Roland  G.  Mit- 
chell, Randolph  F.  Purdy,  George  M. 
Hard,  John  Hopson,  Jr.,  and  Henry 
S.  Harper. 

The  Metropolitan  Life-insur- 
ance Company,  the  leading  indus- 
trial life-insurance  company  in  America, 
issues  life-insurance  policies  on  the 
ordinary  plans,  with  special  advantages 
that  have  always  been  praised  ;  but  its 
originality  is  in  its  Industrial  system. 
This  is  utility  itself;  family  insurance, 
accessible  to  everybody  ;  indemnity 
for  loss  of  life  of  all  persons,  of  both  sexes,  of  all  ages,  from  two  years  to 
seventy  years  ;  endowment  policies  that  the  least  disposed  to  thrift  may  buy  ;  the 
practical  application  of  life-insurance  in  the  most  valuable  way  ;  that  is,  for  those 
who  being  the  least  able  to  pay  for  it  are  most  in  need  of  it.  There  are  other  in- 
dustrial companies,  but  the  Metropolitan  eclipses  them  all.  It  has  assets  exceeding 
$18,000,000,  a  net  capital  and  surplus  over  all  liabilities,  actual  and  contingent, 
including  the  re-insurance  fund  and  special  reserve,   amounting  to  more  than 


ASHINGTON  LIFE-INSURANCE  COMPANY,  COAL  AND 
IRON   EXCHANGE,  21    CORTLANDT  STREET. 


6y8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


$4,000,000.  It  has  in  force  3,000,000  policies,  a  larger  number  than  the  total  number 
insured  by  all  the  other  life-insurance  companies  (excepting  industrial)  of  the  United 
States  combined.  Its  agents  make  a  weekly  call  for  premiums,  the  average  amount 
of  which  is  ten  cents  on  every  policy-holder.  Its  death-claims,  which  are  paid 
immediately  after  notice  of  death  is  received,  are  150  a  day  in  number,  and  $10  a 
minute  every  minute  of  the  year  in  amount.  The  list  of  persons  in  its  service  con- 
tains 8,000  names.  And  these  figures  are  increasing.  They  gained  over  1891  in 
1892  in  premium  receipts,  $1,683,704;  in  total  income,  $1,884,315;  in  assets 
$2,845,775.  During  1892,  the  company  issued,  on  an  average,  each  working  day, 
3, 737  policies,  wrote  new  insurance  of  $422,000,  paid  claims  to  the  amount  of 
$16,016,  and  added  to  its  assets  $9,410.  The  management  is  intelligent,  careful, 
economical,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  policy-holders.  The  officers  are  :  John 
R.  Hegeman,  President  ;  Haley  Fiske,  Vice-President  ;  George  H.  Gaston,  Second 
Vice-President  and  Secretary  ;  J.  J.  Thompson,  Cashier  and  Assistant  Secretary  j 
James  M.  Craig,  Actuary  ;  Stewart  L.  Woodford,  Counsel ;  and  Thomas  II.  Willard, 
M.  D.,  Chief  Medical  Examiner.  The  company  was  organized  in  1866;  occupied 
since  1876  its  own  large  white-marble  building  in  Park  Place,  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Church  Street  ;  and  in  May,  1893,  moved  to  its  present  magnificent  home 
office-building.  Its  cost  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  $3,000,000  ;  and  its  height  is 
ten  stories.  Situated  on  Ma  lison  Square,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  23d  Street  and 
Madison  Avenue,  it  has  125  feet  of  width  on  the  avenue  and  145  on  the  street.  Its 
style  is  early  Italian  Renaissance,  in  pure  white  marble,  beautifully  carved.  The 
main  entrance  is  on  Madison  Avenue,  by  a  corridor  18  feet  in  width,  and  lined  with 
marbles,  beautifully  decorated,  to  an  interior  court  40  feet  square,  covered  by  a 
stained  glass  dome,  paved  in  mosaic,  75  feet  in  height,  lined  with  delicately  decorated 
marble  and  onyx  ;  having  in  its  centre  a  grand  marble  and  bronze  stairway  leading 
to  the  second  story.  The  Board  room,  28  feet  in  height,  and  the  rooms  of  the 
officers  are  trimmed  in  wood-work  of  San-Domingo  mahogany.  The  main  office  is 
30  feet  in  height,  and  surrounded  at  the  mezzanine  floor  with  a  tall  and  graceful 
gallery.  All  the  offices  are  lit  by  windows  facing  on  the  street,  the  square  or  the 
court.  There  are  four  elevators.  All  the  machinery,  heating  apparatus  and  dyna- 
mos are  in  duplicate.  The  architects  are  Napoleon  LeBrun  &  Sons,  and  the 
builder  is  Jer.  T.  Smith.  The  building  is  a  fine  contribution  to  the  architecture  of 
the  century,  for  which  the  Metropolitan  Life-insurance  Company  has  the  gratitude 
of  all  art-lovers.  It  covers  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  sites  in  the  city,  and  its 
height  makes  it  clearly  visible  across  the  whole  of  Madison  Square,  while  its  grand- 
eur makes  it  a  superb  ornament  to  the  lovely  park  which  it  faces.  In  course  of  time 
many  notable  buildings  are  likely  to  border  Madison  Square,  but  it  is  not  likely  that 
any  of  them  will  surpass  the  Metropolitan.  The  peculiar  province  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Life-insurance  Company,  providing  insurance  as  it  does  mainly  for  the  working 
or  industrial  class  of  people,  makes  it  an  exceptionally  praiseworthy  institution  ; 
while  its  solidity  and  magnitude  places  it  as  unexceptionably  trustworthy.  Its  sys- 
tem of  small  weekly  payments  gives  the  opportunity  to  every  man,  however  moderate  * 
his  income,  to  provide  for  his  family  in  the  event  of  his  death. 

The  Provident  Savings  Life-Assurante  Society,  at  29  Broadway,  was 
organized  in  1875  with  an  idea  of  genius,  by  Sheppard  Homans,  who  had  been  for 
twenty  years  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  successful  of  actuaries.  Maintaining 
that  investments  and  endowments  which  constitute  the  enormous  reserve-deposits  of 
the  old  companies  have  no  necessary  connection  with  insurance,  but  rather  lessen  its 
security  by  adding  unnecessarily  the  hazards  of  banking  to  the  hazards  of  insurance 


METROPOLITAN  LIFE-INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

METROPOLITAN   LI^E  BUILDING  '.    MADISON  SQUARE,  230  STREET  AND  MADISON  AVENUE. 


68o 


KING^S  II  AND  HO  OK  OF  XFAV  YORK'. 


proper,  he  so  organized  the  Provident  Savings  that  it  gives  certain  indemnity  in 
return  for  premiums  that  provide  for  every  item  of  mortality,  expense  and  margin, 
but  do  not  require  in  addition  large  and  unnecessary  overpayments  or  deposits,  the 
care  and  investment  of  which  are  hazardous  to  companies  and  expensive  to  policy- 
holders. This  is  secured  under  several  forms  of  low-priced  policies,  each  of  which 
has  some  especial  point  of  merit,  while  all  are  models  of  fairness  and  equity 

in  the  conditions  of  the  contract, 
and  of  brevity  and  clearness  in 
phraseology.  The  Provident  Savings 
issues  investment-policies,  twenty-year 
insurance-bonds,  and  limited-payment 
life-policies,  wherein  the  investment  is 
guaranteed  as  well  as  the  insurance, 
whether  the  assured  lives  or  dies.  If 
he  lives,  he  receives  the  full  benefit  of 
his  investment,  with  surplus.  If  he- 
dies,  his  investment  is  paid  to  his 
family  or  estate,  in  addition  to  his  in- 
surance. The  Provident  Savings  gives 
insurance  and  investment  under  one 
policy,  but  treats  them  separately. 
There  is  no  loss  to  the  assured  in  case 
of  either  life  or  death ;  there  is  no 
penalty  for  his  dying  imposed  on  his 
heirs  ;  there  is  no  risk  of  his  losing  his 
insurance  because  he  may  not  always 
be  able  to  pay  for  investment.  The 
Provident  Savings  does  not  estimate  ; 
it  guarantees.  It  is  careful  in  the 
selection  of  risks,  liberal  to  policy- 
holders, economical  in  management. 
It  has  paid  to  January  I,  1893,  for 
death  claims  to  beneficiaries  under  its 
renewable  term  policies,  the  sum  of 
$3,843,074,  at  a  total  cost  for  pre- 
miums of  -  $297,065.  The  ordinary 
whole-life  premiums  would  have  been 
$764,496.  Thus  the  Provident  Sav- 
ings has  given  to  its  policy-holders 
nearly  three  times  as  much  in  death 
benefits  as  they  would  have  obtained 
for  the  same  amount  of  premiums  in  ordinary  life  insurance.  Its  financial  success 
would  be  incredible  if  the  elements  of  it  were  not  easy  to  define.  The  Provident 
Savings  has  more  than  $200  of  assets  to  each  $100  of  liability.  Its  President 
from  the  beginning  has  been  Sheppard  Homans,  its  founder.  The  Vice-President 
is  Joseph  H.  Parsons.  The  Secretary  is  William  E.  Stevens.  The  Manager  of 
the  Agency  Department  is  Charles  E.  Willard. 

The  Mutual  Reserve  Fund  Life  Association,  in  the  Mutual  Reserve 
Building,  at  Broadway  and  Duane  Street,  is  the  largest  purely  mutual  natural- 
premium  life  association  in  the  world.     Its  membership  is  over  70,000.    Its  yearly 


i 

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L 

THE  PROVIDENT  SAVINGS  LIFE-ASSURANCE 
COLUMBIA  BUILDING,  BROADWAY  AND  MORRI 


A'AYtrS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


6Si 


MUTUAL  RESERVE  FUND  LIFE  ASSOCIATION. 

MUTUAL  RESERVE  BUILDING,  BROADWAY,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  DUANE  STREET. 


682 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


interest  income  exceeds  $125,000.  Its  bi-monthly  income  exceeds  $600,000.  Its 
Reserve  Fund  now  approaches  $3,500,000.  It  has  paid  in  death  claims  about 
$16,000,000.  The  amount  of  insurance  that  it  has  in  force  exceeds  $250,000,000. 
Founded  in  1881,  with  the  deliberate  object  to  furnish  life-insurance  at  cost,  in  spite 
of  formidable  opposition  it  accumulated  in  a  dozen  years,  assets  amounting  to  nearly 
$5,000,000,  and'an  Emergency  Fund,  a  Cash  Reserve  deposited  with  the  Central 
Trust  Company  as  Trustee,  periodically  returnable  to  persistent  members,  amount- 
ing to  $3,449,326.  January  1,  1893,  it  had  a  net  surplus  of  $3,048,202  over  all  its 
liabilities,  including  the  net  present  value  of  its  policies  in  force.  These  figures  as 
they  appear  in  the  certificate  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Central  Trust  Company 
in  vouchers  of  easy  access  to  everybody,  are  magnificent  as  pearls  of  a  necklace,  the 
string  of  which  is  undone.  Re-united,  they  have  an  amazing  splendor.  Tested, 
they  are  perfect.  The  Mutual  Reserve  Fund  Life  Association's  figures  were  exam- 
ined and  found  correct,  the  company  was  investigated  in  all  its  details  and  endorsed 
—  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  New  York  in  1885  ;  by  the  Insurance  Depart- 
ment of  Ohio  in  1886  ;  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  Michigan  in  1886  ;  by  the 
Insurance  Department  of  Wisconsin  in  1887  ;  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  Min- 
nesota in  1887  ;  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  Rhode  Island  in  1887  ;  by  the  in- 
surance Department  of  Missouri  in  1SS8  ;  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  Colorado 
in  1889  ;  by  the  Insurance  Department  of  West  Virginia  in  1889  ;  by  the  Insurance 
Department  of  North  Dakota  in  1 89 1  ;  by  the  late  Hon.  Elizur  Wright,  ex-Insurance 
Commissioner  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  Mentor  of  life-insurance,  in  1883  ;  by 
Price,  Waterhouse  &  Co.,  Chartered  Accountants,  of  England,  in  1889.  The  Asso- 
ciation has  no  secrets.  Everything  it  does  it  tells.  Its  rates  at  age  of  entry  aver- 
age about  50  per  cent,  less  than  those  of  the  old-system  companies,  and  yet  they 
provide  for  an  average  death-loss  considerably  in  excess  of  the  American  Experience 
Table  of  mortality.  It  provides  for  an  excessive  death-rate,  by  its  interest  income 
and  reserve  accumulation,  and  it  has  never  lost  a  dollar  of  principal  or  interest  on 
its  highly  profitable  investments.  Vet  it  gives  in  detailed  lists,  of  which  there  is  no 
other  example,  the  complete  record  of  all  its  investments.  It  knows  every  avenue 
to  success,  and  lights  it  without  fear  of  imitators.  Its  policies  are  unrestricted 
as  to  travel,  occupation  or  residence,  incontestable  and  indisputable  after  three 
years,  participating  in  the  profits  and  yet  not  involving  any  personal  liability  for 
membership  in  the  Association.  Its  management  is  so  wise  and  economical  that  its 
expenses  have  averaged  but  $3.22  per  $1,000,  whereas  the  expenses  of  the  old-sys- 
tem companies  averaged  $8.26  per  $1,000.  It  is  self-regulating,  as  its  liabilities 
in  income  in  premiums  and  interest  cannot  but  meet  its  death-losses  and  expenses. 
It  is  a  creation  of  genius.  Its  President  is  its  founder,  E.  B.  Harper.  The  Mutual 
Reserve  Building  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Broadway  and  Duane  Street,  as  can  be 
seen  from  the  view  shown  on  the  preceding  page,  is  one  of  the  finest  office-buildings 
in  the  city.  In  addition  to  providing  suitable  offices  for  the  great  organization,  the 
building  is  expected  to  return  to  the  Association  a  satisfactory  income  for  the  in- 
vestment. Thus  the  Mutual  Reserve  Fund  Life  Association,  after  contributing  its 
magnificent  record  to  the  business,  glory  of  New  York,  is  contributing  a  master- 
piece of  architecture  to  its  artistic  aspect.  It  was  designed  and  constructed  by 
William  H.  Hume,  one  of  the  foremost  of  American  architects.  The  marvellous 
success  of  the  Association  is  due  almost  entirely  to  the  rare  ability  and  indomitable 
energy  of  its  President,  E.  B.  Harper,  who,  having  unbounded  faith  in  the  wisdom 
of  its  plan,  has  pushed  the  business  of  the  company  with  such  vigor  as  is  seldom 
known  in  any  line  of  work. 


F»roviding  Against  All  Kinds  of  Accidents,  Explosions,  Broken 
Plate  Glass,  Dishonest  Employees,  and  for  Fur- 
nishlng  Legal  and  Fidelity  Bonds. 


TWENTY  years  ago  the  insurance  companies  were  devoted  almost  exclusively 
to  the  indemnifying  of  losses  caused  by  fires,  by  the  loss  of  life,  or  by  per- 
sonal injuries.  To-day  they  seem  to  cover  the  entire  range  of  casualties,  fatalities 
and  possibilities.  A  new  scheme  for  some  kind  of  insurance  is  devised  almost  yearly, 
and  variations  of  the  older  forms  of  insurance  are  constantly  being  introduced. 

The  Fidelity  and  Casualty  Company  of  New  York,  at  140  to  146  Broad- 
way, was  organized  in  1879,  to  transact  a  general  fidelity  business,  and  introduced 
the  system  into  the  United  States.  There  was  at  the  time,  in  business  in  New  York, 
the  Knickerbocker  Casualty  Company,  organized  in  1876,  with  a  charter  so  liberal 
that  it  could  adopt  the  fidelity  idea,  and  make  of  it  an  additional  branch.  The 
founders  of  the  Fidelity  and  Casualty,  realizing  that  the  growth  of  fidelity  insurance 
in  this  country  would  be  slow,  purchased  the  charter  of  the  Knickerbocker  Casualty 
and  its  business,  and  re-organized  their  company.  The  capital,  which  was  originally 
$100,000,  was  increased  to  $250,000.  The  company  furnishes  indemnity  in  several 
branches  of  insurance  :  Fidelity,  Accident,  Plate  Glass,  Steam  Boiler,  Elevator, 
Employers',  Landlords'  and  Common  Carriers'  Liability.  The  company  was  built 
up  under  the  presidency  of  the  late  William  M.  Richards,  whose  successor  is 
George  F.  Seward. 

The  American  Surety  Company  of  New  York,  in  the  Guernsey  Building, 
160  Broadway,  organized  in  1884,  transacts  only  surety  business.  It  has  a  capital 
of  $2,000,000,  and  is  the  only  company  organized  in  the  United  States  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  acting  as  surety  on  bonds  and  undertakings  required  in  judicial  pro- 
ceedings ;  for  administrators,  executors  and  guardians  ;  for  contractors,  and  for 
persons  holding  positions  of  pecuniary  responsibility.  Its  Fidelity  Department 
furnishes  bonds  required  of  officers  and  employees  of  banks,  corporations  and  asso- 
ciations, and  employees  in  Federal,  State  and  city  offices.  Its  Law  Department 
issues  three  classes  of  bonds  :  Judicial,  which  embraces  security  required  in  appeal, 
arrest,  attachment,  capias,  indemnity  to  sheriff,  injunction,  land  damage,  replevin, 
maritime  libel  ;  Fiduciary,  which  includes  bonds  for  the  fidelity  of  administrators, 
committee  of  lunatic,  conservators,  curators,  executors,  guardians,  guardians  ad 
litem,  trustees  ;  Commercial,  under  which  bonds  are  required  by  assignees,  common 
carriers,  for  demurrage,  receivers,  warehousemen,  elevators,  and  surety  on  bids  and 
contracts.    William  L.  Trenholm  is  President. 

The  Metropolitan  Plate-Glass  Insurance  Company,  at  66  Liberty  Street, 
was  organized  in  1 874,  to  do  exclusively  plate-glass  insurance  against  accidental 
breakage.    Its  capital  is  $100,000.    The  President  is  Henry  Harteau. 


684 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  American  Casualty  Insurance  and  Security  Company,  although 


legally  a  Maryland  corporation, 


AMERICAN  CASUALTY  INSURANCE  AND 
SECURITY  COMPANY,  44  PINE  STREET. 


with  head  offices  at  Baltimore,  is  virtually  a  New- 
York  institution,  for  its  stock  is  chiefly  owned 
here  ;  the  majority  of  its  directors  reside  here  ; 
its  executive  offices  are  here,  and  so  are  the  offices 
of  its  general  agents  and  managers.  The  New- 
York  offices  are  at  44  Pine  Street 

This  notably  progressive  company  was  formed 
in  1890,  the  charter  having  been  drawn  by  Robert 
Sewell,  of  New  York.  The  company  deals  in 
employees'  insurance.  It  insures  against  liability 
under  claims  for  injuries  or  death  caused  to  per- 
sons other  than  employees  on  the  premises  of  the 
insured.  Its  insurances  are  accompanied  with 
systematic  inspections  by  experts.  It  takes  risks 
on  steam  boilers,  paying  for  damages  to  property 
in  case  of  explosions,  and  also  paying  for  injuries  to 
persons  so  caused,  whether  fatal  or  otherwise.  The 
company  inspects  the  boilers  under  its  care 
thoroughly  and  systematically,  and  at  regular 
periods.  It  also  insures  against  loss  by  water,  in 
case  of  the  leakage  of  sprinklers  or  the  breakage 
of  their  heads ;  and  inspects  these  equipments 
regularly.  The  Employees'  Contribution  Insurance 
Policy,  written  in  the  names  of  employers,  guaran- 
tees to  their  workmen,  if  injured,  half-wages  and 
doctors'  bills  for  fifty  weeks,  and  in  case  of  death 
from  accident  six  months'  full  pay,  with  doctors' 
bills  and  funeral  expenses.  The  employers  assess 
their  workmen  a  few  cents  a  week,  with  which  to 
pay  the  policies.  The  company  also  insures  indi- 
viduals against  all  kinds  of  accidents,  at  very  low 
rates.  The  President  is  William  E.  Midgley  ;  the 
Vice-Presidents,  Edward  Austen  and  Robert 
Sewell  ;  the  Secretary,  John  J.  Jackson,  with 
George  II.  Morand  and  John  W.  Pulis  as  Assistant- 
Secretaries.  The  General  Managers  are  Beecher, 
Schenck  &  Co.,  a  corporation  composed  chiefly  of 
Col.  H.  B.  Beecher,  V.  R.  Schenck,  John  \\. 
Taylor,  and  H.  W.  Beecher.  Col.  H.  B.  Beecher 
is  a  son  of  the  eminent  preacher,  the  late  Henry 
Ward  Beecher.  The  success  of  the  company  ap- 
pears from  the  fact  that  in  three  years  it  has  paid  all 
expenses  and  losses,  besides  $250,000  in  dividends 
to  its  stockholders,  and  has  assets  of  $2,600,000, 
a  reserve  of  $1,200,000,  and  a  surplus  to  policy- 
holders of  $1,100,000.  It  has  paid  over  $1,500,- 
000  in  losses  under  its  policy.  In  New  York  the 
offices  occupy  three  spacious  floors,  and  several 
scores  of  clerks  are  employed. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


685 


The  Preferred  Mutual  Accident  Association,  at  203  Broadway,  was  incor- 
porated in  1885  for  the  purpose  of  insuring,  at  a  fixed  rate  of  premium,  only  the 
persons  classed  as  preferred  risks  by  all  experts  in  accident  insurance.  The  idea 
was  original,  and,  like  all  original  ideas,  found  adverse  critics  ;  but  it  is  triumphant, 
and  everybody  recognizes  now  that  only  bad  managers  could  have  made  it  other- 
wise. Preferred  risks  naturally  believe  that  their  interests  are  safer  with  an  associ- 
ation excluding  extra  and  special  hazards  than  with  one  which  makes  the  admission 
of  them  simply  dependent  on  higher  premium  payments.  The  Preferred  Mutual 
had,  at  the  end  of  1885,  1,427  policies  in  force,  insuring  $7,135,000;  and  assets 
amounting  to  $4,624.  It  progressed  steadily,  until,  at  the  end  of  1892,  it  had 
31,281  policies  in  force,  insuring  over  $270,000,000;  and  assets  amounting  to 
$173,000.  The  Association  has  a  net  surplus  of  $113,843  over  all  its  liabilities. 
And  every  one  of  its  risks  is  preferred.  It  has  paid  in  losses  $366,984.  It  gained 
in  1891,  42  per  cent,  of  the  entire  increase  of  amount  of  insurance  in  35  mutual  acci- 
dent companies.  It  has  paid  in  claims,  for  each  $1  received  in  premiums,  52  cents, 
which  is  six  cents  more  than  the  proportion  of  the  Travelers;  but  its  proportionate 
amount  used  for  expenses  for  each  $1,000  of  insurance  was  $3.10  less.  It  issues 
for  an  annual  premium  of  $16  a  $10,000  combination  policy,  covering  all  injuries 
by  accident,  to  the  extent  of  $5,000  for  death  by  accident ;  $5,000  for  loss  of  hands 
or  feet ;  $5,000  for  loss  of  hand  and  foot ;  $5,000  for  loss  of  both  eyes ;  $2,500  for 
permanent  total  disability  ;  $650  for  loss  of  one  eye  ;  $25  per  week  for  temporary  total 
disability.  If  the  injuries 
be  received  "in  conse- 
quence of  the  wrecking  or 
disablement  of  any  regular 
passenger  conveyance  pro- 
pelled by  steam,  electricity 
or  cable,"  while  the  injured 
shall  be  riding  therein,  the 
Association,  under  the  same 
combination  policy,  will 
pay  $10,000  for  death  by 
accident,  and  amounts  pro- 
portionately larger  for  the 
other  contingencies.  The 
Preferred  has  recently  been 
reincorporated  as  a  joint- 
stock  company,  with  a 
paid-up  capital  and  surplus 
of  $250,000,  and  will  con- 
tinue t  o  insure  preferred 
risks  only.  In  1 894  its  offices 
will  be  in  the  beautiful  build- 
ing now  being  erected  at 
257  Broadway.  The  Presi- 
dent is  Phineas  C.  Louns- 
bury,  Ex-Governor  of  Con- 
necticut ;  the  Treasurer  is 
Allen  S.  Apgar  ;  the  Secre- 

•      V      \     11    r       \f  A  PREFERRED  MUTUAL  ACCIDENT  ASSOCIATION,    257  BROADWAY, 

tary    IS    IVimOall  AtWOOCl.  (BUILDINGS  NOW  BEING  REPLACED  BY  TWO  ELEGANT  13-STORY  EDIFICES. 


686 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  Lawyers'  Title  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  at  120  B 

way,  and  Franklin  Trust  Company  Building,  Brooklyn,  particularly  recommends 
itself  to  real-estate  investors  and  dealers  by  the  following  features  : — I.  The  safety 
of  its  method  of  examining  titles.  The  examination  is  by  well-known  lawyers  of 
ability  and  experience.  2.  The  publication  of  the  amount  of  all  losses  paid,  and 
of  all  claims  pending  against  it.  This  enables  the  public  to  judge  intelligently  of 
its  management.  The  more  careful  the  examination  of  the  titles  to  be  insured,  the 
fewer  should  be  the  losses.  3.  Its  continuation  of  the  custom  of  furnishing  abstracts 
of  titles  and  searches,  giving  to  purchaser  and  mortgagee  full  information  as  to  the 
facts  of  his  title,  in  addition  to  his  policy  of  title  insurance.  4.  The  strength  of  its 
method  of  insurance,  the  elements  of  which  are  :  method  of  examination  ;  review  of 
examination  by  the  law  department  of  the  company  ;  examination  of  doubtful  question-, 
by  committee  of  counsel ;  rejection  of  titles  admitted  to  be  defective  ;  large  capital ; 
and  professional  character  of  its  managers.  5.  The  universal  acceptance  of  its 
policies  by  individuals,  trustees,  and  corporations.  The  United-States  Government 
is  among  its  assured.  There  is  very  grave  doubt  whether  an  individual  trustee  or 
corporation  has  the  right  to  take  title  on  purchase  or  mortgage  on  a  policy  of 
title  insurance  only,  without  risk  of  personal  liability.  But  there  is  no  doubt  that 
an  individual  trustee  or  corporation  has  a  right  to  take  title  on  purchase  or 
mortgage  on  the  opinion  of  his  own  counsel,  approved  by  this  company,  and  with 
its  policy  of  title  insurance,  and  that  by  so  doing  he  secures  the  greatest  possible 
security,  and  incurs  no  risk  of  personal  liability.  6.  The  ready  means  of  access, 
through  its  bureau  of  investment,  to  the  principal  individuals,  estates  and  corpora- 
tions having  money  to  lend  on  bond  and  mortgage.  7.  The  particular  advantages 
offered  to  parties  selling  tracts  of  land  in  parcels,  because  of  the  above  features,  and 
because  of  the  terms  of  its  contracts  made  in  such  cases.  8.  The  peculiar  advan- 
tages offered  by  its  methods  to  builders  and  brokers. 

The  company  commenced  business  July  18,  1887.  Its  capital  and  surplus  on 
January  I,  1893,  amounted  to  $1,500,000.  It  holds  further  security  in  aid  of  liabil- 
ity, of  the  value  of  $425,000.  It  has  a  permanent  guarantee-fund,  invested,  as 
required  by  law,  in  bond  and  mortgage,  United-States,  State,  city  or  county  bonds, 
amounting  to  $750,000.  It  had  no  losses  on  policies  in  1892.  Its  total  losses  since 
the  organization  of  the  company  amount  to  $3,144. 

Edwin  W.  Coggeshall  is  the  President  and  General  Manager ;  Charles  E.  Strong, 
First  Vice-President ;  David  B.  Ogden,  Second  Vice-President  ;  William  P.  Dixon, 
Secretary  ;  fohn  Duer, Treasurer.  The  directors  are  :  Edwin  W.  Coggeshall,  William 
Allen  Butler,  William  P.  Dixon,  John  Duer,  Henry  E.  Rowland,  John  T.  Lock- 
man,  J.  Lawrence  Marcellus,  David  B.  Ogden,  John  H.  Riker,  Charles  E.  Strong, 
Herbert  B.  Turner,  James  M.  Varnum,  and  John  Webber. 

The  Committee  of  Counsel  are  John  W.  Pirsson,  Chairman  ;  E.  Ellery  Ander- 
son, of  Anderson  &  Man  ;  Charles  Coudert,  of  Coudert  Bros. ;  William  G.  Choate, 
of  Shipman,  Larocque  &  Choate  ;  Frederic  de  P.  Foster  ;  Joseph  H.  Gray,  of  Owen, 
Gray  &  Sturges  ;  Myer  S.  Isaacs,  of  M.  S.  &  I.  S.  Isaacs,  Lecturer  on  Real-Estate 
Law,  X.  V.  University  Law  School ;  Theo.  F.  Jackson,  of  Jackson  &  Burr  ;  Benja- 
min F.  Lee,  of  Lee  &  Lee,  late  Professor  of  Real  Estate  and  Equity  Jurisprudence, 
Columbia  College  Law  School  ;  J.  Lawrence  Marcellus  ;  David  B.  Ogden,  of  Par- 
sons, Shepard  &  Ogden  ;  Thomas  L.  Ogden,  of  Ogden  &  Beekman  ;  J.  Evarts 
Tracy,  of  Evarts,  Choate  &  Beaman  ;  George  Waddington,  and  Sidney  Ward. 

The  Lawyers'  Title  Insurance  Company  will  soon  move  into  more  commodious 
offices  in  its  own  building,  which  it  is  now  erecting,  with  fronts  on  both  Liberty 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  687 


-  THE  LAWYERS'  TITLE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  OF  NEW  YORK. 

LAWYERS'  TITLE  BUILDING,  MAIDEN  LANE,  SOUTH  SIDE,  BETWEEN   NASSAU  AND  WILLIAM  STREETS. 


688 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Street  and  Maiden  Lane,  extending  through  the  whole  block  between  Nassau  and 
William  Streets.  It  will  be  the  most  conspicuous  office-building  in  this  vicinity, 
thoroughly  fire-proof,  a  fine  specimen  of  artistic  office  architecture,  designed  by  C. 
C.  Haight,  and  built  by  David  H.  King,  Jr.  Its  height  will  be  12  stories,  and  it 
will  provide  accommodations  for  many  noted  firms  and  corporations. 

The  Mercantile  Credit  Guarantee  Company  of  New  York,  at  291  Bi 
way,  has  a  capital  of  $250,00x3,  with  $100,000  deposited  with  the  Insurance  Depart- 
ment at  Albany.  It  was  the  first  credit  guarantee  company  organized  under  the 
Insurance  Department  of  the  State  of  New  York.  It  issues  its  policies  of  insurance 
to  merchants  and  others,  guaranteeing  them  from  excessive  or  unexpected  loss  by  the 
failures  of  customers.  The  merchant  first  stands  an  agreed  percentage  on  his  yearly 
sales,  equal  to  the  usual  yearly  loss,  and  in  turn  is  absolutely  indemnified  against  all 
losses  in  excess  thereof  arising  from  failures.  The  contracts  may  be  made  for  vary- 
ing  times  and  amounts,  and  are  thoroughly  equitable  in  their  terms  and  conditions. 
The  payments  for  credit  insurance  then  take  their  place  among  the  fixed  charges  of 
the  business,  and  the  merchant,  covered  and  secured  against  losses  in  business,  gains 

greatly  in  comfort  and  peace  of  mind. 
Thus  also  larger  lines  may  be  sold 
without  peril,  when  otherwise  the 
limitations  of  a  small  capital  would  ren- 
der it  inadvisable,  and  more  extensive 
credits  may  be  given,  when  circum- 
stances warrant.  The  company  does 
not  interfere  with  the  conduct  of  the 
business  in  any  way,  since  it  has  made 
its  terms  and  conditions  before  the  as- 
sumption of  the  contract.  This  is  as 
important  and  vital  a  field,  in  its  way, 
as  either  fire  or  life  or  marine  insurance, 
and  at  no  distant  time  will  come  into 
general  use  among  merchants.  W.  M. 
Deen  is  President ;  James  R.  Pitcher, 
Vice-President ;  Jas.  E.  Granniss,  Treas- 
urer ;  C.  Vincent  Smith,  Secretary.  The 
counsel  are  Hon.  A.  J.  Dittenhoefer  and 
Peet,  Smith  &  Murray.  The  directors 
are  James  E.  Granniss,  W.  H.  Male, 
Siegmund  J.  Bach,  James  R.  Pitcher, 
E.  C.  Converse,  G.  Gunby  Jordan,  Leo- 
pold Herzig,  J.  W.  Ilinkley,  W.  M.  Deen  and  C.  Vincent  Smith. 

The  United-States  Mutual  Accident  Association  was  founded  in  1877, 
for  insurance  against  accidents.  The  rates  are  determined  by  a  pro-rata  cost  of  the 
losses  and  expenses.  The  record  shows  that  since  its  organization  to  January  1, 
1893,  it  paid  26,029  losses,  amounting  to  $2,998,539,  of  which  $444,739  was  in 
1892.    The  offices  are  at  322  and  324  Broadway.    The  President  is  Charles  B.  Peet. 

The  German-American  Real-Estate  Title  Guarantee  Company,  at  34 
Nassau  Street,  was  organized  in  1885,  with  a  paid-in  cash  capital  of  $500,000,  to 
afford  protection  to  purchasers  of  real  estate.  It  supersedes  the  old  system,  which 
requires  a  re-examination  of  title,  with  its  consequent  delays  and  costs,  at  every 
transfer  of  real  property.    Andrew  L.  Soulard  is  President. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


689 


44 


HANDBOOK 


XEW  YORK 


The  Lloyds  Plate- 
Glass  Insurance  Com- 
pany, at  63\Villiam  Street, 
organized  in  1875,  insures 
plate-glass  against  loss  by 
breakage  through  accident. 
Its  capital  is  #250,000. 
James  G.  Beemer  was  its 
President  until  1893,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Wil- 
liam T.  Woods,  its  former 
Secretary. 

The  New-York 
Plate-Glass  Insurance 
Company  began  business 
in  1 89 1.  The  capital  is 
%  1 00, 000.  Its  offices  are 
at  24  Pine  Street. 


LLOYDS    PLATE-GLASS  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 
WILLIAM  AND  CEDAR  STREETS. 

The  Lawyers'  Surety  Company 

began  April  I,  1892,  to  issue  bonds  or 
policies  of  indemnity.  Its  capital  is  $500,  - 
000.  Its  President  is  Joel  B.  Erhardt, 
and  its  Vice-President,  James  E.  Granniss. 

The  United-States  Guarantee 
Company  was  organized  in  1890.  Its 
capital  is  $250,000.  It  issues  bonds  of 
indemnity  against  losses  by  unfaithful 
officers  and  employees.  It  is  closely  allied 
to  the  Guarantee  Company  of  North 
America,  a  Canadian  institution  doing  the 
same  line  of  insurance. 

Its  offices  are  in  Trinity  Building.  Its 
President  is  Edward  Rawdings. 

From  the  accounts  of  these  great  rep- 
resentative companies,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  mutual  protection  of  insurance  has 
been  extended  over  many  departments. 


GUERNSEY  BUILDING,   160  BROADWAY. 


United-States  Treasury   and   Assay    Offices,  Clearing-House, 
National   and   State  Banks,  Bankers,  Brokers,  Etc. 


THE  financial  centre  of  the  United  States  is  at  the  lower  end  of  Manhattan 
Island.  The  influence  of  New  York  in  this  respect,  indeed,  extends  over  the 
entire  Western  hemisphere.  It  yields  the  supremacy  among  the  great  money-markets 
of  the  world  to  London  alone.  The  prediction  is  often  made  that  before  many 
decades  the  preeminence  in  the  monetary  affairs  of  civilized  countries  will  be  trans- 
ferred from  the  banks  of  the  Thames  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  This  involves 
no  stretch  of  the  imagination.  The  steady  and  magnificent  growth  of  New  York's 
financial  power  and  importance  points  to  such  a  result.  Whatever  fresh  triumphs  in 
this  field  the  future  has  in  store  for  the  metropolis  of  the  Western  World,  it  already 
presents  one  of  the  greatest  combinations  of  accumulated  wealth,  banking  capital, 
organized  credit,  corporate  power,  and  speculative  activity  which  civilization  can 
offer. 

Historical  facts  afford  the  best  explanation  both  of  the  rise  of  financial  New  York 
to  its  present  proud  position,  and  of  the  organization  which  furnishes  facilities  for 
the  exercise  of  its  supremacy.  Another  chapter  of  this  work  furnishes  an  exposition 
of  the  workings  of  the  system  by  which  New  York  fills  the  economic  function  of  a 
general  clearing-house  for  the  whole  United  States,  and  is  the  central  mart  in  which 
the  wholesale  business  of  the  entire  country  is  ultimately  settled.  The  attainment 
of  this  pre-eminence,  however,  was  a  matter  of  slow  progress.  Physical  and  geo- 
graphical factors  gave  New  York  an  advantage  over  her  sister  cities  in  the  race. 
Nevertheless  the  acquisition  of  a  preponderating  share  of  the  country's  foreign  com- 
merce, and  the  ensuing  process  by  which  she  became  and  continues  the  great  money- 
market,  were  largely  the  results  of  that  mingled  enterprise  and  conservatism  which 
has  distinguished  New-York's  merchants,  bankers  and  capitalists. 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  New  York,  like  the  other  seaboard  cities, 
was  mainly  a  local  centre.  The  close  of  the  struggle  for  independence  and  the  revival 
of  commerce  and  industry  rendered  financial  organization  a  necessity  to  the  country. 
Philadelphia,  then  the  most  prosperous  of  American  towns,  possessed  the  first  bank 
(178 1)  organized  in  the  country,  and  there  the  original  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
chartered  by  Congress  in  1790,  had  its  principal  office.  The  institution  of  an  incor- 
porated bank  in  New  York  dates  from  1784,  and  the  first  beginnings  of  the 
present  New- York  Stock  Exchange  were  in  1792.  In  1800,  when  the  country  had 
for  ten  years  enjoyed  a  settled  government  under  the  Federal  Constitution,  New  York 
possessed  two  State  banks,  besides  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $3,000,000.  Even  at  that  early  day,  the  path  of  for- 
eign commerce  which  she  was  to  travel  with  such  success  was  clearly  marked  out. 


692 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  revenue  of  the  Government  from  customs  collected  at  New  York  in  1800  was 
$2,373,000,  against  $1,300,000  at  Philadelphia,  and  an  equal  amount  at  Boston.  A 
traveller  of  that  day  declared  that  Philadelphia  was  the  London  of  America,  but  that 
New  York  was  its  Liverpool.  The  Embargo  and  the  War  of  181 2,  with  the  interrup- 
tion of  commerce,  and  the  disorganization  of  the  currency  which  followed,  interfered 
somewhat  with  the  financial  development  of  New  York.  Its  banks  and  wealthy 
citizens  gave  effective  support  to  the  Government  during  the  struggle.  John  Jacob 
Astor,  whose  fortune  gained  in  the  fur-trade  made  him  the  leading  capitalist  of  the 
city,  became  a  large  subscriber  to  the  Government  loan  of  that  period.  The  peace 
of  1815  found  New  York  with  augmented  banking  facilities,  and  with  increased  ener- 
gies on  the  part  of  her  merchants  and  business  men.  In  18 16  the  banking  capital 
employed  was  about  $10,000,000,  and  the  collections  of  Government  revenue  at 
New  York  in  that  year  were  nearly  $15,000,000.  Speculation,  too,  was  stimulated 
by  the  war,  and  the  regular  organization  of  the  New- York  Stock  Exchange  dates 
from  181 7. 

The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  in  1825  marks  the  close  of  the  preliminary 
period  in  New  York's  financial  history.    From  that  moment  her  leadership  was  no 


WALL  STREET,  NORTH  SIDE,  NEAR  WILLIAM  STREET,  IN  1860. 


longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  The  introduction  of  steamboat  navigation  had  some  years 
before  given  her  a  decisive  advantage  over  every  rival,  through  the  possession  of 
waterways  affording  easy  communication  with  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
country.    As  soon  as  an  avenue  was  opened  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Lakes,  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


693 


products  of  the  rapidly  growing  West  began  to  pour  into  the  lap  of  New  York,  for 
distribution  to  other  seaboard  points  or  for  shipment  to  Europe,  while  an  increased 
percentage  of  the  country's  imports  passed  through  and  paid  toll  at  the  same  gateway, 
This  predominance  in  foreign  commerce  naturally  brought  with  it  a  virtual  monopoly 


WALL  STREET,  FROM  THE  ASSAY  OFFICE  TO  TRINITY  CHURCH. 


of  the  foreign  exchanges  of  the  country,  that  is  to  say,  the  collection  of  the  amounts 
which  foreign  countries  pay  for  our  products  and  the  settlements  for  foreign  products 
imported  into  the  United  States. 

New  York's  financial  expansion  on  the  line  of  foreign  commerce  was  not  without 
set-backs.  The  most  noteworthy  of  these  was  the  panic  of  1837,  when  the  culmina- 
tion of  a  period  of  general  speculation,  reckless  financiering  and  inflation  in  bank- 
note circulation  resulted  in  a  crash  which  shook  the  whole  country.  The  banks  of 
New- York  City  generally  suspended  specie  payments  in  May,  1S37,  and  did  not 
resume  them  for  about  a  year.  Trying  as  this  experience  was,  it  resulted  in  one 
great  advantage  to  New  York.  In  1838  the  State  of  New  York  enacted  the  cele- 
brated law  known  as  the  "Free  Banking  Act."  This  statute  established  the  princi- 
ple that  banking  was  a  business  in  which  all  citizens  might  under  proper  regulations 
freely  engage,  and  did  away  with  the  restrictions  and  abuses  connected  with  the 
grant  of  special  legislative  charters.  It  also  declared  that  bank-notes  must  be  based 
upon  Government  or  State  bonds  or  other  tangible  security ;  placed  the  banks  under 
more  direct  supervision  by  the  authorities  ;  and  generally  surrounded  the  banking 
business  with  needed  safeguards.  Its  principles  were  adopted  by  several  other 
States,  and  furnished  the  model  on  which  the  National  Banking  Act  was  subse- 
quently drawn.  Under  this  salutary  law,  and  during  the  period  of  recuperation 
which  followed  the  panic,  some  of  the  strongest  of  the  present  financial  institutions 
of  New  York  were  organized.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  the  refusal  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  renew  the  charter  of  the  second  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  the  subse- 
quent failure  of  that  institution  had  a  noteworthy  influence  in  favor  of  New  York. 
The  chief  offices  of  both  the  earlier  Bank  of  the  United  States  (1791-1811)  and  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


second  institution  (1816-1836)  were  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  downfall  of  the  latter  insti- 
tution ended  all  claim  on  the  part  of  the  Quaker  City  to  financial  rivalry  with  New  York. 

Between  the  panic  of  1837  and  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  the  moneyed  power 
of  New  York  kept  pace  with  the  material  expansion  of  the  country.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  ocean  steamship  and  the  steam  railroad  gave  a  powerful  impetus  to 
the  commerce  of  the  city  ;  and  the  California  excitement  and  gold  discoveries  opened 
up  a  trade  which  brought  the  product  of  the  new  mines  to  the  vaults  of  the  New- 
York  banks.  Three  important  financial  institutions  originated  in  this  period ;  the 
United-States  Sub-Treasury,  in  1846  ;  and  the  New- York  Clearing-House  Association 
and  the  United-States  Assay  Office,  in  1853;  all  of  them 
being  important  factors  in  the  existing  financial  machinery. 

Railroad  building  in  the  United 
States  began  about 
1830.    The  develop- 
ment of  such  corpo- 
rate enterprises  on 
a  large  scale  came 
a  little  later,  and 
J  assumed  imposing 

proportions  after 
1850.  Not  only  did 
the  extension  of 
the  railroad  system 
bring  New  York 
into  closer  com- 
mercial connection 
with  all  portions  of 
the  United  States, 
but  requiring,  as 
such  enterprises 
did,  enormous 
amounts  of  capital, 
it  became  apparent 
that  Wall  Street 

WALL  STREET,  SOUTH  SIDE,  FROM  THE  CUSTOM  HOUSE  TO  BROAD  STREET.  waS  the  Sole  ITlOney- 

market  of  the  land  which  possessed  the  means  or  the  facilities  with  which  the  great 
mass  of  securities  created  in  such  operations  could  be  floated,  i.  e.,  placed  before  the 
American  and  foreign  investing  public.  A  necessary  consequence  of  this  was  the 
augmentation  of  speculation  in  the  bonds  and  stocks  of  the  railroad  and  other  great 
corporations  thus  created,  and  the  Stock  Exchange  of  New  York  then  assumed  that 
importance  as  an  economic  factor  which  has  never  departed  from  it.  In  the  closing 
years  of  the  decade,  1850-60,  the  banks  of  New  York  were  over  50  in  number,  and 
represented  a  capital  of  upwards  of  $65,000,000,  their  deposits  being  about  $80,000,- 
000,  and  their  circulation  between  $7,000,000  and  $8,000,000.  Over-expansion 
and  over-trading,  the  usual  accompaniments  of  a  period  of  intense  national  develop- 
ment, led,  however,  by  natural  steps  to  another  panic,  that  of  1857.  "Runs"  on 
banks,  a  suspension  of  specie  payments  lasting  from  October  15th  to  December  14th 
of  that  year,  a  depreciation  of  speculative  values,  and  a  crop  of  failures  followed  by 
a  stagnation  of  business  were  the  results.  The  recovery  of  confidence  was,  how- 
ever, in  this  case  more  rapid  than  usuaL 


KINCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


695 


The  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  seemed  to  fall  with  destructive  effect  upon  financial 
New  York.  It  shook  to  its  foundations  under  the  blow,  then  rallied,  devoting  its 
whole  strength  and  energy  to  supporting  the  credit  of  the  Nation  in  that  life-and- 
death  struggle.  Specie  payments  were  suspended  in  December,  i860,  and  the  Asso- 
ciated Banks  at  once  formed  a  loan  committee  to  facilitate  action  011  behalf  of  the 
Government.  Large  amounts  were  advanced  by  the  banks  to  the  Treasury,  on  the 
security  of  Treasury  notes  and  bonds,  and  more  than  once  the  banks  responded  to 
the  appeal  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  aid  at  critical  times  during  the  con- 
test. New  York  furnished  the  great  market  for  the  Government  loans,  and  such 
operations  coupled  with  the  inflation  of  the  currency  and  the  business  activity  which 
the  war  engendered  made  Wall  Street  the  scene  of  the  most  excited  speculation  that 
the  modern  world  has  probably  ever  witnessed.  As  the  seat  of  the  country's  prin- 
cipal custom-house,  where  duties  on  imports  were  payable  to  the  Government  in 
specie,  and  the  chief  mart  for  foreign  exchange,  New  Y^ork  became  at  once  the 
market  in  which  the  gold  value  of  the  National  currency  was  measured  and  adjusted. 
The  eyes  of  the  whole  country  during  these  anxious  years  were  fixed  upon  the  "Gold 
Room,"  near  Wall  Street,  in  which  the  transactions  in  specie  were  conducted,  the 
price  of  gold  rising  and  falling  on  every  turn  of  the  war  or  change  in  the  financial 
prospects  of  the  country. 

The  National  Banking  Act  of  July,  1865,  had  an  important  influence  in  strength- 
ening the  position  of  New  York  as  the  financial  centre  of  the  country.  It  might  be 
said  that  it  really  recognized  and  gave  the  force  of  law  to  existing  facts.  By  the 
provisions  of  this  famous  Act,  New  York  was  made  the  depository  for  the  banking 
reserves  of  the  whole  country.  The  National  banks  of  New- York  City  must  main- 
tain a  reserve  in  cash  of  25  per  cent,  against  their  deposits  ;  but  the  banks  of  the 
other  chief  cities  may  deposit  one-half  of  their  similar  cash  reserves  with  National 
banks  in  New  York.  This  provision  results  in  the  accumulation  in  New  York  of  a 
large  proportion  of  the  surplus  funds  of  the  whole  country,  for  the  purpose  of  earning 
interest,  while  it  also  creates  at  New  York  a  large  financial  reservoir  from  which  when 
trade  is  active  money  can  flow  to  all  parts  of  the  land.  Some  years  ago  Boston, 
Chicago  and  other  cities  were  also  made  depositories,  but  without  changing  the  ten- 
dency of  banks  to  deposit  in  New  York.  As  illustrating  this,  it  is  estimated  that  of 
the  $535,000,000  deposits  held  by  the  Associated  Banks  in  June,  1892,  no  less  than 
$240,000,000  was  money  of  country  banks  deposited  in  New- York  institutions.  A 
majority  of  the  banks  of  this  city  accepted  charters  under  the  National  Banking 
Act,  though  there  are  some  noteworthy  exceptions;  and  the  system  has  always  found 
decided  approval  and  support  from  New  York's  financial  interests. 

The  close  of  the  civil  war  found  the  United  States  with  a  superabundance  of 
energy,  which  it  was  equally  ready  to  turn  in  the  direction  of  National  development 
or  exaggerated  speculation.  New  York  stood  as  the  great  financial  mart,  prepared 
both  to  furnish  the  organized  capital  which  would  build  the  railroads  and  establish 
the  industries,  and  to  afford  the  facilities  for  the  speculative  activity  into  which  the 
country  was  anxious  to  throw  itself.  The  latter  was  indeed  an  incident  to  the  first 
tendency.  Yet  it  obscured  the  substantial  progress  of  the  republic,  and  created  a  false 
impression  of  the  economic  functions  which  New  York  exercised  as  the  point  at  which 
the  whole  financial  system  focused.  Great  railroads  like  the  lines  to  the  Pacific  were 
constructed  ;  other  systems,  like  the  Pennsylvania  and  the  New- York  Central,  were 
created  by  consolidation  of  smaller  lines  ;  industries  of  all  kinds  were  established  ; 
and  commerce  reached  unheard-of  proportions.  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  effected  the 
great  operations  which  made  his  name  famous,  and  Jay  Gould  appeared  as  the 


696 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


boldest  manipulator  of  stocks  and  corporations  Wall  Street  had  ever  seen.  The 
maintenance  of  the  National  credit  during  the  war,  and  the  energy  and  success  with 
which  the  Government  and  people  entered  upon  the  unprecedented  task  of  paying  off 
a  National  debt  rising  into  the  billions,  had  an  exceedingly  stimulating  effect  upon  the 
investment  of  foreign  capital  in  American  securities  and  enterprises.  The  historic 
banking  dynasties  of  Europe,  like  the  Rothschilds  and  Barings,  had  long  been  rep- 
resented in  New  York.  In  fact,  transactions  in  foreign  exchange  were,  as  they  still 
are,  mainly  conducted  through  private  banking-houses  of  large  means,  more  or  less 
directly  connected  or  in  correspondence  with  private  or  incorporated  banks  in  the 
great  cities  of  Europe.  The  augmented  flow  of  the  Old  World's  capital  to  this 
country  increased  the  number  and  importance  of  such  concerns,  which,  by  their  deal- 
ings in  exchange  (estimated  at  from  fifteen  to  twenty  billion  dollars  yearly),  the 
great  holdings  of  our  securities  they  represent,  and  the  enormous  amounts  of  foreign 
money  which  through  them  are  employed  in  buying  investments,  or  loaned  directly 
in  the  New- York  money-market,  are  most  important  factors  in  the  financial  organ- 
ization of  the  metropolis  and  of  the  country.  These  houses  also  issue  letters  of 
credit  for  travellers  and  commercial  representatives,  available  through  their  corre- 
spondents in  every  city  of  Europe  or  indeed  of  the  civilized  world.  The  completion 
of  the  Atlantic  Cable  brought  a  closer  union  of  interests  between  the  New-York  and 
foreign  markets.  To-day  business  messages  are  often  transmitted  from  Wall  Street 
to  London  and  an  answer  returned  in  less  than  ten  minutes,  and  enormous  transac- 
tions are  closed  by  this  medium. 

The  mingled  attractions  of  social  and  business  life  have  of  recent  years  tended 
to  an  increasing  extent  to  draw  to  New  York  from  all  parts  of  the  country  success- 
ful men  with  accumulated  means.  Their  wealth  is  added  to  the  aggregate  which 
gives  New  York  its  financial  power,  and  their  ability  finds  scope  in  the  vast  enter- 
prises, financial,  railroad  and  industrial,  which  are  centred  here.  The  great  cor- 
porations of  the  land,  too,  find  it  necessary  to  manage  their  affairs  from  financial 
headquarters  here,  and  with  few  exceptions  the  executive  offices  or  fiscal  agencies  of 
the  leading  railroads  are  in  New  York,  where  their  dividends  and  the  interest  on 
their  bonds  are  paid,  where  their  financial  arrangements  for  raising  capital  must  be 
concluded,  and  where  the  investments  and  speculation  in  their  securities  are  con- 
ducted. The  latest  additions  to  the  great  corporations  of  the  United  States  —  the 
industrial  combinations  —  have  followed  the  example.  The  Standard  Oil  Trust 
Organization,  probably  the  strongest  and  most  extended  association  of  capital  in  the 
world,  is  entrenched  in  a  lofty  granite  block  on  lower  Broadway,  and  most  of  the 
great  industrial  trusts  or  corporations,  such  as  the  American  Sugar-Refining  Com- 
pany, the  American  Cotton  Seed-Oil  Company  and  the  National  Lead  Company, 
have  their  executive  headquarters  in  New  York's  financial  district. 

If  any  decided  change  has  taken  place  since  the  close  of  the  war  in  the  tenden- 
cies of  financial  New  York,  it  has  been  the  steady  growth  of  conservatism  which 
has  accompanied  the  increase  of  its  wealth  and  influence.  Some  severe  lessons 
were  needed  to  bring  this  about.  The  rampant  speculation  of  1866  and  the  suc- 
ceeding years  ran  its  course,  culminating  in  a  mad  attempt  to  corner  the  supply  of 
gold.  September  24,  1869,  "  Black -Friday,"  as  it  was  called,  was  one  of  the  most 
trying  days  in  the  history  of  Wall  Street.  Indeed,  it  necessitated  the  closing  of  the 
Stock  Exchange  for  a  short  time,  so  that  losses  could  be  ascertained,  and  the  solvent 
be  separated  from  the  ruined.  A  commercial  and  financial  panic  in  1873  was  the 
result  of  general  over-expansion.  On  this  occasion,  however,  the  Associated  Banks 
of  New  York  faced  the  stringency  of  money  and  the  threatened  disorganization  of 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


business  throughout  the  country,  and,  uniting  their  credit  and  resources,  issued 
Clearing-House  certificates  by  which  those  of  their  own  number  temporarily  endan- 
gered were  carried  through.  The  same  method  was  successfully  adopted  in  1884, 
and  again  in  the  panic  of  1890,  when  the  failure  of  the  great  house  of  Baring 
Brothers  &  Co.,  in  London,  regarded  then  as  second  only  to  the  Bank  of  England, 
brought  dismay  to  the  entire  financial  world. 

The  Financial  Organization  of  New  York  is  a  complex  one.  It  is  composed 
of  many  separate  elements,  working  to  some  extent  in  particular  channels,  yet  all 
cooperating  and  mutually  dependent  upon  each  other  for  the  smooth  operation  of 
the  great  machine.  The  Sub-Treasury  of  the  United  States  is  intimately  connected 
with  the  great  banks  by  which  the  flow  of  wealth  through  every  commercial 
vein  and  artery  of  a  great  nation  is  regulated.  The  foreign  banking-houses  serve  as 
the  connecting  links  between  the  financial  systems  of  the  Old  World  and  the  New 
World.  While  the  great  trust-companies  of  New  York  are  both  banking  institu- 
tions of  enormous  power,  and  are  also  the  fiduciary  connections  between  corporate 
organizations  and  the  investing  and  money-saving  public,  the  stock  exchanges  are 
the  marts,  in  which  the  investing  power  of  the  country  is  brought  into  juxtaposition 
with  its  great  enterprises,  besides  furnishing  the  facilities  by  which  speculation  in 
securities  (which,  if  it  is  an  evil,  is  also  a  necessity)  is  conducted.  Private  bankers 
and  brokers  innumerable  deal  in  water,  gas  and  electric  lighting,  telephone,  telegraph, 
street-railway  and  other  classes  of  securities,  and  in  commercial  paper.  All  these 
and  other  agencies  which  it  is  impossible  to  enumerate  constitute  that  complicated 
machine  —  the  New-York  money-market  —  which  fixes  the  value  and  supply  of 
capital  of  the  entire  country. 

The  Sub-Treasury  of  the  United  States  at  New  York  is  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  buildings  in  Wall  Street.  It  stands  at  the  corner  of  Nassau  Street, 
facing  Broad  Street,  and  extends  through  to  Pine  Street.  Its  Greek  facade,  graced 
by  eight  lofty  Doric  columns,  surmounts  a  massive  flight  of  steps  extending  the  width 
of  the  building,  the  effect  being  dignified  if  not  graceful.  Midway  the  steps  are 
broken  by  the  pedestal  on  which  stands  Ward's  heroic-sized  bronze  statue  of  Wash- 
ington. This  work  of  art  was  unveiled  November  26,  1883,  the  day  following 
Evacuation  Day.  Imbedded  in  the  pedestal,  immediately  in  front  of  the  statue,  is 
a  slab  of  red  sandstone  bearing  an  inscription,  stating  that  standing  upon  that 
identical  stone,  then  forming  part  of  the  balcony  of  Federal  Hall,  and  in  the  same 
place  it  now  occupies,  George  Washington  took  the  oath  of  office  as  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  April  30,  1789.  An  inscription  on  the  side  of  the  pedes- 
tal commemorates  the  fact  that  the  statue  was  erected  by  voluntary  subscriptions, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  In  1889  the  chief  centennial 
celebration  exercises  took  place  on  these  steps. 

The  site  of  the  Sub-Treasury  was  originally  occupied  by  the  City  Hall  of  New 
York.  The  building  was  altered  and  repaired  in  1789  for  the  use  of  the  first  Con- 
gress under  the  Constitution,  and  became  the  scene  of  the  first  inauguration.  Hence 
it  was  known  as  the  Federal  Hall,  though  the  seat  of  Congress  was  soon  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  and  finally  to  Washington.  The  building  was  acquired  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, to  be  used  as  the  Custom  House,  and  was  demolished  in  1834,  when  the 
construction  of  the  present  edifice  was  begun.  It  was  completed  in  1841,  and 
remained  the  Custom  House  until  1862,  when  that  establishment  was  removed  to  its 
present  quarters  in  the  old  Merchants'  Exchange  building,  and  the  Sub-Treasury 
took  possession.  The  Act  of  Congress  establishing  the  Sub-Treasury  system  was 
passed  August  6,  1846,  and  Ex-Gov.  William  C.  Bouck  was  in  that  year  appointed 


698 


KING 'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YO A' A '. 


the  first  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  at  New  York.  The  establishment 
was  at  first  located  in  the  adjacent  building,  now  occupied  by  the  Assay  Office. 

The  interior  of  the  edifice  is  mainly  occupied  by  a  large  rotunda,  with  desk's  and 
railings  like  those  of  a  bank,  for  the  transaction  of  business  with  the  public.  At 
the  sides  and  at  either  end  are  smaller  apartments  occupying  two  stories,  furnishing 
offices  for  the  Assistant  Treasurer  and  staff.  Below  are  massive  vaults,  in  which  the 
coin  and  notes  entrusted  to  the  Sub-Treasury  are  stored  under  constant  guard. 

The  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  at  New  York  occupies  one  of  the 
most  responsible  positions  in  the  financial  service  of  the  country.    Besides  being  the 


UNITED-STATES  SUB-TREASUR 


\LL  AND   NASSAU  STREET8. 

custodian  of  immense  sums  of  Government  money,  and  having  the  care  of  the  largest 
receipts  and  disbursements  it  makes  through  any  one  agency,  he  is  the  representa- 
tive of  the  Treasury  Department  at  the  financial  centre,  and  is  the  direct  channel 
through  which  the  Secretary  at  Washington  is  kept  in  touch  with  the  money-mar- 
ket. The  office  is  a  Presidential  appointment,  and  the  incumbent  is  required  to 
furnish  a  bond  of  #40x5,000  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties.  The  post 
has  been  filled  by  several  men  famous  in  political  and  financial  history,  among  them 
John  A.  Dix,  John  J.  Cisco,  John  A.  Stewart  (now  President  of  the  United-States 
Trust  Company),  Gen.  Thomas  Hillhouse  (now  President  of  the  Metropolitan  Trust 
Company),  Charles  J.  Folger,  Thomas  C.  Acton  (now  President  of  the  Bank  of  New 
Amsterdam),  Charles  J.  Canda,  Alexander  McCue,  and  Ellis  H.  Roberts  (now  Presi- 
dent of  the  Franklin  National  Bank).  The  present  incumbent  is  Conrad  N.  Jordan, 
formerly  Treasurer  of  the  United  States.    The  Cashier  is  Maurice  L.  Muhleman. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


699 


It  is  estimated  that  the  New- York  Sub-Treasury  conducts  fully  two-thirds  of  the 
direct  money  dealings  of  the  Government  with  the  public.  In  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1 89 1,  the  total  fiscal  movement  of  the  office  was  $2,800,000,000,  and  the  actual  cash 
handled  in  the  same  period  was  $1,900,000,000.  It  receives  the  money  paid  into 
the  New- York  Custom  House,  as  well  as  from  postmasters  and  other  Government  offi- 
cers. The  interest  on  the  Government  debt  is  paid  in  checks  drawn  upon  it,  together 
with  about  three-fifths  of  all  the  money  disbursed  to  pensioners  and  for  miscellaneous 
Government  payments  of  all  kinds.  The  employees  of  all  the  local  Government  offices 
are  paid  through  it,  and  accounts  with  a  majority  of  all  the  disbursing  officers  of  the 
Government  are  kept  here.  It  receives  and  redeems  mutilated  paper  money  from  the 
banks  of  the  city,  and  exchanges  gold  and  silver  coin  for  notes.  It  is  the  agency 
through  which  transfers  of  money  are  made  between  the  various  sub-treasurers  and 
National-bank  depositories  in  other  cities  and  local  banks.  The  amount  of  coin  and 
currency  stored  in  its  vaults  varies,  having  at  one  time  (1888)  reached  the  total  of 
$225,000,000.  At  present,  the  amount  is  upwards  of  $135,000,000,  of  which  about 
$60,000,000  is  gold  and  $30,000,000  is  in  silver  dollars.  In  former  times  as  much 
as  $100,000,000  in  gold  bars  had  accumulated  at  one  time  in  the  vaults,  awaiting 
either  delivery  to  depositories  or  shipment  on  orders  from  Washington  to  the  mints. 

In  addition  to  its  ordinary  transactions,  the  Sub-Treasury  has  at  different  times 
proved  a  useful  and  efficient  ally  of  the  Department,  in  carrying  out  its  financial 
plans,  notably  in  the  refunding  operations  so  successfully  accomplished,  and  in  the 
resumption  of  specie  payments.  In  these,  as  well  as  in  other  important  measures,  the 
office  has  demonstrated  its  capability  to  meet  unforeseen  exigencies,  and  with  but 
slight  changes  in  its  machinery,  to  handle  great  amounts,  in  securities,  as  well  as 
money,  with  the  utmost  accuracy  and  promptness.  It  is  believed  that  never  in  the 
history  of  any  government  have  such  vast  sums  been  received  and  disbursed, 
through  a  single  agency,  with  so  little  friction,  and  so  small  a  percentage  of  loss. 

The  United-States  Assay  Office  at  New  York  is  a  branch  of  the  Mint.  It 
occupies  the  building  on  Wall  Street  adjoining  the  Sub-Treasury.  This  edifice  was 
built  in  1823,  for  the  New- York  branch  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  is 
the  oldest  building  .on  Wall  Street.  After  the  failure  of  that  institution  it  was  occu- 
pied by  two  banks,  finally  passing  into  the  possession  of  the  Government,  and  on 
the  establishment  of  the  Assay  Office  at  New  York  in  1853  was  converted  to  its  pres- 
ent use.  Dr.  John  Torrey,  the  famous  botanist  and  chemist,  was  appointed  the 
first  assayer,  and  Hon.  John  Butterworth  was  appointed  the  first  superintendent.  A 
large  building  was  erected  in  the  rear  for  refining  operations.  Complaint  that  the 
acid  fumes  from  the  parting  of  bullion  annoyed  the  occupants  of  neighboring  pri- 
vate property  resulted  in  1891  in  increasing  the  height  of  the  lofty  brick  chimney 
at  the  rear  of  the  building.  The  addition,  though  successful  in  its  object,  cannot  be 
styled  an  architectural  adornment.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  building  is  occupied  for 
the  assaying,  parting  and  refining  of  gold  and  silver.  The  precious  metals,  in  the 
form  of  crude  bullion,  bars,  old  jewelry,  coin,  etc.,  are  received  at  the  office, 
and  turned  out  in  the  form  of  bars,  bearing  the  Government  stamp  certifying  to 
their  weight  and  fineness.  The  greater  part  of  the  work  is  executed  for  private 
parties,  who  deposit  bullion  with  the  office  for  that  purpose,  a  small  charge  fixed  by 
law  being  imposed  for  the  service.  Gold  bars  or  gold  coin  are  returned  for  gold 
deposits,  and  silver  bars  only  for  silver.  The  gold  bars  manufactured  here  vary  in 
value  from  $100  to  $8,000,  and  the  silver  bars  from  five  ounces  to  1,500  ounces. 
The  office  accepts  no  amounts  of  either  gold  or  silver  of  less  than  $100  in  value. 
During  the  year  ending  June  30,  1891,  the  bullion  deposited  for  treatment  at  the 


700 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ASSAY  OFFICE,  30  WALL  STREET. 


Assay  Office  amounted 
to  $32,615,334  in  gold, 
and  $5,523,392  in  silver  ; 
the  total  deposits  since 
its  establishment  aggre- 
gating $806,013,626  in 
gold,  and  $132,038,089 
in  silver.  Andrew 
Mason,  who  has  been 
connected  with  the  Assay 
Office  since  its  establish- 
ment, has  been  its  Super- 
intendent since  1883. 
The  other  chief  officers 
arc  Herbert  G.  Torrey 
(son  of  the  late  Dr.  John 
Torrey),  Assayer  ;  and 
Benjamin  T.  Martin,  Melter  and  Refiner.  Visitors  are  admitted  between  10.30 
A.  M.  and  2.30  P.  M.,  to  witness  the  interesting  processes  of  dealing  with  the 
precious  metals,  which  are  carried  on  here. 

The  Banks,  National  and  State,  are  the  most  important  portion  of  the  mechan- 
ism by  which  New  York  controls  the  finances  of  the  country.  They  represent  an 
accumulation  of  capital,  assets  and  deposits  almost  without  parallel  in  the  civilized 
world  Their  influence  is,  however,  multiplied  by  their  wide-reaching  connections. 
Nearly  every  bank  and  banker  in  the  United  States  maintains  a  correspondence  with 
and  keeps  an  account  at  some  New- York  bank.  In  this  way  New  York  serves  as  the 
centre  at  which  every  thread  in  the  complicated  web  of  organized  credit  meets,  and 
through  their  own  organization -the  Clearing-IIouse  Association  —  they  complete 
the  connection  and  supplv  the  apparatus  by  which  the  larger  proportion  of  the 
wholesale  business  of  the  country  effects  its  settlements.  The  rise  of  the  great 
financial  institutions  of  the  city  has  already  been  outlined.  It  remains,  however, 
to  indicate  the  present  status  of  the  metropolitan  banks,  and  in  particular  instances 
to  supply  the  interesting  details  in  regard  to  the  history  and  progress  of  some  of  the 
more  prominent  among  them.  There  are  in  New  York  at  present  49  National 
banks,  with  a  combined  capital  (as  per  the  last  statement  to  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Currency)  of  $49,810,000.  Their  aggregated  surplus  and  undivided  profits  are 
$59,948,759;  their  total  resources,  $572,758,212;  their  deposits,  $456,522,627, 
and  their  circulation  $6,io3,443-  The  State  banks  in  the  city  number  46.  Then- 
aggregate  capital  (as  per  the  latest  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Banking 
Department)  is  $17,672,700,  their  surplus  and  undivided  profits  $15,883,242,  their 
total  resources  $  1 54, 6  33>  244,  and  their  deposits  $  1 20, 787, 1 85. 

The  New-York  Clearing  House  Association,  or,  as  it  is  called,  "The  Asso- 
ciated Banks,"  is  the  most  important  piece  of  financial  mechanism  in  the  country, 
if  not  in  the  world.  It  is  a  voluntary  organization  of  64  banks  of  New  York  and  the 
Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  for  effecting  in  one  place  the  daily  exchanges 
between  the  Associated  Banks,  and  the  payment  of  the  balances  resulting  therefrom. 
It  occupies  the  brownstone  building  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Nassau  and  Pine 
Streets,  in  the  heart  of  the  banking  quarter.  The  upper  floors  contain  the  large 
apartment  in  which  the  daily  clearings  are  carried  out,  with  accommodations  for  the 
clerks  employed  by  the  Association  itself.    The  Clearing  House  is  not  an  incorpor- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


701 


ated  body,  and  its  property  is  held  by  trustees  representing  the  collective  ownership 
by  the  members  of  the  Association.  Prior  to  the  formation  of  this  Association,  each 
bank  would  accumulate  notes,  drafts  and  checks  drawn  upon  some  or  all  of  the 
other  city  banks.  The  bank  "runner"  (an  important  and  busy  functionary  in  early 
days)  would  take  these  drafts,  visit  each  of  the  other  banks  on  which  they  were 
drawn,  and  collect  the  respective  amounts  in  cash.  This  system  was  evidently 
suited  only  for  a  primitive  stage  of  business.  It  involved  endless  friction  and 
unnecessary  waste  of  time,  and  obliged  banks  to  keep  on  hand  more  money  than 
was  actually  available.  Under  it,  each  bank,  after  paying  the  drafts  and  checks 
drawn  on  it  held  and  presented  by  other  banks,  and  collecting  the  drafts  on  other 
banks  which  it  had  received,  had  either  received  a  net  balance  of  cash  due  to  it  or  paid 
out  a  net  balance.  It  was  not  strange  that  as  the  banking  business  of  New  York 
began  to  assume  colossal  proportions,  and  the  amount  of  the  exchanges  between  the 
banks  grew  to  millions  daily,  some  means  should  be  sought  to  simplify  these  trans- 
actions by  a  process  of  off-setting  debits  and  credits,  and  merely  paying  balances. 
At  first,  a  custom  arose  for  the  bank  "runners"  to  effect  partial  settlements  by 
exchanging  their  mutual  collections,  and  a  system  of  weekly  settlements  between 
banks  on  Fridays  was  also 
essayed.  This,  however,  was 
productive  only  of  confusion 
and  danger.  A  clearing 
house  had  been  formed  by 
London  bankers  as  early  as 
1775,  on  something  like  ex- 
isting lines  ;  and  in  1841 
Albert  Gallatin,  then  the 
Nestor  of  American  finan- 
ciers, recommended  the  regu- 
lar settlement  of  exchanges 
between  banks.  A  decade, 
however,  elapsed  beTore  the 
many  suggestions  on  the  sub- 
ject took  effect,  and  on 
October  II,  1853,  after  much 
consultation  between  bank 
officials,  the  New- York 
Clearing  House  Association 
came  into  existence  as  an 
experimental  organization. 
Its  success  was  almost  in- 
stantaneous, ;  nd  on  June  6, 
1854,  the  written  constitu- 
tion, which  in  substance  still 
governs  the  organization,  was 
adopted.  The  first  place 
occupied  by  the  Clearing 
House  was  the  basement  of  14  Wall  Street.  Subsequently  82  Broadway  was  used  ; 
and  in  1858  it  moved  to  the  upper  floors  of  the  building  of  the  Bank  of  New 
York,  at  William  and  Wall  Streets.  The  present  building  was  purchased  by  the 
Association  and  first  occupied  in  1875.    Thomas  Tileston,  then  President  of  the 


CLEARING  HOUSE,  NASSAU  AND  PINE  STREETS. 


7°2  • 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Phenix  Bank,  was  the  first  Chairman  of  the  Clearing  House,  and  George  I).  Lyman 
its  first  manager. 

The  workings  of  the  Clearing  House  are  eminently  simple.  Each  bank  repre- 
sented in  the  Association  despatches  to  the  Clearing  House,  every  morning,  two 
clerks,  who  convey  with  them  all  the  checks  and  drafts  drawn  on  other  members 
that  have  been  deposited  in  the  bank.  Each  member  has  a  number,  those  of 
original  members  according  to  seniority  of  organization,  the  others  according  to 
their  admission  to  the  Clearing  House.  At  io  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  clearing 
clerks  of  the  various  banks  take  their  allotted  places  behind  a  great  circular  desk 
in  the  large  hall  of  the  Clearing  House.  Their  assistants  stand  outside  the  desk 
carrying  trays  containing  the  drafts  on  the  other  banks,  bundled  and  arranged  in 
order.  At  a  signal  from  the  rostrum,  the  assistant  clerks  commence  to  make  the 
circuit  of  the  room,  stopping  at  each  settling  clerk  in  rotation,  and  handing  in  the 
exchanges  on  each  bank,  until  they  have  completed  the  circle  and  returned  to  the 
clearing  clerk  of  their  own  bank.  The  settling  clerks  on  entering  the  Clearing 
House  knew  the  amount  of  their  credit  items,  and  the  operation  just  described  has 
informed  them  of  the  debits,  that  is,  the  exchanges  of  other  banks  on  their  own.  In 
spite  of  the  large  number  of  clerks  engaged  in  the  clearing,  perfect  order  is  main- 
tained, and  the  clerks  themselves  are  generally  experts.  A  very  few  minutes  suf- 
fices for  balances  to  be  struck,  which  determine  which  banks  are  on  the  whole  of 
their  exchanges  debtors  and  which  are  creditors.  This  is  announced  by  the  Clear- 
ing House  official  who  presides,  and  nothing  remains  to  be  done  but  for  the  debtor 
banks  to  send  to  the  Clearing  House  by  1.30  P.  M.  the  amount  in  cash  of  the 
balances  against  them,  and  for  the  creditor  banks  at  the  same  hour  to  draw  the 
amounts  due  them.  A  vast  amount  of  business  is  thus  transacted  without  friction, 
delay  or  unnecessary  waste  of  any  kind.  As  a  typical  example,  on  the  morning  of 
January  17,  1893,  the  total  exchanges  at  the  Clearing  House  were  $216,885,053,  and 
the  balances  $8,521,844.  That  is,  the  latter  amount  settled  the  whole  mass  of 
transactions  represented  by  the  former  figures.  In  the  year  1892  the  total  clearings 
were  $36,662,469,201.55  ;  and  the  aggregate  of  its  transactions  from  its  formation 
to  December  31,  1892,  reaches  the  formidable  figures  of  $1,041,209,050,209. 

The  affairs  of  the  Association  are  controlled  by  meetings  of  the  Presidents  of  all 
the  constituent  banks,  though  immediate  powers  are  exercised  by  the  chairman  and 
Clearing  House  Committee,  who  are  elected  annually.  A  new  member  is  admitted 
only  on  application,  and  examination  of  its  affairs  by  the  Committee,  which  must 
pronounce  that  the  intended  member  is  "  sound."  It  is  also  not  uncommon  for  the 
Committee  to  make  an  examination  of  the  affairs  of  any  member  which  has  fallen 
under  suspicion.  Some  members  also  act  as  clearing  agents  for  other  banks  not  mem- 
bers of  the  Association.  In  1891  the  Association  adopted  more  stringent  regulations 
in  regard  thereto,  and  the  institutions  which  clear  through  members  must  now  also 
submit  to  an  examination  as  to  "  soundness  "  by  the  Committee. 

The  Clearing  House  is  not  merely  a  mechanical  device  for  the  settlement  of  bank- 
exchanges.  That  is  its  main  function,  but  it  also  supplies  the  formal  organization 
which  enables  the  New-York  banks  to  act  unitedly  in  time  of  emergency.  The 
Clearing  House  as  a  body  was  often  and  successfully  appealed  to  on  behalf  of  the 
Government  during  the  trying  times  of  the  war.  It  also  during  the  panics  of  1873 
and  1884,  and  again  in  1890,  stayed  the  progress  of  financial  distrust  by  the  issue 
of  "Clearing  House  Certificates"  against  the  deposit  of  approved  securities  by  the 
banks  with  the  Committee,  and  the  acceptance  by  the  members  of  the  Association  of 
these  certificates  in  settlement  of  Clearing  House  balances.    Another  important  func- 


K1NG*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


tion  is  the  issue  every  Saturday  of  the  weekly  statement  showing  the  averages  for  the 
week  of  the  several  items  of  loans,  specie,  legal  tenders,  deposits  and  circulation  of 
all  the  members.  The  "Bank  statement,"  as  it  is  known,  determines  the  extent  to 
which  the  Associated  Banks  are  above  or  under  the  25  per  cent,  reserve  to  secure 
deposits  which  is  required  of  National  banks  by  law.  No  other  financial  document, 
not  even  the  statement  of  the  Bank  of  England,  has  an  equal  influence  in  deter- 
mining the  course  of  the  money-market.  During  the  panic  of  1893  the  Association 
supported  the  interior  banks  by  issuing  Clearing-House  loan  certificates.  The  Presi- 
dent is  George  G.  Williams,  President  of  the  Chemical  National  Bank  ;  and  the 
Clearing  House  Committee  is  composed  of  Edward  H.  Perkins,  Jr.,  President  Im- 
porters' and  Traders'  National  Bank,  Chairman  ;  J.  Edward  Simmons,  President 
Fourth  National  Bank  ;  Henry  W.  Cannon,  President  Chase  National  Bank  ;  Freder- 
ick D.  Tappen,  President  Gallatin  National  Bank  ;  and  William  A.  Nash,  President 
Corn  Exchange  Bank.  William  A.  Camp,  whose  service  dated  from  1857  as  Assistant 
Manager  and  from  1864  as  Manager,  resigned  in  1892,  retiring  upon  half-pay,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Wm.  Sherer,  W.  J.  Gilpin  succeeding  the  latter  as  Assistant  Manager. 

The  American  Bankers'  Association  is  an  organization  of  National  and 
State  banks,  trust-companies,  and  private  bankers.  Its  object  is  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  banking  interests,  and  to  secure  unity  of  action  in  regard  to  legislation 
and  other  matters  affecting  banks  and  bankers.  The  institution  was  formed  in 
1876,  the  late  Charles  B.  Hall  (then  President  of  the  Boston  National  Bank  of  Bos- 
ton) being  its  president,  and  the  late  James  Buell  (at  the  time  President  of  the 
Importers'  and  Traders'  National  Bank  of  New  York)  being  its  secretary.  Its  per- 
manent office  is  at  2  Wall  Street  and  90  Broadway.  It  has  a  membership  compris- 
ing nearly  every  important  banking  institution  in  the  country.  The  annual  meetings 
of  the  Association,  which  it  holds  at  different  cities  by  rotation,  furnish  occasion  for 
the  discussion  of  subjects  of  importance  to  banking  interests.  The  officers  are, 
President,  William  H.  Rhawn,  President  National  Bank  of  the  Republic,  of  Phila- 
delphia ;  First  Vice-President,  M.  M.  White,  President  Fourth  National  Bank,  of 
Cincinnati  ;  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Council,  E.  H.  Pullen,  Vice-President 
National  Bank  of  the  Republic,  of  New  York  ;  Treasurer,  George  F.  Baker,  President 
First  National  Bank,  of  New  York  ;  Secretary,  Henry  W.  Ford,  90  Broadway. 

The  Bank  of  New  York.  National  Banking  Association,  is  not  only  the  oldest 
financial  institution  of  the  city,  but  one  of  the  three  oldest  in  the  United  States.  It 
was  founded  in  1784  by  leading  New- York  business  men,  who  on  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  War  found  pressing  need  for  the  facilities  of  a  well-conducted  bank. 
The  Bank  of  North  America,  at  Philadelphia,  incorporated  by  Congress  in  17S1, 
was  the  only  bank  then  existing  in  this  country,  and  the  formation  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Bank,  of  Boston,  dates  from  1784,  the  same  year  as  the  Bank  of  New  York. 
These  three  institutions  have  acted  as  each  others'  correspondents  for  more  than  a 
century.  Alexander  Hamilton  took  a  leading  part  in  the  foundation  of  the  Bank  of 
New  York.  His  hand  traced  the  constitution,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first  Board  of 
Directors,  his  associates  including  Robert  Brown,  Comfort  Sands,  Thomas  Randall, 
Nicholas  Low  and  Isaac  Roosevelt.  Gen.  Alexander  McDougall  was  the  first 
President,  and  William  Seaton  the  first  Cashier.  The  bank  began  business  in  the 
Walton  mansion  (demolished  in  1 881),  which  stood  on  Pearl  Street,  opposite  Har- 
per &  Brothers'  establishment.  In  1788  it  was  removed  to  1 1  Hanover  Square,  a 
house  occupying  part  of  the  site  of  the  former  Cotton  Exchange.  In  1796  it  pur- 
chased the  premises  at  the  corner  of  Wall  and  William  Streets,  where  the  bank  still 
remains.     A  new  building  with  the  necessary  vaults  was  at  once  erected  on  this  lot. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


This  edifice  was  demolished  in  1857,  and  the  present  brownstone  and  brick  edifice 
was  built.  This  handsome  structure  (one  of  the  first  fire-proof  buildings  in  the 
city)  was  originally  four  stories  high,  but  has  been  increased  by  successive  imposi- 
tions to  seven  stories.  The  basement  is  utilized  for  safe-deposit  vaults.  The  his- 
tory of  the  Bank  of  New  York  is  an  epitome  of  the  financial  and  commercial  pro- 
gress of  the  city,  State  and  Nation  for  more  than  a  century.  This  record  has  been 
preserved  and  set  forth  in  a  volume  entitled  "The  History  of  the  Bank  of  New 
York,"  compiled  on  its  centennial  anniversary,  in  1884.  The  bank  has  always  pre- 
served its  place  among  the  foremost  institutions  of  the  country,  in  point  of  success 
and  stability  as  well  as  age,  and  its  management  has  invariably  been  recruited  from  the 
ranks  of  the  leading  business  men  of  New  York.    Among  its  earlier  presidents  were 

Jeremiah  Wadsworth, 
Isaac  Roosevelt,  Gulian 
Verplanck,  Herman 
Le  Roy  and  Matthias 
Clarkson,  and  of  more 
recent  date  John  Oouth- 
out  and  Charles  P.  Lev- 
erich,  the  latter  being 
prominent  in  the  finan- 
cial negotiations  by 
which  the  Government, 
during  the  Civil  War, 
received  effective  support 
from  the  banks  and 
financial  interests  of  New 
York.  Many  distin- 
guished men  have  had 
business  relations  with 
the  bank,  Talleyrand 
and  Aaron  Burr  (checks 
signed  by  them  are  still 
preserved  at  the  bank) 
being  of  the  number. 
The  stock  of  some  of  the 
original  subscribers  has 
been  inherited  by,  a  n  d 
is  still  owned  by,  their 
descendants,  and  it  is  a 
remarkable  circumstance 
in  its  history  that  the 
bank  has  never  passed  a 
dividend,  except  in  1837,  when  it  was  obliged  to  do  so  by  law.  In  1864  it  became 
a  National  bank,  but  as  a  special  distinction  retained  its  original  title,  adding  thereto 
the  words  "National  Banking  Association."  The  net  deposits  exceed  $15,000,000. 
The  officers  are  :  Ebenezer  S.  Mason,  President  ;  Richard  B.  Ferris,  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  Charles  Olney,  Cashier  ;  and  E.  T.  Hulst,  Assistant-Cashier.  The  Board  of 
Directors  is  composed  of  James  M.  Constable,  Franklin  Edson,  Charles  B.  Leverich, 
George  H.  Byrd,  James  Moir,  Gustav  Amsinck,  Anson  W.  Hard,  H.  B.  Laidlaw, 
Darius  O.  Mills,  Eugene  Kelly,  John  L.  Riker,  J.  Kennedy  Tod  and  E.  S.  Mason. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Manhattan  Company,  virtually  the  second  oldest  bank  in  the  city,  is  an 
institution  with  a  history.  In  this  case  there  is  a  dash  of  romance.  The  charter  of 
the  corporation  was  granted  by  the  State  Legislature  in  1799,  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
troducing pure  water  into  the  city.  This,  however,  veiled  another  object.  The 
Bank  of  New  York  controlled  by  Hamilton  and  the  Federalists  was  then  the  only 
chartered  institution  in  the  city.  Its  managers  opposed  the  establishment  of  any 
rival,  and  were  able  to  prevent  it.  Leading  members  of  the  Republican  (we  should 
now  say  Democratic)  party  wished  to  found  a  bank,  and  called  Aaron  Burr  to  their 
assistance.  Burr  engrafted,  in  an  apparently  innocent  measure  incorporating  a  com- 
pany to  supply  the  city  with  water,  a  clause  providing  that  its  surplus  capital  might 
be  employed  in  any  transactions  not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  the  State.  The 
bill,  of  course,  passed,  and  it  was  found  too  late  that  the  power  establishing  a  bank 
had  been  conferred.  A  capital  of  $2,000,000  was  at  once  provided,  and  the  Man- 
hattan Company's  Bank  began  its  long  and  successful  career.  The  ostensible  object 
of  the  company  was,  however,  fulfilled  ;  and  excavations  in  the  older  streets  of  New 
York  still  bring  to  light  decaying  pieces  of  wooden  pipes,  which  were  laid  by  it,  and 
used  to  supply  the  city  prior  to  the  introduction  of  Croton  water.  The  latter  event 
ended  its  usefulness  in  this  respect,  though  the  company  still  maintains  a  dilapidated 
tank,  near  Centre  Street,  by  which  it  purports  to  be  prepared  to  fulfill  the  purpose 
of  its  charter.  Banking,  however,  has  been  its  chief  business,  and  it  has  always 
been  one  of  the  most  prominent  banking  concerns  of  New  York.  Its  place  of  busi- 
ness since  the  first  decade  of  the  century  has  been  at  40  Wall  Street,  the  old  building 
having  been  replaced  in  1883  by  the  Merchants'  and  Manhattan  Building. 

The  Merchants'  National  Bank  the  third  of  the  New-York  banks  in 
point  of  antiquity.  It  was  founded  in  1S03,  by  leading  merchants,  who  maintained 
that  political  influences  were  permitted  to  affect  the  conduct  of  the  two  local  banks 
which  then  existed,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Branch  Bank  of  the  United  States.  The 
original  subscription-list,  still  preserved  at  the  bank,  embraces  many  names  of 
families  prominent  in  the  commercial  and  social  life  of  early  New  York.  Among 
the  original  stockholders  were  Gilbert  Aspinwall,  Josiah  Ogden  Hoffman,  Jordan 
Molt,  Abraham  K.  Lawrence,  Judge  Daniel  I).  Tompkins,  Charles  L.  Camman, 
C.  C.  Roosevelt,  Col.  Nicholas  Fish,  and  John  Peter  DeLancv.  Oliver  YYolcott, 
who  had  succeeded  Hamilton  as  Secretary  of  the  United-States  Treasury,  was  the 
first  President  of  the  bank.  He  resigned  a  few  years  later  to  become  Governor  of 
Connecticut.  The  first  Board  of  Directors  included  Isaac  Bronson,  Henry  J. 
Wyckoff,  John  Hone,  and  John  Swartwout.  The  bank  from  its  inception  ninety 
years  ago  has  occupied  premises  on  the  same  site,  at  42  Wall  Street,  where  its 
business  is  now  conducted.  The  private  house  originally  converted  to  this  purpose- 
gave  way  to  a  granite  structure  of  Grecian  architecture,  with  two  massive  stone 
pillars.  It  was  long  one  of  the  landmarks  of  Wall  Street,  but  was  in  its  turn  demol- 
ished in  1883  to  make  room  for  tne  splendid  "Merchants'  and  Manhattan  Build- 
ing." Its  original  capital  was  $1,200,000,  which  was  increased  later  to  $3,000,000, 
and  finally  reduced  to  $2,000,000.  The  late  Alexander  T.  Stewart  had  been  for 
years,  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death,  a  member  of  the  board.  The  history  of 
the  bank  has  not  been  eventful.  It  is  a  record  of  conservative  management,  weath- 
ering with  success  all  the  financial  storms  of  nearly  a  century.  The  late  Jacob  D. 
Yermilye,  who  in  length  of  service  was  the  dean  of  New- York  bank  presidents,  was 
succeeded  in  the  presidency  in  1891  by  Robert  M.  Gallaway.  The  Cashier  of  the 
Merchants'  Bank,  Cornelius  Y.  Banta,  has  been  connected  with  the  institution  45 
years,  and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  the  longest  service  of  any  bank  cashier  on  Wall 


708  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 

Street.  The  directors  include  John  A.  Stewart,  of  the  United-States  Trust  Com- 
pany ;  Henry  Sheldon  ;  E.  A.  Brinckerhoff ;  Charles  S.  Smith,  President  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  Jacob  Wendell  ;  W.  G,  Vermilye;  Gustav  II.  Schwab,  of 
Oelrichs  &  Co.;  Donald  Mackay,  of  Vermilye  &  Co.;  and  Charles  D.  Dickey,  Jr., 
of  Brown  Brothers  &  Co. 

The  Mechanics'  National  Bank,  the  fourth  oldest  of  the  hanks  of  New- 
York  City,  was  organized  in  1810,  chiefly  through  the  influence  of  the  General 
Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen  ;  to  accommodate  the  members  of  which,  its 
capital  of  $ 2,000,000  was  divided  into  shares  of  $25  each.  For  a  number  of  years 
the  society  was  prominent  in  the  bank's  affairs,  and  has  never  severed  its  connection  ; 
being  still  the  holder  of  the  stock  originally  subscribed,  and  has  one  of  the  many 
accounts  that  have  stood  upon  its  books  for  83  years.  The  banking-house,  until 
two  years  ago,  was  one  of  the  landmarks  of  Wall  Street.  The  original  quarters  were 
in  a  remodelled  three-story  dwelling-house,  which  was  at  one  time  occupied  by  Alex- 
ander Hamilton.  The  present  magnificent  nine-story  granite  edifice,  one  of  the 
finest  on  Wall  Street,  is  the  third  building  erected  by  the  bank  upon  its  property. 

Among  its  noted  presidents  were  John  Slidell,  Jacob  Lorillard,  Shepherd  Knapp 
and  Benjamin  B.  Sherman.  In  1854,  the  original  charter  expiring,  the  bank  was 
re-organized  as  a  State  bank,  becoming  a  National  bank  in  1865.  The  original  capi- 
tal of  $ 2,000,000  remains  the  same,  but  a  stately  surplus  of  $2,000,000  has  been 
added.  Its  gross  assets  exceed  $15,000,000,  and  the  deposits  of  $1 1,000,000  are 
almost  wholly  from  individuals,  manufacturers  and  mercantile  houses.  The  officers 
are  Horace  Everett  Garth,  President,  who  became  associated  with  the  bank  in  1883  ; 
Alexander  E.  Orr,  Vice-President  ;  William  Sharp,  Jr.,  Cashier;  and  Granville  W. 
Garth,  Assistant-Cashier. 

The  Board  of  Directors,  from  the  time  of  organization,  has  been  composed  of 
men  foremost  in  financial  circles,  and  at  present  consists  of  Horace  Everett  Garth, 
Alexander  E.  Orr,  Henry  F.  Spaulding,  Henry  E.  Nesmith,  William  B.  Kendall, 
Charles  H.  Isham,  Lowell  Lincoln,  Henry  Hentz,  Eckstein  Norton,  Charles  M. 
Pratt,  Henry  Talmadge,  John  Sinclair,  William  L.  Trenholm,  and  William  Sharp,  Jr. 

The  Bank  of  America  has  occupied,  for  more  than  eighty  years,  the  site  at 
the  northwest  corner  of  Wall  and  William  Streets,  on  which  now  stands  its  lofty  and 
admirable  granite  building.  The  old  Wrinthrop  mansion  stood  on  this  corner,  and 
was  leased  when  the  bank  was  chartered  by  the  State  in  1812,  and  used  as  its 
hanking-house.  In  1 831  the  bank  purchased  this  property,  and  in  1835  erected  a 
building  which,  for  upwards  of  fifty  years,  was  a  conspicuous  object  in  Wrall  Street. 
It  was  of  Greek  architecture,  Corinthian  period,  and  furnished  quarters  only  for  the 
bank.  In  1888-89  tne  present  Bank  of  America  building  took  its  place,  covering 
the  old  site  and  twenty-five  feet  additional  frontage,  purchased  from  the  Bank  of 
North  America.  This  imposing  building  supplies  office-room  for  a  number  of  cor- 
porations and  private  bankers,  besides  the  bank's  own  exceedingly  spacious  and 
elegant  banking  apartments  on  the  main  floor.  The  Bank  of  America  ranks  as  fifth 
in  age  among  the  city  banks.  It  was  founded  at  a  time  when  the  expiration  of 
the  charter  of  the  first  Bank  of  the  United  States  opened  the  way  for  the  develop- 
ment of  State  banks.  Its  first  directors  and  stockholders  were  recruited  from  among 
those  interested  in  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  it  attracted  much  of  the  capi- 
tal and  business  of  that  institution.  The  charter  provided  for  a  capital  of  $6,000,- 
000,  and  required  the  bank  to  pay  the  State  $600,000,  and  to  loan  it  $2,000,000. 
Oliver  Wolcott,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was  the  first  president  ;  and  the  origi- 
nal Board  of  Directors  were  Oliver  Wolcott,  William  Bayard,  Arthur  Smith,  George 


KtNG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Griswold,  Thomas  Buckley,  Abraham  Barker,  Theodorus  Bailey,  John  T.  Lawrence, 
John  T.  Champlin,  John  De  Peyster,  Philip  Hone,  Preserved  Fish,  .Stephen  Whit 
ney,  Archibald  Gracie,  Patrick  G.  Hildreth,  Elisha  Leavenworth,  Josiah  Ogden 
Hoffman,  and  Henry  Post,  Jr. 

The  War  of  1812,  and  the  financial  troubles  of  that  era,  prevented  the  develop- 
ment of  the  business  of  the  bank  upon  the  lines  originally  intended,  and  the  provi- 
sions of  the  charter  of  1812  were  modified,  the  modifications  including  a  reduction 
in  the  amount  of  the  authorized  capital  and  in  the  amounts  to  be  paid  and  loaned 
the  State.  The  bank,  however,  prospered,  and  ranked,  as  it  still  does,  among  the 
most  respected  and  successful  institutions  of  the  country.  For  a  long  time  it  was  the 
local  depository  of  the  National  funds,  and  from  October  3,  1854  (upon  which  date, 
at  the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  New- York  Clearing  House  Association,  the  Bank 
of  America  was  chosen  as  depository),  until  the  old  building  was  removed  in  1888, 
its  vaults  were  used  for  the  deposit  of  gold  coin  by  the  Associated  Banks,  the  Bank 
of  America  issuing  its  certificates  for  the  coin  deposited  ;  hence  it  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  the  "Bank  of  the  Clearing-House. ,-  At  one  time  nearly  £50,000,000 
in  gold  was  in  its  custody. 

A  notable  fact  in  the  bank's  history  is  the  unbroken  record  it  enjoys  of  having 
under  all  circumstances  paid  its  circulating  notes  in  gold,  even  in  the  face  of  more 
than  one  general  suspension  of  specie  payments.  No  holder  of  a  Bank  of  America 
note  has  ever  had  his  demand  for  payment  of  the  note  in  gold  refused.  The  Bank 
of  America  is  the  most  prominent  and  influential  bank  now  doing  business  under  a 
State  charter.  Its  capital  of  £3,000,000  is  reinforced  by  a  surplus  in  excess  of 
£2,000,000 ;  and  its  deposits  approach  £20,000,000.  The  Board  of  Directors 
includes  Samuel  Thome,  George  A.  Crocker,  David  S.  Fgleston,  J.  Harsen 
Rhoades,  Augustus  D.  Juilliard,  Oliver  Harriman,  F  rederic  P.  Olcott,  George  G. 
Haven,  William  H.  Perkins,  James  N.  Jarvie,  and  Dallas  B.  Pratt.  The  officers  of 
the  bank  are  William  H.  Perkins,  President  ;  Frederic  P.  Olcott,  Vice-President  ; 
Walter  M.  Bennet,  Assistant  Cashier  ;  and  John  Sage,  Assistant  Cashier. 

The  National  City  Bank  of  New  York,  one  of  the  oldest,  largest,  and 
most  conservative  banks  in  the  country,  was  incorporated  in  1812,  with  a  capital  of 
£800,000,  which  was  increased  in  1853  to  £1,000,000.  Its  capital,  surplus  and 
undivided  profits  exceed  £3,500.000,  and  its  deposits  range  from  £1 5,000,000  to 
£18,000.000.  The  bank  is  situated  at  52  Wall  Street,  where  it  has  had  its  office 
since  it  first  commenced  business,  the  present  building  being  the  second  one  on  the 
same  site  occupied  by  it.  The  building  which  it  first  occupied  had  been  previously 
used  by  the  New-York  branch  of  the  first  Bank  of  the  United  States,  the  stock  of  the 
latter  having  been  received  in  payment  for  subscriptions  to  the  stock  of  the  City 
Bank.  The  first  president  of  the  bank  was  Samuel  Osgood,  who  had  been  Naval 
( )fficer  of  the  port ;  and  the  first  Board  of  Directors  comprised  Abraham  Bloodgood, 
Ichabod  Prall,  William  Irving,  Samuel  Tooker  and  William  Cutting.  G.  B. 
Yroom  was  its  first  cashier.  Moses  Taylor  became  its  president  in  1856  ;  and  the 
energy,  ability  and  integrity,  which  long  made  him  one  of  the  foremost  and  most 
conspicuous  merchants  and  business  men  of  New  York,  characterized  his  adminis- 
tration of  the  bank  and  contributed  largely  to  its  increased  prosperity.  He  died  in 
1882  ;  and  was  succeeded  in  the  presidency  by  his  son-in-law,  Percy  R.  Pyne,  who 
resigned  in  1 89 1,  when  James  Stillman,  of  the  well-known  firm  of  Woodward  & 
Stillman,  cotton  merchants,  was  elected  President.  The  other  officers  of  the  bank 
are  David  Palmer,  Cashier,  and  Gilson  S.  Whitson,  Assistant  Cashier.  The  present 
Board  of  Directors  consists  of  George  W.   Campbell,  Cleveland  H.  Dodge  (of. 


KING*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Phelps,  Dodge  &  Co.  ),  Hon.  William  Walter  Phelps,  Percy  R.  Pyne,  Roswell  C. 
Rolston  (President  of  the  Farmers'  Loan  &  Trust  Company),  Samuel  Sloan  (Presi- 
dent of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Railroad  Company),  James  Still- 
man,  Henry  A.  C.  Taylor  and  Lawrence  Turnure. 

The  Tradesmens  National  Bank,  on  Broadway,  at  the  northwest  corner 
of  Reade  Street,  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  institutions  of  the  Dry-Goods 

District.  Its  lofty 
six  -  story  white  - 
marble  building, 
which  it  owns,  and 
of  which  it  occu- 
pies the  lower  part, 
was  built  in  i860 
as  its  permanent 
home.  Its  upper 
floors  are  occupied 
by  corporations  and 
for  offices  of  pro- 
fessional men.  Its 
value  as  a  piece  of 
real  estate  has  ad- 
vanced to  a  marvel- 
lous extent  since  it 
was  bought  by  the 
bank  thirty  -  three 
years  ago.  The 
bank  has  a  long 
history,  having 
been  organized  in 
1823  under  a  State 
charter,  and  is  the 
eighth  oldest  ex- 
isting bank  of  New- 
York  City.  It  was 
originally  located 
in  the  vicinity  of 
Chatham  Square. 

The  most  famous  of  its  early  presidents  was  Preserved  Fish,  one  of  the  most  active 
merchants  and  bankers  of  his  time  in  this  city.  In  1865  the  Tradesmens  organized 
as  a  National  bank,  and  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  since  that  date  it  has  paid  in 
dividends  upon  its  stock  no  less  than  $2,250,000,  and  it  is  regarded  among  capital- 
ists as  a  safe  dividend-paying  stock.  The  surplus  is  nearly  $210,000 ;  the  total 
resources  approach  $5,000,000;  and  the  deposits  exceed  $4,000,000,  an  increase 
in  the  year  1892  of  nearly  $2,000,000.  Under  its  present  management  it  has 
materially  developed  its  business,  and  has  become  the  New- York  correspondent 
of  a  large  number  of  banks  throughout  the  West  and  South.  Tradition  and 
inclination,  however,  have  kept  the  management  of  the  Tradesmens  closely  with 
the  conservative  policy  of  legitimate  banking  business.  The  Board  of  Directors 
consists  of  George  Starr,  capitalist;  Elliot  L.  Butler,  of  Belt,  Butler  &  Co., 
wool ;  Julius  Kaufmann,  of  Smith  &  Kaufmann,  manufacturers  of  ribbons ;  Henry 


TRADESMENS  NATIONAL  BANK,  BROADWAY,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  READE  STREET. 


7'4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


Campbell,  of  Martin  &  Campbell,  wholesale  grocers;  F.  S.  M.  Blun,  of  F.  S.  M. 
Blun  &  Co.,  corset  supplies;  James  K.  Pitcher,  (General  Manager  of  the  I'nited- 
States  Mutual  Accident  Association;  Joseph  T.  Low,  of  Joseph  T.  Low  &  CO.. 
commission  dry-goods;  Thomas  B.  Kent,  President  of  Holmes,  Booth  &  Havdens, 
brass  manufacturers  ;  John  A.  Tweedy,  of  Lee,  Tweedy  &  Co.,  dry-goods  importers  ; 
and  Henry  C.  Berlin,  President  of  Berlin  &  Jones  Envelope  Company.  The  officers 
of  the  bank  are  James  E.  Granniss,  President,  who  is  identified  with  numerous 
local  institutions;  Logan  C.  Murray.  Vice-President,  formerly  President  of  the 
United-States  National  Bank  ;  and  Oliver  F.  Berry,  Cashier,  who  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Tradesmens  Bank  for  a  score  of  years. 

The  Chemical  National  Bank  is  a  famous  corporation.  Its  stock  com- 
mands a  greater  price  in  proportion  to  its  par  value  than  any  other  bank  stock.  It 
has  the  greatest  surplus  and  undivided  profits,  with  a  single  exception,  of  any  bank 

in  the  country.  It  has  the  largest  amount  of  indi- 
vidual deposits.  It  pays  the  largest  percentage 
of  dividends  on  its  par  value  of  any  corpora- 
tion of  any  kind.  The  Chemical  Bank  originated 
in  1S24,  being  organized  under  a  State  charter  as 
"The  Chemical  Manufacturing  Company,"  with 
banking  privileges.  The  name  was  determined 
bv  the  fact  that  some  of  the  leading  men  in  the 
enterprise  were  connected  with  the  drug  trade. 
The  charter  expired  in  1844,  when  its  line  of 
deposits  was  £600,000.  A  new  bank  took  its 
place,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  and  on  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1S44,  the  business  of  the  Chemical 
Manufacturing  Company  was  taken  over  by  the 
Chemical  Bank.  John  Q.  Jones,  the  first  Presi- 
dent, remained  in  that  office  till  187S.  Its  enor- 
mous individual  deposits  exceed  £23,000.000. 
and  are  secured  without  the  payment  of  a  par- 
ticle of  interest.  Its  first  dividend  was  paid  in 
1849,  fiye  years  after  its  reorganization,  being  at 
the  rate  of  12  per  cent.,  which  was  increased  to 
18  and  then  to  24  per  cent.,  advancing  in  1863 
to  36  per  cent.,  in  1867  to  60  per  cent.,  in  1872 
to  100  per  cent.,  and  in  1S88  to  150  per  cent, 
per  annum.  The  shares  of  the  bank  based  on 
£100  par  value  have  sold  as  high  as  £4,980 
each,  the  quotations  varying  from  that  sum  to 
84,600  a  share. 

The  Chemical's  first  banking-house  was  on 
Broadway,  opposite  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  occupying 
part  of  the  site  of  the  present  Park  Bank.  In 
1850  it  moved  to  and  occupied  its  present  site  at 
270  Broadway.  George  G.  Williams  entered  the 
service  of  the  old  Chemical  Manufacturing  Company  in  1841,  became  Cashier  in 
1855,  and  President  in  187S.  William  J.  Quinlan,  Jr.,  the  Cashier,  has  filled  that 
office  since  187S.  The  Directors  are  George  G.  Williams,  James  A.  Roosevelt, 
Frederic  W.  Stevens,  Robert  Goelet,  and  William  J.  Quinlan,  Jr. 


CHEMICAL  NATIONAL  BANK,  2/0  BROAD w A 
NEAR  CHAMBERS  STREET. 


AV.Ytrs  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Merchants'  Exchange  National  Bank  occupies  some  of  the  finest 


They  are  in  the  grand  new 


and  most  commodious  banking  quarters  in  the  citv. 

edifice  at  257  Broadway,  an  exceptionally  choice 

location,   directly  opposite  the  City  Hall  and 

the  City-Hall  Park,  and  covering  the  site  of 

Alexander  T.  Stewart's  first  store,  where  the  bank 

has  been  located  about  thirty  years.  The  Mer- 
chants' Exchange  Bank  stands  among  the  oldest 

of  the  financial  institutions  of  this  city.     It  was 

organized  under  a  State  charter  in   1829,  and 

commenced  business,  September  7,  1 83 1,  at  the 

corner  of  Greenwich  and  Dey  Streets.     When  it 

began  business,  there  were  only  sixteen  other  local 

banks  in  existence  :  the  Bank  of  New  York,  the 

Manhattan,  the  Merchants',  the  Mechanics',  the 

Union,  the  Bank  of  America,  the  Phenix,  the 

City,  the  North-River,  the  Chemical,  the  Fulton, 

the  Tradesmens,  the  Mechanics'  and  Traders',  the 

Butchers'  and  Drovers',  the  Greenwich,  and  the 

Branch  Bank  of  the  United  States.  Besides 
these,  the  New- York  I  toy-Dock  Company  and  the 

Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Company  were  char- 
tered with  bank  privileges.  There  were  only  two 
savings-banks,  the  Bank  for  Savings  and  the  Sea- 
men's. There  were  no  trust-companies,  and  the 
lotal  banking  capital  was  quite  small  compared 
with  the  amount  now  invested.  The  Merchants' 
Exchange  Bank  was  founded  by  leading  mer- 
chants, and  its  name  indicates  its  intended  and 
actual  character  as  a  bank  for  merchants.  Its 
first  President  was  Peter  Stagg,  the  shipping  mer- 
chant. The  President  now  is  the  Hon.  Phineas 
C.  Lounsbury,  ex-Governor  of  Connecticut,  who 
became  President  in  1S88,  and  brought  to  the 
bank  the  support  of  an  extensive  and  influential 
connection.  The  first  Cashier  was  William  M. 
Yermilye,  who  afterwards  became  a  member  of 
the  banking  house  of  Yermilye  &  Co.  The  Vice- 
President  and  Cashier  is  Allen  S.  Apgar,  who 
has  been  connected  with  the  bank  for  27  years. 
He  was  elected  Cashier  in  1869,  and  Yice- 
President  in  1890,  both  of  which  offices  he  still 
retains.  He  became  connected  with  the  bank  after  he  had  been  honorablv  discharged 
from  the  United-States  Navy,  in  which  he  had  served  as  Paymaster  for  three  years  of 
the  late  war.  He  is  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  industrious  and  efficient 
bank  officials  in  the  city.  The  Board  of  Directors  includes  :  Robert  Seaman  of  the 
Iron  Clad  Manufacturing  Company  ;  Jesse  W.  Powers,  capitalist  ;  Allen  S.  Apgar 
\  ice-President  ;  Joseph  Thomson,  real  estate  ;  Alfred  M.  Hovt,  capitalist,  and  Yice- 
President  of  the  Produce  Exchange;  Phineas  C.  Lounsbury,  President;  fames  G 
Powers,  of  James  G.   Powers  &  Company,  grocers;    Alfred   ].  Tavlo'r,"  lawyer' 


MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE   NATIONAL  BANK, 

257  BROADWAY. 
CTAKEN  DOWN  IN  1893  TO  MAKE  ROOM  FOR  THE 
NEW  EDIFICE.) 


7.6 


KINCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


E.Christian  Korner, wholesale  grocer  ;  Lucius H.  Bigelow,  publisher  ;  John  H.  Ilanan, 
of  Hanan  &  Son,  shoes  ;  Isaac  G.  Johnson,  of  the  Spuyten-Duyvil  Foundry  ;  Timo- 
thy L.  Woodruff,  President  of  the  Maltine  Manufacturing  Company  ;  Lyman  Brown, 
wholesale  drugs  ;  and  the  Rev.  Sanford  Hunt,  D.  D.,  of  the  Methodist  Book  Concern. 

In  1865  it  became  a  National  bank,  and  in  1888  its  capital  was  reduced  to  #600,- 
000,  by  returning  #400,000  to  the  shareholders.  Under  the  present  management 
the  bank  has  steadily  prospered.  It  has  total  resources  of  about  $6,250,000; 
deposits  exceeding  $5,000,000;  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  #200,000;  and  its 
shares  on  a  par  value  of  $100  are  quoted  at  #135  or  more.  The  business  of  the  Mer- 
chants1 Exchange  National  Bank  is  not  merely  local  but  extends  throughout  the  Union. 

The  Gallatin  National  Bank  commemorates  by  its  name  the  connection  with 
the  institution  of  the  illustrious  financier  and  statesman,  Albert  Gallatin.  It  was 
organized  in  1829,  under  the  name  of  the  "National  Bank  of  New  York."  John 
Jacob  Astor  was  interested  in  the  matter,  and  as  the  original  capital  of  $1,000,000 
was  not  fully  subscribed,  he  proposed  its  reduction  to  #750,000,  and  offered  to  com- 
plete that  sum  provided  that  he  could  name  the  bank's  president.  The  offer  was 
accepted,  and  Astor  nominated  Gallatin,  who,  having  served  as  Senator  from 
Pennsylvania,  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  the  Jefferson  and  Madison  administra- 
tions, as  a  negotiator  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  and  as  Minister  to  France,  had  retired 
to  private  life.  Albert  Gallatin  remained  at  the  head  of  the  bank  until  1838,  when 
being  eighty  years  of  pge,  he  resigned.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  James 
Gallatin,  whose  presidency  lasted  for  thirty  years,  during  which  time  he  ranked  as  a 
leader  in  the  banking  business  of  New  York,  and  the  institution  under  his  manage- 
ment enjoyed  great  prosperity.  The  change  of  name  from  the  "National  Bank  of 
New  York"  to  the  present  title  occurred  in  1865,  when  the  bank  accepted  a  charter 
under  the  National  Banking  Law.  which  rendered  an  undesirable  confusion  of  names 
possible.  The  selection  of  the  present  title  was  quite  natural,  the  bank  from  its 
foundation  having  been  identified  with  the  name  of  Gallatin.  James  Gallatin 
resigned  in  186S,  and  some  years  afterwards  died  abroad.  His  successor,  Frederick 
D.  Tappen,  had  then  been  17  years  in  the  service  of  the  institution,  and  during  the 
25  years  that  have  since  elapsed  he  has  ably  maintained  its  record  for  success  and 
conservatism.  He  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  counsels  of  the  Clearing 
House  Association,  being  now  its  Chairman,  and  is  actively  identified  with  many 
public  interests  in  New  York.  The  bank  began  business  at  36  "SYall  Street,  this  lot 
being  purchased  for  $12,000,  while  the  building  then  erected  cost  $14,000.  In 
1S56  a  new  banking-house  was  built  on  the  same  site.  In  1887  the  adjoining  lot 
was  bought  by  the  Gallatin  from  the  dissolved  Union  Bank,  for  $400,000  ;  and  on 
the  site  thus  provided  the  present  stately  nine-story  redstone  edifice,  called  by  its 
name,  was  erected,  and  here  are  its  commodious  banking  rooms.  It  is  unsurpassed 
in  elegance  as  well  as  in  practicability.  It  was  built  and  is  owned  jointly  by  the 
Gallatin  Bank  and  by  Adrian  Iselin,  the  undivided  half  interest  of  the  former  being 
set  down  at  a  value  of  #500,000.  The  first  dividend  was  paid  nine  months  after  the 
bank's  organization,  and  it  has  never  since  passed  a  dividend.  A  surplus  of  over 
#1,500,000  has  been  accumulated,  and  its  shares  sell  for  $320.  Large  amounts  of 
its  stock  have  been  permanently  held  by  the  families  of  original  stockholders.  This 
is  shown  in  the  composition  of  its  Board  of  Directors,  which  includes  Frederic  W. 
Stevens  and  Alexander  H.  Stevens  (grandsons  of  Albert  Gallatin),  ^Yilliam  "Waldorf 
Astor,  \Y.  Emlen  Roosevelt,  Adrian  Iselin,  Jr.,  Thomas  Denny  and  Henry  I. 
Barbey.  The  Cashier  is  Arthur  \V.  Sherman.  The  Gallatin  ranks  among  the 
strongest,  most  enterprising  and  most  secure  of  banks. 


GALLATIN  NATIONAL  BANK. 

36  WALL  STREET,  BETWEEN   NASSAU   AND  WILLIAM   STREETS,  ADJOINING  ASSAY  OFFICE. 


7i8 


K1NCS  11  A. XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


BROOKLYN  BRIDGE,   EAST  FROM  UNITED  STATES  ARMY  BUILDING. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


7  1 


J2Q 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  National  Butchers' and  Drovers'  Bank  is  a  time-honored  institution, 

founded  in  1830,  taking  its  name  from  the  fact  that  its  originators  were  in  the  cattle 
and  butchering  trades,  which  in  New  York's  early  days  centred  at  the  famous  Bull's 
Head  in  the  Bowery.  For  many  years  its  chief  business  was  drawn  from  tins  class 
of  patrons.  Its  banking-house  was  first  established  in  the  bowery,  near  Broom* 
Street,  and  after  moving  to  128  Bowery  (the  site  of  the  present  Bowery  Savings- 
Bank)  the  bank  in  1832  purchased  an  adjacent  lot,  124  Bowery,  at  the  corner 
of  Grand  Street,  and  erected  the  dignified  old-fashioned  granite  bank  and  office- 
building  which  has  since  been  its  home.  Col.  Nicholas  Fish  was  the  first  President. 
His  successor,  Benjamin  M.  Brown,  became  the  first  President  of  the  Bowery  Sav- 
ins Bank.    That  great  institution  in  fact  was  founded  by  the  Directors  of  the 


NATIONAL  BUTCHERS'  AND  DROVERS'  BANK,  BOWERY  AND  GRAND  STREET. 

Butchers'  and  Drovers'  Bank,  and  its  organization  was  effected  in  the  latter's  Board 
Room.  It  is  still  the  neighbor  and  a  depositor  of  the  bank.  The  early  history  of  the 
bank  was  prosperous.  It  became  a  National  bank  in  1865.  Its  capital  is  $300,000 
It  has  a  net  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  over  $309,000;  total  resources  of 
$2,700,000;  and  a  deposit  line  of  over  $2,000,000.  The  latter  figures  represent 
almost  entirely  individual  and  mercantile  deposits,  the  policy  of  the  bank  being 
the  conservative  one  of  confining  its  business  to  the  strictly  commercial  branches 
of  banking.  Since  organizing  as  a  National  bank  its  average  dividends  have  been 
nine  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  $190  is  quoted  for  its  shares.  Guidon  G.  Brmcker- 
hoff,  the  President,  entered  the  bank's  service  in  1853,  was  elected  Cashier  in  1866, 
and  became  its  head  in  1879.  The  Cashier,  William  H.  Chase,  dates  his  connection 
with  it  from  1856,  and  was  elected  to  his  present  post  in  1879.  The  Directors 
of  the  bank  are :  George  W.   Quintard,  Henry  Silberhorn,  Henry  Hofheimer, 


ftlJSt&S  HANDBOOK  OF  tf£W  YORK. 


721 


Gurdon  G.  Brinckerhoff,  William  H.  Chase,  John  Wilkin,  John  A.  Delanoy, 
Jr.,  Edward  Schell,  and  Max  Danziger.  E.  G.  Tucker  is  Assistant  Cashier. 
The  bank  has  a  diversified  clientage  among  the  business  interests  of  an  important 
district. 

The  Seventh  National  Bank,  at  Broadway  and  John  Street,  is  the  successor 
of  the  Seventh-Ward  Bank,  established  in  1833,  m  ^ast  Broadway.  For  many  years 
the  bank  was  at 
Pearl  Street  and 
Burling  Slip.  It 
had  among  its  di- 
rectors at  one  time 
three  mayors  of 
New  York,  Walter 
Browne,  also  Pres- 
ident of  the  bank, 
Daniel  I\Tiemann, 
and  Abram  S. 
Hewitt.  George 
Montague,  now 
President  of  the 
Second  National 
Bank,  was  for  many 
years  President  of 
the  Seventh  Na- 
tional. The  Di- 
rectors are  :  John 

McAnerney,  President;  James  Hall,  of  Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co. ;  Henry  A.  Rogers, 
railroad  supplies ;  H.  Duncan  Wood,  banker ;  Henry  R.  Beekman,  of  Ogden 
&  Beekman;  Alfred  Wagstaff,  of  John  Anderson  &  Co.,  tobacco;  Charles  H. 
Pine,  President  Ansonia  National  Bank  ;  Hugh  Kelly,  commission  merchant  ; 
Patrick  Farrelly,  President  American  News  Co. ;  Charles  Siedler,  late  of  Lorillard 
&  Co. ;  Daniel  F.  Cooney,  iron  merchant  ;  and  J.  Preston  McAnerney.  George 
W.  Adams  is  Cashier. 

The  National  Bank  of  Commerce  in  New  York  has  an  importance  of  more 
than  local  character.  Its  capital  of  $5,000,000,  coupled  with  its  surplus,  undivided 
profits  and  contingent  fund  aggregating  $8,600,000,  give  it  a  strong  position  among 
American  banks,  for  it  is  one  of  the  ten  banks  having  the  largest  combined  capital 
and  surplus  in  this  country.  It  was  founded  in  1839,  witn  a  capital  of  $10,000,000, 
afterwards  reduced  to  the  present  amount.  The  first  President  was  Samuel  Ward, 
and  its  original  Directors  included  such  famous  names  in  New  York's  mercantile  his- 
tory as  Robert  B.  Minturn,  James  Brown,  Robert  Ray,  Jonathan  Sturgesand  Stephen 
Whitney.  John  A.  Stevens,  its  second  President  during  a  long  incumbency,  was 
one  of  the  most  eminent  members  of  the  banking  profession  in  New  York.  The 
bank  first  occupied  (jointly  with  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  New  York)  the  old  building 
of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  (now  the  Assay  Office),  in  Wall  Street.  This  was 
sold  to  the  Government  in  1853,  and  temporary  quarters  were  sought  at  Broad  Street 
and  Exchange  Place,  while  the  present  white  marble  building  at  the  northwest  corner 
of  Nassau  and  Cedar  Streets  was  in  course  of  erection.  The  Bank  of  Commerce 
settled  permanently  in  this  dignified  structure  in  1857,  the  only  changes  since  that 
time  being  the  addition  of  a  sixth  story,  affording  additional  offices  for  rental 
46 


SEVENTH   NATIONAL  BANK,  BROADWAY  AND   JOHN  STREET. 


722 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  eminent  position  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce  has  been  maintained  ever  since 
its  foundation.  It,  however,  attained  additional  prominence  by  the  patriotic  atti- 
tude of  its  management  toward  the  Government  during  the  civil  war,  and  the  lead 
which  the  institution  took  in  supporting  the  contest  for  the  Union.  It  became  a 
National  bank  in  1 865,  though  this  action  was  attended  by  exceptional  circum- 
stances. Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Chase  was  anxious  that  the  institution  should 
accept  a  National  charter.  The  management  and  stockholders,  however,  hesitated, 
on  account  of  the  provisions  of  the  National  Bank  Act  making  shareholders  liable 

for  the  value  of  their 
stock,  and  an  equal 
amount  in  addition.  To 
fit  this  case  a  clause  was 
introduced  in  the  Act, 
providing  that  share- 
holders of  National 
banks  with  at  least  $5,- 
000,000  capital  and  a 
surplus  of  40  per  cent, 
thereof  should  be  ex- 
empt from  double  lia- 
bility. The  Bank  of 
Commerce,  with  one  ex- 
ception, is  the  only  bank 
in  the  country  which 
meets  both  these  con- 
ditions. The  fact  that 
its  shareholders  are  ac- 
cordingly liable  for  its 
debts  only  to  the  extent 
of  their  stock  gives  its 
shares  a  decided  prefer- 
ence as  an  investment 
for  executors,  trustees 
and  others  in  a  fiduciary 
position.  A  vigorous 
management  of  its  af- 
fairs has  contributed  to 
maintain  its  leading  posi- 
tion. This  was  illus- 
trated in  the  panic  of  1 890,  when  the  officers  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce  championed 
the  issue  of  the  Clearing  House  certificates,  which  arrested  the  panic  and  saved  weak 
institutions  from  failure.  In  fact,  although  in  no  need  whatever  of  such  assistance, 
it  took  out  $500,000  of  the  certificates  simply  as  an  example  and  encouragement  to 
other  banks  which  actually  required  help.  The  late  Richard  King,  the  President  of 
the  bank  since  1882,  was  on  his  decease  in  1 89 1  succeeded  by  W.  W.  Sherman, 
whose  connection  with  it  dates  from  1858,  and  who  had  been  its  Cashier  for  ten  years. 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan  is  Vice-President  ;  William  C.  Duvall,  Cashier  ;  and  Neilson 
Olcott,  Assistant  Cashier.  The  Directors  are  W.  W.  Sherman,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan, 
of  Drexel,  Morgan  &  Co.,  William  Libbey,  Frederick  Sturges,  Charles  Lanier, 
Charles  H.  Russell,  Alexander  E.  Orr,  John  S.  Kennedy,  and  Woodbury  Langdon. 


NATIONAL  BANK  OF  COMf 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


723 


The  Mercantile  National  Bank,  at  191  Broadway,  corner  of  Dey  Street,  is 
an  illustration  of  the  development  under  vigorous  and  efficient  management  of  a 
small  institution  into  one  of  large  proportions.  The  bank  is  a  comparatively  old 
one.  It  was  organized  as  a  State  institution  in  1850,  the  Bank  of  Ithaca,  New  York, 
itself  a  concern  of  some  antiquity,  being  practically  transferred  to  New- York  City, 
and  Ithaca  capitalists  were  largely  identified  with  the  original  Mercantile  Bank. 
William  B.  Douglas  was  the  first  President,  and  among  the  prominent  Directors  were 
Isaac  N.  Phelps,  Josiah  B.  Williams,  Charles  P.  Burdett  ?nd  William  W.  and 
Edward  S.  Esty  of  Ithaca.  The  present  building  was  erected  by  the  bank  in  1862. 
In  1865  it  became  a  National  bank  under  the  existing  designation.  The  real  import- 
ance of  the  institution,  however,  dates  from  1881.  At  that  time  its  business  and 
deposits  had  from  several  causes  fallen  off,  and  its  surplus  was  practically  exhausted. 
The  late  George  W.  Perkins,  a  banker  of  unusual  ability  and  experience,  then  hold- 
ing the  position  of  Cashier  of  the  Hanover  National  Bank,  saw  in  the  condition  of 
the  Mercantile  the  opportunity  to  create  it  anew  on  a  strong  basis.  lie  accepted 
the  presidency  ;  in- 
vited Mr.  St.  John 
from  the  extensive 
sugar-refiners, 
Havemeyers  & 
Elder,  into  the 
cashiership  ;  re- 
organized its  direc- 
tory; they  together 
extended  its  busi- 
ness connections 
with  great  rapidity, 
and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  the  con- 
fidence and  sound 
prosperity  which 
it  still  maintains 
under  its  present 
able  administra- 
tion. Successful 
as  Mr.  Perkins's 
labors  were,  they 
nevertheless  under- 
mined his  health, 
causing  his  prac- 
tical retirement  in 
less  than  a  year, 
and  his  death  in 
1883.  His  talent 
for  organization 
was  well  shown  in 
the  choiee  of  his 
chief  assistant, 
William   P.  St. 

John,   as   Cashier,  mercantile  national  bank,  broadway  and  dey  street. 


724 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


who  in  1883  became  President  ;  a  position  he  still  holds.  Frederick  B.  Schenck, 
who  at  first  filled  the  post  of  Assistant'  Cashier,  has  been  Cashier  of  the  insti- 
tution since  1S83.  The  Mercantile  National  has  a  Surplus  Fund  of  #1,000,000, 
in  addition  to  its  capital  of  $1,000,000.  Its  deposits  average  over  $10,000,000, 
a  large  part  of  which  is  from  National  and  State  banks,  which  attests  the  extent  of 
its  connections  and  correspondence  throughout  the  Union.  Semi-annual  divi- 
dends of  six  per  cent,  a  year  are  paid  on  the  stock,  for  which  the  market  price  is 
#235.  William  P.  St.  John  is  known  throughout  the  country  as  an  original  and 
forcible  writer  on  financial  topics.  The  Board  of  Directors  consists  of  William  P. 
St.  John,  President  ;  William  C.  Browning,  clothing  ;  Charles  T.  Barney,  capital- 
ist ;  John  E.  Borne,  oils  ;  Charles  L.  Colby,  railroads  ;  George  W.  Crossman, 
coffee  ;  Emanuel  Lehman,  cotton  ;  Seth  M.  Milliken,  dry  goods  ;  James  E.  Nichols, 
wholesale  grocer  ;  George  H.  Sargent,  hardware  ;  Charles  M.  Vail,  butter  ;  Isaae 
Wallach,  men's  furnishing  goods;  James  M.  Wentz,  dry  goods  ;  Richard  II.  Wil- 
liams, coal  ;  and  Frederick  B.  Schenck,  Cashier. 

The  National  Bank  of  the  Republic  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  most 
widely-known  institutions  in  the  country.  It  was  established  in  185 1  as  a  State 
bank,  and  was  noted  at  first  for  the  large  extent  of  its  connections  throughout  the 
South.  Its  first  President,  G.  B.  Lamar,  was  a  Southern  man,  with  great  influence 
in  that  section.  The  first  Cashier  of  the  bank  was  Henry  F.  Vail.  The  bank  pur- 
chased in  185 1,  for  $110,000,  the  lot  at  the  corner  of  Wall  Street  and  Broadway, 
which  now  as  then  is  considered  the  most  valuable  piece  of  ground  in  the  country, 
and  long  occupied  it  with  its  banking-house.  This  site,  however,  with  two  addi- 
tional lots,  is  now  occupied  by  the  magnificent  nine-storied  United  Bank  Building, 
erected  in  1880,  in  which  the  Bank  of  the  Republic  is  the  owner  of  an  undivided 
half,  and  where  its  commodious  quarters  are  now  located.  The  cost  of  the  land 
and  building  was  $1,300,000,  and  it  is  understood  that  an  offer  of  $2,250,000  has 
been  refused  for  it.  It  accepted  a  charter  under  the  National  Bank  Act  in  1864, 
though  the  most  remarkable  growth  of  the  institution  dates  from  less  than  a  decade 
ago.  The  late  Hon.  John  Jay  Knox,  after  22  years  of  service  in  the  financial  depart- 
ment of  the  Government,  and  twelve  years  as  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  became 
the  President  of  the  bank  in  1884.  Under  his  administration  the  deposits  rose  from 
$4,800,000  to  over  $15,500,000,  and  the  total  assets  of  the  bank  from  $7,000,000 
to  $18,000,000.  The  connection  of  the  bank  as  correspondent  of  out-of-town  insti- 
tutions is  very  large,  and  it  takes  a  position  as  one  of  the  most  influential  in 
New  York.  On  Mr.  Knox's  death,  in  1892,  Oliver  S.  Carter,  for  four  years  the 
Vice-President,  succeeded  to  the  presidency.  He  is  the  senior  partner  of  the  great 
tea-importing  house  of  Carter,  Macy  &  Co.,  and  one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed 
of  business  men.  Eugene  H.  Pullen,  whose  connection  with  the  bank  dates  for  32 
years,  and  who  was  long  its  Cashier,  became  Vice-President.  The  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  National  Bank  of  the  Republic  is  composed  of  a  careful  body  of  experienced 
men,  of  large  means  and  influence.  They  include  the  following  :  George  B.  Carhart, 
Oliver  S.  Carter,  Sumner  R.  Stone,  D.  II.  McAlpin,  William  II.  Tiliinghast, 
Charles  R.  Flint,  A.  H.  Wilder,  James  S.  Warren,  William  Barbour,  James  A. 
Blair,  George  C.  Rand  and  Eugene  H.  Pullen.  Charles  H.  Stout,  who  has  been 
connected  for  some  years  with  the  bank,  is  the  Cashier,  and  W.  B.  T.  Keyser  is 
the  Assistant  Cashier. 

The  Importers'  and  Traders'  National  Bank,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Murray  Street,  is  prominent  for  the  number  and  magnitude  of  its  mercantile 
accounts.    Its  deposits  are  about  $26,000,000,  and  its  surplus  $5,600,000. 


NATIONAL  BANK  OF 

UNITED  BANK  BUILDING,  WALL 


726 


AVXG'S  If  A  XD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Hanover  National  Bank,  one  of  the  soundest  and  most  energetic  of  the 

banks  of  the  United  States,  was  organized  in  iS>i,  and  was  originally  located  in 
Hanover  Square,  at  the  corner  of  Pearl  Street,  then  a  centre  of  the  shipping  and 
importing  trades.  Isaac  Otis  and  Chas.  M.  Livingston  were  its  first  President  and 
Cashier  respectively.  The  original  capital  of  £1,000.000  has  remained  unchanged. 
The  bank  received  a  National  charter  in  1S65.  In  1877  it  moved  to  its  present 
central  location,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Nassau  and  Pine  Streets.  Through  all 
varying  business  and  financial  conditions  since  the  Hanover  was  established,  it  has 
maintained  an  unvarying  reputation  for  stability.  A  feature  of  its  policy  has  been 
the  maintenance  of  a  large  cash  reserve.  At  the  present  time  its  total  resources  are 
$27,137,080;  and  it  holds  no  less  than  $5,114,000  in  specie,  and  £510,665  in  legal 
tenders,  a  total  of  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  its  deposits.  In  periods  of  financial 
pressure  this  policy  has  been  of  inestimable  value,  not  only  to  its  own  dealers  but  to 
the  entire  business  community.  During  the  panic  of  1S90,  as  in  former  emergencies 
of  a  similar  nature,  no  customer  of  the  Hanover  was  refused  prompt  accommodation, 
a  record  of  which  there  are  few  examples.  From  its  inception  the  bank  has  been 
identified  with  the  importing  interests,  and  dealings  in  foreign  exchange  constitute 

a  prominent  portion  of  its 
business.  It  is  a  duly  author- 
ized State  depositor)-,  and  em- 
braces among  its  depositors 
and  customers  many  large  and 
influential  railroad  and  other 
corporations.  The  growth  of 
its  connection  as  correspond- 
ent and  depositor)-  for  out-of- 
town  banking  institutions  has 
also  been  remarkable.  Suc- 
cess as  well  as  conservatism 
has  signalized  its  manage- 
ment. The  £100  shares  of 
the  bank  sell  for  over  $330 
each,  and  it  now  pays  ten  per 
cent,  per  annum  on  its  stock, 
having  paid  during  its  exist- 
ence dividends  to  the  amount 
of  82.750.000.  besides  ac- 
cumulating a  surplus  and  un- 
divided profits  of  about  $2,- 
000.000.  James  T.  Woodward 
is  the  President  of  the  Han- 
over, his  associates  in  the 
management  and  the  Board 
of  Directors,  which  is  a  de- 
cidedly representative  body, 
being  Vernon  H.  Brown,  agent  of  the  Canard  Steamship  Line;  Sigourney  W.  Fay, 
of  Wendell,  Fay  &  Co.;  Martin  S.  Fechheimer,  of  Fechheimer,.  Fishel  &  Company; 
Mitchell  N.  Packard,  of  Packard.  Thomas  &  Co.,  Vice-President;  William  Rocke- 
feller, President"  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  ;  James  Stillman,  of  Woodward  & 
Stillman,  and  President  of  the  National  City  Bank  ;  Elijah  P.  Smith,  of  Woodward, 


MARKET  AND  FULTON   NATIONAL  BANK. 

FULTON  STREET,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  GOLD  STREET. 


728 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Baldwin  &  Co.,  Isidor  Straus,  of  L.  Straus  &  Sons;  James  M.  Donald,  Cashier  ; 
and  William  Halls,  Jr.,  Assistant  Cashier. 

The  Market  and  Fulton  National  Bank  denotes,  in  its  title,  the  union  of 
the  Market  Bank,  founded  in  1852,  and  the  Fulton  Bank,  organized  in  1824.  The 
consolidation  took  place  on  December  20,  1887,  when  the  Market  National  Bank 
(its  National  charter  dating  from  1864)  increased  its  capital  of  $500,000  to  $750,- 
000,  giving  the  stockholders  of  the  Fulton  the  privilege  of  subscribing  for  the 
amount  of  the  increase,  and  changed  its  name  to  the  present  title.  The  banking- 
house  of  the  F^ulton  was  at  Fulton  and  Pearl  Streets,  and  the  Market  had  in  1854 
established  itself  at  Beekman  and  Pearl  Streets.  By  their  union,  the  two  institutions, 
which  drew  their  custom  from  the  same  busy  and  opulent  section  of  the  town, 
formed  one  large  bank.  In  1888,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Fulton  and  Gold 
Streets,  the  massive  bank  and  office  building  occupied  by  the  Market  and  Fulton 
since  May,  1889,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $500,000.  This  edifice  is  an  archi- 
tectural ornament  to  that  section  of  the  city.  On  its  upper  floor  is  the  Fulton 
Club.  Robert  Bayles  has  been  President  of  the  Market  Bank  ever  since  1 863. 
Alexander  Gilbert,  who  became  Cashier  in  the  same  year,  is  the  senior  Cashier  of 
New  York. 

The  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank  was  founded  by  merchants  iden- 


tified with  the  leather  trade  of  New  York. 


NATIONAL  SHOE  AND   LEATHER   BANK,  271  BROADWAY, 
SOUTHWEST  CORNER  OF  CHAMBERS  STREET. 


It  organized  under  the  State  law  in 
1853  ;  and  its  original  place  of  busi- 
ness was  at  the  corner  of  William 
and  John  Streets.  Loring  Andrews, 
a  merchant  prominent  and  successful 
in  the  leather  business,  was  its  first 
President,  being  succeeded  by  William 
H.  Cary.  Each  of  these  presidencies 
lasted  for  about  a  year.  The  third 
President  was  Andrew  Varick  Stout, 
chosen  in  1855,  and  unanimously  re- 
elected yearly  thereafter  until  and 
including  January,  1883,  tnus  serving 
the  bank  as  its  President  for  28  con- 
secutive years.  In  1855  the  bank 
moved  to  271  Broadway,  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  Chambers  Street,  on 
which  site  a  white  marble  bank  and 
office  building,  valued  at  a  quarter  of 
a  million,  was  erected  for  its  use. 
This  was  replaced  in  1893  by  one  of 
the  most  noticeable  business  structures 
in  lower  Broadway.  It  is  11  stories 
high.  It  is  across  the  street  from  the 
County  Court-House,  which  stands 
in  City-Hall  Park.  In  1865  it  be- 
came a  National  bank,  the  capital 
remaining  at  $500,000  until  the 
month  of  July,  1893,  when  it  was 
increased  to  $1,000,000.  Its  pros- 
perity has  been  steady  and  uniform, 


KING'S  IIAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


and  it  has  attracted  and  retained  a  custom  recruited  from  the  hardware  and 
numerous  other  conservative  lines  of  trade  which  are  located  in  its  vicinity,  its 
management  including  representatives  of  such  interests,  in  addition  to  prominent 
and  wealthy  capitalists.  Its  surplus  and  undivided  profits  amount  to  nearly  $300,- 
000,  and  its  total  resources  are  $5,400,000,  the  aggregate  line  of  deposits  reaching 
$4,500,000.  The  $100  par  value  of  shares  of  the  bank  are  emoted  at  $160.  John 
M.  Crane,  the  President  of  the  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank,  is  in  length  of 
service  one  of  the  oldest  bank  officials  in  the  city,  having  entered  the  service  of  the 
bank  in  the  very  year  of  its  formation,  becoming  afterwards  its  Cashier,  and 
later  assuming  the  place  of  its  chief  executive.  George  L.  Pease  is  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  William  D.  Van  Vleck  the  Cashier.  The  present  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank  is  composed  of  the  following  representative 
gentlemen  :  William  Sulzbacher,  of  Sulzbacher,  Gitterman  &  Wedeles,  woolen  im- 
porters ;  Thomas  Russell,  thread  ;  Theodore  M.  Ives,  thread  ;  John  M.  Crane, 
President  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank  ;  George  L.  Pease,  of  the  Boerum  & 
Pease  Co.  ;  Joseph  S.  Stout,  banker  (son  of  its  former  president)  ;  Alonzo  Slote, 
of  Treadwell  &  Slote,  clothing  ;  Moritz  Josephthal  ;  Felix  Campbell,  iron  pipe  ; 
John  K.  Hegeman,  President  Metropolitan  Life-insurance  Co.  ;  and  John  H. 
Graham,  hardware. 

For  forty  years  the  time-tried  and  thoroughly  tested  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank  has 
pursued  its  quiet,  conservative  and  successful  career  ;  always  securing  its  full  share 
of  business,  earning  and  paying  its  expected  dividends,  and  accumulating  a  credita- 
ble surplus.  While  making  no  special  effort  to  obtain  accounts  from  banks  and 
bankers,  it  has  on  its  books  a  very  fine  line  of  accounts  from  financial  institu- 
tions throughout  the  country  ;  looked  out  for  with  as  much  care  and  satisfac- 
tion as  at  any  bank  in  the  city  ;  no  officers  having  had  longer  experience  than  those 
of  the  National  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank. 

The  Corn  Exchange  Bank  is  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  financial  insti- 
tutions of  New-Vork  City.  It  was  founded  in  February,  1853,  by  a  number  of 
members  of  the  old  Corn  Exchange,  then  at  the  corner  of  Broad  and  South  Streets, 
which  was  the  predecessor  of  the  New-Vork  Produce  Exchange.  The  first  Presi 
dent  was  Edward  W.  Dunham,  whose  administration  lasted  from  1853  to  1872. 
He  was  succeeded  by  William  A.  Falls,  who  retained  the  presidency  until  1883, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  William  A.  Nash,  the  present  incumbent.  Among  the 
original  directors  were  David  Dows,  Nathaniel  T.  Hubbard,  Jacob  B.  Herrick, 
Nathaniel  II.  Wolfe,  Thomas  C.  Durant,  Effingham  Townsend,  and  Alexander  II. 
Grant.  The  original  capital  of  the  bank  was  $500,000,  and  this  was  increased  in 
1854  to  $1,000,000.  At  first,  the  offices  were  at  the  head  of  Coenties  Slip,  and 
subsequently  they  were  transferred  to  the  site  of  the  present  Cotton  Exchange. 
In  1855  they  occupied  the  other  corner  of  William  and  Beaver  Streets,  where  they 
have  since  remained.  The  Corn  Exchange  was  the  first  bank  to  lend  on  warehouse 
receipts,  a  practice  which  has  since  been  adopted  by  all  banks.  Its  business  now, 
as  in  the  beginning,  is  largely  with  the  grain,  provision,  cotton  and  coffee  trades, 
and  with  the  foremost  houses  in  these  standard  lines  of  commerce  the  bank  has 
always  been  a  favorite  depository.  It  has  therefore  developed  in  power  collater- 
ally with  the  tremendous  expansion  of  those  departments  of  business,  at  once  help- 
ing them  and  being  helped  by  them,  until  now  its  influence  is  continental  in  its 
scope.  President  Nash  began  his  financial  career  in  1S55,  anc^  ^or  many  years  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Clearing  House  Committee,  having  also  served  as  its  Chair- 
man.   The  Directors  of  the  Bank  are  :  Wm.  Harman  Brown,  of  the  famous  family 


73° 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


of  bankers  ;  David  Bingham,  of  the  New-York  Produce  Exchange  ;  Thomas  T.  Barr 
(Vice-President),  President  of  the  Nassau  National  Bank,  of  Brooklyn  ;  Wm.  A. 
Nash  (President)  ;  M.  B.  Fielding,  cotton  merchant,  formerly  President  of  the 
Cotton  Exchange  ;  Thomas  A.  Mclntyre,  a  prominent  grain  commission  merchant, 
of  the  Produce  Exchange  ;  James  N.  Piatt,  of  Piatt  &  Bowers,  lawyers  ;  Howland 
Davis,  of  Blake  Bros.  &  Co.  ;  David  Dows,  Jr.,  son  of  one  of  the  original  directors 
and  founders  ;  Alexander  T.  VanNest,  the  well-known  capitalist  ;  Wm.  W.  Rossiter, 
President  of  the  New-York  Terminal  Warehouse  Co.  ;  Clarence  H.  Kelsey,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Title  Guarantee  &  Trust  Co.;  and  Leonard  J.  Busby,  of  Holt  &  Co. 
The  Cashier  is  Loftin  Love ;  and  the  Assistant-Cashier  is  Wm.  E.  Williams.  The 

Corn  Exchange 
Bank  has  nearly 
$  1 0,000,000  in  de- 
posits, and  surplus 
and  profits  exceed- 
ing f  1, 300. 000. 
Its  resources  are 
about  $12,000,- 
000.  It  is  now 
erecting  a  magnifi- 
cent eleven  -  story 
building,  from 
plans  by  R.  II. 
Robertson,  of  ab- 
solutely fire-proof 
construction,  with 
iron  columns,  steel 
girders  and  floor- 
beams,  terra-cotta 
floor  arches,  par- 
titions and  wall 
furring.  The  outer 
walls  of  the  lower 
two  stories  are  of 
red  granite,  and 
those  of  the  nine 

CORN  EXCHANGE  BANK  I  FORMER  BUILDING ),  WILLIAM  AND  BEAVER  STREETS.  . 

stories  above  are  of 

buff  Indiana  stone,  with  polished  red  granite  columns  on  the  upper  stories,  and  a 
copper  cornice.  The  bank  will  occupy  the  spacious  main  floor,  and  all  the  other 
stories  are  to  be  leased  as  offices,  etc.  The  building  has  three  swift  elevators,  a 
full  steam  plant  for  heating  and  electric  lighting,  safety-vaults  for  tenants,  and 
admirable  facilities  for  light  and  ventilation.  It  is  one  of  the  newest  and  most 
perfect  office-buildings  in  New  York  ;  and  is  very  convenient  to  the  great  exchanges 
and  wholesale  districts  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  city.  During  the  period 
between  the  demolition  of  its  old  building  and  the  completion  of  the  new  one 
on  its  site,  the  Corn  Exchange  Bank  occupies  offices  on  the  main  floor  of  the 
Morris  Building,  at  Broad  and  Beaver  Streets. 

The  completion  of  this  immense  and  elegant  structure  on  the  northwestern 
corner  of  Beaver  and  William  Streets,  a  locality  already  so  interesting  with  the 
historic  memories  and  traditions  of  nearly  three  centuries,  will  add  greatly  to  this 


A'/yC'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


73' 


732 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


focal  point  of  vast  and  beneficent  financial  forces.  The  advance  of  the  Corn 
Exchange  Bank  has  been  largely  along  lines  of  its  own  discovery,  and  has  been  sin- 
gularly steady,  successful  and  fortunate  ;  until  now  the  institution  occupies  a  position 
of  unchallengeable  primacy  in  its  department. 

The  National  Park  Bank  of  New  York  is  the  largest  bank  in  the  United 
States,  and  stands  not  only  preeminent  among  the  banks  of  New  York,  but  indeed 
among  those  of  the  entire  country.  It  has  now,  and  for  a  long  time  has  maintained, 
the  largest  aggregate  deposits,  resources,  and  business  of  any  American  bank,  its  influ- 
ence extending  to  every  portion  of  the  United  States.  In  fact,  the  banking  connec- 
tions of  the  National  Park  Bank  are  not  confined  to  this  country,  but  among  the  hun- 
dreds of  banks  and  bankers  who  act  as  its  correspondents,  and  of  which  it  is  the  New- 
York  agent  and  depository,  are  a  number  in  Canada,  Mexico,  and  other  countries. 
In  addition,  the  relations  of  the  bank  with  commercial,  manufacturing  and  yorporate 
interests,  as  well  as  with  bankers  and  capitalists,  furnish  a  volume  of  business 
unequalled  in  the  history  of  American  banking.  A  perfect  organization,  exceptional 
facilities  for  the  transaction  of  every  class  of  business,  an  uninterrupted  record 
of  success,  and  a  management  in  which  experience,  energy  and  conservatism  pre- 
dominate, are  the  foundations  upon  which  this  prosperity  has  been  established. 
The  name  of  the  bank  recalls  to  former  generations  of  New-Yorkers  the  Park  which 
surrounds  the  City  Hall.  The  charter  dates  from  1856,  the  bank  being  established 
in  that  year  at  the  corner  of  Beekman  Street  and  Theatre  Alley,  where  Temple 
Court  now  stands.  Reuben  W.  Howes  and  Charles  A.  Macy  were  the  first  Presi- 
dent and  Cashier,  respectively.  The  original  capital  of  $2,000,000  has  remained 
unchanged,  and  a  surplus  of  more  than  $3,000,000  has  been  added  to  it.  In  1865 
it  became  a  National  bank,  and  in  1866  it  purchased  the  premises  at  214  and  216 
Broadway,  opposite  St.  Paul's,  and  built  thereon  the  dignified  marble  building,  of 
fire-proof  construction,  which  has  since  been  its  home.  This  site  had  been  at  one 
time  occupied  by  the  Chemical  Bank.  The  upper  portions  are  divided  into  offices, 
the  tenants  of  which  include  prominent  firms  and  corporations,  notably  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company.  The  entire  first  floor  is  occupied  by  the  bank,  the 
rotunda  in  the  rear  being  a  stately  apartment  decorated  in  white  and  gold.  Its  pro- 
portions are  ample  for  its  125  employees,  the  largest  number  engaged  in  any  New- 
York  banking  institution.  The  treasure-vault  in  the  bank  is  one  of  the  strongest  in 
the  world,  and  contains  from  $10,000,000  to  $15,000,000  in  specie  and  notes. 
Beneath  the  banking-room  is  a  great  safe-deposit  vault,  the  entrance  to  which  is 
through  the  bank,  and  which  is  conducted  as  one  of  its  departments.  In  safety  and 
convenience  it  compares  with  any  in  New  York,  and  scarcely  a  safe  among  its  hun- 
dreds is  unrented. 

The  character  of  the  management  is  shown  by  the  prominence  and  high  standing 
of  the  Board  of  Directors,  which  consists  of  Eugene  Kelly,  Ebenezer  K.  Wright, 
Joseph  T.  Moore,  Stuyvesant  Fish,  George  S.  Hart,  Charles  Sternbach,  Charles 
Scribner,  Edward  C.  Hoyt,  Edward  E.  Poor,  W.  Rockhill  Potts,  August  Belmont, 
Richard  Delafield,  Francis  R.  Appleton,  John  Jacob  Astor  and  George  S.  Hickok. 
Ebenezer  K.  Wright  became  its  President  in  1890,  having  entered  the  bank  in  1859 
as  teller's  assistant,  rising  through  the  various  grades  to  the  post  of  Cashier  in  1876, 
Director  in  1878,  and  Vice-President  in  1889.  The  Vice-Presidents  are  :  Stuyvesant 
Fish,  President  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  and  Edward  E.  Poor, 
senior  partner  of  the  great  dry-goods  house  of  Denny,  Poor  &  Co.  The  Cashier, 
George  S.  Hickok,  and  the  Assistant-Cashier,  Edward  J.  Baldwin,  have  each  a 
record  of  many  years'  service  in  the  bank. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  7« 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


735 


NORTH  FROM   MADISON -SQUARE  GARDEN  TOWER. 


SOUTH  FROM  MADISON -SQUARE  GARDEN  TOWER. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Central  National  Bank  is  the  largest  and  strongest  banking  institution 

of  the  dry-goods  district  of  New  York.  It  has  enjoyed  this  distinction  almost  from 
its  organization  in  1863,  when  it  temporarily  occupied  the  building  at  the  southeast 
corner  of  Broadway  and  Pearl  Street,  and  subsequently  the  white  marble  building 
on  the  opposite  corner,. in  which  it  has  since  been  comfortably  housed,  and  which  it 
afterwards  bought.  It  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  dry-goods  district,  where  it  has 
a  large  business.  William  A.  Wheelock  was  its  President  for  fifteen  years,  resigning 
in  1882,  when  William  M.  Bliss  became  President.  The  present  chief  executive 
of  the  Central  National,  Col.  William  L.  Strong,  who  was  elected  Vice-President  in 
1882  and  President  in  1888,  maintains  the  traditions  of  this  strong  line  of  predeces- 
sors. A  merchant 
of  long  experience 
and  successful 
record,  and  identi- 
fied with  many  of 
the  city's  financial, 
social,  and  polit- 
ical institutions, 
with  personal 
prominence  and 
wide  influence  in 
the  dry-goods  and 
allied  trades,  he 
presides  over  a 
Board  of  Directors 
representing  the 
strongest  elements 
among  the  textile 
interests.  The 
Directors  are  : 
William  A.  Whee- 
lock, William  M. 
Bliss,  Simon  Bern- 
heimer,  James  W. 
Smith,  William 
L.  Strong,  Edward 
C.  Sampson,  James 
H.  Dunham,  Ed- 
win  L  a  n  g  d  o  n, 

Woodbury  Langdon,  John  Claflin,  and  John  A.  McCall.  Edwin  Langdon,  the 
Vice-President  of  the  bank,  has  been  in  its  service  since  1865,  rising  through  all  the 
grades  to  his  present  post,  having  been  elected  thereto  in  1889.  Charles  S. 
Young,  for  many  years  Paying  Teller,  is  now  the  Cashier  of  the  bank.  The  Central 
is  among  the  ''two-figure"  institutions,  its  total  resources  and  deposits  exceeding 
$13,000,000.  The  character  of  its  business,  however,  merits  attention,  for  it  is  one 
of  the  largest  and  strongest  banks  in  the  country,  based  mainly  upon  a  mercantile 
connection  and  custom.  The  collection  and  correspondence  of  the  Central  National 
with  "outside  "  banks  are,  of  course,  considerable,  and  its  deposits  from  this  source, 
as  well  as  from  business  and  corporate  interests  other  than  the  dry-goods  trade,  are 
elements  in  its  prosperity.    The  capital  of  the  Central  is  $2,000,000,  its  surplus  and 


NATIONAL  BANK,  BROADWAY  AND  PEARL  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  737 

undivided  profits  $553,515,  and  its  aggregate  resources  are  over  $  16,000,000.  Its 
aggregate  deposits,  now  $14,000,000,  represent  1,200  depositors;  and  during  the 
current  year  the  bank  paid  checks  aggregating  more  than  $560,000,000.  The  con- 
servative character  of  its  business,  and  the  confidence  which  the  mercantile  com- 
munity feels  in  the  Central's  position,  are  such  that  at  times  of  financial  disturbance 
and  uncertainty,  when  bank  deposits  tend  to  shrink,  those  of  this  institution  usually 
show  a  positive  increase.  There  are  very  few  financial  institutions  of  which  this  can 
be  said. 

The  Second  National  Bank  occupies  one  of  the  busiest,  most  frequented,  and 
most  conspicuous  corners  in  New  York.  It  is  at  the  intersection  of  Broadway,  Fifth 
Avenue  and  23d  Street.  At  this  point,  the  southwestern  corner  of  Madison  Square, 
the  business  life  and  the  social  life  of  the  metropolis  meet.  Forty  years  ago 
the  site  was  occupied  by  a  roadside  hostelry,  which,  when  the  steady  northward 
march  of  improvement  reached  23d  Street,  gave  place  to  the  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel 
building.  In  1863  the  Second  National  Bank  was  organized  and  took  possession  of 
its  present  suite  of  offices,  and  there  it  has  since  remained.  The  original  capital  of 
$300,000  remains  unchanged,  a  surplus  of  $450,000  having  accumulated  in  addition. 
On  December  31,  1875,  an  extra  dividend  of  100  per  cent,  was  declared,  and  paid 
to  the  stockholders.    The  first  president  of  the  institution,  Henry  A.  Hurlbut,  is 


73« 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


still  a  member  of  its  Board  of  Directors,  George  Montague,  its  President  since  1884, 
is  one  of  the  well-known  and  experienced  bankers  of  New  York.  The  Board  of 
Directors  is  a  strong  and  conservative  one,  representing  both  up-town  business  and 
investing  wealth,  and  down-town  banking  interests  as  well.  It  consists  of  Amos  R. 
Eno,  who  built  and  still  owns  the  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel ;  Henry  A.  Hurlbut,  Alfred 
IS.  Darling,  John  L.  Riker,  William  C.  Brewster,  Wm.  P.  St.  John,  George 
Montague,  Charles  B.  Fosdick,  George  Sherman,  Welcome  G.  Hitchcock,  and  John 
W.  Aitken.  The  Second  National  Bank  was  a  pioneer  in  its  field.  Its  organizers 
were  the  earliest  to  perceive  that  not  only  did  the  large  mercantile  interests  of  all 
kinds  concentrating  in  the  central  up-town  portion  of  New  York  demand  banking 
facilities,  but  that  the  same  section  of  the  city  was  the  abode  of  wealthy  citizens  not 
actively  engaged  in  business,  who  would  furnish  an  unusually  desirable  clientile  for 
such  an  institution.  In  1869,  Joseph  S.  Case,  then  its  paying  teller,  now  its 
Cashier,  observed  that  the  latter  class  included  many  women  ;  and  he  was  the  first 
to  suggest  that  the  bank  should  provide  special  accommodations  for  women  custom- 
ers. A  parlor,  with  windows  at  teller's  and  bookkeeper's  desks  for  their  use,  was 
accordingly  provided,  and  has  become  very  popular  —  so  popular  that  several  banks 
have  introduced  the  same  feature.  The  bank's  deposits  amount  to  $6,000,000,  and 
its  gross  assets  upwards  of  $7,000,000.  The  Fifth-Avenue  Safe-Deposit  Company 
occupies  with  its  well-arranged  fire  and  burglar  proof  vaults  the  basement  immedi- 
ately beneath  the  bank,  the  entrance  thereto  being  through  the  banking-rooms  of 
the  Second  National  Bank.  The  safeguards  it  affords  are  largely  patronized  by  the 
latter's  dealers,  as  well  as  by  the  community  around  Madison  Square. 

The  First  National  Bank,  at  Broadway  and  Wall  Street,  was  organized 
under  the  National  law  in  1863.  It  acquired  renown  by  its  management  of  United- 
States  Government  loans.  In  the  refunding  operations  of  1879  it  was  the  principal 
agent  of  the  Treasury,  placing  $500,000,000  of  bonds.  Its  business  is  largely 
as  reserve  agent  for  National  banks  throughout  the  country,  and  its  deposits  from 
that  line  are  the  greatest  in  the  United  States,  as  is  also  its  surplus,  which  is  over 
% 7, 000, 000.    George  F.  Baker  is  its  President. 

The  Ninth  National  Bank  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  organized  in  1864, 
its  first  President  being  Joseph  U.  Orvis  ;  and  its  first  offices  were  established  at 
the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Franklin  Street.  The  location  of  the  bank  was  favor- 
able to  the  development  of  a  large  connection  in  the  dry-goods  and  allied  trades. 
In  187 1  the  imposing  marble  building  at  407  and  409  Broadway,  between  Walker 
and  Lispenard  Streets,  was  built  and  occupied  by  the  institution.  It  covers  a  lot  50 
feet  wide  by  102  feet  deep,  and  is  one  of  the  most  spacious  and  best-arranged  bank- 
ing-houses in  the  city.  This  property  has  a  much  greater  value  than  it  is  carried  at 
on  the  books  of  the  bank,  and  yields  upwards  of  7  per  cent,  as  an  investment.  The 
capital  of  the  bank  is  .^750,000,  and  its  surplus  and  profits  $350,000.  John  K. 
Cilley,  a  merchant  of  large  experience  and  conservative  judgment,  was  elected  Presi- 
dent in  November,  1S91  ;  and  since  then  the  bank's  deposits  have  steadily  increased, 
and  the  market  value  of  the  stock  has  shown  a  very  large  advance.  While  its  mer- 
cantile accounts,  embracing,  as  they  do,  a  great  variety  of  trades,  form  the  most 
important  part  of  the  bank's  business,  it  possesses  also  an  extensive  and  desirable 
correspondence  among  banks  and  business  houses  all  over  the  country,  enabling  it 
to  extend  superior  collection  facilities  to  its  customers.  The  Directors  are  John  K. 
Cilley,  President  ;  Albert  C.  Hall,  of  Alvah  Hall  &  Co.,  umbrellas;  Haskell  A. 
Searle,  of  Searle,  Dailey  &  Co.,  straw  goods  ;  William  E.  Tefft,  of  Tefft,  Weller  & 
Co.,  dry  goods;  Augustus  F.  Libbey,  of  H.  J.  Libbey  &  Co.,  commission  dry 


74° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


goods  ;  Ernest  Werner,  of  Joseph  &  Werner,  commission  woolens  ;  William  E.  Ise- 
lin,  of  William  Tselin  &  Co.,  importers  dry  goods;  Addison  C.  Rand,  President  of 
the  Rand  Drill  Co.  ;  and  Hiram  H.  Nazro,  Cashier.  Mr.  Nazro  has  been  connected 
with  the  bank  ever  since  it  was  organized  in  1864,  and  has  been  Cashier  since  1873. 

The  Bank  of  the  Metropolis  is  a  flourishing  outgrowth  of  the  movement  of 
business  to  the  up-town  section  of  New  York.     Union  Square,  where  its  banking 

house  is  established,  was 
thirty  years  ago  a  fashion- 
able residence-district.  To- 
day it  is  surrounded  by  some 
of  the  largest  retail  business 
houses  in  New  York,  and 
important  manufacturing 
and  wholesale  industries 
are  plentiful  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. The  magnitude  of 
these  interests  is  attested  by 
the  success  of  this  pros- 
perous institution,  the  busi- 
ness of  which  is  derived 
from  their  requirements,  and 
which  is  conducted  in  a 
manner  to  attract  the  cus- 
tom and  support  of  the  dry- 
goods,  furniture,  jewelry  and 
other  classes  of  merchants 
whose  places  of  business  are 
in  the  vicinity.  The  bank 
was  organized  in  1 87 1,  and 
commenced  operations  in 
June  of  that  year.  The  first 
President  was  W.  A.  Kissam 
(who  died  in  the  same  year),  and  the  original  place  of  business  was  31  Union 
Square.  A  removal  to  17  Union  Square  followed  six  years  later,  and  in  1888 
the  bank  took  the  more  commodious  quarters  at  29  Union  Square,  which  it 
now  occupies.  Robert  Schell,  the  President,  who  has  held  the  position  steadily 
for  twenty  years,  was  formerly  a  well-known  jewelry  merchant  in  Maiden  Lane. 
William  B.  Isham,  the  Yice -President  (since  1885),  was  prominent  in  the  leather 
trade  ;  and  the  Cashier,  Theodore  Rogers,  has  occupied  the  same  position  since 
the  formation  of  the  bank.  The  Board  of  Directors  is  a  remarkably  strong 
body,  comprising  representatives  of  houses  which  are  known  not  only  in  New 
York  but  throughout  the  United  States.  They  are  Charles  L.  Tiffany,  of  Tiffany  & 
Company  ;  Hon.  Samuel  Sloan,  President  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western 
Railroad  ;  Robert  Schell,  the  President  ;  Joseph  Park,  of  Park  &  Tilford  ;  William 
Steinway,  of  Steinway  &  Sons  ;  William  B.  Isham,  capitalist ;  W.  D.  Sloane,  of 
W.  &  J.  Sloane  ;  and  Hicks  Arnold,  of  Arnold,  Constable  &  Co.  The  bank  has  a 
deposit  line  of  nearly  $7,000,000  ;  and  a  surplus  of  $700,000  has  been  accumulated 
on  the  capital  of  $300,000.     Its  shares  have  a  market  value  of  over  $400  each. 

An  institution  of  such  solidity  and  enterprise,  and  with  such  widely  and  favorably 
known  officers  and  directors,  is  of  great  benefit  to  business  in  the  up-town  district. 


BANK  OF  THE  METROPOLIS,  29  UNION  SQUARE,  WEST.  SOUTHWEST 
CORNER  OF  16TM  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


741 


The  Seaboard  National  Bank,  located  at  18  Broadway,  is  less  than  a 
decade  old,  but  from  its  organization  it  has  steadily  risen  to  the  highest  position 
among  the  banks  of  this  city,  in  the  extent  of  its  business,  and  the  sound  yet  enter- 
prising character  of  its  management  ;  and  it  has  passed,  in  volume  of  business  and 
deposits,  some  fifty  banks  of  this  city  which  were  well  established  before  this  bank 
was  organized.  During  the  panics  of  1884  and  1890  this  bank  relied  entirely  upon 
its  own  resources,  not  accepting  the  assistance  of  the  New-York  Clearing  House 
Association,  which  was  offered  to  all  banks  that  were  members  of  the  Association, 
and  was  freely  used  by  many  of  the  strongest.  It  has  been  the  practice  of  the  bank 
never  to  charge  its  depositors  more  than  the  legal  rate  of  interest,  no  matter  what 
the  ruling  rate  in  the  market,  so  that  in  a  time  of  stringency  in  the  money 
market  its  depositors  have  had  every  assistance  which  the  bank  was  able  to  extend, 
which  fact  has  been  greatly  appreciated  by  them,  as  shown  by  the  steady  increase 
of  its  deposits,  which,  during  the  last  five  years,  have  increased  at  the  rate  of  one 
million  dollars  per  annum.  The  bank  is  also  represented  in  the  management  of  the 
New- York  Clearing  House  Association,  one  of  its  officers  being  a  member  of  one 
of  the  most  important  committees,  necessitating  the  examination  of  all  banks  apply- 
ing for  membership  to  the 
Association.  The  varied  in- 
terests of  its  depositors  are 
duly  represented  in  its  Board 
of  Directors,  and  contribute 
to  its  business,  which  covers 
all  departments  of  trade. 
The  bank  has  an  extended 
connection  with,  and  line  of 
deposits  from,  leading  banks 
and  bankers  in  other  cities, 
a  large  corporation  custom, 
and  many  accounts  among 
large  mercantile  firms  and 
individuals.  It  is  also  a 
depository  for  the  United 
States,  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  is  officially  desig- 
nated for  the  same  purpose 
by  the  Produce,  Cotton, 
and  Coffee  Exchanges  of 
New  York.  Promptness, 
accuracy  ind  a  spirit  to  ac- 
commodate its  depositors,  of 
whatever  class,  is  the  rule  of 
its  management ;  and  this 
to  a  large  extent  explains  its 
remarkable  progress  in  es- 
tablishing, in  less  than  ten 
years,  a  business  represented 
by  more  t.han  eight  millions 

of  resources,  and  a  line  of  seaboard  national  bank,  18  Broadway 


742 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


deposits  of  $7, 500,000,  in  addition  to  a  surplus  of  $250,000,  to  its  capital  of  $500,- 
000.  The  shares  of  the  bank  sell  at  $176  each,  on  a  par  value  of  $100,  and  pay 
dividends  of  six  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Its  Board  of  Directors  is  notably  strong.  It  consists  of  Samuel  G.  Bayne,  Presi- 
dent;  Stuart  G.  Nelson,  Vice-President;  Alex.  E.  Orr,  of  David  Dows  &  Co., 
produce  merchants  ;  Edward  V.  Loew,  President  of  the  Manufacturers'  &  Builders' 
Fire-Insurance  Co.  ;  Samuel  T.  Hubbard,  Jr.,  of  Hubbard,  Price  &  Co.,  cotton 
merchants  ;  George  Milmine,  of  Milmine,  Bodman  &  Co.,  produce  merchants  ; 
Henry  Thompson,  President  of  the  Broadway  and  Seventh-Avenue  Railroad  ;  Wil- 
liam A.  Ross,  of  William  A.  Ross  &  Brother,  merchants  ;  Daniel  O'Day,  President 
of  the  People's  Bank,  Buffalo  ;  Joseph  Seep,  of  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  ;  and  T. 
Wistar  Brown,  Vice-President  of  the  Provident  Life  and  Trust  Co.,  Philadelphia. 
John  F.  Thompson  is  the  Cashier.  The  Seaboard  National  Bank  is  situated  at  the 
lower  end  of  Broadway,  facing  the  historic  Bowling  Green  ;  within  a  stone's  throw 
of  the  Produce  and  other  exchanges. 

The  Mount  Morris  Bank  is  the  representative  financial  institution  of  the 
growing  quarter  of  New  York  which  now  occupies  the  former  suburb  of  Harlem. 
The  increase  of  population  in  that  district  following  the  introduction  of  rapid  tran- 
sit was  accompanied  by  the  development  of  business  interests  both  commercial  and 
manufacturing.    To  supply  the  needed  banking  facilities  the  Mount  Morris  Bank 


For  three  years  it 
1883,  tne  present 
Park  Avenue,  was 


was  organized,  in  December,  1880,  under  a  State  charter 
occupied  the  premises  133  East  125th  Street  ;  but  in 
handsome  building,  at  the  corner  of  125th  Street  and 
built  by  the  bank,  at  a  cost  of  $300,000  for  land  and 
improvements,  and  has  thenceforth  been  its  home. 
The  fact  that  the  $100  shares  of  the  bank  sell 
for  $300  each,  is  an  evidence  of  the  wisdom  of 
its  organizers,  as  well  as  of  the  soundness  of 
its  management.  Although  the  accumulation 
of  surplus  and  profits  of  over  $330,000  has 
more  than  doubled  the  capital  of  $250,000, 
and  a  line  of  deposits  aggregating  over 
$2,800,000  are  even  more  significant,  it 
should  be  remembered  too 
that  this  is  the  result  of 
legitimate  banking  in  its 
strictest  sense.  These  re- 
sults are  attributable  to  the 
effective  management  which 
the  bank  has  enjoyed  since 
its  organization.  The  only 
change  that  has  occurred  in 
its  officers  was  the  election 
of  Joseph  M.  De  Veau,  who 
is  now  its  President,  as 
successor  to  Alexander 
Ketchum,  its  first  head.  Thomas  W.  Robinson  has  been  Cashier  since  its  formation. 
The  Directors  are  Joseph  M.  De  Veau,  C.  C.  Baldwin,  George  B.  Robinson,  David 
L.  Evans,  Thomas  W.  Robinson,  C.  O.  Hubbell,  Jesse  G.  Keys,  W.  Morton  Grin- 
nell,  William  H.  Payne,  Waldo  P.  Clement,  Lucien  P.  Warner,  and  Levi  P.  Morton. 


STREET  AND  PARK  AVENUE. 


ICING'S  IIAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


743 


The  Bank  of  New  Amsterdam,  at  Broadway  and  39th  Street,  was  founded 
as  recently  as  the  year  1887,  by  some  of  the  most  prominent  financial  men  in  the 
city.  They  believed  that  a  new  up-town  bank  would  pay  well,  if  conducted  on  a 
liberal  scale,  and  that  a  board  of  directors  including  men  whose  experience  and  in- 
tegrity were  everywhere  known  would  attract  considerable  business.  These  prognos- 
tications were  correct,  and  the  bank  has  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  community, 
and  has  prospered  greatly.  It  collects  coupons,  dividends  and  interest  free  of  charge  ; 
loans  money  on  securities  ;  buys  or  sells  stocks  or  bonds  foi  investment  ;  issues  let- 
ters of  credit ;  and  has  a  special  department  for  ladies.  The  deposits  on  July  I, 
1888,  were  $532,000;  July  1,  1889,  $917,000;  July  1,  1890,  $1,398,000;  July  I, 

1891,  $1,418,000  ;  July  ^  

1,  1892,  $1,739,000; 
January  6,  1893,  $2,- 
001,000.  The  capital 
is  $250,000,  and  the 
surplus  has  reached 
$  1 4  7, 000.  Thomas  C. 
Acton,  formerly  Assist- 
ant-Treasurer of  the 
United  States,  is  Pres- 
ident ;  Frank  Tilford, 
of  Park  &  Tilford,  Vice- 
President  ;  and  Nelson 
J.  II.  Edge  (formerly 
of  the  old  Merchants' 
Bank),  Cashier.  The 
Directors  are  :  Thos. 
C.  Acton,  Samuel  D. 
Babcock,  J.  S.  Barnes, 
Frank  Curtiss,  Thos. 
Denny,  Robert  Goelet, 
G.  G.  Haven,  EL  Y. 
Lewis,  Geo.  W.  Loss, 
Jas.  A.  Roosevelt,  John  L.  Riker,  Elihu  Root,  John  A.  Stewart,  G.  H.  Scribner, 
Jesse  Seligman,  Louis  Stern,  F.  D.  Tappen,  Jno.  t.  Terry,  and  Frank  Tilford. 

Hamilton  Bank  is  named  in  honor  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  the  statesman  and 
financier  of  the  Revolution,  whose  home  was  not  far  distant  from  the  bank's  build- 
ing, whose  district  was  familiar  ground  to  Hamilton.  The  bank  was  organized  on 
January  12,  188S,  and  on  the  same  day  the  Bank  of  Harlem  was  organized.  On 
May  10,  1892,  both  banks  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  Hamilton  Bank  of 
New-Vorl.  City,  and  soon  afterward  took  possession  of  the  present  commodious 
and  well-appointed  banking-rooms  on  the  main  floor  of  the  imposing  Hamilton 
Bank  Building,  213,  215  and  217  West  125th  Street,— the  main  thoroughfare  of 
Harlem,  —  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  Avenues.  The  bank  was  organized  to  meet 
the  demands  for  banking  facilities  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  city.  At  the  time 
of  consolidation  David  F.  Porter,  who  had  been  President  of  the  Bank  of  Harlem, 
was  chosen  President,  a  position  he  still  retains.  In  the  Board  of  Directors  are 
many  names  of  prominent  New- York  business  men  and  financiers  who  have  residences 
or  business  interests  in  this  up-town  district.  The  Directors  are  :  David  F.  Porter, 
President  of  the  Hamilton  Bank  ;  Charles  B.  Fosdick,  President  of  the  Hide  and 


BANK  OF  NEW  AMSTERDAM.  METROPOLITAN  OPERA  HOUSE,  BROADWAY 
AND  39TM  STREET. 


744 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Leather  National 
Bank  ;  William  P. 
St.  John,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Mer- 
cantile National 
Bank  ;  David  M. 
Williams  ;  Eman- 
uel Lauer  ;  John 
J.  Fowler ;  Lucien 
C.  Warner  ;  Wil- 
liam S.  Gray  ; 
John  J.  Sperry  ; 
Julius  W.  Tie- 
man;  James 
Rogers  ;  Joseph 
Milbank  ;  John  J. 
Lapham  ;  Isaac 
A .  Hopper; 
Henry  Morgen- 
thau;  Cyrus 
Clark  ;  Louis 
Strasburger; 
Frederick  B. 
Sch  en  ck  ;  and 
Welcome  T.  Alex- 
ander. The  Vice- 
President  is  Wil- 
liam S.  Gray  and 
the  Cashier  is 
Kdwin  S.  Schenck. 

The  prosperity  of  the  bank  is  shown  by  its  present  condition.  Its  capital  is 
$200,000;  its  deposits,  which  are  almost  wholly  individual  accounts,  already  ap- 
proach one  million  dollars  ;  so  that  its  gross  assets  range  from  $1, 100,000  upwards. 
A  general  banking  business  is  transacted,  collections  are  made,  and  Bills  of 
Exchange  are  issued.  A  portion  of  the  banking-room  is  arranged  for  the  special 
accommodation  of  ladies,  who  form  an  important  line  of  the  patrons  of  the 
Hamilton  Bank,  and  the  lower  floor  is  to  be  fitted  up  with  a  modern  safe-deposit 
vault.     President  Porter  is  one  of  the  Rapid-Transit  Commissioners. 

The  Nineteenth  Ward  Bank  is  one  of  the  up-town  banks  that  has  made  a 
noteworthy  success.  It  was  organized  in  1884,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  to  meet 
the  needs  of  its  populous  district.  The  way  it  has  served  its  constituency  is  shown 
in  the  fact  that  its  deposits  approach  $1,500,000,  an  unusually  large  line  for  a 
bank  of  its  age  and  its  capital,  particularly  so  for  a  bank  depending  mainly  on  a 
local  constituency  in  an  up-town  district.  In  addition  to  its  capital,  it  has  a  surplus 
and  undivided  profits  of  about  $70,000,  and  altogether  its  total  resources  amount  to 
about  $1,700,000.  The  market  value  of  its  stock  ranges  in  the  neighborhood  of 
$200  a  share,  and  on  the  books  of  the  bank  it  is  worth  over  $170  a  share  ;  but  it  is 
not  on  the  market. 

The  Nineteenth  Ward  Bank  Building  is  on  Third  Avenue,  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  57th  Street ;  and  besides  the  bank's  quarters  it  is  occupied  for  real  estate, 


HAMILTON  BANK,  215  WEST  125TH  STREET,  NEAR  SEVENTH  AVENUE. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  745 

insurance,  and  other  offices  ;  by  the  Maimonides  Library  ;  and  for  numerous  lodge 
and  society  rooms. 

The  officers  of  the  bank  are  Samuel  H.  Rathbone,  President ;  Martin  B.  Brown 
Vice-President;  James  B.  Story,  Cashier;  and  Louis  H.  Holloway,  Assistant- 
Cashier. 

The  Directors  include  Matthew  Baird,  builder  and  contractor  ;    Martin  B 
Brown,  printer  and  stationer  ;  Richard  A.  Cunningham,  contractor  ;  Myer  Hellman 
banker  ;  John  P. 
Kane,  of  Canda  & 
Kane,  builders' 
and  masons'  ma- 
terials ;  Joseph  J. 
Kittel,   capitalist  ; 
Julien   L.  Myers, 
retired  ;  Robert 
C.    Rathbone,  of 
R.    C.  Rathbone 
&  Son,  under- 
writers ;  Samuel 
H.  Rathbone, 
President ;  George 
P.  Sheldon,  Presi- 
dent of  thePhenix 
Insurance  Com- 
pany ;  Richard 
K.  Sheldon,  Treas- 
urer of  the  Ameri- 
can   Casualty  In- 
surance   and  Se- 
curity   Company  ; 
and   James    B.  " 
Story,  Cashier. 
The  Board  of  Di- 
rectors represent 
a  group  of  success- 
ful, energetic  busi- 
ness    men,  who 

take  pride  in  the  welfare  of  the  bank  and  are  acti 


NINETEENTH  WARD  BANK,  THIRD  AVENUE  AND  57th  STREET. 


"feTte^  'heir  ™'tSr »g  ^ia„y  -struck  S  b^.p^f 

It  is  a  duly  apporated  depository  for  the  State  of  New  York    T,  7  *4°'000\ 
banking  business  and  gives  special  consideration  JZ  need  J  ts  locat 
uency.     Thomas  R    Manners  was  one  of  its  incorporators,  a  d  has  b  ™  he" 
PresKlen,  from  the  begmning.    John  Byrns  is  Vice-President    William  B  Nivin 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THE  EAST  SIDE  BANK,  135  GRAND  STREET,  BETWEEN  ELM  AND 
CROSBY  STREETS. 


Cashier  ;  and  E.  A.  Henderson, 

Assistant-Cashier.  The  Direo" 
tors  are  Walter  Luttgen,  of 
August  Belmont  &  Co.  ;  John 
Byrns,  plumber;  G.  Wessels, 
of  The  Wessels  Co.  ;  Abraham 
Stern,  attorney;  John  Over- 
beck,  capitalist ;  Francis  Hal- 
pin,  Assistant-Cashier  of  the 
Chemical  National  Bank  ;  Em- 
manuel J.  Meyers,  of  Hahn  & 
Meyers,  attorneys ;  Thomas  S. 
Ollive,  of  the  New-York  Biscuit 
Co.  ;  Jacob  Horowitz,  jeweler ; 
Martin  Simons,  broker  ;  Samuel 
Cohn,  of  S.  Cohn  &  Bro., 
shoes;  and  Thomas  R.  Man- 
ners, President. 

An  institution  favored  by  the 
financial  support  and  counsel  of 
such  a  board  of  officers  must  be 
a  tower  of  strength  in  the  busi- 
ness community,  rising  above 
the  transient  perils  of  monetary 
panics. 


SKATING  IN  1  HE  PARK. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


747 


The  Plaza  Bank  has  its  banking  house  opening  into  one  of  the  grandest  plazas 
or  squares  m  the  world  ;  and  it  is  situated  in  the  line  of  those  magnificent  churches 
superb  residences,  famous  clubs,  and  Aladdin-like  hotels  that  combine  to  make  Fifth 
Avenue  the  unrivalled  residence-thoroughfare  of  any  country.  The  bank's  new 
quarters  are  on  Fifth  Avenue,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  58th  Street,  and  starting 
directly  from  its  corner  begins  the  Plaza,  upon  which  face  the  Plaza,  the  New  Nether* 
land  and  the  Savoy  hotels,  and  from  which  opens  the  main  entrance  to  Central  Park- 
Surrounded  by  palatial  residences  of  many  of  New  York's  wealthiest  and  best- 
known  citizens,  this  is  indeed  an  ideal  situation  for  a  bank  to  serve  an  aristocratic 
constituency  and  those  business  houses  that  of  necessity  congregate  close  to  such 
a  locality  The  bank  building  is  part  of  the  Mason-Jones  block  of  residences  It 
was  remodelled  for  the  Plaza  Bank  by  Richard  Howland  Hunt.  The  upper  floors 
have  been  rented  by  the  bank  to  the  Seventh-Regiment  Veteran  Club 

The  Plaza  Bank  was  started  not  only  to  serve  such  a  constituency,  but  its  con- 
st, uents  were  to  a  great  extent  identified  with  its  organization,  as  is  shown  by  the 
followmg  list  of  ongina   stockholders,  which  includes  a  peculiarly  representative 
group  of  noted  New- York  names:  A.  Newbold  Morris,  Wm.  H.  Ti'llinghast,  T  C 
Lastman,  Woodbury  G.  Langdon,  Morris  K.  Jesup,  Beni.  H.  Bristol,  Wm  C 
Brewster,  D.  S.  Hammond,  Wm.  Ottmann,  Wm  Rockefeller,  Bishop  Henry  C 
otter  John  J.  Astor,  F.  A.  Hammond,  H.  O.  Havemeyer,  Linda  F.  Mower,  Sol 
Friend,  Simon  H  Stern,  Roderick  J.  Kennedy,  John  L.  Riker,  B.  Beinecke,  Wm 


D.  Sloane,  Wm.  C.  Whitney,   Col.  Wm. 
Gaillard  Thomas,  Obed  Wheel 
Morris,  Joseph  Park,  John  B 

E.  Damon,  David  Aaron,  C 
Wm.   Kraus,    Geo.    C.  Park 


Strong,  Addison  Cammack,  Dr.  T. 
er,  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Polk,  James 
Reynolds,  Josiah  M.  Fiske,  W. 
DeSilver,  Theodore  Wheeler, 
Richard  M.  Hunt,  Joseph  La' 
rocque,  David  Wolfe  Bishop, 
Horace  L.  Hotchkiss,  Ferdinand 
P.  Earle,  Wm.  B.  Wheeler,  Gard- 
ner Wetherbee,  Henry  G.  Mar- 


Fliess,  Mrs.  Seth 
P.  Huntington, 
H.  Dugro,  C.  M. 


PLAZA  BANK,  FIFTH  AVENUE,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER  OF  58th  STREET. 


748 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


McGhee,  W.  McMaster  Mills,  Max  Naumburg,  Elkan  Naumburg,  Chas.  L.  Tiffany, 
and  Mrs.  Lucy  Fayerweather. 

The  Board  of  Directors  likewise  includes  names  well  known  throughout  the 
country :  A.  Newbold  Morris,  Wm.  L.  Strong,  Obed  Wheeler,  John  J.  Astor, 
Joseph  Larocque,  D.  S.  Hammond,  Wm.  C.  Whitney,  Addison  Cammack,  Wm. 
Ottmann,  David  Aaron,  B.  Beinecke,  Wm.  C.  Brewster,  Woodbury  G.  Langdon, 
Benj.  H.  Bristow,  Wm.  H.  Tillinghast,  Joseph  Park,  Josiah  M.  Fiske,  John  L. 
Riker,  and  Ferdinand  P.  Earle.  The  officers,  who  have  been  the  same  since  the 
bank  began  business  in  1 89 1,  are  William  C.  Brewster,  President  ;  Woodbury  G. 
Langdon,  Vice-President ;  and  W.  McMaster  Mills,  Cashier. 

The  Sherman  Bank,  although  one  of  the  newest  of  New-York's  financial  insti- 
tutions, starts  out  under  such  auspices  as  to  give  it  a  good  position  among  the  solid 

and  progressive  banks  of  the 
city.  Its  name  commem- 
orates one  of  America's 
greatest  generals  and  noblest 
and  most  beloved  patriots, 
General  William  T.  Sher- 
man ;  and  is  also  suggestive 
of  another  name  equally 
honored  by  Americans,  Sen- 
ator John  Sherman,  who, 
besides  being  one  of  the 
greatest  statesmen,  has  been 
almost  without  a  peer  in  his 
knowledge  of  financial  mat- 
ters. Moreover,  it  calls  to 
mind  the  revolutionary 
patriot  and  statesman, 
Roger  Sherman,  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, all  together  indicating 
that  the  name  "  Sherman  " 
is  peculiarly  appropriate  for 
a  great  American  banking 
institution.  The  bank's 
quarters,  elegant,  spacious, 
and  admirably  arranged,  are 
in  the  handsome  Mclntyre 
Building,  on  Broadway,  at 
the  corner  of  1 8th  Street,  to- 
day one  of  the  most  fre- 
quented and  thickly  settled  neighborhoods  of  the  city.  Its  capital  of  $200,000 
is  re-inforced  by  a  surplus  of  $100,000.  Although  it  began  business  on  June 
16,  1892,  it  immediately  obtained  a  large  line  of  deposits,  which  were  attracted 
to  it  from  the  business  people  and  residents  of  the  vicinity,  and  from  a  number 
of  firms  and  corporations  interested  in  the  bank  or  drawn  to  it  by  its  list 
of  officers  and  stockholders,  which  comprises  a  thoroughly  representative  body 
of  New-York  business  men.  The  officers  are  Charles  E.  Bulkley,  President ; 
Henry  D.  Northrop,  Cashier  ;  both  veterans  in  banking  circles.    The  Directors 


SHERMAN  BANK,  BROADWAY,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  OF  18TH  STREET. 


4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


749 


are  William  J.  Arkell,  of  Judge  and  Frank  Leslie's;  Charles  E.  Bulkley, 
President  of  the  Whiting  Mfg.  Co.  ;  Jacob  D.  Butler,  builder  and  real 
estate ;  William  Crawford,  of  Simpson,  Crawford  &  Simpson  ;  George  C.  Flint, 
President  of  the  G.  C.  Flint  Company  ;  Louis  C.  Fuller,  President  of  the  Electric 
Cutlery  Co.  ;  George  B.  Jacques,  of  Jacques  &  Marcus  ;  George  P.  Johnson,  Treas- 
urer of  the  New- York  Biscuit  Co.,  and  New- York  Manager  of  the  Diamond  Match 
Co.  ;  Ewen  Mclntyre ;  John  McLoughlin  (Vice-President),  of  McLoughlin  Bros.  ; 
Ludwig  Nissen,  diamond  importer  ;  Henry  D.  Northrop,  Cashier  ;  James  H.  Parker, 
President  of  the  United-States  National  Bank  ;  Douglass  R.  Satterlee  ;  George  P. 
Sheldon,  President  of  the  Phenix  Insurance  Company  ;  William  R.  Smith,  of  Worth- 
ington,  Smith  &  Co.  ;  Benjamin  B.  Van  Derveer,  of  the  Tenney  Company  ;  and  Lu- 
cien  C.  Warner.  The  banking  rooms  of  the  Sherman  Bank  are  among  the  most  ele- 
gant in  the  city  ;  and  were  specially  designed  for  the  best  working  facilities  for  the 
bank's  officers  and  clerks,  and  the  most  satisfactory  accommodations  of  the  customers. 
There  are  entirely  separate  quarters  for  the  lady  patrons,  and  special  rooms  for  cus- 
tomers who  wish  to  look  over  private  papers  or  have  a  secluded  place  for  conferences. 

The  Franklin  National  Bank  began  business  March  27,  1893,  under  promis- 
ing conditions.  With  a  capital  of  $200,000,  and  a  surplus  of  $50,000,  and  im- 
mediate deposits  of  considerable  amount,  it  had  sufficient  resources  to  command 
the  confidence  and  patronage  of  its  constituency.  Its  location,  too,  is  in  one  of  the 
most  populous  and  energetic  sections  of  the  city,  where  the  industries  and  trades 
are  especially  diversified.     Its  bank  building  is  at  the  corner  of  Greenwich  and 

 Dey  Streets,  midway  between 

'/  Broadway    and    the  North 


William  C.  Roberts,  Arthur  W.  Talcott,  Dillon  C.  Willoughby,  Charles  F.  James,  N. 
D.  Daboll  and  Ellis  H.  Roberts.  The  measure  of  success  thus  far  secured  promises 
that  the  bank  is  to  be  one  of  the  strong  and  prosperous  institutions  of  the  city. 


River,  in  the  premises  form- 
erly occupied  by  the  North- 
River  Bank,  a  building  es- 
pecially constructed  for  bank- 
ing purposes.  Its  President 
is  the  Hon.  Ellis  H.  Roberts, 
who  for  four  years  past  has 
been  the  Assistant-Treasurer 
of  the  United  States  at  New 
York,  a  position  which  can 
be  filled  only  by  a  man  of 
unquestioned  ability  in  finance 
and  of  extreme  conservatism 
and  exceptional  integrity. 
The  Vice-President  is  Charles 
F.  James,  and  the  Cashier  is 
Nathan  D.  Daboll.  The 
Board  of  Directors  includes 
Joseph  Beckel,  C.  S.  Brain- 
erd,  John  Byrne,  Philip  Car- 
penter, E.  M.  Cutler,  Brent 
Good,  Wm.  James,  Hugo 
Josephy,  Charles  H.  Parsons, 


FRANKLIN   NATIONAL  BANK,  GREENWICH  AND  DEY  STREETS. 


75° 


KING'S  HA  XD HOOK  OF  XFAV  YORK. 


The  Foreign  Banking  Houses  of  New  York  form  an  important  and  useful 
part  in  the  financial  machinery  of  the  country,  and  no  account  of  the  organization  of 
wealth  and  commerce  in  the  great  city  would  be  complete  without  a  description  of 
their  functions,  and  a  reference  to  some  of  the  leading  firms  in  this  line  which,  in 
wealth,  influence,  and  volume  of  business,  rival  the  largest  of  incorporated  financial 
institutions.     The  banking  business  of  Europe,  it  is  well  known,  is  more  largely 
conducted  as  a  matter  of  private  enterprise  than  is  the  case  here  ;  and  great  firms 
like  the  Rothschilds,  with  their  branches  and  connections  in  every  city  of  Europe, 
are  powers  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  world  of  money,  ranking,  it  is  fair  to  say, 
even  with  the  Banks  of  England  and  of  France.    The  private  financial  houses  of 
Wall  Street  are  the  extension  of  this  system  to  the  United  States,  and  through  the 
connection  which  they  maintain  with  the  bankers  of  London,  Paris,  Berlin,  and 
other  cities,  constitute  the  link  which  binds  together  the  financial  systems  of  the  two 
hemispheres.     The  most  important  of  their  duties  is  furnishing  the  facilities  for 
payment  of  debts  incurred  in  Europe,  or  vice  versa.    These  bankers  are  the  pur- 
chasers of  the  drafts  which  American  shippers  draw  upon  foreign  buyers  of  their 
products,  and  on  the  other  hand  the  drafts  which  they  draw  upon  their  corre- 
spondents abroad,  when  sold  to  our  importers,  are  the  medium  through  which  our 
payments  for  foreign  commodities  are  settled.     This  constitutes  the  country' 
foreign-exchange  market,  which  business,  being  entirely  concentrated  at  New  York 
forms  one  of  the  city's  strongest  titles  to  its  financial  supremacy.    The  magnitud 
of  these  transactions  is  seldom  duly  appreciated.     Yet  it  is  estimated  by  competen 
authorities  that  the  volume  of  transactions  which  the  foreign  banking-houses  of  Ne 
York  perform  in  the  course  of  a  year,  including  purchases  of  commercial  draft 
sales  of  their  own  bills  on  European  cities,  or  the  issuance  of  letters  of  credit  t 
merchants  and  travellers,  foot  up  not  less  than  $20,000,000,000.    Another  important 
function  performed  by  these  banking-houses  is  the  representation  in  this  country  o 
the  investment  of  foreign  capital  in  American  securities.     Through  their  agency 
great  amounts  of  stocks  and  bonds  of  our  railroads  and  other  corporations  are  placet 
abroad,  and  the  representation  of  these  holdings  being  generally  confided  to  such 
interests,  they  are  very  important  factors  in  the  general  conduct  of  railroad  affairs 
The  direct  representation  of  corporations  in  the  money  market  is  a  hardly  le 
important  branch  of  their  usefulness.    Large  companies  desirous  to  effect  loans  on 
these  bonds  almost  invariably  offer  the  transaction  through  private  bankers,  an 
usually  through  those  with  foreign  connections.     Their  services  are  also  applied  for 
when  it  becomes  necessary  to  adjust  the  affairs  of  corporations  by  means  of  the  now 
familiar  process  of  re-organization.     Great  wealth,  conservatism,  and  ability  are  thei 
distinguishing  features,  and  they  are,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  investin 
public  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean.     Most  of  their  houses  are  connected  througl 
membership  of  one  or  more  of  their  partners  with  the  Stock  and  various  oth 
Exchanges,  and  furnish  by  the  operations  which  they  carry  on  therein  for  the 
foreign  clients  a  large  portion  of  the  activity  of  those  institutions. 

Drexel,  Morgan  &  Co.  enjoy  the  distinction  of  being  the  most  noted  financia 
house  in  Wall  Street,  that  is  to  say,  in  America.  Their  establishment  occupies  th 
whole  floor  of  the  white  marble  Drexel  Building,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Broa 
and  Wall  Streets,  directly  facing  the  Sub-Treasury  and  Assay  Office.  This  buildin 
was  erected  in  1872  for  the  firm,  the  lot  having  cost  the  then  unheard-of  sum 
81,000,000.  The  firm  is  of  distinctively  American  origin,  having  been  formed 
July,  1871,  by  a  union  of  forces  of  Drexel  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  one  of  the  olde 
and  richest  of  American  banking  houses,  and  the  great  interest  and  power  repr 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


751 


tented  by  Junius  S.  Morgan  of  London  (the  partner  of  the  late  George  Peabody), 
and  his  son,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan.-  The  latter,  with  Anthony  J.  Drexel  of  Philadel- 
phia, are  now  the  heads  of  the  establishment,  the  Philadelphia  house  of  Drexel  & 
Co.,  Drexel,  Harjes  &  Co.,  in  Paris,  and  J.  S.  Morgan  &  Co.,  of  London,  being 
closely  connected.  The  firm  is  rated,  from  point  of  capital,  in  the  tens  of  millions, 
and  in  individual  wealth  at  a  fabulous  amount.  It  does  a  large  banking  business,' 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  drawers  of  foreign  exchange.  Its  preeminence,  however' 
is  due  to  successful  participation  in  some  of  the  greatest  financial  operations  in  con- 
nection with  the  placing  of  railroad  loans,  or  the  re-organization  of  bankrupt  or  in- 
volved corporations,  the  West  Shore  and  the  Reading  properties  being  the  most 
conspicuous  instances  of  the  latter.  The  firm  exercises  a 
history  of  American  financial  affairs. 


supremacy  unique  in  the 


Maitland,  Phelps  &  Co.,  merchants  and  bankers,  at  22  and  24  Exchange 
Place,  have  a  history  which  runs  back  over  a  period  of  nearly  a  hundred  years.  The 

house  was  established  in  1796  by 
James  Lenox,  an  ancestor  of  the 
late  Robert  Lenox  of  New  York, 
and  William  Maitland,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Jas.  Lenox  &  Wm. 
Maitland.    In  1812  Robert  Mait- 
land of  Virginia,  and  afterwards 
David  S.  Kennedy  were  taken  in, 
and  the  firm  became  Lenox,  Mait- 
land &  Co.,  and  then  Kennedy  & 
Maitland,    and    later  Maitland, 
Kennedy  &  Co.,   and  Maitland, 
Comrie  &  Co.     The  business  of 
the  house  under  the  present  style 
of  Maitland,   Phelps  &  Co.  was 
begun  on  the  1st  of  January,  1847, 
and  has  continued  under  this  name 
up  to  the  present  time.  Royal 
Phelps,  than  whom  no  man  was 
perhaps  better  or  more  favorably 
known  in  this  city,  during  his  time 
and  generation,   was   the  senior 
partner  of  the  firm  from  1847  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  July  30, 
1884.    With  him  were  associated 
Robert  Gordon  and  Benjamin  F. 
Butler  (both  of  whom  retired  from 
the  firm  in    1883),   also  George 
Coppell  and    Thomas  Maitland. 
was  succeeded  as  senior  partner  by  Mr.  Coppell.    On  the  30th  of  Tune 
Mr.  Maitland,  having  taken  up  his  residence  in  England,  retired  from  the  firm' 
ge  Coppell,  Gerald  L.  Hoyt  and  Dallas  B.  Pratt  The 
South  A      •     77  °f       *T'  Whkh  is  a  emission  business,  is  with  Mexico 

bankt^h '  etCV  b6SideS  thiS  they  do  a  ^eral  domestic  ^reigi 
banking  business,  issuing  Letters  of  Credit  and  drawing  exchange  on  London  and 

Pans  ;  and  are  financial  agents  for  a  number  of  large  railroad  and  other  corporations 


MAITLAND,    PHELPS  &  CO.  ,  EXCHANGE  PLACE 
WILLIAM  AND  HANOVER  STREETS. 

Mr.  Phelps 

l892: 

The  P£  :e  Coppell,  Gerald  L 


752 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


This  part  of  Exchange  Place  is  quite  interesting.  Intermingled  with  great  mod- 
ern buildings  are  still  left  a  number  which  give  one  some  idea  of  New  York  of  the 
past  generation.  The  Maitland,  Phelps  &  Co.  Building,  so  long  occupied  by  this 
historic  firm,  has  as  its  neighbor  on  the  east  the  dignified  Post  Building,  and  on  the 
west  side  the  elegant  new  structure  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Rail- 
road. Immediately  across  the  street  is  the  solid  granite  United-States  Custom 
House,  which  is  connected  with  the  Maitland,  Phelps  &  Co.  Building  by  a  bridge, 
the  upper  floors  of  this  building  being  partly  utilized  by  the  National  Government. 
Wall  Street  is  but  a  stone's  throw  distant.  At  the  next  corner  above,  the  North 
British  &  Mercantile  Insurance  Co.,  of  London  and  Edinburgh,  are  about  to  erect  a 
grand  modern  office  structure,  while  in  the  same  block  with  Maitland,  Phelps  & 
Co.  is  the  Farmers'  Loan  &  Trust  Co.  Building. 

Brown  Bros.  &  Co.,  at  59  Wall  Street,  is  an  American  firm  which  has  long 
occupied  a  distinguished  and  honorable  position  in  the  financial  world.  The  term, 
"Brown's  rate,"  applied  to  the  quotations  current  for  foreign  exchange,  is  the 
standard  authority  for  the  operations  of  that  market.  The  house  originated  in 
Baltimore,  where  Alexander  Brown,  a  linen  merchant,  who  came  to  this  country 
in  1798,  afterward  embarked  in  the  banking  business.  Sons  of  the  founder  of  the 
house  established  branches  in  Liverpool  and  other  cities,  James  Brown  coming  to 
New  York  in  1826,  originating  the  house  which  now  exists  here.  James  Brown, 
who  died  in  1S77,  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  bankers  and  financiers  of  New 
York.  The  prominence  of  the  firm  dates  from  1837,  when  panic  convulsed  the 
United  States,  and  American  credit  abroad  threatened  to  collapse.  The  London 
houses  of  the  Brown  family  had,  or  were  responsible  for,  immense  amounts  of  bills 
of  American  drawers,  which  were  affected  by  these  events.  They  deposited  securi- 
ties with  the  Bank  of  England,  made  a  loan  which  enabled  them  to  protect  every 
bill  bearing  their  name,  paid  off  the  loan  within  six  months,  and  rendered  a  service 
to  American  credit  which  should  never  be  forgotten.  The  London  house  is  Brown, 
Shipley  &  Co.,  the  Baltimore  establishment  still  being  Alexander  Brown  &  Sons. 

August  Belmont  &  Co.  are  the  American  representatives  of  the  Rothschild 
family  of  bankers.  The  house  was  founded  in  1837  by  August  Belmont,  Sr.,  a 
German  by  birth,  who  was  for  fifty  years  one  of  the  most  prominent  financiers  of 
New  York,  and  who,  in  addition,  identified  himself  socially  and  politically  with  the 
interests  of  his  adopted  country  and  city,  serving  as  United-States  Minister  to  the 
Hague,  and  taking  an  active  part  in  municipal  and  national  politics.  The  firm  has 
always  occupied  a  leading  and  dignified  position,  not  only  as  drawers  of  exchange, 
but  as  the  representatives  of  vast  foreign-investment  interests  in  American  railroad 
and  other  corporations,  their  European  connections  extending  to  every  city  of 
importance  abroad.  The  present  head  of  the  house  is  August  Belmont,  the  son  of 
the  founder  (who  is  also  chairman  of  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad),  the 
banking  establishment  being  in  the  Nassau-Street  wing  of  the  Equitable  Building. 

Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.  is  a  banking  house,  especially  noted,  as  its  senior  mem- 
ber, the  Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton,  was  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  dur- 
ing the  Harrison  administration  in  1889-93.  Their  banking  rooms  are  in  the 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.'s  Building  on  Nassau  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Cedar 
Street. 

Other  Prominent  Bankers  include  Eugene  Kelly  &  Co. ;  Baring,  Magoun  & 
Co. ;  Ladenburg,  Thalmann  &  Co. ;  Blair  &  Co. ;  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co. ;  James  G. 
King's  Sons ;  Blake  Brothers  &  Co. ;  J.  &  W.  Seligman  &  Co. ;  Heidelbach,  Ickel- 
heimer  &  Co.;  John  Munroe  &  Co.;  H.  B.  Hollins  &  Co.,  and  many  others. 


Trust  and   Investment  Companies,   Savinga-Banks,  Safe-. 
Deposit   Companies*,  Etc. 


T  ^  N°  Partlcular  «  New  York's  position  as  the  centre  of  the  National  wealth  and 
X  financial  power  more  distinctly  emphasized  than  by  the  multiplicity  and  strength 
of  its ^institutions  of  a  fiduciary  character.  It  is  unsurpassed  in  the  facilities  whtch 
are  thus  afforded  in  the  care  and  administration  of  individual  rights  and  posses- 
sions,  or  the  exercise  of  those  powers,  which,  in  a  less  highly  developed  stage  of 
commercial  and  financial  prosperity,  are  committed  to  individual  trustees  The 
great  savings-banks  are  among  the  proudest  indications  of  the  city's  preeminence 
and  wealth,  representing,  as  they  do,  the  accumulations  of  her  toilers  for  more  than 
three  generations  The  financial  trust  companies  are,  in  their  numbers,  and  the  ma*, 
ni  ude  extent,  and  variety  of  the  functions  that  they  exercise,  unsurpassed  by  simi- 
lar bod.es  at  any  of  the  world's  capitals.  Nor  does  any  other  city  possess  or  offer 
such  unequalled  facilities  for  the  safe-keeping  of  evidences  of  values  as  those  which 
•  prf.S"nted  h^  the  ^merous  public  safe-deposit  vaults  of  New  York.  Ml  of 
these :  efferent  classes  of  institutions,  with  others  of  a  somewhat  similar  character 

nv  flf  £?PJET  '  7  "  faCt  bCing  StCadi,y  niultiPlied-  This  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that,  to  a  large  extent,  they  deal  with  the  wealth,  not  of  Now  York 
alone,  but  of  the  whole  country.  It  should,  however,  be  noted  as  a  primary  fact 
that,  in  each  instance,  such  organizations  demand  the  exercise,  not  only  of  the  high- 
est order  of  financial  talent,  but  must  in  their  entire  administration  present  a  defifee 
of  experience,  personal  responsibility  and  fidelity,  which  it  is  safe  to  say  That 
New  \  ork  alone  could  supply.  The  corporations  of  the  class  to  which  attention  s 
now  directed  are  not  alone  enormous  and  successful,  but  they  are  in  the  highes 
degree  evidences  of  the  reputation  and  character  of  New  York's  business  men 
merchants  and  capitalists,  who  furnish  their  officers  and  trustees.  It  is  safe  to  lay 
that  nowhere  in  the  civilized  world  is  such  a  mass  of  wealth  belonging  to  others 
entrusted  to  the  care  and  management  of  organized  bodies  of  such  a  nature  an 

fimctio°ns     C        "n  grCater  fiddity        SUCCeSS  bG  f°Und'  in  the  *~ 

v  MhrTrUS^  CoinPanies  constitute  one  of  the  most  important  parts  of  New 
\  ork  s  financial  mechanism.  They  originated  from  an  appreciation  of  the  fact  thai 
■  ndivKlua  responsibility  in  positions  of  a  fiduciary  character  is  often  attended  by 
more  or  less  danger.  The  administration  of  personal  or  other  property  is  a  task 
demanding  both  responsibility  and  integrity.  The  possessor  of  these  qualities  i.  not 
always  desirous  of  assuming  such  duties,  and  the  disastrous  effects  of  errors  of  \uZ- 
men  ,  no  less  than  of  absolute  wr^g-doing,  in  such  cases  is  proverbial.  The  sub- 
stitution in  such  matters,  for  the  individual,  of  a  permanent  corporation  havin7a 
financial  responsibility  which  could  not  be  affected  by  the  contingencies  of  individtal 
48 


754 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


fortunes,  possessing  an  administration  calculated  to  execute  precisely  that  class  of 
business,  and  moreover  representing  in  its  management  the  collective  talent  of  the 
highest  business  and  social  elements,  could  not  fail  to  commend  itself  as  a  valuable 
expedient  to  a  community  in  which  the  accumulation  of  wealth  proceeded  at  so  rapid 
a  rate.  The  governing  idea  in  the  earlier  corporations  of  the  class  formed  in  New 
York  was  that  they  should  primarily  act  as  executors,  administrators,  guardians  of 
estates  of  minors,  or  committees  of  the  property  under  testamentary  provisions  or  by 
order  of  the  courts,  and  as  trustees  for  the  administration  of  property  under  appoint- 
ment by  individuals  or  legal  authority.  At  the  same  time  it  was  intended  that  by 
this  means  secure  depositories  should  be  provided  for  funds  involved  in  litigation, 
and  for  the  great  variety  of  real  and  personal  property  which  the  courts  are  accus- 
tomed to  order  in  safe  custody  awaiting  the  decision  of  suits.  These  still  continue 
to  be  leading  functions  of  the  financial  trust  companies.  In  fact,  the  preference  for 
the  services  of  such  institutions  in  matters  of  that  class  has  of  late  years  increased. 
Great  estates  are  administered  by  them  under  such  commissions,  and  vast  sums  of 
money  and  large  amounts  of  real  or  personal  property  are  constantly  put  in  their 
charge  by  the  courts,  the  moderate  commissions  and  charges  which  trust  companies 
make  for  such  services  amounting,  nevertheless,  to  a  large  aggregate  return.  Many 
other  functions,  however,  soon  annexed  themselves  to  those  of  a  semi-legal  character, 
for  the  performance  of  which  trust  companies  were  originally  created.  The  receipt 
of  money  on  deposit  and  the  payment  of  interest  thereon  is  a  feature  in  which  these 
institutions  supplement  the  work  of  the  banks.  At  the  same  time  many  trust  com- 
panies receive  current  deposits  subject  to  check,  and  conduct  a  business  in  its  essen- 
tial features  similar  to  that  of  a  bank.  The  care  of  property,  the  investment  of 
funds,  and  the  collection  of  rents  and  interest  are  other  important  branches  of  their 
business,  in  which  there  is  a  growing  demand  for  such  service.  One  of  the  most 
important,  useful  and  profitable  features  of  these  concerns  is  the  relation  which  they 
occupy  between  railroad  and  industrial  companies  and  the  public,  in  the  capacity  of 
holders  of  stocks  and  bonds.  The  great  progress  of  the  United  States  has  been 
largely  the  work  of  corporations,  and  the  money  with  which  its  railroads  have  been 
built  and  its  industries  established  has  largely  come  from  corporate  borrowings  on 
mortgages  of  property  and  franchises  securing  issues  of  bonds,  thus  facilitating  the 
division  of  immense  transactions  into  amounts  which  could  be  distributed  among  a 
multitude  of  investors.  From  an  early  date  the  trust  companies  of  New-York  City 
assumed  the  important  position  of  trustees  under  such  corporate  mortgages.  In 
nearly  every  instance  obligations  of  this  character  are  payable,  principal  and  interest, 
in  this  city,  and  it  is  usually  a  leading  trust  company  which  is  selected  to  act  in  the 
capacity  of  a  fiscal  agent  for  corporations.  As  a  consequence  of  this,  in  cases  of 
default  upon  railroad  or  other  obligations,  the  trust  companies  of  New  York  appear 
as  the  plaintiffs  in  foreclosure  suits  in  various  parts  of  the  country  ;  and  when  re- 
organizations of  corporations  are  necessary  they  are  invariably  designated  by  the 
parties  in  interest  as  the  depositories  of  securities  and  the  intermediaries  through 
which  the  transactions  are  completed.  Municipal  indebtedness,  as  is  natural,  follows 
the  course  of  corporation  borrowings  in  the  great  money-market  of  the  land,  and 
various  States,  counties  and  cities  which  obtain  money  on  these  bond  issues  are 
usually  represented  in  New  York  by  a  trust  company.  Another  very  important  duty 
of  the  trustee  remains  to  be  mentioned.  This  is  the  registration  of  transfers  of  cor- 
porate stocks.  The  New- York  Stock  Exchange"  as  a  check  upon  the  fidelity  of  the 
officials  of  companies  whose  securities  are  dealt  in  in  the  stock  market,  requires  that 
such  certificate  issues  shall  be  countersigned  by  a  trust  company  as  guarantee 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


755 


Until  within  a  recent  date  the  formation  of  trust  companies  was  in  this  State  a 
matter  of  special  legislative  enactment.  The  charters  of  the  older  organizations 
therefore  differ.  The  oldest  dates  back  to  1822,  and  the  next  to  1830.  In  both 
instances  the  original  organization  was  coupled  with  a  plan  for  an  insurance  business. 
Indeed,  to  this  day  the  granting  of  annuities  is  retained  as  a  feature  of  some  organ- 
izations. Most  of  the  companies  are  formed  under  special  charters,  though  in  1887 
the  Legislature  passed  a  general  law  for  their  organization  and  administration. 

THE  TRUST  COMPANIES  OF  -NEW-YORK  CITY. 

Figures  Given  Under  Date  ok  January  i,  1893. 


Name. 

Atlantic  

Central  

Continental  

Farmers'  Loan.. . 

Holland  

Knickerbocker. . . 

Manhattan  

Mercantile  

Metropolitan  

N.  Y.  Guaranty  \ 

&  Indemnity.  \ 
N.  V.  Life  Insur-  I 

ance  &  Trust,  f 
N.Y.  Security  A:  I 

Trust  \ 

Real  Estate  Loan 

State  

Title  Guarantee.. 

Union  

U.  S.  Transfer  I 

&  Exchange  .  \ 

United  States  

Washington  

Totals,  19  Co's. 


Location. 


39  William, 

54  Wall, 
18  Wall, 

22  William, 
33  Nassau, 
234  Fifth  Ave. 
1  Nassau, 
120  Br'dway, 
37  Wall, 

59  Cedar, 
52  Wall, 

46  Wall, 

30  Nassau 
32  Wall, 

55  Liberty, 
80  Broadway 

Nassau, 

45  Wall, 
280  Br'dway, 


Capital. 


Gr.  Assets. 


$500,000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
750,000 
1,000,000 
2,000,000 
1,000,000 

2,000,000 


1,000,000 

500,000 
1 ,000,000 
2,000,000 
1.000,000 

200,000 

2,000,000 


997,000 
304,000 
691,000 
689,000 
674,000 
861, coo 

951,000 

576,000 
842,000 

14,206,000 


President. 


26,987,000 


,027,000 


Wm.  H.  Male, 
F.  P.  Olcott, 
Otto  T.  Bannard, 
R.  G.  Rolston, 
J.  D.  Yermeule, 
J.  P.  Townsend, 
J.  I.  Waterbury, 
Louis  Fitzgerald, 
T.  Hillhouse, 

Edwin  Packard, 
Henry  Parish, 

C.  S.  Fairchild. 

H.  C.  Swords, 
Andrew  Mills, 
C.  H.  Kelsey, 
Edward  King, 


2,9351°00 
8,403,000 
3,830,000 
36,099,000 

432,000'J.  I.  Waterbury 


500,000  4 
$19,450,000  $267 


607,000 
,481,000 


J.  A.  Stewart, 
D.  M.  Morrison, 


Secretary. 


J.  S.  Suydam. 
C.  H.  P.  Babcock. 
M.  S.  Decker. 

E.  S.  Marston. 

J.  B.  Van  Woert. 

F.  L.  Eldridge. 
A.  T.  French. 
H.  C.  Deming. 
Beverly  Chew. 

H.  A.  Murray. 
Henry  Parish,  Jr. 

J.  L.  Lamson. 

H.  W.  Reighley. 
J.  Q.  Adams. 
L.  V.  Bright. 
A.  W.  Kelley. 

C.  H.  Smith. 

H.  L.  Thornell. 
F.  H.  Page. 


The  New-York  Life-insurance  &  Trust  Company,  at  52  Wall  Street,  is  vir- 
tually the  oldest  of  all  the  trust  companies.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the 
great  financial  institutions  of  America,  both  on  account  of  its  antiquity,  and  its  curiously 
specialized  line  of  business.  It  was  chartered  in  the  year  1830,  and  therefore  became 
the  earliest  life-insurance  company  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  pioneer  of  that 
wonderful  group  of  insurance  companies  whose  business  and  resources  are  now  of  such 
enormous  proportions.  Its  originator  and  first  President  was  William  Bard,  an  enthu- 
siast in  the  then  new  field  of  life-insurance,  and  for  many  years  a  widely  known  and  re- 
spected authority  on  all  matters  connected  therewith,  being  succeeded  January  1,  1843, 
by  Stephen  Allen,  who  had  also  a  notable  reputation  in  political  life.  June  3,1845,  John 
R.  Townsend  became  President,  and  was  succeeded  April  18,  1846,  by  David  Thomp- 
son, during  whose  long  and  prosperous  rule  the  company  began  to  develop  its  present 
position  of  power.  In  187 1  the  presidency  was  conferred  upon  Henry  Parish,  under 
whose  administration  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  vast  progress  has  been  made. 

The  New- York  Life-Insurance  &  Trust  Company  is  now  the  foremost  corporation 
in  the  world  in  the  management  of  private  trusts,  such  as  come  from  wills,  deeds 


756  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

of  trust  and  similar  documents.    It  avoids  railroad  and  corporation  trusts,  and  thus 

escapes  the  perils  attendant  upon  wide-spread  financial  convulsions.  The  business 
in  life-insurance,  once  so  important  a  feature,  has  been  largely  reduced,  this  reduc- 
tion having  begun  soon  after  the 
year  1840,  when  the  great  mutual 
companies  came  into  existence. 
In  this  regard,  its  history  resem- 
bles those  of  the  two  other  famous 
corporations  which  arose  about 
the  same  time,  and  are  still  in  ex- 
istence,—  the  Massachusetts  Hos- 
pital Life-Insurance  Company 
and  the  Pennsylvania  Company 
for  Insurance  on  Lives  and  Grant- 
ing Annuities. 

The  company's  building  stands 
on  the  site  of  the  United-States 
Branch  Bank  which  was  erected 
in  1797,  and  bought  in  1830  by 
the  City  Bank,  from  which  the 
New- York  Life  -  Insurance  and 
Trust  Company  purchased  half 
the  estate.  A  new  building  was 
erected  here  in  1838,  and  re- 
placed in  1867  by  still  another, 
which  was  largely  extended  in 
1888.  The  original  corner-stone 
of  the  United-States  Branch 
Bank,  with  its  long  inscription,  is  sacredly  preserved  in  the  Directors'  room. 

The  company  does  not  take  mercantile  deposits,  but  receives  and  allows  interest 
on  deposits  from  executors,  trustees,  treasurers  of  religious  and  benevolent  societies, 
and  lawyers  and  other  persons  acting  in  a  fiduciary  capacity.  Its  annuity  business 
has  been  kept  up,  and  shows  a  continuous  enlargement.  Aside  from  its  large  and 
profitable  investments  in  State  stocks,  in  railroad  bonds  of  the  highest  grade,  in 
bonds  and  mortgages,  etc.,  the  company  always  keeps  several  million  dollars  in 
cash  in  its  impregnable  vaults,  so  as  to  be  at  all  times  superior  to  the  shocks  which 
agitate  "the  street."  The  conservative  policy  of  the  present  administration  is 
proven  successful  by  the  market-price  of  the  stock,  which  is  between  .$600  and  $700 
per  share,  on  an  original  par  value  of  £100.  The  permanence  of  this  prosperous 
policy  is  ensured  by  the  method  of  electing  the  officers,  which  is  done,  not  by  the 
stockholders,  but  by  the  trustees,  who  thus  stand  as  a  self-perpetuating  body. 
By  its  charter,  the  officers  must  be  citizens  of  New  York.  Henry  Parish  is  Presi- 
dent;  Walter  Kerr,  Second  Y^ice- President ;  Henry  Parish,  Jr.,  Secretary;  George 
M.  Corning,  Assistant-Secretary.  The  trustees  are  :  YVilliam  W.  Astor,  Edmund 
L.  Baylies,  Frederic  Bronson,  George  S.  Bowdoin,  S.  Yan  Rensselaer  Cruger,  YVil- 
liam E.  Dodge,  Stuyvesant  Fish,  Robert  Goelet,  Henry  C.  Hulbert,  C.  O'Donnell 
Iselin,  James  P.  Kernochan,  H.  Yan  Rensselaer  Kennedy,  George  A.  Robbins, 
James  A.  Roosevelt,  W.  Emlen  Roosevelt,  \Ym.  C.  Schermerhorn,  Frederic  \V. 
Stevens,  Charles  E.  Strong,  Charles  F.  Southmayd,  Rutherford  Stuyvesant,  Hewlett 
Scudder,  Ludlow  Thomas,  Charles  G.  Thompson,  H.  A.  C.  Taylor,  and  Henry  Parish. 


COHNER -STONE  OF  UNITED-STATES   BRANCH   BANK,  IN  DIRECTORS' 
ROOM  OF  NEW-YORK  LIFE-INSURANCE  AND  TRUST  CO. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  United-States  Trust  Company  is  one  of  the  oldest  trust  companies  in 
the  State  of  New  York.  It  is  also  the  largest  and  greatest  trust  company  on  the 
American  continent,  having  by  far  the  greatest  amount  of  assets.  It  is  in  the  front 
rank  of  all  fiduciary  institutions.  Its  capital  of  $2,000,000,  surplus  of  $8,000,000, 
deposits  of  $42,000,000,  and  gross  assets  of  $52,000,000  render  it  one  of  the  most 
important  institutions  of  any  kind.  It  was  organized  in  1853,  under  a  charter  with 
liberal  powers,  to  act  as  trustee,  executor,  and  guardian,  and  as  a  legal  depository  of 
money.  Joseph  Lawrence  was  the  first  president,  the  company  occupying  quarters 
in  the  Manhattan  Company's  old  building,  and  moving  afterwards  to  the  Bank  of 
New- York  Building,  and  then  to  the  building,  at  49  and  51  Wall  Street,  which  it 
owned  jointly  with  the  Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Company.  In  1888  the  company 
purchased  the  lots  at  45  and  47  Wall  Street,  and  erected  thereon  a  noble  granite 
bank  and  office-building,  in  the  Romanesque  style,  which  is  one  of  the  grandest  and 
most  elegant  buildings  in  this  country.  The  apartment  which  the  company  occupies 
with  its  offices  on  the  first  floor  is  unsurpassed  in  size,  appointments  and  conve- 
nience. The  head  of  the  company,  John  A.  Stewart,  was  its  Secretary  at  the  start. 
He  resigned  to  become  Assistant-Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1865 
returned  to  the  company  as  its  President.  The  Vice-President  is  George  Bliss;  the 
Second  Vice-President,  James  S.  Clark  ;  and  the  Secretary,  Henry  L.  Thornell. 
The  Assistant-Secretary  is  Louis  G.  Hampton.  The  Board  of  Trustees  is  a  body 
which  represents  to  the  fullest  extent  the  wealth  and  stability  of  New  York.  It 
comprises  :  Daniel  D.  Lord,  Samuel  Sloan,  James  Low,  William  Walter  Phelps, 

D.  Willis  James,  John  A.  Stewart,  Erastus  Corning,  John  Harsen  Rhoades,  Anson 
Phelps  Stokes,  George  Bliss,  William  Libbey,  John  Crosby  Brown,  Edward  Cooper, 
W.  Bayard  Cutting,  Charles  S.  Smith,  Frank  Lyman,  Wm.  Rockefeller,  Alexander 

E.  Orr,  William  H.  Macy,  Jr.,  Wm.  D.  Sloane,  Gustav  H.  Schwab,  George  F. 
Yietor,  Wm.  Waldorf  Astor,  and  James  Stillman.  The  business  of  the  United- 
States  Trust  Company  is  of  the  most  extensive  and  varied  character.  It  is  often 
selected  by  the  courts  to  act  as  depository  for  funds  in  litigation.  It  has  the  care  of 
many  large  estates,  and  is  the  guardian  of  minors.  It  is  trustee  for  the  bondhold- 
ers of  numerous  railroad  and  other  corporations,  and  acts  as  transfer  agent  and  reg- 
istrar of  company  stocks.  It  allows  interest  on  deposits,  which  may  be  withdrawn 
at  any  time,  subject  to  five  days'  notice  of  payment.  The  property  in  its  hands  as 
executor,  trustee,  etc.,  is  kept  wholly  apart  from  its  general  business;  and  it  holds 
in  the  trustee  department  property  to  a  very  large  amount. 

Financial  operations  of  such  magnitude  certify  to  the  wonderful  discipline  and 
efficiency  of  the  New-York  methods  of  monetary  business,  and  the  probity  and 
sagacity  of  the  men  and  institutions  administering  these  enormous  trusts. 

The  Union  Trust  Company  of  New  York,  one  of  the  greatest  fiduciary 
institutions  in  the  world,  and  one  of  the  older  trust  companies  of  New- York 
City,  was  organized  in  1864.  For  nearly  twenty  years  the  company  occupied 
offices  at  73  Broadway,  on  the  corner  of  Rector  Street,  in  the  building  now 
owned  by  O.  B.  Potter,  in  which  the  crank  attempted  to  blow  up  Russell  Sage 
with  dynamite,  just  after  the  Union  Trust  Company  had  moved  away.  In  1890 
the  company  purchased  the  property  at  So  Broadway,  having  a  front  of  73  feet 
on  Broadway,  just  opposite  the  head  of  Rector  Street,  and  running  no  feet 
to  New  Street.  On  this  there  has  been  erected  one  of  the  stateliest  of  modern 
office-buildings,  at  a  cost  of  81,000,000,  the  company  itself  occupying  the  spacious 
first  floor,  which  in  the  simple  elegance  of  its  appointments  is  without  a  rival  among 
bankers'  apartments  in  New  York.    The  company  is  authorized  to  act  as  executor, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


759 


760 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


administrator,  guardian  or  trustee,  and  is  a  legal  depository  for  trust  monies,  and  a 
trustee  for  corporation  mortgages  and  transfer  agent  and  registrar  of  stocks.  The 
management  of  estates  and  care  of  real  estate  and  the  collection  and  remittance  of 
rents  therefrom  is  a  specialty  ;  while  in  its  new  burglar  and  fire-proof  vaults  it  makes 
ample  provision  for  the  safe-keeping  of  deposits  of  securities,  on  which  it  collects  and 
remits  income.  It  allows  interest  on  deposits  which  can  be  withdrawn  on  five  days' 
notice,  and  also  opens  current  accounts  with  depositors  subject  to  check,  and  allows 
interest  on  daily  balances.  In  the  exercise  of  these  different  functions  the  company 
has  developed  a  business  of  immense  magnitude.  Its  total  resources  are  now  $35,- 
044,000,  and  the  surplus  has  grown  to  over  ^4,000,000,  the  capital  being  $1,000,000. 
It  pays  20  per  cent,  annual  dividends  on  its  stock,  which  is  quoted  at  $800  per 
share.  Edward  King,  formerly  President  of  the  New- York  Stock  Exchange,  is  the 
President  of  the  Union  Trust  Company.  He  is  one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed  of 
New- York  financiers,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  University,  the  honored  President  of 
the  Harvard  Club,  and  identified  with  scores  of  New- York  financial,  commercial, 
social  and  educational  bodies.  Cornelius  D.  Wood  and  James  II.  Ogilvie  are  its 
Vice-Presidents;  Augustus  W.  Kelley,  Secretary;  and  J.  V.  B.  Thayer,  Assistant 
Secretary.  The  Trustees  of  the  institution  are  a  representative  body  of  bankers  and 
capitalists  of  the  highest  standing.  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Board  consists 
of  William  Whitewright,  George  G.  Williams,  Edward  Schell,  E.  B.  Wesley,  George 
C.  Magoun,  James  T.  Woodward,  D.  C.  Hays,  and  C.  D.  Wood. 

The  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company,  occupying  the  building  at  234  Fifth 
Avenue,  at  the  corner  of  27th  Street,  and  having  branch-offices  at  3  Nassau  Street 
and  18  Wall  Street,  is  an  exemplification  of  the  fact  that  enormous  and  increasing 
business  and  investment  interests  are  concentrated  in  the  up-town  portion  of  New- 
York.  This  institution,  was  formed  in  1884,  by  prominent  capitalists,  who  perceived 
that  the  facilities  afforded  by  a  strong  organization  of  this  kind  would  obtain  the  sup- 
port of  an  influential  monied  class,  the  real-estate  owners  and  investors  of  the  resi- 
dence-quarter of  New  York.  The  

results  have  more  than  answered  1 — ;  ^L. 


KNICKERBOCKER  TRUST  CO.,  234  FIFTH  AVENUE,  CORNER  OF  27TH 


ITREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


UNION  TRUST  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

80  BROADWAY,  OPPOSITE  RECTOR  STREET,  BETWEEN  WALL  STREET  AND  EXCHANGE  PLACE. 


762 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


brilliant  and  substantial.  It  has  a  capital  of  $750,000,  and  an  accumulated  surplus 
of  $350,000.  Ifs  total  deposits  are  $5,650,000,  and  its  resources  $6,770,000.  It 
has  attracted  by  conservative  management  a  clientage  of  the  most  desirable  charac- 
ter, and  is  in  every  way  equipped  to  carry  on  all  the  branches  of  business  which  its 
charter  authorizes,  including  the  functions  of  executor,  administrator,  guardian,  re- 
ceiver, registrar,  and  transfer  and  financial  agent  for  corporations  and  municipalities, 
and  to  accept  any  trusts  in  conformity  with  law.  It  allows  interest  on  time  deposits, 
and  receives  current  deposits  subject  to  check  ;  and  issues  letters  of  credit  for 
travellers  available  throughout  the  world.  It  has  occupied  the  commodious  offices 
at  the  corner  of  27th  Street  and  Fifth  Avenue  since  its  organization  ;  and  rents  safe- 
deposit  boxes  in  the  fire  and  burglar  proof  vaults  which  have  been  built  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  company  is  an  exception  in  maintaining  a  down-town  branch-office,  which 
is  rendered  necessary  by  the  extent  of  its  corporation,  investment  and  loan  business. 
The  officers  of  the  Knickerbocker  are  :  John  P.  Townsend,  President ;  Charles  T. 
Barney,  Vice-President  ;  Joseph  T.  Brown,  Second  Vice-President  ;  Frederick  L. 
Eldridge,  Secretary  ;  and  J.  Henry  Townsend,  Assistant-Secretary.  The  Board  of 
Directors  U  a  body  of  unusually  prominent  and  strong  capitalists,  financiers  and  busi- 
ness men,  being  composed  of :  Joseph  S.  Auerbach,  of  Lowrey,  Stone  &  Auerbach  ; 
Harry  B.  Hollins,  of  H.  B.  Hollins  &  Co.;  Jacob  Hays;  Charles  T.  Barney;  A. 
Foster  Higgins,  of  Higgins,  Cox  &  Barrett  ;  Robert  G.  Remsen  ;  Henry  W.  T.  Mali, 
of  Henry  W.  T.  Mali  &  Co.;  Andrew  H.  Sands  ;  James  H.  Breslin,  proprietor  of  the 
Gilsey  House  ;  Gen.  George  J.  Magee,  President  of  the  Fall-Brook  Coal  Co. ;  I. 
Townsend  Burden,  President  of  the  Port-Henry  Iron  Ore  Co.;  John  S.  Tilney  ; 
Hon.  E.  V.  Loew,  ex-Comptroller  of  the  city  of  New  Vork  ;  Henry  F.  Dimock, 
President  of  the  Metropolitan  Steamship  Co. ;  John  P.  Townsend,  President  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Trust  Co.;  Charles  F.  Watson  ;  David  H.  King,  Jr.;  Frederick  G. 
Bourne,  President  of  the  Singer  Manufacturing  Co. ;  Robert  Maclay,  President  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Ice  Co. ;  C.  Lawrence  Perkins ;  Edward  Wood,  President  of  the 
Bowery  Savings  Bank  ;  Wm.  II.  Beadleston,  of  Beadleston  &  Woerz  ;  Alfred  L. 
White,  of  William  A.  White  &  Sons  ;  and  Charles  R.  Flint,  Treasurer  United- 
States  Rubber  Co. 

The  Central  Trust  Company  of  New  York,  at  54  Wall  Street,  is  appropri- 
ately housed  in  an  imposing  brick  and  granite  building,  erected  in  1887  at  a  cost  of 
about  $1,000,000.  The  organization  of  this  important  institution  dates  from  1875, 
its  charter  having  been  granted  in  1873.  The  company  was  formed  at  a  period  when 
the  expansion  of  corporation  and  investing  interests  at  New  Vork  demanded  addi- 
tional facilities  such  as  it  affords.  Henry  F.  Spaulding  was  its  first  president,  and, 
up  to  the  time  it  removed  to  its  own  edifice,  it  occupied  the  basement  of  14  Nassau 
Street,  and  subsequently  the  first  floor  of  the  Clearing-House  Building,  at  15  Nassau 
Street,  corner  of  Pine.  The  company  exercises  all  the  functions  allotted  to  such 
institutions.  It  allows  interest  on  deposits,  is  a  legal  depository  for  Court  monies,  is 
authorized  to  act  as  Executor,  Guardian  or  in  other  positions  of  trust,  and  as  Regis- 
trar or  Transfer  Agent  of  Stocks  and  Bonds,  and  as  Trustee  for  railroad  and  other 
mortgages.  The  organization  is  the  custodian  of  large  trust-funds,  and  represents 
many  important  estates.  Its  business  in  connection  with  railroad  companies  is  one 
of  the  most  extensive  in  the  country,  and  it  has  been  the  fiscal  agent  and  depository 
of  securities  in  some  of  the  most  important  railroad  re-organizations  of  recent  years. 
In  this  department  Frederic  P.  Olcott  (who  has  held  the  office  of  president  for  over 
eleven  years)  is  a  recognized  authority,  being  consulted  in  the  most  difficult  trans- 
actions involving  the  rights  of  investors.    The  other  officers  are  George  Sherman, 


764 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


First  Vice-President ;  E.  Francis  Hyd 


METROPOLITAN  TRUST  CO.,  37  WALL  STREET. 


Second  Vice-President ;  C.  H.  P.  Babcock, 
Secretary  ;  and  B.  G.  Mitchell,  Assistant- 
Secretary.  The  Executive  Committee, 
which  is  representative  of  the  trustees  of 
the  institution,  is  composed,  in  addition 
to  the  President,  of  Samuel  I).  Babcock, 
Charles  Lanier,  John  S.  Kennedy,  Cornelius 
N.  Bliss,  Adrian  Iselin,  Jr.,  Samuel  Thome, 
A.  D.  Juilliard,  and  Charles  G.  Landon. 
The  capital  and  surplus  of  the  company 
amount  to  over  $6,000,000;  the  deposits 
to  $20,800,000;  and  the  gross  assets  to 
$27,300,000.  The  stock  of  the  Central 
Trust  Company  sells  for  the  highest  price 
ever  paid  for  the  stock  of  any  trust  company 
in  this  country,  and  probably  in  the  world. 

The  Metropolitan  Trust  Company 
was  chartered  by  a  special  act  of  the 
State  Legislature,  in  188 1.  Its  powers  are 
of  an  ample  character,  including,  among 
other  provisions,  authority  to  act  as  deposi- 
tory for  the  funds  of  individuals,  estates, 
or  corporations,  as  agent  for  the  payment 
of  bonds  and  coupons,  as  trustee  of  corpo- 
ration mortgages,  and  as  transfer  agent 
and  registrar.  The  act  incorporating  this 
company  has  been  made  the  model  of  sub- 
sequent State  legislation  in  regard  to  the 
formation  of  trust  companies.  The  institu- 
tion at  its  inception  occupied  quarters  in 
Pine  Street,  and  then  migrated  to  a  bank- 
ing-room in  the  Wall-Street  wing  of  the 
Mills  Building.  In  1889  it  purchased  the 
seven-story  brick  and  brownstone  building 
at  37  and  39  Wall  Street,  and  occupies  the 
first  floor  with  its  large  and  increasing  busi- 
ness. Gen.  Thomas  Hillhouse,  ex-Assistant- 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  at  New  York, 
has  been  its  president  since  its  foundation. 
Frederick  D.  Tappen  is  Vice-President  ; 
Charles  M.  Jesup,  Second  Vice-President  ; 
Beverly  Chew,  Secretary ;  and  Geo.  D. 
Coaney,  Assistant- Secretary.  The  Board  of 
Trustees  includes  :  A.  Grade  King,  of  James 
G.  King's  Sons;  D.  O.  Mills;  Frederick 
D.  Tappen,  President  Gallatin  National 
Bank,  New  York ;  Morris  K.  Jesup ; 
John  T.  Terry,  of  E.  D.  Morgan  &  Com- 
pany ;  Walter  T.  Hatch,  of  W.  T.  Hatch 
&  Sons;   C.  P.   Huntington,  Vice-Presi- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


765 


dent  Central  Pacific  Railroad  ;  Bradley  Martin  ;  Dudley  Olcott,  President  Mechanics' 
&  Farmers'  Bank  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  ;  Heber  R.  Bishop  ;  George  A.  Hardin,  Justice 
New-York  Supreme  Court,  Little  Falls,  X.  Y.  ;  J.  Howard  King,  President  Albany 
Savings  Bank,  Albany,  N.  Y.  ;  Joseph  Ogden  ;  Henry  B.  Plant,  President  Southern 
Express  Company  ;  Edward  B.  Judson,  President  First  National  Bank,  Syracuse, 
N.  Y. ;  Thomas  Hillhouse,  late  Assistant-Treasurer  of  the  United  States  ;  William 
A.  Slater,  of  Norwich,  Conn. ;  John  W.  Ellis  ;  W.  H.  Tillinghast ;  Robert  Hoe,  of 
Robert  Hoe  &  Company  ;  W.  L.  Bull,  of  Edward  Sweet  &  Company  ;  and  George 
Henry  Warren.  The  institution  is  now  in  its  eleventh  year  of  successful  existence, 
with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $1,000,000  ;  an  earned  surplus  of  over  $900,000  ;  deposits 
aggregatmg  $9,000,000;  and  total  resources  aggregating  over  $10,000,000. 

The  Manhattan  Trust  Company  was  chartered  in  1888,  and  is  to-day  one 
of  the  strongest  and  most  active  financial  institutions  in  the  United  States.  The 
company  is  authorized  to  act  as  executor,  administrator,  guardian,  receiver  and 
trustee  ;  as  fiscal  and  transfer  agent  ;  and  as  registrar  of  stocks  and  bonds.  The 
company  offers  to  executors  and  trustees  of  estates,  and  to  religious  and  benevolent 
institutions,  exceptional  facilities  for  the  transaction  of  their  business.  Deposits 
received  are  subject  to  check  at  sight,  payable  through  the  New- York  Clearing- 
House.    In  every  department  the  company  has  developed  its  resources  and  increased 


WALL  STREET.  UANHATTAN  TRUST  CO. 

MANHATTAN  TRUST  CO.  ,  WALL  STREET,  CORNER  OF  NASSAU  STREET. 


SU3-1REASUSY. 


766 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


its  annual  volume  of  business.  It  has  a  paid-up  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000,  and 
has  accumulated  a  surplus  fund  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million,  with  assets  amounting 
to  upwards  of  $5,000,000.  The  company  has  been  designated  by  the  New- York  - 
State  Banking  Department  as  depository  for  the  reserve  of  State  Banks,  and  is  also 
a  Court  Depository  for  the  State  of  New  York. 

John  I.  Waterbury,  President  of  the  company,  has  been  identified  with  the  cor- 
poration since  its  organization,  and  succeeded  Francis  O.  French,  who  died  in 
March,  1893.  Mr.  Waterbury  is  also  a  Director  of  the  Old  Colony  Trust  Company 
of  Boston,  and  of  the  Lawyers'  Surety  Company  of  New  York,  and  is  also  President 
of  the  Security  Corporation.  John  Kean,  Jr.,  the  Vice-President,  is  also  President 
of  the  National  State  Bank  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  and  other  institutions.  Amos  T. 
French  is  Second  Vice-President ;  and  C.  II.  Smith,  Assistant-Secretary.  The 
Directors  for  1893  are  August  Belmont,  of  August  Belmont  &  Co.;  R.  J.  Cross,  of 
Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.;  T.  Jefferson  Coolidge,  Jr.,  President  of  the  Old  Colony  Trust 
Company,  Boston  ;  John  Kean,  Jr.,  President  of  the  National  State  Bank,  Eliza- 
beth ;  Hon.  II.  ().  Northcote,  London,  England;  E.  D.  Randolph,  President  of 
the  Continental  National  Bank;  John  N.  A.  Griswold,  Esq.;  Jas.  O.  Sheldon;  II. 
W.  Cannon,  President  of  the  Chase  National  Bank;  Henry  L.  Higginson,  of  Lee, 
Higginson  &  Co.,  Boston  ;  C.  C.  Baldwin  ;  A.  S.  Rosenbaum  ;  R.  T.  Wilson  ;  John 
R.  Ford  ;  and  John  I.  Waterbury.  The  Executive  Committee  is  composed  of  H. 
W.  Cannon,  August  Belmont,  John  R.  Ford,  Jas.  O.  Sheldon,  John  Kean,  Jr.,  John 
I.  Waterbury,  R.  J.  Cross,  and  Henry  L.  Higginson.  The  Manhattan  Trust  Com- 
pany Building,  at  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nassau  Streets,  New-York  City,  is  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  buildings  in  the  financial  centre  of  New  York,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  desirable  and  valuable  in  the  metropolis.  It  is  opposite  the  United-States 
Sub-Treasury,  at  the  strategic  financial  heart  of  the  republic,  and  amid  the  great 
metropolitan  banks  and  trust  companies. 

The  Washington  Trust  Company  was  organized  in  1889,  by  a  number  of 
prominent  capitalists  and  business  men  identified  with  the  opulent  and  varied  inter- 
ests which  occupy  the  busy  district  adjacent  to  the  City-Hall  Park.  The  offices  of 
the  company  are  established  in  a  convenient  and  roomy  suite  in  the  great  marble 
building,  once  A.  T.  Stewart's  gigantic  wholesale  dry-goods  establishment,  and  now 
remodelled  into  a  most  notable  office  structure,  and  known  as  the  Stewart  Building, 
at  280  Broadway.  The  organization  was  effected  under  the  general  law,  and  is 
authorized  to  act  as  trustee  for  individuals  and  corporations,  and  as  a  legal  depos- 
itory for  Court  and  trust  funds,  as  well  as  to  receive  deposits,  to  issue  interest- 
bearing  certificates,  and  to  serve  as  agent  for  estates  and  individuals.  The  manage- 
ment and  connections  of  the  institution,  no  less  than  its  admirable  location,  have 
been  favorable  to  the  rapid  development  of  a  profitable  and  conservative  business  in 
all  of  its  diversified  functions.  Many  important  trusts  have  been  committed  to  its 
care,  its  proximity  to  the  Courts  rendering  it  particularly  useful  in  instances  where 
a  fiduciary  agent  is  required  in  connection  with  litigation  or  proceedings  before  the 
Surrogate.  Its  capital  is  $500,000,  and  the  surplus  and  undivided  profits  now 
amount  to  about  $400,000.  Its  deposits  are  over  $4,000,000  ;  and  the  total  re- 
sources of  the  institution  (included  in  which  are  $500,000  in  New- York  City  bonds 
and  other  securities  of  an  immediately  available  character)  foot  up  no  less  than 
$5,000,000.  The  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  company  embraces  the  following  names, 
representing  conservative  strength,  all  of  whom  are  well  known  in  New  York,  a 
number  of  them  having  a  National  reputation  :  Charles  F.  Clark,  David  M.  Morri- 
son, Charles  H.  Russell,  Geo.  H.  Prentiss,  Joel  F.  Freeman,  L.  T.  Powell,  George 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


767 


TRUST  COMPANY,  STEWART  BUILDING,  280  BROADWAY. 


L.  Pease,  Wm.  Henry  Hall,  Geo.  E.  Hamlin,  P.  C.  Lounsbury,  Seth  E.  Thomas, 
Lucius  K.  Wilmerding,  Joseph  C.  Baldwin,  George  Austin  Morrison,  John  F.  An- 
derson,  Jr.,  E.  C.  Homans,  William  Lummis,  Charles  A.  Johnson,  John  R.  Hege- 
man,  and  William  Whiting.  David  M.  Morrison,  its  President,  comes  from  a  bank- 
ing family,  his  father  for  two  generations  having  been  President  of  the  Manhattan 
Company  Bank.  Charles  F.  Clark,  the  Vice-President,  is  known  throughout  the 
mercantile  world  as  the  President  of  the  Bradstreet  Mercantile  Agency,  whose  ramifi- 
cations extend  over  three  continents.  William  Lummis,  well-known  in  financial 
circles,  and  ex-Vice-President  of  the  New-Vork  Stock  Exchange,  is  Second  Vice- 
President ;  Francis  H.  Page,  Secretary;  and  M.  S.  Lott,  Assistant-Secretary. 

The  State  Trust  Company,  at  36  Wall  Street,  was  organized  as  recently  as 
1889,  under  the  general  laws  of  the  State,  with  full  powers  to  transact  all  business 
usual  to  fiduciary  institutions  of  this  character.  Its  success  from  the  very  first  gives 
promise  of  a  gigantic  institution  in  the  near  future. 

The  State  Trust  Company,  although  one  of  the  younger  fiduciary  institutions, 
being  but  three  years  old,  has  developed  into  one  of  the  larger  and  stauncher  of  the  trust 
companies,  having  a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  a  surplus  of  $814,692,  and  gross  assets  of 
$9,664,202,  which  includes  deposits  of  almost  $8,000,000.  Itsstock,  onaparof$ioo 
a  share,  sells  at  about  $275  a  share.  It  pays  semi-annual  dividends,  at  the  rate  of  six 
per  cent,  a  year.  The  reason  for  The  State  Trust  Company's  success  is  readily  found  in 
its  able  management.    Its  first  President  was  Willis  S.  Paine,  for  many  years  the  Bank 


768  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Superintendent  of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  and  its  Secretary,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
was  the  former  Chief  Bank-Examiner.  Its  Board  of  Trustees  includes  :  Willis  S. 
Paine  ;  Henry  II.  Cook,  capitalist ;  Charles  R.  Hint,  of  Flint  &  Company,  shipown- 
ers; William  L.  Trenholm,  ex-Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  and  President  of  the 
American  Surety  Company ;  William  B.  Kendall,  of  the  Bigelow  Carpet  Company ; 
Walter  S.  Johnston,  President  Spanish-American  Light  and  Power  Company  ;  Joseph 
N.  Hallock,  proprietor  of  the  Christian  at  Work  :  Percival  Knauth,  of  Knauth, 
Nachod  &  Kuhne,  bankers;  Edwin  A.  McAlpin,  of  McAlpin  &  Company,  tobacco; 
Andrew  Mills,  late  President  of  the  Dry-Dock  Savings  Institution  ;  William  A.  Nash, 
President  of  the  Corn-Exchange  Bank  ;  George  Foster  Peabody,  of  Spencer,  Trask 
&  Company,  bankers;  J.  D.  Probst,  of  J.  D.  Probst  &  Company,  bankers;  Henry 
Steers,  President  of  the  Eleventh-Ward  Bank  ;  "George 
W.  Quintard,  proprietor  of  the  Quintard  Iron  Works  ; 
Forrest  H.  Parker,  President  New- York  Produce  Exchange 
Bank  ;  Charles  Scribner,  of  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
publishers ;  William  Steinway,  of  Steinway  &  Sons, 
pianos;  Charles  L.  Tiffany,  of  Tiffany  &  Company, 
jewellers  ;  Ebenezer  K.  Wright,  President  of  the  National 
Park  Bank;  William  II.  Van  Kleeck  ;  George  W.  White, 
President  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank  of  Brooklyn  ;  John  G\ 
Adams  ;  and  Francis  S.  Bangs,  of  Bangs,  Stetson,  Tracy 
&  MacVeagh.  Andrew  Mills  is  the  President,  and  W. 
L.  Trenholm  and  William  Steinway  are  the  Yice-Presi- 
dents.  The  trust 
company's  quar- 
ters are  in  the 
Gallatin  National 
Bank  Building,  at 
36  Wall  Street. 
The  State  Trust 
Company  is  au- 
thorized to  act  as 
executor,  admin- 
istrator, trustee, 
guardian,  re- 
ceiver, and  in  all 
other  fiduciary  ca- 
pacities, and  to 
serve  as  transfer 
agent  and  regis- 
trar of  incorpo- 
rated companies. 
It  allows  interest 
on  long  and  short 
time  deposits  and 
accounts, and  does 
all  that  pertains 
to  a  general  trust 
company's  busi- 
ness. THE  STATE  TRUST  COMPANY,  36  WALL  STREET, 


,  J 


!.  STATE  TRUST  CO. 

ADJOINING  ASSAY  OFFICE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


769 


The  New-York  Guaranty  &  Indemnity  Company,  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  Cedar  and  Nassau  Streets,  in  the  magnificent  Mutual  Life  Building,  has  a  capital 
of  $2,000,000  and  a  surplus  of  81,000,000.  It  transacts  a  general  banking  and 
trust-company  business,  and  with  continuous  success  solicits  the  accounts  of  corpora- 
tions, firms  and  individuals.  In  addition  to  its  special  charter  privileges,  this  com- 
pany possesses  all  the  powers 
of  trust  companies  under  the 
New-York  banking  laws ;  acts 
as  trustee  for  corporations, 
firms  and  individuals,  as  ex- 
ecutor or  administrator  of 
estates,  and  as  a  legal  deposi- 
tory of  trust  funds.  It  allows 
interest  on  deposits.  It  enjoys 
exceptional  privileges  by  rea- 
son of  its  special  charter, 
which  was  granted  over  twen- 
ty years  ago.  Its  present 
business  was  not  begun,  how- 
ever, until  1S91  ;  and  yet  its 
current  statement  shows  an 
amazing  and  unparalleled  suc- 
cess in  so  short  a  time.  Its 
first  offices  were,  as  no\v,  in 
the  Mutual  Life  Building,  at 
59  Cedar  Street  ;  and  now  it 
has  added  to  these  the  north- 
east corner  of  Nassau  and 
Cedar  Streets.  The  New- 
York  Guaranty  &  Indemnity 
Company  is  one  of'the  power- 
ful financial  institutions  which 
have  concentrated  much  of  the 
capital  of  America  in  the  Em- 
pire city,  and  there  wisely  and 
profitably  administered  it.  Its 
officers  are  :  Edwin  Packard, 
President;  Adrian  Iselin,  Jr., 
Vice-President  ;  George  R. 
Turnbull,  Second  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  Hen«-y  A.  Murray, 
Treasurer  and  Secretary  ;  J. 
Nelson  Borland,  Assistant- 
Secretary.  The  Directors  —  one  of  the  most  distinguished  Boards  in  the  financial 
world — comprise:  Samuel  D.  Babcock,  George  F.  Baker,  Frederic  Cromwell, 
Walter  R.  Gillette,  Robert  Goelet,  George  Griswold  Haven,  Oliver  Harriman,  R. 
Somers  Hayes,  Charles  R.  Henderson,  Adrian  Iselin,  Jr.,  Augustus  D.  Juilliard, 
James  N.  Jarvie,  Richard  A.  McCurdy,  Alexander  E.  6rr,  Edwin  Packard,  Henry 
II.  Rogers,  Henry  W.  Smith,  H.  McK\Twombly,  Frederick  W.  Vanderbilt,  William 
C.  Whitney  and  J.  Hood  Wright. 


NEW-YORK  GUARANTY   AND  INDEMNITY  COMPANY, 
MUTUAL  LIFE  BUILDING,  NASSAU  AND  CEDAR  STREETS. 


77° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  ()/■'  MEW  YORK. 


The  Continental  Trust  Company  of  the  City  of  New  York,  at  18 
Wall  Street,  was  formed  in  1890,  under  the  General  Act  of  the  State  providing  for 
such  institutions.  Its  founders  are  among  the  most  conservative  and  substantial 
business  men  and  financiers  of  New  York,  and  the  powers  granted  it  under  the  law- 
are  of  a  very  comprehensive  character,  embracing  authority  to  act  as  trustee  for 
individuals  or  corporations,  or  as  executor  or  guardian,  to  receive  deposits  of  money, 
and  to  become  the  depository  of  Court  funds,  with  additional  provisions  which  com- 
plete its  ability  to  act  in  a  fiduciary  capacity.  The  management  and  care  of  estates 
is  a  prominent  feature  of  its  functions,  and  it  receives  accounts  of  individuals,  firms, 

corporations  and  estates,  al- 
lowing interest  on  deposits, 
checks  on  the  company  being 
paid   through  the  Clearing 
House.       The     capital  is 
$500,000,  and  the  surplus 
and  undivided  profits  exceed 
$350,000.     Its  management 
is  of  a  character  to  command 
confidence  and  respect  ;  and 
is  composed  of  Otto  T.  Ban- 
nard,    President;  William 
Alexander  Smith,  first  Vice- 
President  ;     Gordon  Mac- 
donald,   second  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  and  Maurice  S.  Deck- 
er, Secretary.    The  trustees 
of  the  institution  embrace 
an  array  of  names  widely 
known  in  the  financial  and 
business  world,  being  com- 
posed of :  Robert  Olyphant, 
Alfred  M.   Hoyt,  John  C. 
Havemeyer,   Gordon  Nor- 
rie,  Hugh  N.  Camp,  Wil- 
liam Jay,  James  C.  Parrish, 
Robert  S.  Holt,  Henry  M. 
Taber,  William  H.  Wisner, 
A.  Lanfear  Norrie,  Oliver 
Harriman,  Jr.,  William  F. 
Cochran,     Giraud  Foster, 
Robert  W.  de  Forest,  Otto 
T.  Bannard,  William  Alexander  Smith,  Gordon  Macdonald,  and  Walter  Jennings. 
The  location  of  the  banking  quarters  of  the  Continental  Trust  Company  is  in  the 
very  midst  of  the  financial  activity  of  the  Metropolis.     Its  building  is  immedi- 
ately opposite  the  Wall- Street  entrance  to  the  Stock  Exchange,  a  minute's  walk 
from  the  Sub-Treasury  and  the  Assay  Office.     Interest  is  allowed  on  deposits,  com- 
puted on  daily  balances  subject  to  check  ;  and  the  deposits  may  be  withdrawn  at 
pleasure.    The  checks  drawn  on  the  company  are  paid  through  the  New- York 
Clearing  House.    It  is  enabled  to  offer  all  the  advantages  usual  to  any  regularly 
organized  trust  company. 


TRINITY  CHURCH.  CONTINENTAL  TRUST  CO. 

THE  CONTINENTAL  TRUST  COMPANY,  18  WALL  STREET, 
BETWEEN   BROADWAY  AND  NASSAU  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


77T 


The  Farmers'  Loan  &  Trust  Company,  16,  18,  20  and  22  William  Street, 
New  York,  R.  G.  Rolston,  President ;  W.  D.  Searls,  Vice-President ;  William  H. 
Leupp,  Second  Vice-President;  E.  S.  Marston,  Secretary;  Samuel  Sloan,  Jr., 
Assistant-Secretary.  Directors :  Samuel  Sloan,  William  Waldorf  Astor,  William 
Remsen,  Henry  Hentz,  Thomas  Rutter,  D.  O.  Mills,  James  Stillman,  Wm.  H. 
Wisner,  James  Roosevelt,  E.  R.  Bacon,  Charles  L.  Colby,  A.  C.  Cheney,  M.  Taylor 
Pyne,  Percy  R.  Pyne,  Isaac  Bell,  Alex.  T.  Van  Nest,  Wm.  Walter  Phelps,  R.  L. 
Cutting,  Edward  R.  Bell,  C.  H.  Thompson,  James  Neilson,  H.  Van  Rensselaer 
Kennedy,  Robt.  C.  Boyd,  Henry  A.  C.  Taylor,  Robert  F.  Ballantine,  Franklin  I). 
Locke,  R.  G.  Rolston.    Capital,  %  1,000,000;  surplus,  $4,000,000. 


THE  FARMERS'  LOAN  4  TRUST  COMPANY,  BEAVER  AND  WILLIAM  STREETS. 


772 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


Savings-Banks  in  the  United  States  date  from  1816,  when  a  voluntary  organi- 
zation for  that  purpose  was  formed  at  Philadelphia.  In  181 7  Massachusetts  granted 
a  charter  for  such  an  institution,  and  Maryland  in  1818.  In  the  succeeding  year 
several  States  authorized  their  institution,  New  York  among  the  number,  the 
Bank  for  Savings  in  New  York,  now  one  of  the  greatest  savings-banks  of  the  world, 
dating  from  that  year.  With  the  growth  of  the  city,  and  the  increase  of  its  industrial 
population,  the  spirit  of  philanthropy  which  has  always  distinguished  the  business 
men  and  financiers  of  New  York  prompted  the  creation  of  additional  facilities  of 
this  character.  Legislative  charters  of  a  special  character  were  required  until  1874, 
when  the  State  Constitution  of  New  York  was  amended  by  requiring  the  charters  of 
all  savings-banks  to  conform  to  a  general  law,  and  prohibiting  the  organization  of 
these  institutions  with  a  share  capital.  In  accordance  with  this,  the  Legislature  in 
1875  repealed  all  special  privileges  contained  in  savings-bank  charters,  and  enacted 
a  general  law  for  their  regulation.  Under  this  law  (which  has  contributed  greatly 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  savings-banks  of  New- York  City)  trustees  are  prohibited 
from  deriving  any  benefit,  direct  or  indirect,  from  their  offices,  except  as  officers 
whose  duties  are  constantly  at  the  bank,  nor  can  they  borrow  any  of  the  bank's 
funds.  The  banks  are  confined,  with  respect  to  investments,  to  United- States  Gov- 
ernment obligations,  bonds  of  the  State  of  New  York,  or  any  county  or  municipality 
thereof,  bonds  of  any  State  which  has  not  defaulted  in  payment  of  interest  for  ten 
years,  or  in  mortgages  on  real  estate  in  New  York,  worth  twice  the  amount  loaned, 
but  not  to  exceed  sixty-five  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  deposits.  Where  such  loans 
are  on  unimproved  real  estate  the  amount  is  restricted  to  forty  per  cent,  of  actual 
value.  The  aggregate  amount  of  an  individual  deposit  is  limited  to  $3,000,  in  any 
one  bank  ;  and  the  rate  of  interest  paid  on  deposits  may  not  exceed  five  per  cent., 
though  after  the  bank's  surplus  exceeded  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  deposits  extra  divi- 
dends may  be  declared.  This  law  merely  codifies  the  principles  upon  which,  from 
an  early  date,  the  success  of  the  great  savings-institutions  of  New  York  was  based. 
It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends  took  a  leading  part 
in  the  establishment  of  the  savings-banks,  and  that  the  philanthropic  tenets  which  dis- 
tinguished that  sect  had  a  powerful  impulse  in  moulding  their  policy.  Service  as  a 
trustee  of  any  of  the  large  savings-banks  has  been  considered  an  honor  by  the  leading 
merchants  and  bankers  of  the  metropolis,  and  the  magnificent  results  and  unshaken 
confidence  which  are  presented  in  this  field  represent  an  enormous  aggregate  of  ardu- 
ous duty,  unselfishly  performed  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  community  by  its  most 
prominent  members.  And,  furthermore,  the  savings-banks  of  New- York  City,  with 
their  deposits  of  $340,000,000,  and  their  resources  of  nearly  $50,000,000  in  excess  of 
that  amount,  point  to  another  moral.  While  every  class  in  the  community  is  repre- 
sented among  the  depositors,  the  industrious  working  class  predominates.  No  city 
in  the  country  supplies  such  numbers  of  toilers,  and  the  1,600,000  depositors  in  New- 
York  State  savings-banks  are  a  convincing  proof  that  the  thrift  and  economy  which 
go  far  to  make  good  citizens  have  a  hold  upon  the  bone  and  sinew  of  the  great  city. 

The  Bank  for  Savings  in  the  City  of  New  York  is  the  oldest  savings-bank 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  country.  It  is  the  second 
savings-bank  in  America,  in  the  amount  of  deposits,  and  also  the  second  in 
number  of  depositors.  It  was  founded  in  1 81 9,  the  philanthropic  objects 
of  its  originators,  as  quaintly  stated,  being  "to  cherish  meritorious  industry,  to 
encourage  frugality  and  retrenchment,  and  to  promote  the  welfare  of  families,  the 
cause  of  morality  and  the  good  order  of  society."  The  institution  was  given  by  the 
city  the  use  of  a  room  in  one  of  the  buildings  which  then  occupied  the  Broadway  and 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  773 

Chambers-Street  corner  of  the  City-Hall  Park.    William  Bayard  was  the  first  Presi- 
dent, and  James  Eastburn,  Secretary.    Among  the  original  trustees  were  Henry 
Eckford,   De  Witt  Clinton, 
Cadwalader  Colden,  Peter  A. 
Jay,  Brockholst  Livingston, 
Richard    Varick,  Thomas 
Eddy,  Najah  Taylor,  John 
Pintard,  and  Gilbert  Aspin- 
wall.     The  gentlemen  who 
gratuitously  gave  their  ser- 
vices at  first  received  deposits 
personally  on  certain  even- 
ings of  the  week  only,  it  being 
recorded  of  the  initial  session 
on  July  3,  1 819,  that    "t he- 
trustees  had  the  satisfaction 
of    receiving    the    sum  of 
$2,809."  At  the  end  of  1819 
the  deposits   had    risen  to 
%  1 50, 000.     A  regular  place 
of  business  was  established  at 
43  Chambers  Street  in  1825; 
and  in  1845  'l  removed  to 
107  Chambers  Stieet ;  and 
finally,  as  population  moved 
northward,  the  bank  in  1856 
erected   the  old-fashioned   but   characteristically  imposing  structure,   in  Grecian 
architecture,  which  it  still  occupies,  at  67  Bleecker  Street,  just  east  of  Broadway, 
and  at  the  northern  terminus  of  Crosby  Street.     The  familiar  name  by  which  the 
present  generation  of  New-Yorkers  know  it  is  the  "  Bleecker-Street  Savings-Bank." 
During  its  74  years  of  existence  it  has  had  645,000  depositors,  and  received  altogether 
$239,000,000  in  deposits,  paying  thereon  $ 43,000,000- in  interest.    The  present 
depositors  number  117,000,  with  $47,130,000  to  their  credit,  the  total  assets, 
including   $1,200,000   cash,   and    a    surplus    of   over    $3,500,000,    being  over 
^52,000,000.      The  full  history  of   this  venerable  institution  would  recall  the 
names  of  a  multitude  of  the  foremost  business  men  of  the  city  whose  services 
have  been  cheerfully  given  for  the  benefit  of  its  depositors.    Among  its  presi- 
dents were    John  Pintard,   Philip  Hone,   Najah  Taylor,   Marshall    S.  Bidwell, 
John  C.  Green,  and  Robert  Lenox  Kennedy.    The  present  officers  are  Merritt 
Trimble,  President ;  James  A.  Roosevelt,  second  Vice-President ;  Robert  S.  Holt, 
Secretary;  and  William  G.  White,  Comptroller.    The  Board  of  Trustees  is  com- 
posed of :  Frederick  D.  Tappen,  John  J.  Tucker,  Adrian  Iselin,  John  E.  Parsons, 
John   Crosby  Brown,   Robert    S.   Holt,   Alfred  W.    Spear,   George  M.  Miller, 
Alfred  M.  Hoyt,  Orlando  B.  Potter,  James  A.   Roosevelt,  Thomas  Hillhouse, 
Merritt  Trimble,  William  A.  Hoe,  William   L.  Andrews,  Frederic  W.  Stevens, 
John  M.  Dodd,  Jr.,  Charles  A.  Sherman,  Henry  W.  de  Forest,  W.  Irving  Clark, 
William  J.  Riker,  Charles  S.  Brown,  and  William  W.  Appleton.     The  Bank  for 
Savings  has  bought  a  new  site  at  the  corner  of  Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  Street ; 
and  is  at  work  on  the  erection  of  a  banking-house  especially  designed  to  accommo- 
date its  large  and  increasing  business. 


BANK  FOR  SAVINGS,   BLEECKER  STREET,   OPPOSITE  CROSBY  STREET. 


774 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Seamen's  Bank  for  Savings,  founded  in  1829,  and  occupying  its  own 

substantial  and  specially  constructed  building  at  74  and  76  Wall  Street,  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  Pearl  Street,  is  the  second  oldest  institution  of  the  kind  in  New 
York.  The  philanthropic  object  of  its  organizers  was  to  provide 
a  safe  and  advantageous  deposit  for  the  sea-faring  community.  This 
object  has  never  been  lost  sight  of,  and  though  its  facilities 
have  from  the  first  been  open  to  the  public  it  still  continues  to 
receive  considerable  deposits  from  officers  and  seamen  in  the 
naval  and  merchant  service.  Since  its  organization, 
it  has  received  total  deposits  of  % 2 10, 000, 000,  and 
has  paid  in  interest  thereon  over  $27,000,000.  The 
amount  due  its  depositors  at  present  is  $31,535,293, 
and  its  assets  are  .<$>35>  220,680.  The  first  Presi- 
dent was  Najah  Taylor,  who  was  succeeded  in 
[834  by  Benjamin  Strong.  Peletiah  Perit  in  turn 
assumed  the  office  in  1851  ;  William  H. 
Macy  in  1863;  and  George  F.  Thomae  in 
1867.  William  II.  Macy  was  again  elected 
in  1872,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1887  by  its  present  President, 
William  C.  Sturges.  Daniel 
Barnes  is  Cashier,  and  Sil- 
vanus  F.  Jenkins  is 
Treasurer.  The 
Board  of  Trustees 
;  has  always  repre- 
'  sented  the  com- 
merce of  New  York, 
and  many  leading 
merchants  have 
cheerfully  given 
their  time  and  labor 
to  the  care  of  the 
seamen's  affairs. 
The  present  Board 
consists  of  William 
C.  Sturges,  Presi- 
dent ;  William  A. 
Booth,  E.  H.  R. 
Lyman,  and  Horace 

Gray,  Vice-Presidents  ;  John  H.  Boynton,  Secretary  ;  Ambrose  Snow,  Emerson 
Coleman,  James  R.  Taylor,  W.  H.  H.  Moore,  William  de  Groot,  George  H.  Macy, 
John  D.  Wing,  Vernon  H.  Brown,  Frederick  Sturges,  J.  W.  Frothingham,  George 
C.  Magoun,  David  S.  Egleston,  William  H.  Phillips,  and  William  H.  Macy,  Jr. 

All  classes  of  the  community  avail  themselves  of  the  facilities  afforded  them  by 
this  famous  old  savings-bank,  to  deposit  their  earnings  in  a  safe  place,  at  fair  in- 
terest, and  ready  for  use  at  any  emergency.  In  this  way,  and  on  account  of  the 
existence  and  conservation  of  such  institutions,  habits  of  thrift  and  foresight  are 
developed  among  the  people,  to  the  vast  advantage  of  the  general  community,  and 
the  stability  of  the  institutions  of  modern  civilization. 


WALL  AND  PEARL  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


775 


The  Greenwich  Savings-Bank  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  solid  fiduciary 
institutions  in  the  country.     It  was  founded  in  1833,  and  has  an  untarnished  record 

or  sixty  years.  Its  first  home  was  at  10  Carmine  Street,  in  Greenwich  Village  ■ 
thence  ,t  moved  to  Sixth  Avenue  and  4th  Street ;  and  thence  to  Sixth  Avenue  and' 

'  aVerIyrIiaCe'  Where  lt  resell  for  many  years.  In  1892  the  bank  erected  at  the 
corner  of  Sixth  Avenue  and  16th  Street  a  magnificent  and  fire-proof  Italian  Renais- 
sance buiWmg,  designed  by  R.  W.  Gibson.  This  building,  architectural^  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  city,  is  constructed  of  white  Worcester  granite,  rock-faced  for  the 
walls  and  smooth-cut  for  decorative  work,  adorned  with  pilasters,  pediments  and 
turrets.  The  interior  is  a  noble  hall,  150  by  50  feet  in  area,  and  60  feet  high,  with 
coupled  columns,  domed  ceiling,  counters  and  wainscots  of  red  Numidian  marble 
Roman  mosaic  floors,  and  other  artistic  decorations.'  The  whole  of  the  structure  is 
devoted  to  the  uses  of  the  bank,  none  of  it  being  rented  for  other  purposes  The 


GREENWICH  SAVINGS-BANK,  SIXTH  AVENUE,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER  OF   16th  STREET. 


deposits  of  the  Greenwich  Savings-Bank   amount  to  824,730,632,  from  cr  487 
depositors,  and  it  has  a  surplus  of  *3,727.036.     Over  $12,^  cooVf  its  fund  fr 
invested  on  bond  and  mortgage  secured  by  real-estate  in  New- York  City 

The  officers  are  John  Harsen  Rhoades,  President ;  William  Remsen,'  First  Vice- 
President  ;  John  S.  McLean,  Second  Vice-President ;  and  Tames  Quinlan  T     Su  e 

S  mulirp  v'n  nC  J°hnTS,  ?CkerS°n'  WUliam  Rems^  J°hn  Harsen  Rhoades," 
Samuel  B  Van  Dusen  John  A.  Stewart,  Lowell  Lincoln,  Charles  P.  Dalv  John  S 
McLean    Edward  Oothout  Joseph  H.  Gray,  John  Wilson,  Charles  A^aXn, ' 
J.  B.  M.  Grosvenor,  Julius  Catlin,  William  Moir,  George  Bliss,  Arthur  B.  Graves 


776 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Edward  N.  Tailer,  John  L.  Kiker,  Leonard  D.  White,  Geo.  W.  Smith,  Francis  II. 
Leggett,  A.  S.  Frissell,  William  T.  Wardwell,  Charles  S.  Smith,  David  M.' 
Morrison,  Benjamin  O.  Chisolm,  Warren  N.  Goddard,  James  Quinlan,  John 
Downey,  George  G.  Haven,  and  A.  G.  Agnew. 

The  Bowery  Savings-Bank  enjoys  the  distinction  of  having  the  greatest 
amount  of  assets,  a  total  of  about  $53,000,000,  of  any  financial  institution  in  this 
country.  Of  this  sum,  about  $48,000,000  are  the  deposits  of  107,000  depositors, 
and  a  profit  and  loss  account  of  over  $5,000,000.  The  bank  was  chartered  in  1834,' 
and  among  its  incorporators  were  many  well-known  New- York  names.  It  has  been 
a  fiduciary  institution  of  the  highest  order;  it  has  taken  care  of  the  savings  of  the 
poorer  classes,  and  has  earned,  for  them  all  that  their  small  accumulations  could 
safely  return.  Its  presidents  have  been:  Benjamin  M.  Brown,  David  Cotheal, 
James  Mills,  Thomas  Jere- 
miah, Samuel  T.  Brown, 
Henry  Lyles,  Jr.,  and  Ed- 
ward Wood,  who  has  been 
President  since  1880.  Its 
Board  of  Trustees,  always 
a  representative  body  of  New 
York's  best  citizens,  includes 
the  following:  Edward 
Wood,  President  ;  John  P. 
Townsend,  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  Robert  M.  Field, 
Second  Vice  -  President ; 
John  D.  Hicks,  Robert 
Haydock,  Henry  Barrow, 
Henry  Lyles,  Jr.,  Richard 
A.  Storrs,  Aaron  Field, 
Edward  Hincken,  Wm.  H. 
S.  Wood,  Timothy  H.  Por- 
ter, Enoch  Ketcham,  Wil- 
liam H.  Parsons,  William 
H.  Hurlbut,  William  V. 
Brokaw,  Samuel  H.  Sea- 
man, Edward  C.  Sampson, 
Wm.  H.  Beadleston,  James 
W.  Cromwell,  John  J.  Sin- 
clair, Joseph  B.  Lockwood, 
William  Dowd,  George 
Montague,  George  M.  Olcott,  Charles  Griffen,  Alexander  T.  Van  Nest,  David  S. 
Taber,  Washington  Wilson,  Isaac  S.  Piatt,  Eugene  Underhill,  George  E.  Hicks, 
John  W.  Cochrane,  Octavius  D.  Baldwin,  George  H.  Robinson,  George  Jeremiah, 
Robert  Maclay,  William  L.  Vennard,  Henry  C.  Berlin,  John  F.  Scott,  Charles  E. 
Bigelow,  A.  Blanchard  Dominick,  and  C.  Lawrence  Perkins. 

Its  Secretaries  have  been  :  Giles  H.  Coggeshall,  who  was  elected  in  1836,  and 
served  until  1885  ;  and  Robert  Leonard,  his  successor,  who  had  been  Assistant 
Secretary  from  1859  until  1885.  The  bank  has  always  occupied  the  premises  on 
the  Bowery,  just  north  of  Grand  Street,  to  which  it  extends  by  an  L  It  is  erecting 
a  bank  building  that  will  furnish  more  suitable  accommodations. 


BOWERY  SAVINGS  BAf 


4 EAR  GRAND  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  777 

The  Dry-Dock  Savings  Institution  dates  its  organization  from  1848  at 
which  period  the  ship-building  trade  was  a  leading  industry  of  New  York  The 
old  dry-dock  at  the  foot  of  East  10th  Street,  East  River,  was  a  centre  in  the  district 
devoted  to  shipbuilding,  and  its  name  was  adopted  when  a  number  of  gentlemen 
principally  interested  in  that  business  established  this  institution  to  encourage  thrift 
and  prudence  among  their  workmen.     The  bank  was  first  located  at  530  East  4th 
btreet    In  1859  *  purchased  a  building  at  339  and  341  East  4th  Street.    In  1872  the 
site  at  341  and  343  Bowery  was  ~ 
purchased,   and  the  present 
building  (valued  at  $250,000) 
was   erected,   and  occupied 
in   1875.      It  was  then  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the 
country  for  its  purpose,  and 
is  to-day  an  admirable  struc- 
ture.    At  the  present  time 
the  institution  has  total  assets 
of  over    £19,500,000,  with 
deposits  of  $17,929,209,  and 
a    surplus    of  $1,668,763. 
Since  its  establishment  236,- 
982     accounts     have  been 
opened,    the    deposits  have 
aggregated  $119,000,000, 
and  $12,200,000   has  been 
.paid  for  interest  on  deposits. 
The  success  which  has  at- 
tended the  "Dry  Dock"  is 
largely  the  result  of  the  ex- 
ceptional management  which 
it  has  always  enjoyed.  The 
first  President  of  the  bank 
was     Schureman     Halsted ; 
and  in  1854  Andrew  Mills,  a 
leading  ship-joiner,  who  had 
been  identified  with  the  in- 
stitution from  the  start,  became  its  head,  and  remained  in  the  position  until  1870 
Charles  Curtiss  served  in  the  same  capacity  until  1888,  when  Andrew  Mills  (second 
of  that  name,  and  son  of  the  former  President),  who  had  served  as  Treasurer  and 
Secretary  from  1877,  was  elected  to  the  Presidency,  which  he  resigned  in  i8q,  to 
become  President  of  the  State  Trust  Company.    John  Tiebout  is  now  President 
Samuel  P  Patterson,  a  trustee  since  1848,  and  David  J.  Taff,  elected  a  trustee  in 
1857,  are  \  .ce-Presidents;  and  the  Secretary  is  Charles  Miehling,  who  entered  the 
LmifS **nd  ^appointed  Paying  Teller  in  1873,  and  to  his  present  post 
in  1888.    The  Board  of  Trustees  still  represents  the  shipbuilding  interests  The 
Board  consists,  in  addition  to  the  officers,  of  Jesse  J.  Davis,  Andrew  Mills,  Richard 

w  LZVe™°re'  ?!ePhen  M'  Wri-ht'  Guy  CulSin'  Si(W  W.  Hopkins,  Robert  J. 
Wright,  Henry  E.  Crampton,  M.  D.,  Abner  B.  Mills,  Charles  E.  Pell,  George  B 
Rhoads,  Frederick  Zittel,  Henry  C.  Perley,  John  A.  Tackaberry,  Charles  T.  Gallo- 
way, Arthur  T.  J.  Rice  and  William  H.  Hollister. 


DRY-DOCK  SAVINGS   INSTITUTION,  341   AND  343  BOWERY, 
CORNER  OF  30  STREET. 


778  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 

The  Institution  for  the  Savings  of  Merchants'  Clerks,  at  20  Union 

Square,  is  the  fifth  in  age  of  the  local  savings-banks,  and  is  one  of  the  most  highly 
esteemed  fiduciary  institutions  of  New  York.  Incorporated  in  1848,  it  has  had  a 
dignifiedly  quiet  and  uniformly  steady  growth  ever  since.  As  its  name  implies,  it  was 
founded  to  encourage  the  clerks  of  business  men  to  take  care  of  their  earnings.  Its 
inception  was  due  to  members  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  who  enlisted  with  them 
members  of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association,  and  for  a  long  period  these  two  or- 
ganizations in  a  degree  designated  the  trustees  of  the  savings  institution.  All  through 
its  history  the  prime  object  of  the  bank  has  been  adhered  to,  although  its  depositors 
include  thousands  of  men,  women  and  children  who  can  hardly  be  classed  as  clerks. 
The  bank  has  had  but  five  presidents,  James  G.  King,  Moses  H.  Grinnell,  A.  Gracie 
King,  Joseph  W.  Patterson,  and  Col.  Andrew  Warner.  Col.  Warner  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  bank  for  38  consecutive  years,  first  in  1854  as  Cashier,  afterwards  in 
1855  as  Cashier  and  Secretary,  and  later  in  1881  as  President.  He  has  a  notable 
record  in  connection  with  institutions,  from  his  years  of  service  as  Corresponding  Sec- 
retary of  the  American  Art  Union  ;  47  years  as  Secretary  of  the  New- York  Historical 
Society  ;  40  years  as  manager  of  the  House  of  Refuge  ;  30  years  as  Governor  and 

Treasurer  of  the  Ly- 
ing-in Hospital  ;  and 
now  in  his  86th  year 
taking  an  active  inter- 
est in  many  public  in- 
stitutions. Among  the 
treasurers  of  the  insti- 
tution have  been 
Merritt  Trimble, 
President  of  the  Bank 
for  Savings,  on 
Bleecker  Street,  who 
was  a  trustee  here  for 
fifteen  years  ;  and 
George  G.  Williams, 
the  President  of  the 
Chemical  National 
Bank,  who  while  a 
clerk  in  the  Chemical 
Bank  became  almost 
the  first  depositor  in 
this  savings-bank,  on 
the  day  of  its  opening 
in  1848,  and  has'continued  as  a  depositor  ever  since,  still  retaining  his  original  pass- 
book, which  was  No.  10,  in  marked  contrast  with  over  75,000  issued  since.  The 
bank's  earliest  quarters  were  in  the  old  Clinton  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Beekman  and 
Nassau  Streets.  Later  they  were  at  516  Broadway,  opposite  the  old  St.  Nicholas 
Hotel ;  and  in  1868  the  present  Union-Square  property  was  bought  and  remodelled 
to  its  uses.  The  bank  statement  of  January  1,  1 892,  shows  gross  assets  of  $6,402,- 
861;  deposits  of  $5,822,960;  and  a  surplus  of  $579,901.  It  has  over  13,000 
open  accounts.  Its  officers  are  :  Andrew  Warner,  President ;  James  M.  Constable 
and  George  A.  Robbins,  Vice-Presidents ;  George  G.  Williams,  Treasurer ;  and 
William  T.  Lawrence,  Secretary  and  Cashier. 


INSTITUTION  FOR  SAVINGS  OF  MERCHANTS'  CLERKS,  20  UNION  SQUARE 
CORNER  15th  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  779 

The  Emigrant  Industrial  Savings-Bank  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  of 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  passed  April  10,  1850,  and  it  opened  for 
business  in  the  month  of  October  following.    The  idea  of  establishing  The  bank 
originated  in  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Irish  Emigrant  Society,  which  was  estab- 
lished many  years  previous,  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  and  protecting  the  Irish  emi- 
grants landing  at  the  port  of  New  York.    Many  of  these  strangers  brought  some 
money  with  them,  and  it  was  desirable  to  teach  others  thrift  and  industry  it  was 
therefore,  deemed  an  absolute  necessity  to  provide  some  place  for  the  safe-keeping  of 
he  means  of  these  poor  people,  which  would  be  under  the  guidance  and  influence  of 
the  officers  of  the  Irish  Emigrant  Society,  and  of  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration 
At  that  time  Gregory  Dillon  and  Andrew  Carrigan  were  members  of  the  society 
and  the  latter,  and  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  were  Commissioners  of  Emigration  ;  they 

procured  the  charter  from  the 
Legislature  and  established 
the  bank,  Mr.  Dillon  becom- 
ing its  first  President,  and 
Mr.  Carrigan  its  Comptroller, 
and  they  associated  with  them 
in  the  direction,  Robert  B. 
Minturn,  William  Watson, 
Terence  Donnelly,  John  P. 
Nesmith,  Felix'  Ingoldsby, 
and  about  a  dozen  others,  all 
old  merchants  of  New  York. 

The  bank  was  successful. 
For   the  first  two  or  three 
years   these    gentlemen  not 
only  gave  their  services  gratis, 
but    they   each  contributed 
their   pro-rata    of  expenses, 
until    the    business   of  the 
bank  had    become  self-sup- 
porting.   It  fulfilled  its  mis- 
sion, took  good  care  of  the 
money  of  the  emigrants,  and 
by    degrees    its  business 
widened  until    it    became  a 
cosmopolitan  institution,  hav- 
ing dealings  with  people  of  all 
countries.    It  has  been  scarce- 
ly forty-two  years   in  exist- 
ence,   yet   its   assets  to-day 
amount  to  the  enormous  sum 
of  more   than  $45,000,000, 
including  its  surplus  fund  of 
over  $4, 000, 000.  The  amount 
of  its  deposits  is  upward  of 
$41,000,000.   The  bank  owns 
and  occupies,  at  49  and  51 
Chambers  Street,   the  hand- 


s' 


EMIGRANT  INDUSTRIAL  SAVINGS-BANK,  49  AND  5,  CHAMBERS  STREET. 


780 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


somest  savings-bank  room  in  this  city,  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  savings-bank 
buildings  in  the  country.  The  building  is  of  granite,  eight  stories  high,  with  an 
entrance  through  an  arch  of  polished  granite.  The  main  banking-room,  50  feet 
wide,  extends  the  full  depth  of  the  building,  from  Chambers  Street  to  Reade  Street. 
The  present  officers  and  trustees  are  :  James  McMahon,  President  ;  James  Olwell, 
first   Vice-President  ;    Bryan   Lawrence,   second   Vice-President  ;   James  Koike, 


Secretary  ;  Eugene 
Arthur  Leary,  John 
Eugene  Kelly,  Jr., 
James  G.  Johnson, 
The  Manhat- 
o  11  the 
front  build- 


Kelly,  Robert  J.  Hoguet,  James  R.  Floyd,  Henry  Amy, 
C.  McCarthy,  P.  H.  Leonard,  John  1).    Keiley,  Jr., 
ohn  Good,  Louis  V.  O'Donohue,  Charles  V.  Fornes, 
John  Crane,  and  John  A.  McCall. 
tan  Savings  Institution  has  its  banking-rooms 
ground  floor  of  its  own  stately  eight-story  sandstone 
ing,  at  644  and  646  Broadway,  corner  of  Bleecker 
completed  for  its  use  in  1890,  at  a  cost  of  over  half 
a  million  dollars.    This  structure  replaced  another 
which  had  been  erected  in   1863,  the  bank 
having  in  1867  purchased  this  site  and 
moved  thither  from  its  original  chart- 
ers at  648  Broadway.    The  incorpor- 
ation of   the  institution  dates  from 
1 85 1,  when  it  was  formed  by  such 
eading  citizens  as  Augustus  Schell, 
fames   Harper,    E.    D.  Morgan 
afterwards    Governor    of  New 
k'ork),  Henry  Stokes  and  A.  A. 
\lvord.     Ambrose  C.  Kingsland, 
:x-Mayor  of  New  Vork,  was  the 
irst  President.      The  institution 
has  a   history  of  steady 
growth  and  of  the  confi- 
dence to  which  the  high 
standing  of  its  manage- 
ment entitles  it.    The  de- 
posits from  its  inception  to 
1892  amounted  to  $92,- 
764, 1 19.  The  amount-  due 
depositors  January  1,  1893, 
is  $8,565,545,  the  assets 
representing  a  cost  or  par 

It^T'^iJL        "  value  of  *9>733>932>  and 

if'  -                   '  •'...-r,  I  a  market  value  of  over 

M-.^-ii" n^-,-. ,     ■„,  ^;  .  _  . —  c  — — ^ — : —    *  1  0.000.000.  Edward 

MANHATTAN  SAVINGS  INSTITUTION,  BROADWAY  AND  BLEECKER  STREET.         o   i     11      •        t>        ■  ,       .  , 

Schell,  its  President,  has 

been  a  trustee  nearly  forty  years,  ever  since  1854,  and  was  elected  to  his  present 
office  in  1876.  The  Vice-Presidents,  Robert  G.  Remsen  and  Joseph  Bird,  have 
been  identified  with  the  bank  for  many  years  ;  the  Secretary,  Frank  G.  Stiles,  has 
a  record  of  32  years  spent  in  its  service  ;  and  George  H.  Pearsall,  the  Assistant- 
Secretary,  has  been  connected  with  the  institution  since  1 865.  The  Board  of 
Trustees,  in  which  the  officers  are  also  included,  consists  of  :  Henry  M.  Taber, 
John  H.  Watson,  P.  Van  Zandt  Lane,  E.  A.  Walton,  William  J.  Valentine,  DeWitt 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


781 


C.  Hays,  Edward  King,  H.  B.  Stokes,  George  Blagden,  John  D.  Jones,  George 
H.  McLean,  William  H.  Oakley,  S.  R.  Lesher,  James  W.  Smith,  J.  William 
Beekman  and  Philip  Schuyler. 

The  Union  Dime  Savings  Institution  was  organized  in  the  year  1859,  and 
commenced  business  in  a  small  building  at  the  corner  of  Canal  and  Varick  Streets. 
It  was  designed  to  receive  smaller  deposits  than  were  ordinarily  accepted,  and  was 
the  first  to  assume  the  name  "Dime."  Its  founders,  who  were  all  loyal  supporters 
of  our  National  Government,  then  assailed  by  internal  foes,  emphasized  their  patri- 


otism by  adding  to  its 
policy  of  welcoming  the 
courtesy  and  accom- 
brought  a  larger  sum, 


name  the  word  "Union."     From  the  first  the 
small  depositor,  and  extending  to  him  the  same 
modating  spirit  that  was  shown  to  the  one  who 
proved  successful,  and  the  bank  grew  steadily. 
The  trustees  further  evinced  their   faith  in 
American  institutions  by  investing  largely  in 
United-States  bonds,  which  proved   a  very 
jt       profitable    course.      In    1866  the 
tewjt^:     bank,  having  readied  a  prominent 
]  ~V  ^      position  among  the  savings-banks 
^HHEH    of  the  city,  found  larger  accom- 
-Ji        j  ■     modations  necessary  for  its  busi- 
i?^-L_J      ness,  and  erected  the  commodious 
]'•  \  '  building  at  Canal  and  Laight 

Streets,  now  used  for  the 
United-States  Pension 
Agency.  Ten  years  later, 
it  was  deemed  advisable  to 
\f  ]  f  f     m      S3    ^  *  !  {  T\   r\     s   \  J    •     make  another  move,  and  to 

m£  I  l^H  ■  '  I  j£fc{«g|    follow  the  march  of  the  pop- 

J  '  }  *  ™.  rs'^EIDLLj:  ^tv  -pUH»3    ulation   in    the  "up-town" 

direction.    A  plot  was  pur- 

j-1-   _ " ""^IP^EH  chased   at    the    junction  of 

Mtfifln  1   -„  ■  Broadway,  Sixth  Avenue  and 

32d  Street,  where  was  erected 
the  magnificent  white  marble 
structure  still  occupied  for  its  business.  There  is  certainly  no  finer  site  on  Man- 
hattan Island  for  the  purpose,  and  it  is  accessible  by  numerous  public  convey- 
ances. The  bank  is  now  the  custodian  of  over  $14,000,000,  in  deposits  ranging  from 
a  single  dime  to  the  maximum  allowed  by  law.  Its  depositors  number  57,000 
persons,  of  all  classes,  races  and  ages.  It  is  still  noted  for  the  promptness  and 
courtesy  with  which  business  is  transacted,  and  is  visited  by  many  officers  of 
kindred  inst;tutions  from  a  distance,  who  have  heard  of  its  beautiful  building  and  of 
the  perfection  of  its  methods.  The  presidents  of  the  institution  from  its  organiza- 
tion have  been  :  E.  V.  Haughwout,  John  McLean,  Napoleon  J.  Haines,  John  W. 
Britton,  Silas  B.  Dutcher,  Gardner  S.  Chapin,  recently  deceased,  who  was  an  officer 
of  the  bank  from  its  foundation,  and  who  received  the  first  deposit  ever  made,  and 
Charles  E.  Sprague,  the  present  incumbent.  The  other  officers  are  Channing  M. 
Britton  and  James  Sr  Herrman,  Vice-Presidents;  George  N.  Birdsall,  Treasurer; 
and  Francis  M.  Leake,  Secretary.  The  savings-banks  of  New-York  City,  during 
the  great  panic  of  1893,  showed  remarkable  caution  and  conservatism,  and  most 
other  savings-banks  followed  their  example. 


782 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Other  Savings-Banks  include  the  American,  Fifth  Avenue  and  42d  ;  Broad- 
way, 4  Park  Place;  Citizens',  56  Bowery;  Dollar,  2771  Third  Avenue;  East  River, 
3  Chambers;  Excelsior,  Sixth  Avenue  and  23d;  Franklin,  656  Eighth  Avenue; 
German,  100  East  14th;  Harlem,  2281  Third  Avenue;  Irving,  96  Warren;  Metro- 
politan, 1  Third  Avenue;  New  York,  81  Eighth  Avenue;  North  River,  266  West 
34th;  Twelfth  Ward,  271  West  125th;  United  States,  1048  Third  Avenue;  and 
West  Side,  56  Sixth  Avenue. 

Safe  Deposit  Companies  include  several  gigantic  institutions  organized 
solely  to  provide  as  nearly  absolute  protection  as  human  ingenuity  can  devise. 
There  is  the  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  140  Broadway;  the  Mercantile  Safe  Deposit  Co., 
120  Broadway;  the  Bankers'  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  2  Wall  Street;  the  Manhattan  Safe- 
Deposit  Co.,  344  Broadway;  the  American  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  42d  and  Fifth  Ave- 
nue ;  the  Fifth  Avenue  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  23d  and  Fifth  Avenue  ;  the  Garfield  Safe 
Deposit  Co.,  23d  and  Sixth  Avenue,  etc. 

The  Fifth-Avenue  Safe  Deposit  Company,  under  the  Fifth-Avenue  Hotel, 
is  the  representative  up-town  institution  of  its  class.  It  occupies  spacious  vaults  at 
the  northwest  corner  of  23d  Street  and  Fifth  Avenue,  the  entrance  being  through  the 

  Second  National  Bank,  with  which  it  is  close- 
ly allied,  though  maintaining  a  separate  or- 
ganization. Being  in  the  heart  of  the  resi- 
dence-quarter, it  has  a  clientage  composed 
of  people  of  means,  and  is  also  found  to  be 
exceedingly  useful  by  visitors  to  New  York 
residing  in  the  hotels  in  that  neighborhood, 
who  desire  a  place  of  deposit,  for  securities 
or  other  valuables.  The  company's  vault 
contains  2,500  safes  and  compartments,  and 
is  constructed  in  the  most  secure  modern 
methods,  being  completely  burglar-proof, 
and  is  in  addition  guarded  in  the  most 
thorough  manner.  W.  C.  Brewster  is  Presi- 
dent ;  George  Montague,  Treasurer ;  and  D. 
C.  Silleck,  Superintendent. 


FIFTH  AVENUE,   NORTH  FROM  29TH  STREET,   COLLEGIATE  CHURCH  AND  HOLLAND  HOUSE. 


Cotfl 


rcia 


The    Custom   House,   Chamber  of   Commerce,  the   Stock,  the 
Produce,   the   Cotton   and   Other   Exchanges,  the  Board 
of   Trade,  Mercantile  and  Other  Agencies, 
Markets  and  Warehouses. 


THE  commercial  preeminence  enjoyed  by  New  York  has  been  so  continuous 
and  uniform  that  it  would  be  useless  to  speculate  as  to  the  probability  of 
anything  like  rivalry  from  another  member  of  the  sisterhood  of  American  cities. 
Commercial  New  York  will  be  understood  to  include  the  territory  within  a  dozen 
miles  of  the  City  Hall,  with  a  population  of  3,000,000  people,  something  less  than 
five  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  The  volume 
of  the  whole  traffic  of  the  first  city  of  the  continent  with  reference  to  the  aggregate 
of  like  transactions  throughout  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the  volume  of  business 
at  other  of  the  more  important  centres,  may  best  be  gauged  by  a  comparison  of 
totals  of  bank  clearings.  As  the  composition  of  "bank  clearings"  is  not  generally 
understood,  a  brief  explanation  may  show  how  totals  of  clearings  at  various  cities 
enable  one  to  furnish  comparisons  of  the  relative  volume  of  wholesale  business. 
General  wholesale  dealings,  whether  interstate,  inter-municipal,  international  or 
others  in  wheat,  iron,  cotton  or  wool,  the  products  thereof,  in  shoes,  clothing,  hats, 
or  the  thousand  and  one  other  articles  of  trade  are  almost  exclusively  paid  for  (ulti- 
mately) by  checks  and  drafts,  or  bills  of  exchange,  which  are  mailed  or  otherwise 
sent  by  purchasers  to  consigners.  In  the  ordinary  course  of  business  these  are 
deposited  in  banks  for  collection,  though,  of  course,  but  seldom  in  banks  at  which 
such  paper  is  finally  payable.  Before  the  day  of  clearing  houses,  these  instruments 
of  exchange  had  to  be  mailed  for  collection  to  banks  on  which  they  were  drawn, 
but  now,  when  nearly  all  important  banks  throughout  the  country  have  balances  at 
banks  in  New- York  City,  practically  final  settlements  of  "  country  bank  »  checks 
and  drafts  may  be  made  at  the  metropolis.  By  this  it  is  meant  that  the  thousands 
of  checks  and  drafts  received  at  New  York  and  deposited  daily,  may  be  paid  there 
through  correspondent  banks.  The  story  of  the  New- York  Clearing  House  is  given 
in  detail  in  another  chapter,  and  its  daily  adjustment  of  bank-accounts,  including 
practically  all  checks  and  drafts  upon  the  New-York  City  banks,  nearly  represents  a 
settlement  of  transactions  of  all  kinds,  and  thus  furnishes  a  tangible  measure  of 
New-York's  wholesale  trade. 

When  it  is  understood  that  there  are  nearly  seventy  cities  in  the  United  States 
having  bank  clearing  houses,  it  becomes  apparent  how  useful  their  annual  totals  may 
be  as  a  means  of  comparing  relative  volumes  of  wholesale  transactions.  But  in 
order  to  confine  the  bank  clearing  totals  at  New- York  City  as  nearly  as  practicable 
to  dealings  in  actual  commodities,  it  is  necessary  to  eliminate  the  proportion  due  to 


784 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


trading  in  securities  at  the  Stock  Exchange,  which  proportion  (of  the  daily  or 
yearly  clearings)  is  reached  by  regarding  two  and  a  half  times  the  total  actual  value 
of  transaction  in  shares  and  bonds  as  the  aggregate,  based  on  the  estimated  average 
number  of  times  securities. 

From  analysis  of  bank  clearings  totals  covering  1885,  a  year  of  special  depres- 
sion, following  the  panic  in  1884,  the  period  of  expansion  during  1890,  and 
restricted  commercial  and  industrial  enterprise  in  1891,  one  may  find  material  for 
comparing  New- York  City's  traffic,  although  in  order  to  extend  the  comparison, 
totals  for  other  of  the  more  important  business  centres  are  appended  : 

Bank  Clearings  Totals.  1885. 
New-York  City,  excluding  Wall  Street,      .    .  $14,452,200,000 

Boston,  3,483,100,000 

Chicago,  2,318,500,000 


Philadelpli 
St.  Louis,    .  . 
San  Francisco, 
Baltimore, 
Pittsburgh, 


2,374,400,000 
759,100,000 
562,300,000 
581,900,000 
356,100,000 


1890. 
$27,514,447,000 
5,130,878,000 
4,093,145,000 
3,710,248,000 
"8,573,000 
851,066,000 
753'°93i°°o 
786,694,000 
6,082,397,000 


1891. 
$24,218, 704,000 
4,753.84o,ooo 
4,456,885,000 
3,296,852,000 

139,599,0°° 
892,426,000 
735,714,000 
679,062,000 
6,011,875,000 


$50,040,541,000  $46,184,957,000 


Other  cities  reported,  2,506,460,000 

Grand  Totals,  $27,394,060,000 

As  shown  by  the  foregoing,  it  is  apparent  that  New- York  City's  aggregate  of 
foreign  and  domestic  distributive  trade  amounted  to  about  52  per  cent,  of  the  grand 
total  of  such  traffic  throughout  the  country  in  1885,  a  period  of  greatly  restricted 

trading  ;  to  about  55  per  cent,  in 
1890,  a  year  of  more  active  busi- 
ness ;  and  to  52  per  cent,  in  1 89 1, 
during  which  period  there  was  a 
falling  off  in  the  volume  of  gen- 
eral business. 

By  comparing  totals  at  the 
larger  cities  it  is  found  that  where- 
as New- York's  aggregate  was 
only  four  times  as  large  as  Bos- 
ton's in  1885,  six  years  later  it 
was  more  than  five  times  as  large. 
But  Chicago's  trade  has  grown 
more  rapidly  than  that  of  Boston, 
for  its  clearings  total,  which  was 
only  16  per  cent,  of  that  of  New 
York  in  1885,  amounted  to  nearly 
19  per  cent,  of  the  aggregate  at 
the  metropolis  in  1891.  Carrying 
the  comparison  farther,  one  finds 
that  while  Philadelphia  furnished 
a  total  less  than  one-sixth  as  large 
as  New  York  in  1885,  it  gave  one 
proportionately  smaller  six  years 
later,  being  not  quite  one-seventh. 
The  clearings  at  St.  Louis  in 
1885  were  much  smaller  than 
those  previously  specified,  only  5 


THE  OLD  MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE  ON  WALL  STREET. 


AV.YG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK.  ys- 
per cent,  of  those  at  the  metropolis,  and  while  thev  increased  fully  co  per  cent  wkh 
StT  ttZlZSS  '^amounted  to  only /7  percent. 

•aken  as  indices'of  thT  vo^nte  oftratL  «*  M* 

rank  next  as  to  values  of  e™r,f    A  S  ^  the  S1X  °r  seven  which 

condensed  exhibit  *VT  ^  *  *  — ** 

Value  of  Exports  of  Merchandise  aND  Produce,  Fore.gn  ahd  Domestic. 


Year  Ending  June  30. 


1870 


New  York 
New  Orleans, 
Boston,.    .  . 
Baltimore, 
San  Francisco, 
Galveston, 
Philadelphia. 
Savannah, 

!  All  Other,  . 

I  Total  U.  S.,  .  . 


$196,614,746 
107,586,952 
14,126,429 
'4,510,733 
•3,99', 781 
'4,873.732 
16,927,610 
29.749,058 
62,982,595 


1890 


$392,560,090 
,  90,442,019 
,  59,238,341 
76,245,870 
32,358,929 
16,749,889 
49,649,693 
23,992,364 
94,401,463 


$348,051,791 
108,126,891 
71,201,944 
73,983,693 
36,876,091 
24,446,83a 
37,410,683 
30,884,451 
26,846,309 


471,363,636       135^38,650  857,828,684 


$346,528,847 
109,106,687 
77,020,081 
64,412,247 
40,168,771 
33,772,005 
33,674,355 
33,506,426 
146,291,391 


884,480,810 


 Value  of  Merchandise  Imported  at  Leading  Cities. 

Year  Ending  June  30. 


Per  Cent. 
1891. 

39-2 
12  3 

8-7 
7.2 
4-5 
38 
3-8 
3-8 
.  *6.5 
100 


1870 


New  York,  . 
Boston, 
Philadelphia, 
San  Francisco, 
Baltimore, 
New  Orleans, 
Chicago,  . 
All  Other,  . 
Total  U.  S..  .~ 


$281,048,813 
47,484,060 
14,483,211 
15,982,549 
•9.512,468 
•4,377,471 
735,894 
42.333,942 


435,958,4oS 


1880 

1890 

1891        j  Per  Cent. 

$459,937,153 
68,503,136 
35,944,500 
35,221,751 

•9,945,989 
10,611,353 

„  847,935  1 

36,942,929 

$516,426,693 
62,876,666 

53,936,315 
48,751,223 
13,140,203 
14,658,163 
•3,590,124 
65,93', 022 

$537,786,007 
7I,2I2,6l4 
59,427,890 

50,943,299 
20,555,687 
20,267,060 

]5,303.373 
69,420,266 

63.6 
8.4 
7.0 
6.0 
2.4 
2.4 

1.8 

8.2 

667,954,746 

789,310,409 

844,916,196 

100 

amounts  to  more  than  tte^t^L  °f  the  C0U"'r>'  °f 

and  is  a  fa,  ex/mple  ^  ^  VtfT  tK^JE 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

imposing  dome  supported 
upon  marble  columns.  The 
building  and  ground  cost 
$1,800,000.  The  Govern- 
ment business  has  outgrown 
the  accommodations,  and  a 
new  Custom  House,  or  this 
one  enlarged,  is  greatly 
needed. 

The  Customs  business  is 
supervised  by  the  Collector  of 
the  Port,  the  Naval  Officer, 
the  Surveyor  of  the  Port,  and 
the  Appraiser  of   the  Port. 
There  are  50  steamship  lines 
running  vessels  to  this  port, 
all   of    them    from  foreign 
countries,  and  bringing  goods 
subject  to   duty.      Most  of 
these  lines  have  piers  of  their 
own.    There  are  69  corpora- 
tions and  firms  of  warehouse 
and  transportation  companies 
bonded  for  the  storage  and 
transportation    of  appraised 
merchandise,  the  transporta- 
T^^T^^^l^^A^ovER  to  wii liam.  tion  companies  taking  goods 

to  42  interior  places  of  entry  and  to  all  places  in  Canada. 

The  amount  of  tariff  duties  collected  here  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1892,  was  $120,732,614,  out  of  a  total  of  all  tariff  duties  collected  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  *  177,452,964,  the  percentage  being  68  4-100.  The  cost  of  collection  at 
New  York  was  .0216  per  cent.    The  Custom  House  has  1,700  employees. 

The  United-States  Bonded  Warehouses  comprise  the  following  seven  classes  : 
1  Owned  or  leased  by  the  United  States  ;  2.  In  sole  occupancy  of  an  importer  for 
goods  imported  by  himself;  3.  In  occupancy  of  persons  engaged  in  storage 
used  solely  for  warehouse  goods,  and  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
4  Yards  covered  or  uncovered,  and  used  solely  for  bulky  articles;  5.  Bins  or  parts 
of  buildings  for  imported  grain;  6.  Warehouses  exclusively  for  the  manufacture :  of 
medicinesfcosmetics,  and  the  like  ;  7.  Warehouses  for  smelting  and  refining  imported 
ores  and  crude  metals  intended  to  be  exported  in  a  refined  but  unmanufactured  state 
These  warehouses  are  located  on  the  North  and  East  Rivers,  New  York,  and  in 
lersey  City,  Hoboken  and  Brooklyn.  The  legal  rates  of  storage  and  labor  m  the 
care  of  imported  merchandise  deposited  in  the  United- States  private  bonded  ware 
houses  arc  regulated  and  arranged  by  a  joint  committee  appointed  by  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  the  Collector  of  the  Port,  and  the  proprietors  of  the  warehouses  and 
are  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  Under  the  Collector  there  are 
divisions  of  the  business  as  follows;  each  one  with  its  special  officers  :  General 
Administration,  Marine,  Entry  of  Merchandise,  Warehousing  and  ^hdrawal  , 
Cashier,  Bonded  Goods  and  Warehouses,  Public  Stores,  Liquidations  Drawbacks 
Law,  Disbursements  and  Auditing.    The  Naval  Department,  under  charge  of  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


7§7 


Naval  Officer,  is  divided  into  six  divisions,  as  follows  :  Entry,  Drawbacks,  Navigation, 
Liquidation,  Warehouse,  Auditors.  The  Surveyor's  Department  is  presided  over 
by  the  Surveyor,  and  has  divisions  as  follows  :  Custom  House,  Barge  Office,  and 
Weighers  and  Gaugers.  There  are  districts  and  offices  in  number  as  follows  :  North 
River,  15  ;  East  River,  12  ;  Brooklyn,  18;  Hoboken,  4;  Jersey  City,  4  ;  and  Staten 
Island,  1.  There  are  seven  Weighers'  districts  and  Weighers.  In  the  Appraisers' 
Department,  presided  over  by  the  Appraiser  of  the  Port,  there  are  ten  divisions, 
each  in  charge  of  an  Assistant  Appraiser.  The  United-States  General  Appraisers' 
Board  consists  of  nine  Appraisers,  of  whom  there  are  three  generally  in  New  York. 
Their  duties  are  to  reappraise  merchandise  ;  individually  to  hear  and  determine 
questions  as  to  the  dutiable  value  of  merchandise  on  appeal  from  appraisers  ;  col- 
lectively, in  boards  of  three,  to  review,  on  appeal,  the  undivided  action  above  men- 
tioned, and  to  decide  questions  as  to  classification  of  merchandise,  etc.,  on  protests 
against  assessments  of  duty  made  by  the  Collector.  The  Appraiser's  offices  and 
sample  stores  are  located  on  Washington  Street,  nearly  two  miles  distant  from  the 
Custom  House. 

The  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  first  convened  on  April  5,  1768. 
The  original  corporators  were  twenty  merchants,  who  declared  themselves  to  be 
"sensible  that  numberless  inestimable  benefits  have  occurred  to  mankind  from  com- 
merce ;  that  they  are,  in  proportion  to  their  greater  or  less  application  of  it,  more 
or  less  opulent  and  potent  in  all  countries  ;  and  that  the  enlargement  of  trade  will 
both  increase  the  volume  of  real  estate  as  well  as  the  opulence  of  our  said  colony  " 
and  other  communities.  They  obtained  from  King  George,  through  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Cadwallader  Colden,  March  13,  1770,  the  charter  under  which  they  oper- 
ated until  the  convulsions  of  war  suspended  their  meetings.  The  Chamber  was 
re-incorporated  April  13,  1784,  by  the  passage  of  an  Act  of  the  New-York  Legisla- 
ture, confirming  its  rights  and  privileges.  Both  charters  convey  the  ordinary  rights  of 
corporations  and  the  power,  subject  to  constitutional  and  statute  law,  "to  carry  into 
execution,  encourage  and  promote  by  just  and  lawful  ways  and  means,  such  meas- 
ures as  will  tend  to  promote  and  extend  just  and  lawful  commerce  ;"  and  also  to 
provide  for,  at  their  discretion,  such  members  as  may  be  reduced  to  poverty,  and  to 
aid  their  widows  and  children.  The  proceedings  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  at 
first  related  to  materials,  instruments,  tare,  weight  and  inspection  of  the  provis- 
ion-trade ;  the  relative  values  of  New-York,  New-Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  paper 
money,  to  bills  of  exchange,  fire  and  marine  insurance,  collection,  brokerage,  fish- 
eries, etc.  The  Chamber  was  re-organized  April  20,  1 784,  by  the  fortyjneorpora- 
tors  under  the  new  charter,  with  John  Alsop  as  president.  Since  then,  the  career 
of  the  corporation,  under  consecutive  amendments  to  its  charter,  has  been  one  of 
patriotism  and  beneficence.  It  took  and  has  held  prominence  in  the  affairs  of  the 
city,  and  has  included  among  its  members  the  most  important  citizens,  from  its 
establishment  to  the  present.  Its  first  President  was  John  Cruger,  who  was  a  prom- 
inent merchant  and  ship-owner,  a  trusted  representative  of  the  Crown,  and  a  chosen 
representative  of  the  people.  He  was  Mayor  of  the  city  for  ten  consecutive  years, 
and  checked  the  growing  insolence  of  British  officers.  For  seven  years  he  was  leader 
of  the  Long  Assembly,  to  whose  courageous  patriotism  the  union  of  the  colonies 
and  the  vindication  of  American  liberties  were  largely  due.  He  was  Speaker  of  the 
last  Colonial  Assembly,  from  1768  to  1 775,  when  its  functions  passed  to  the  Council 
of  Safety,  and  subsequently  to  a  Provincial  Congress. 

In  1786  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  first  suggested  the  construction  of  the  Erie 
Canal,  a  work  that  in  later  years  was  to  be  a  foundation  of  much  of  New  York's 


788 


KIN&S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


wonderful  prosperity.  In  1784,  on  its  petition,  the  Legislature  ordered  that  duties 
should  be  levied  under  a  specific  instead  of  an  ad-valorem  tariff,  a  system  of  which 
the  Chamber  has  since  been  the  consistent  advocate.  All  questions  affecting  domes- 
tic and  foreign  commerce  and  the  prosperity  of  the  city,  State  and  Nation  at  large 
are  within  the  province  of  the  Chamber  to  investigate,  discuss  and  act  upon.  In  a 
speech  at  a  recent  dinner  of  the  Chamber  its  President,  Charles  S.  Smith,  said  : 
"No  matter  which  of  the  great  parties  hold  for  the  time  being  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, this  Association  was  bound  by  its  traditions  and  precedents,  in  all  matters  of 
State  and  National  legislative  relations  to  commerce  and  industry,  to  promote  good 
laws,  to  amend  imperfect,  and  to  defeat  bad  ones.  In  the  matter  of  relief  to  suffer- 
ers by  famine,  fire  or  flood,  more  than  $2,000,000  in  charity  has  passed  through  the 
hands  of  our  treasurer  for  these  commendable  objects  within  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century. " 

Courtesies  are  especially  extended  by  the  Chamber  to  distinguished  foreign 
guests.  Its  annual  dinners  are  marked  events  in  metropolitan  life,  on  account  of  the 
expressions  upon  public  questions  there  made,  members  of  the  President's  Cabinet 
often  speaking  on  the  vital  issues  of  the  hour.  The  membership  is  limited  to  1,000. 
It  has  the  largest  and  finest  gallery  of  portraits  of  men  connected  with  the  com- 
merce of  the  country  to  be  found  in  the  United  States.  The  rooms  of  the  Chamber 
are  in  the  Mutual  Life  Building,  at  34  Nassau  Street. 

The  New-York  Stock  Exchange  is  without  question  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant commercial  and  financial  bodies  in  the  world.  The  economic  usefulness  of  the 
Stock  Exchange,  and  the  true  reason  for  its  growth  and  present  prosperity,  is  that  it 
furnishes  the  facilities  by  which  a  regular  and  constant  market  for  the  securities  of 
great  corporations  of  the  country  is  maintained,  a  market  never  without  buyers  or 
sellers,  and  one  in  which  quotations  can  be  obtained  without  difficulty  or  delay. 
The  internal  development  of  the  country  has  been  mainly  the  work  of  capital  associ- 
ated in  corporate  form.  Without  a  ready  market  for  the  immense  mass  of  shares 
and  bonds  that  are  created  in  this  way,  money  would  not  be  so  freely  invested  in 
railroads  and  other  undertakings.  The  Stock  Exchange  is  the  mechanism  that  sup- 
plies this,  and  the  speculation,  which  the  unthinking  regard  as  its  sole  object,  is  really 
only  an  incident  to  its  useful  functions.  But  whatever  view  may  be  taken  of  the 
subject,  the  institution  under  consideration  is  certainly  a  power  in  the  land,  and  an 
element  of  prime  importance  in  maintaining  the  commercial  and  financial  supremacy 
of  New  York. 

The  Renaissance  facade  of  the  Stock-Exchange  building  rises  on  Broad  Street, 
a  few  doors  from  Wall  Street.  The  lot  it  occupies  is  irregular  in  shape,  extending 
through  to  New  Street,  and  has  a  narrow  wing  with  an  entrance  on  Wall  Street. 
The  executive  offices  occupy  the  Broad-Street  side,  and  nearly  the  whole  interior  of 
the  building  is  given  up  to  the  large  hall  or  Board  room  in  which  the  transactions  of 
the  Exchange  are  carried  on.  This  apartment  is  y-shaped,  being  141  to  145  feet  in  its 
greatest  dimensions,  while  the  ceiling  (decorated  in  arabesque,  with  large  skylights 
for  light  and  ventilation)  is  from  60  to  80  feet  above  the  floor.  The  total  area  of 
the  room  is  nearly  14,000  square  feet.  A  gallery  reached  from  the  Wall-Street 
entrance  extends  around  three  sides,  from  which  spectators  who  are  admitted 
between  10  A.  M.  and  3  P.  M.  (the  hours  during  which  the  Board  is  in  session)  may 
look  down  upon  probably  the  busiest  scene  in  the  world.  A  railing,  with  openings  at 
intervals,  surrounds  the  outer  edge  of  the  room,  and  leaves  a  narrow  space  for  clerks 
and  subscribers,  who  for  a  payment  of  $100  per  annum  obtain  certain  privileges.  The 
floor  within  the  railing  is  sacred  to  the  members  of  the  Exchange  and  the  uniformed 


KIXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


789 


attendants.  On  the  New-Street  side  is  a  lofty  rostrum  for  the  Chairman,  who  with 
a  blow  of  the  gavel  calls  the  Exchange  to  order,  opens  and  closes  its  sessions,  and 
makes  announcement  of  admissions,  deaths,  failures,  or  other  formal  communica- 
tions. At  intervals  throughout  the  floor  are  ornamental  iron  posts  bearing  the  names 
of  some  particular  stock,  as  "New- York  Central,"  "Lackawanna,"  and  so  on. 
Every  portion  of  the  room  in  fact  is  given  over  to  some  particular  security,  and  trans- 
actions between  the  brokers  must  be  made,  in  what  is  technically  called  the  proper 
"crowd,"  openly,  in  the  presence  of  other  brokers  who  may  desire  to  trade  in  the 
stock  in  question.  Formal  rules  govern  the  trading.  The  first  bid  or  offer  made  has 
priority,  until  accepted  or  displaced  by  a  higher  bid  or  lower  offer.  Other  regulations 
prohibiting  fictitious  or  "washed"  quotations.  And  the  strictest  rule  of  all  is,  that  a 
commission  of  1-8  of  I  per  cent,  on  the  par  value  must  be  charged  for  buying  or  selling 
securities.     Originally,  the  whole  list  of  stocks  dealt  in  was  "  called"  from  the  ros- 


changed.  Busi- 
the  "calls," 
call  of  the 
rooms  of 


trum  several  times  a  day,  and  bids  and  offers  were  thus  ex- 
ness,  however,  soon  overflowed  into  the  intervals  between 
and  in  1875  the  system  was  abandoned.     A  formal 
bond  list  still  occurs  daily  in  one  of  the  upper 
the  Exchange,  though  trading  in  bonds  goes 
on  continuously  in  one  portion  of  the  room. 
As  rapidly  as  transactions  are  made,  the 
amounts  and  prices  are  taken  by  at- 
tendants   who    stand   by  each 
"crowd"  to  telegraph  opera- 
tors, whose  boxes  are  at  sev- 
eral places  in  the  room.  They 
are  at  once  transmitted  to 
the  quotation  companies  con- 
nected with  the  Exchange, 
and   in   a  few  seconds  the 
prices    are    carried   by  the 
"  stock  ticker"  into  the  brok- 
ers' offices  and  banks,  and  to 
other  cities.    The  "  ticker," 
or    stock    instrument,    is  a 
printing   telegraph,  and  re- 
cords on  a  narrow  "  tape,"  or 
strip    of    paper,  cabalistic 

signs,  such  as  S  T  83  

N  P  P  R  500  -54  1-4  

E  27  5-8  3-4,  which  to  the  ini- 
tiated meai-  that  100  shares 
of  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railway  has  sold  at  i$S3 
a  share ;  that  500  shares  of 
Northern  Pacific  Preferred 
stock  have  just  brought 
§54.25  each  ;  and  that  Erie 
shares  are  offered  at  $27.75, 
with  $  2  7. 62^  bid.  Two  con- 
cerns supply  this  service,  one     new-york  stock  exchange,  broad  street,  near  wall  street. 


790  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

the  New-York  Quotation  Company,  being  controlled  by  the  Stock  Exchange 
itself;  the  other,  the  Gold  &  Stock  Telegraph  Co.,  is  operated  by  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company.  The  celerity  and  accuracy  with  which  the  quotations 
of  the  New-York  Stock  Exchange's  immense  dealings  are  thus  transmitted  and 
made  public  are  without  parallel  in  the  world.  Much  ingenuity  has  been  expended 
by  the  Exchange  in  a  partly  unsuccessful  endeavor  to  prevent  the  quotations  from 
being  used  by  the  class  of  concerns  known  as  "bucket-shops,"  which  are  simply 
places  where  gambling  on  the  course  of  stock-market  prices  is  carried  on,  and 
where  many  young  men  have  suffered  ruinous  losses,  in  betting  on  the  turn  of  the 
market.  The  daily  dealings  on  this  Exchange  are  printed  in  the  great  newspapers 
throughout  the  country. 

The  historv  of  the  New-York  Stock  Exchange  is  parallel  to  that  of  New 
York's  financial  development.  Its  centenary  was  celebrated  on  May  17,  1892. 
One  hundred  years  previous  to  that  day  24  brokers  of  New  York  met  under  a  cotton- 
wood  tree  opposite  60  Wall  Street,  and  signed  a  still  extant  agreement  regarding 
rates  of  commission.  This  organization  was  somewhat  indefinite,  though  meetings 
were  held  irregularly  at  the  Tontine  Coffee-House,  at  Wall  and  Water  Streets.  Not 
until  1 81 7  was  a  formal  organization  of  the  Stock  Exchange  effected  on  the  present 
lines  The  first  meeting-place  of  the  Board  was  in  the  Merchants'  Exchange  (now 
the  Custom  House).  In  1853  it  moved  to  the  corner  of  Beaver  and  Wall  Streets; 
and  finally  in  1865  took  possession  of  the  edifice  which  by  additions  and  alterations  has 
become  its  present  building.  In  1 869  the  members  of  a  rival  body  called  the  -  Open 
Board  of  Brokers"  were  absorbed.  In  1879,  after  the  closing  of  the  "God 
Board  »  (the  Exchange  in  which  during  the  war  dealings  and  speculations  in  gold 
were  conducted,  and  which  after  August,  1865,  had  its  quarters  on  New  Street, 
next  to  the  Stock  Exchange)  its  building  was  taken  in  and  used  to  extend  the 
premises  pertaining  to  the  Stock  Exchange. 

The  Stock  Exchange  is  a  voluntary  association.  It  is  not  even  incorporated.  I  he 
membership  now  is  1,100.  Memberships,  called  technically  "seats"  pass  by  sale 
and  transfer  from  a  member,  or  his  legal  representative,  in  case  of  decease.  Seats 
sold  about  ten  years  ago  for  $34,000,  the  highest  price  on  record.  The  present  value 
is  $20,000  each.  A  purchaser  of  a  seat  must,  however,  be  approved  by  the  Com- 
mittee on  Admissions.  The  immense  business  between  the  members  of  the  Ex- 
change being  entirely  by  word  of  mouth,  and  dependent  upon  personal  veracity  and 
honor,  a  careful  investigation  is  made  of  all  applicants  for  admission.  Disputes  in 
fact  are  very  rare,  and  as  a  rule  nowhere  in  the  world  is  good  faith  and  honorable 
dealing  better  observed  than  between  the  members  of  the  New-York  Stock  Ex- 
change A  member's  seat  is  in  event  of  failure  responsible  for  his  debts  to  other 
members.  The  annual  dues  are  $50,  and  an  assessment  of  $10  is  levied  on  mem- 
bers for  each  death,  this  sum  maintaining  a  gratuity  fund,  from  which  a  life-insur- 
ance of  $10,000  is  paid  to  the  family  of  a  deceased  member.  A  majority  of  the 
members  are  associated  with  some  banking  or  brokerage  firm  as  partners  the  houses 
thus  having  representatives  on  the  Exchange.  Many  brokers,  however,  do  business 
for  others,  in  executing  orders  ;  and  there  is  a  small  but  influential  class  who  specu- 
late for  themselves  and  are  known  as  "room  traders." 

The  internal  government  of  the  Exchange  is  vested  in  a  President,  Secretary, 
Treasurer,  and  a  Governing  Committee  of  forty  members,  ten  of  the  latter  being 
chosen  each  year.  The  present  officials  of  the  Exchange  are  :  F.  K  Sturgis, 
President  ;  R.  H.  Thomas,  Vice-President  ;  D.  C.  Hays,  Treasurer  ;  and  George 
W.  Ely,  Secretary. 


792  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

On  May  17,  1892,  the  Stock  Exchange  celebrated  its  one  hundredth  anniversary 
by  adopting  a  system  of  "clearing"  (offsetting  mutual  debits  and  credits  between 
its  members)  in  the  leading  active  stocks  traded  in  on  the  Board.  This  system, 
which  is  in  use  on  all  the  great  exchanges  of  Europe,  involves  for  the  Stock  Exchange 
the  same  economy  of  time  and  money  that  the  bank  clearing  house  does  for  the 
banks.  As  yet  only  a  limited  number  of  the  most  active  stocks  are  dealt  in  under  this 
plan.  The  balance  of  the  share  list  and  the  dealing  in  bonds  is  still  conducted  under 
the  old  method  of  actual  deliveries.  All  stocks  or  bonds  purchased  on  the  Stock 
Exchange,  except  in  the  case  of  those  subject  to  the  clearing  plan,  still  must  be 
delivered  to  and  paid  for  by  the  brokers  who  purchase  them  before  2. 15  P.  M.  of 
the  succeeding  day.  The  extent  of  the  business  transacted  on  the  New-York  Stock 
Exchange  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  aggregate  amount  of  railroad  and  other  shares 
"  listed  "  and  open  to  dealings  between  its  members  does  not  fall  short  of  $20,000,- 
000,000  in  par  value.  In  1 89 1  the  recorded  transactions  aggregated  66,000,000 
shares,  of  an  estimated  value  of  nearly  $4,000,000,000.  In  1882  the  total  was  113.- 
000,000  shares,  valued  at  $7,000,000,000.  The  largest  transaction  for  any  day  in 
the  history  of  the  Exchange  was  February  11,  1892,  when  1,441,000  shares  of  stocks 
changed  hands. 

The  business  transacted  on  the  Exchange  has  developed  a  peculiar  slang  which 
almost  rises  to  the  dignity  of  a  technical  language.  The  client  of  a  brokerage 
house  is  its  "customer."  An  outsider  unversed  in  the  ways  of  speculation,  and  apt 
to  lose  his  money,  is  a  "lamb;"  and  the  deposit  he  makes  with  his  brokers  as 
security  for  his  dealings  (usually  ten  per  cent,  on  the  par  value  of  stocks  bought  or 
sold  for  speculative  account)  is  "margin."  The  operators  who  buy  stock  in  expec- 
tation of  a  rise  in  prices  are  "bulls,"  and  are  "long"  of  the  market  ;  and  those 
who  sell  them  in  anticipation  of  buying  them  back  at  lower  figures  are  "  bears,"  and 
are  "short"  of  the  market  that  is,  they  have  borrowed  the  stocks  they  sold  for 
delivery,  and  have  to  "cover"  or  buy  them  back  to  complete  their  transaction. 
When  prices  advance  and  the  bears  have  to  protect  their  contracts  by  buying  at 
advancing  figures  they  are  said  to  "climb  "  for  stocks,  while  if  the  bulls  encounter 
a  decline  in  values,  and  are  obliged  to  sacrifice  their  holdings  to  avoid  or  mitigate 
losses,  it  is  called  "  liquidation,"  or  a  "shake-out."  A  decline  is  also  known  as  a 
"  slump,"  and  when  it  immediately  follows  an  advance  it  is  a  "  reaction,"  an  advance 
coming  on  the  heels  of  a  decline  being  a  "rally."  A  declining  market  is  "  weak," 
and  Its  converse  "strong;"  while  an  undecided  but  active  trading  is  "feverish," 
and  a  time  when  the  public  comes  in  and  buys  stocks  recklessly,  causing  prices  to 
advance  rapidly,  is  a  "boom."  "Puts,"  "calls"  and  "straddles"  are  contracts 
issued  by  leading  operators,  agreeing  for  a  consideration  to  receive  a  stipulated 
number  of  specified  shares  at  a  given  price,  to  deliver  the  same  at  a  stipulated  figure, 
or  to  do  either.  They  are  all  so-called  "privileges,"  and  are  dealt  in  by  a  class  of 
"privilege  dealers,"  or  "curbstone  brokers,"  so-called  because  their  transactions 
are  often  concluded  in  the  streets  adjoining  the  Exchange,  New  Street  being  the 
favorite  place  with  these  dealers. 

The  Consolidated  Stock  and  Petroleum  Exchange  of  New  York  is  an 
outgrowth  of  the  consolidation  of  several  bodies  dealing  in  mining  shares  and  in 
petroleum  certificates,  in  which  some  years  ago  an  active  speculation  was  maintained. 
The  last  of  these  consolidations  was  effected  in  1885,  when  the  present  name  was 
adopted,  and  the  membership  limited  to  2,000  members.  In  their  early  days  the 
various  mining  and  petroleum  boards  were  in  a  measure  allies  of  the  Stock  Exchange, 
but  the  resolution  to  add  trading  in  railroad  shares  and  bonds  to  their  functions 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


793 


made  them  the  avowed  rivals  of  the  more  ancient  institution.  In  spite  of  the  more 
or  less  open  opposition  of  this  powerful  enemy,  the  Consolidated  Board  has  con- 
tinued to  flourish,  and  is  often  the  scene  of  trading  which  in  its  magnitude  and 
activity  approaches  to  that  witnessed  on  the  older  board.  The  amalgamated  minor 
boards  at  first  occupied  quarters  at  Exchange  Place  and  Broadway  ;  but  in  1887-88, 
the  institution  erected  on  three  lots,  covering  58,  60  and  62  Broadway,  the  splendid 
edifice  which  is  known  by  its  name.  The  building  fronts  on  Broadway,  Exchange 
Place  and  New  Street.  The  Board-room  is  132  feet  long  by  90  feet  wide,  and  gives 
1 1,000  square  feet  of  floor,  being  exceedingly  well  lighted.  The  basement  and  upper 
floors  supply  offices  for  rental,  besides  the  committee-rooms  and  administrative  offices 
.  of  the  Exchange.    The  business  of  the  Consolidated  Exchange  is  similar  to  that  of  the 


Stock  Exchange.  It  gives  at- 
and  mining  shares,  but  in  both 
what  they  were  a  few  years 
bonds  occupy  the  attention  of 
from  active  young  Wall-Street 
Exchange  seats  is  a  prohibitory 
membership  many  operators 
high  standing  are  attached 


CONSOLIDATED  STOCK  AND  PETROLEUM  EXCHANGE,  BROADWAY  AND  EXCHANGE  PLACE 


tention  to  trading  in  both  petroleum 
cases  the  markets  are  by  no  means 
ago.     Dealings  in  general  stocks  and 
its  members,  who  are  largely  recruited 
men,  to  whom  the  high  price  of  Stock- 
tariff.     It,  however,  embraces  in  its 
of  experience,  and  brokerage  firms  of 
to  it.     It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that 
during  the  speculation  panic  that 
followed  the  Baring  Brothers'  col- 
lapse in  1890  the  Consolidated  did 
business  without  a  single 
ure  of  any  importance  among 
its  members.     This  may 
be  partly  ascribed  to 
the     stock  -  clearing 
house  system  in  the 
adoption  of  which  for 
its  stock  transactions 
the  institution  was  a 
pioneer  in  New  York. 
Under    this  system, 
which   has   been  in 
successful  operation 
since    the  Exchange 
commenced  to  make 
stock-trading  a  part 
of  its  business,  it  is 
possible  for  a  broker 
or  brokerage  firm  to 
carry  out  large  trans- 
actions with  a  mod- 
erate employment  of 
capital.    It  is  notice- 
able that  in  spite  of 
the  avowed  hostility 
of    the    Stock  Ex- 
change   toward  the 
Consolidated,  sons 


II 

111 


794  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  other  relatives  of  the  former's  members  are  found  in  the  latter  institution,  and  a 
number  of  prominent  brokers  in  the  elder  board  graduated  from  the  ranks  of  the 
younger  The  present  value  of  seats  in  the  Consolidated  is  upward  of  $200,  though 
in  times  of  active  speculation  they  have  sold  for  several  times  that  sum,  and  would 
doubtless  do  so  again  were  Wall  Street  again  visited  by  a  "boom."  It  should  be 
noted  that  a  membership  involves  a  life-insurance  feature,  the  family  of  a  deceased 
member  receiving  #8,000  from  a  gratuity  fund  maintained  by  an  assessment  of  9 10 
on  each  member  for  every  death  that  occurs. 

The  affairs  of  the  Consolidated  are  conducted  by  a  governing  committee  of  42 
members  Its  president  is  a  salaried  officer,  and  assumes  considerable  responsibility 
in  its  executive  management.  Charles  George  Wilson  (who  is  also  President  of  the 
Board  of  Health  of  the  city)  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  Consolidated  since  1884, 
and  has  filled  the  post  with  great  success.  The  other  officers  of  the  Exchange  are  : 
Thomas  L  Watson,  First  Vice-President  ;  K.  A.  Chesebrough,  Second  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  Tohn  Stanton,  Treasurer  ;  Rudolph  Huben,  Secretary  ;  W.  II  Lewis,  Assist- 
ant Secretary  ;  and  A.  W.  Peters,  Chairman.  The  extent  of  the  business  of  the 
Exchange  Is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  stock  clearances  through  its  clearing-house 
organization  in  1891  aggregated  77,235,000  shares  of  stock  and  47o°o,ooo  barrel* 
of  oil  certificates,  the  transactions  in  bonds  in  the  same  period  being  for  $30,600,- 
000  par  value.    The  mining  stocks  dealt  in  footed  up  2,050,000  shares. 

The  Mechanics'  and  Traders'  Exchange  of  the  City  of  New  York,  al 
28Q  Fourth  Avenue,  was  organized  in  1834,  and  incorporated  in  1863.  It  is  corn- 
nosed  of  employers  whose  business  is  connected  with  the  construction  or  finishing  of 
buildings.  The  purposes  are  to  provide  suitable  rooms  for  daily  meetings  ;  to 
establish  a  more  general  and  good  understanding,  and  just  and  equitable  principles 
in  all  business  transactions  with  each  other  ;  and  to  acquire,  preserve  and  dissemi- 
nate valuable  business  information.  The  membership  is  300.  There  is  a  daily 
attendance  of  about  100,  between  the  hours  of  12  and  3.  Certificates  of  member- 
ship are  transferable.    The  expenses  are  annually  assessed  upon  the  certificates. 

The  New-York  Produce  Exchange  is  a  corporation  that  has  held  its  present 
name  since  1868,  when  it  was  changed  by  act  of  the  State  Legislature  from  the  New- 
York  Commercial  Association,  which  had  its  origin  in  1861.    There  were  two  other 
corporations  that  figured  as  its  forerunners  -  the  Produce-Exchange-Building  Com- 
pany and  the  Corn  Exchange.    The  latter  was  incorporated  in  1853.    There  arc- 
records  of  merchants  and  traders  meeting  for  mutual  advantage  on  Manhattan  Island 
as  far  back  as  the  time  of  Governor  Peter  Stuyvesant,  who  established  in  1648  weekly 
Mondav  markets,  on  the  very  site  of  the  present  mammoth  structure  at  Broadway 
and  Beaver  Street.     The  building  now  occupied  was  begun  May  1    1881,  and 
finished  May  1,  1884.    The  cost,  with  land  and  furniture,  was  $3,178,645.    It  is 
one  of  the  largest  and  finest  structures  of  its  kind  in  the  world.     It  is  307  feet  long 
and  1  co  feet  wide,  and  with  its  tower  and  terrace  covers  53, 779  square  feet.    F  rom 
the  sidewalk  to  the  roof  is  116  feet ;  to  the  coping  of  the  tower  225  feet ;  and  to 
the  top  of  the  flag-staff,  306  feet.    The  main  hall  is  on  the  second  floor     It  is  220 
by  144  feet,  with  heights  of  47^  feet  to  the  ceiling  and  60  feet  to  the  skylight.  The 
buudiiig  is  of  brick,  terra  cotta,  and  granite,  in  the  modified  Italian  Renaissance 
architecture.     It  contains  12,000,000  bricks,  fifteen  miles  of  iron  girders,  if  miles 
of  columns,  2,061  tons  of  terra  cotta,  7£  acres  of  flooring,  more  than  2,  oco  windows, 
and  nearly  1,000  doors.    Four  thousand  separate  drawings  were  required  m  its  con- 
struction.   The  nine  hydraulic  elevators  carry  an  average  of  27,500  people  daily,  or 
1 1  250  000  every  year.    The  building  is  equipped  with  powerful  Worthmgton  pumps. 


796 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  income  from  190  rented  offices  and  from  special  privileges  is  over  $260,000  a 
year,  and  returns  about  six  per  cent,  net  on  the  entire  investment.  When  the  bonded 
debt  is  liquidated,  the  Exchange  will  enjoy  a  net  income  of  about  $200,000  a  year, 
which  may  be  applied  to  the  reduction  of  either  dues  or  to  gratuity  assessments.  The 
charter  expresses  the  purpose  of  the  corporation,  viz.,  to  inculcate  just  and  equitable 
principles  in  trade;  to  establish  and  maintain  uniformity  in  commercial  usages;  to 
acquire,  preserve  and  disseminate  valuable  business  information  ;  to  adjust  contro- 
versies and  misunderstandings  between  persons  engaged  in  business  ;  and  to  make 
provision  for  the  widows  and  children  of  deceased  members.  The  membership  is 
limited  to  3,000.  The  initiation-fee  at  the  time  of  limiting  the  membership  was 
$2,500,  but  certificates  of  membership  are  transferable,  and  have  varied  in  price  from 


PRODUCE  EXCHANGE,  INTERIOR  OF  MAIN  FLOOR. 


$700  to  $4,700.  The  charter  permits  the  ownership  of  property  to  the  extent  of 
$5,000,000.  The  affairs  of  the  corporation  are  controlled  by  a  president,  vice-presi- 
dent, treasurer  and  twelve  managers,  who  together  constitute  the  Board  of  Manage- 
ment. The  president  appoints,  with  the  approval  of  the  Board,  a  standing  committee 
for  each  of  the  trades,  to  which  all  disputes  arising  in  it  may  be  referred  for  arbitra- 
tion, at  a  cost  of  $15  to  $25  to  the  losing  party.  The  expenses  of  the  Exchange  are 
defrayed  by  assessments  of  $25  annually  on  each  certificate  of  membership.  An 
Arbitration  Committee  of  five  members  hears  and  decides  disputes  between  parties 
who  bind  themselves  to  acquiesce  in  its  decision.  Any  controversy  which  might 
be  the  subject  of  an  action  at  law  or  in  equity,  excepting  claims  to  real  estate,  is 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Committee.  Judgments  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
City  of  New  York  may  be  rendered  upon  these  awards.  The  Exchange  rooms  are  open 
for  business  from  9  A.  M.  to  4  P.  M.,  with  a  half-holiday  after  12  M.  on  Saturday. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  797 

Warehouse  receipts  of  provisions  are  for  250  barrels,  containing  an  average  of 
200  pounds.  On  the  arrival  at  the  city  of  cereals  they  are  probed  by  a  hollow  iron 
sampling-rod,  whose  valve  opens  to  admit  the  grain  as  the  rod  is  thrust  into  the 
hatches  of  a  vessel,  or  the  interior  of  a  car,  and  closes  so  as  to  retain  the  sample 
when  it  is  drawn  out.  This  process  repeated  several  times  by  responsible  inspectors 
in  different  parts  of  a  car  or  boat  load,  secures  reliable  samples,  which  are  placed  in 
boxes  on  the  Exchange  tables.  The  system  of  grading  grain  now  in  vogue  enables 
the  W  estern  buyer,  who  has  accumulated  as  much  grain  in  his  warehouse  as  he 
wishes  to  carry,  and  who  knows  daily  and  almost  hourly  the  market  prices  in  New 
York,  to  telegraph  to  any  broker,  and  through  him  to  sell  for  future  delivery  the 
amount  and  grade  of  wheat  he  may  have  on  hand.    He  then  ships  it  so  that  it  may 


WASHINGTON   MARKET,   WASHINGTON  AND  WEST  STREETS     RPTwccm  cm.t™ 

o.nctio,    Bt   WbEN    FULTON  AND  VESEY  STREETS. 

arrive  in  time  to  fulfil  his  contract.  Dealing  in  futures  accompanies  very  largely  the 
present  system  of  handling  grain.  The  various  grain  ware-houses  and  elevators 
have  a  collective  capacity  of  30,000,000  bushels,  and  are  conveniently  approached  by 
ocean  vessels,  and  have  customary  shipping  facilities.  The  precision  with  which 
the  business  is  conducted  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  wheat  has  29  grades  •  corn  13  • 
oats,  12  ;  rye,  3  ;  barley,  16;  peas,  3.  Unmerchantable  grain  is  not  graded  at  all' 
The  facility  with  which  sales  for  future  delivery  are  made  has  enormously  aug- 
mented the  volume  of  trade.  Foreign  merchants  avail  themselves  of  it  to  provide  for 
prospective  needs  of  different  markets.  It  gives  the  farmer  a  ready  home-market  for 
his  products,  and  affords  the  traders  the  opportunity  of  selling  at  a  reasonable  profit 
and  at  a  moment's  notice,  and  to  deliver  at  option  within  specified  times  The 
wheat-pit  is  the  chief  point  of  the  future  and  speculative  trading.  Wheat  corn  and 
oats  are  sold  in  quantities  of  5,000  bushels,  and  multiples.  There  are  special  com- 
mittees, in  control  of  inspectors  and  their  assistants,  and  regulating  other  affairs 
on  flour  distilled  spirits,  naval  stores,  petroleum,  National  transit  certificates' 
oils,  lighterage,  butter,  cheese,  hops  and  maritime  affairs.  This  is  the  largest 
exchange  in  the  world,  in  point  of  membership.    It  has  a  gratuity-fund  of  about 


798 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


$1,000,000,  and  each  subscribing  member  pays  $3  on  the  death  of  any  other  mem- 
ber. The  heirs  of  a  deceased  member  receive  about  $10,000.  The  average  daily 
business  handled  by  the  Exchange  exceeds  $15,000,000.  The  greater  part  of  the 
farm-products  exported  are  handled  here  ;  and  the  dealings  on  the  New- York  Pro- 
duce Exchange  profoundly  influence  the  agricultural  population  of  this  continent,  the 
results  of  whose  work,  at  sunrise  and  mid-day  and  evening,  are  finally  marketed  here. 

The  United  States  Brewers'  Association,  at  109  East  15th  Street,  in  the 
building  formerly  occupied  by  the  Century  Club,  was  organized  and  held  its  first  con- 
vention in  New  York  in  November,  1 862.  As  the  immediate  cause  of  the  organization, 

it  is  stated  that  the  brewers  felt  it  to  be 
their  duty  to  assist  to  the  extent  of  their 
ability  in  bringing  to  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States  the  full  share  of  tax-bur- 
dens justly  due  from  their  industry.  It 
chartered  by  the  Legislature  of  New 
^  -         I  York.      Its    members   number  about 

JL^^5§SS^8  !  ,  l     1,000,  distributed  throughout  the  United 

*  ^   ^  e^j^HuMtf  States.    It  seeks  the  protection  of  its 

industry  from  prohibitory  and  unduly 
stringent  laws,  and  cooperates  with  the 
Government  in  the  execution  of  the 
laws  pertaining  to  malt  liquors.  It  is 
contended  by  the  Association  that  the 
industry  it  represents  is  in  the  interest  of 
temperance  and  morality,  as  its  effect  is 
to  diminish  the  consumption  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors.  Henry  Claussen,  Jr.,  at 
its  25th  annual  convention,  said:  "No- 
body ever  heard  of  a  'beer-ring'  organ- 
ized to  baffle  the  efforts  of  the  revenue 
officials  at  every  stage  ;  on  the  contrary, 
the  official  records  of  the  Treasury  De- 
partment contain  ample  testimony  that 
every  official  act  of  your  Association,  so 
far  as  it  is  related  to  the  revenue,  was 
conceived  in  the  spirit  of  patriotism  and  with  a  design  of  aiding  the  Government. 
During  the  first  three  or  four  years  after  the  enactment  of  the  Revenue  law  of  July, 
1862,  the  brewing  interest  generally  did  not  respond  as  promptly  as  it  should  have 
done  to  the  demands  made  upon  it  by  our  country's  necessity.  Your  Association 
deplored  this  deeply,  but  the  remedy  was  beyond  their  power.  When  the  Govern- 
ment, in  1865,  took  measures  to  correct  the  defects  of  the  law,  and  to  prevent  in- 
fractions, your  Association  at  once  took  the  initiative  in  regard  to  the  brewing 
industry,  by  sending  a  commission  of  three  of  its  members  to  Europe,  to  inquire 
into  the  excise  systems  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Germany,  and  to  report  to  the 
United-States  Special  Revenue  Commission  the  results  of  their  labor.  Have  we  not 
reason  enough,  gentlemen,  to  be  proud  of  the  history  of  our  Association,  when  we 
reflect  upon  the  single  fact  that  the  report  of  this  commission  was  not  only  adopted 
by  the  Revenue  Commission,  but  also  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  National  law- 
makers, and  made  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  the  new  law,  the  principal  features  of  which 
are  enforced  even  to-day  ?  " 


(CHANGE,  109  EAST 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


799 


The  American  Shipmasters'  Association,  at  37  William  Street,  was  incor- 
porated in  1863,  to  collect  and  disseminate  information  upon  subjects  of  marine 
or  commercial  interest ;  to  encourage  and  advance  worthy  and  well-qualified  com- 
manders and  other  officers  of  vessels  in  the  mercantile  service  ;  to  ascertain  and 
certify  the  qualifications  of  such  persons  as  shall  apply  to  be  recommended  as  com- 
manders or  officers  ;  and  to  promote  the  security  of  life  and  property  on  the  seas. 
It  has  agents  and  surveyors  at  seaports  throughout  the  world.  The  subscribers 
are  public  and  Government  officers  and  marine  insurance  and  other  companies 
throughout  the  world.  The  work  it  does  and  the  information  it  disseminates  are 
similar  to  those  of  the  Lloyds  of  Great  Britain.  Its  Record  of  American  Shipping 
is  a  volume  that  has  been  issued  annually  since  1867,  and  is  published  with  the 
approvals  of  the  Boards  of  Marine  Underwriters  of  New  York,  Boston  and  San 
Francisco. 

The  New-York  Cotton  Exchange  was  organized  with  100  members  August 
15,  1870,  and  incorporated  April  8,  1871.  The  building  now  owned  by  it  extends 
.  16  feet  on  \\  ilham  Street,  87  feet  on  Beaver  Street,  and  89  feet  on  Hanover  Square 


Its   height    is  seven 
the  corner-stone  was 
1885.     The  cost 
000.  The  rent  of 
on  the  invest- 
under  the 
urer,  and 


VORK  COTTON  EXCHANGE 


stories.     Its  construction  began  September  11,  1883; 
laid  February  25,  1884;  and  it  was  occupied  April  30,' 
including  ground,  furniture,  etc.,  was  about  $1,000,  • 
the  offices  in  the  building  pays  a  handsome  return 
v>     ment.    The  property,  affairs  and  business  are 
direction  of  a  president,  vice-president,  treas- 
fifteen  managers,  who  together  constitute 
the  Board  of  Managers.     The  purposes 
of  the  Association  are  to  adjust  con- 
troversies between  members ;  es- 
tablish just  and  equitable  prin- 
ciples in  commerce  ;  main- 
tain uniformity  in  rule  and 
procedure ;  adopt  classi- 
fication standards;  acquire 
and  disseminate  useful  in- 
formation relating  to  the 
cotton   interests  ;    to  de- 
crease local  business  risks; 
and  to  increase  and  facili- 
ate  the  cotton  trade.  For 
these  purposes  an  Adjudi- 
cation   Committee  of 
five  persons,  not  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  of 
Managers,  is  annually 
balloted    for    by  the 
Board,   and    thus  ap- 
pointed to  decide  any 
controversies  between 
members,  which  might 
be  the  subject  of  actions 
at  law  or  in  equity, 
save  as   regards  real 


Soo 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


estate.  Judgments  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  rendered  upon  such  awards  made 
pursuant  to  such  submission.  Certificates  of  membership  may  be  transferred  by 
members  to  members  elect.  The  initiation  fee  is  $10,000  and  the  annual  dues  not  in 
excess  of  $50.  Trading  is  done  in  cotton — ''spot,"  "to  arrive,"  "free  on  board," 
"in  transit,"  and  for  "future  delivery."  A  gratuity  fund  to  heirs  in  case  of  the 
death  of  a  member  is  made  up  of  an  assessment  not  exceeding  $12.50  upon  every 

membership,  at 
the  death  of  any 
member  ;  and  is 
collectible  under 
t  h  e  regulations 
that  apply  to  an- 
nual dues.  As  a 
gratuity-fund  it  is 
not  subject  to  will, 
pledge  or  mort- 
gage. The  Com- 
mittee on  Classi- 
ofep  tication,  salaried 
and  wholly  at  the 
service  of  the  cor- 
poration, consists 
of  five  recognizx-d 
expert  members  of 
the  Exchange,  of 
whom  t  h  re  e , 
drawn  by  lot,  act 

upon  each  appeal.  The  Committee  on  Quotations  on  Spot  cotton,  at  2  P.  M., 
by  a  majority  vote  of  its  seven  members  present,  establishes  the  market  quota- 
tion for  the  time  being  of  Middling  Upland  cotton.  Relative  differences  of  valua- 
tion between  the  grades  are  determined  by  the  Revision  of  Quotations  Committee. 
The  Committee  on  Quotations  of  Futures  determines  and  reports  every  morning  the 
tone  and  price  of  the  contract  market,  for  transmission  by  cable  to  Europe.  Under 
the  inspection  system  in  vogue,  with  warehouse  and  inspection  certificates  in  hand, 
the  buyer  may  borrow  money  at  the  bank  on  these  as  security.  The  classification 
of  cotton  extends  into  33  different  grades,  which  are  marvellous  to  the  uninitiated, 
but  simple  enough  to  the  practical  experts.  More  than  400,000  bales  have  been 
stored  in  New  York  at  one  time.  Negotiable  warehouse  receipts  are  issued  for  cot- 
ton in  store.  Delivery  of  Spot  cotton  and  cotton  on  contract  is  guarded  by  regu- 
lations assuring  the  equity  and  faithfulness  of  all  parties.  Commissions  on  sale  of 
coUon  contracts  are  paid  for  by  buyer  and  seller  both,  at  the  rate  of  \i\  cents  a  bale, 
when  the  transaction  is  not  for  members  of  the  Exchange.  Seven  and  a  half  and 
two  and  a  half  cents  respectively  are  the  rates  for  members  whose  offices  are  more 
and  less  than  half  a  mile  from  the  Exchange,  and  one  cent  a  bale  when  one  member 
merely  buys  or  sells  for  another.  In  case  of  time  contracts  of  cotton,  either  party 
has  the  right  to  call  for  margins  as  the  variations  of  the  market  may  warrant.  Such 
margins  must  be  kept  good.  The  hours  for  business  are  from  10  A.  M.  to  3 
P.  M. ;  on  Mondays  between  June  1st  and  October  1st,  from  1 1  A.  M.  to  3  P.  M. ; 
on  Saturdays,  from  10  A.  M.  to  12  M.  Trading  or  offering  to  trade  for  future 
delivery  of  cotton  after  these  hours  is  punishment  by  fine,  suspension,  or  expulsion. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


801 


All  sucn  contracts  not  made  in  prescribed  hours  are  invalid.  Non-resident  visitors  and 
representatives  of  absent  members  may  be  admitted  to  the  floor,  but  not  to  trade  there- 
on. Futures  are  seldom  traded  in  beyond  a  period  of  twelve  months  ;  more  frequently 
they  are  for  six  or  eight  and  often  for  four  months  ahead.  The  largest  total  of  deal- 
ings for  delivery  are  for  one  or  two  months  from  date.  Agents  from  New  York  buy 
largely  from  planters  on  their  estates.  Direct  connection  exists  between  producers 
and  agents  on  the  Exchange.  The  latter  are  instructed  by  clients  to  sell  on  time 
contracts,  which  are  fulfilled  by  shipments  of  cotton  as  the  terms  of  the  contract  may 
direct.    Future  contracts  within  twelve  months  are  always  seller  options  as  to  day 


TOMPKINS  MARKET,  THIRD  AVENUE,  6TM  TO  7th  STREETS. 


of  month  for  delivery.  Business,  as  a  rule,  is  heaviest  during  the  months  of  Novem- 
ber and  December.  Contracts  may  be  bought  in  or  sold  out  as  the  interests  of  the 
parties  may  determine.  Manufacturing  firms  and  corporations  in  this  country  use 
the  future  market  constantly  as  a  hedge.  Orders  from  Great  Britain  and  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  arrive  every  morning. 

The  Maritime  Association  of  the  Port  of  New  York  was  organized  in 
1873,  and  incorporated  in  1874,  by  special  act  of  the  New- York  Legislature,  to  fur- 
nish its  members  with  current  maritime,  mercantile  and  monetary  information  in 
advance  of  publication  ;  and  to  promote  the  maritime  interests  of  the  Port  of  New 
York.  Its  membership  is  about  1,300,  comprised  of  individuals  in  every  business 
connected  with  shipping.  Among  its  most  active  members  are  marine  underwriters. 
Through  it  they  receive  the  promptest  possible  reports  of  disasters  and  marine  mis- 
cellany. The  membership  embraces  all  the  local  companies  of  underwriters,  several 
of  Boston  and  Philadelphia,  and  the  resident  representatives  of  foreign  Lloyds.  The 
scope  has  been  extended  beyond  the  marine  department,  and  now  includes  financial, 
mercantile  and  miscellaneous  intelligence  ;  and  general  business  facilities  have  been 
added  to  such  a  degree  that  the  distinctively  shipping  interest  is  now  considerably 
outnumbered.  Its  usefulness  extends  beyond  New  York,  the  membeiship  including 
51 


802 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


residents  of  Boston,  Philadelphia  and  other  cities.  The  executive  officers  conduct 
the  details,  under  direction  of  an  Executive  Committee  of  three,  which  meets  weekly. 
This  committee  reports  monthly  to  a  Board  of  Directors,  consisting  of  fifteen  mem- 
bers elected  annually  ;  and  the  Board,  in  turn,  reports  to  the  Association  at  the  end 
of  each  year.  Members'  dues  are  annually  assessed  upon  the  estimated  revenue  and 
expense.  The  by-laws  allow  a  range  of  $15  to  $30  for  dues,  but  they  have  never 
exceeded  % 25  a  year.  No  attempt  is  made  to  accumulate  a  fund.  New  members 
purchase  the  certificate  of  a  deceased  or  retiring  member,  entitling  the  holder  to 
one  card  of  admission,  for  his  own  use  only.  The  rooms  of  the  Association  are 
designated  the  Maritime  Exchange,  and  are  in  the  Produce-Exchange  Building,  at 
Broadway  and  Beaver  Street.  The  nominal  "change" hours  are  at  11.30  A.  M.  and 
3  P.  M.,  but  there  is  a  general  flow  of  attendance  throughout  the  day,  the  daily 
admissions  reaching  about  2, 500.  It  has  hundreds  of  skilful  correspondents  in  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  making  liberal  expenditures  for  the  speediest  ways  of  communi- 
cation. It  controls  lines  of  special  telegraph,  by  which  it  reports  the  approach  of 
every  sail  or  steam  craft  from  the  time  it  is  sighted  off  Long  Island  or  Sandy  Hook. 
Its  reading-room  contains  files  of  newspapers  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  world. 
Its  library  is  rich  in  charts  and  manuals  of  commercial  importance.  Its  museum  of 
commercial  specimens  and  curiosities  is  a  valuable  source  of  instruction.  The  Arbi- 
tration Committee  is  empowered  by  the  legislative  charter  to  decide  commercial 
controversies  between  the  members  of  the  Association  and  any  other  person  desiring 


OYSTER  MARKET,  WEST  STREET,  FOOT  OF  PERRY  STREET,  NORTH  RIVER. 


its  services,  touching  any  matters  in  dispute,  except  titles  to  real  estate  in  fee  or 
for  life,  and  its  decisions  have  equal  force  with  the  judgments  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  .  ,  . 

The  New-York  Board  of  Trade  and  Transportation  was  organized  m 
September,  1873,  and  incorporated  in  i875-  The  name  at  first  was  the  New-\ork 
Cheap  Transportation  Association;  and  it  was  changed  to  the  present  style  in 
Tuly  1877  The  Board  is  located  in  the  Mail  and  Express  Building  at  203 
Broadway,  and  has  a  membership  of  800  firms.  The  initiation-fee  is  $5,  and 
the  annual  dues  $15.  Its  objects  are  to  promote  the  trade,  commerce  and  manu- 
factures of  the  United  States,  and  especially  of  the  State  and  city  of  New  York;  to 
preserve  and  circulate  valuable  and  useful  information  relating  thereto  j  to  study  the 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEIV  YORK. 


803 


S       °   'he  T**  °f  transP°rtati0".  "P°n  which  commercial  prosperity  so 
Z,  y   T      '  t0SUPP°rt  and  Prom°te,  or  oppose,  legislative  or  other  measure! 
affecting  these  interests;  ,0  facilitate,  by  arbitration,  the  adjustments  of  differ^- 
controvers.es  and  misunderstandings  between  its  members  and  others    and  .0  ad™ 
cate  such  other  principles  and  projects,  and  do  such  other  things  as  n^y  conduce  ,0 

on  P3"'y        C°mmerCial  SU')rema^  0f  lhe  <**  State  and  5JK     .W  per 
son  firm  or _  corporation  interested  in  these  objects  is  eligible  to  membe  sh  p  The 

DSrTwi,0/  h6  USmelS  Pr°Perty  k  emrUSted  '  a  board  °f  36  5  anagH 
Directors,  with  whom  may  be  associated  for  the  considerations  of  pubhe  questions" 
others  nominated  by  affiliated  associations.    The  officers  are  presE  three  rie 

part  i,  Th   h    e  r'  T°nthly'  a"d  a"  members  are  ifvited  ,0  a.  end  X 

'  recognized  ,0  have  been  an  bmpor  ant  p  bl'ic   cr  e'e  '"mTT,  "  T  gBnen,1,>r 

vator  construction,  naval  militia,  opposing 

unlimited  silver  coinage  and  inequitable 

taxation,  and  in  cases  before  the  Interstate 

Commerce  Commission. 

The  New-York  Mercantile  Ex- 
change was  organized  under  the  title  of  the 
Butter  and  Cheese  Exchange,  in  1873.  Its 
objects  are  declared  in  its  charter  to  be  :  to 
foster  trade  ;  to  protect  it  against  unjust  or 
unlawful  exactions  ;  to  reform  abuses  ;  to 
diffuse  accurate  and  reliable  information; 
to  settle  differences  between  members;  to 
promote  among  them  good  fellowship  and 
a  more  enlarged  and  friendly  intercourse; 
and  to  make  provision  for  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  deceased  members.  The  present 
spacious  and  handsome  brick  and  granite 
five-story  building  owned  by  the  Exchange, 
at  the  corner  of  Hudson  and  Harrison 
Streets,  was  first  occupied  April  7,  1886.  It 
has  an  Exchange-Room,  on  the  second  floor 

reme7  ^  ^    ***  °ffices  not  us<:d  by  'he  Exchange  are 

rented.  The  Exchange  has  a  membership  of  74o.  The  articles  mostly  dealt  in  are 
but ter  cheese  and  eggs  Change  hours  begin  at  to  A.  M.  There  are  regular  callsfor 
bids  and  offerings  on  the  articles  mentioned.    There  is  comparatively  no  speculation 

0 i  cxTc  nS  fe,"g  bona-fidesP°'  sal-  On  some  days  sales  are  madTof  ,o,2 
or  1 1,000  cases  of  eggs,  containing  thirty  dozen  eggs  to  the  case.    $.5,000  worth  of 


HUDSON 


HARRISON  STREETS. 


8o4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


eggs  have  been  sold  within  an  hour.    Certificates  of  membership  have  varied  in  price 


from  $20  to  $400.    The  price  at  which  they 


FULTON  MARKET,  BEEKMAN,  SOUTH  AND  FULTON  STREETS. 


were  originally  sold  was  $25.  The 
.   annual    dues  are 
1   $15.     Its  charter 
enables  it  to  hold 
property  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $500,000. 

The  Coffee 
Exchange  of  the 
City  of  New 
York  was  incor- 
porated originally 
in  1 88 1,  and  was 
re-incorporated  by 
-  special  act  of  the 
New- York  Legis- 
lature in  1885.  The  purposes  are  to  provide  and  maintain  a  suitable  place  for  the 
purchase  and  sale  of  coffee  ;  to  adjust  controversies  between  its  members  ;  to  inculcate 
and  establish  just  and  equitable  principles  in  trade,  and  uniformity  of  rules  and  usages; 
to  adopt  standard  classifications  ;  to  acquire  and  disseminate  useful  business  infor- 
mation •  and  to  promote  the  trade  of  the  city  of  New  York.  The  standard  coffee 
dealt  in  is  called  Exchange  Standard,  No.  7,  Low  Ordinary  There  are  nine  types, 
from  prime  to  good  common.  There  are  warehouses,  licensed  by  the  Exchange,  for 
storing  the  coffee.  Speculation  at  times  is  very  active,  and  the  fluctuations  are 
great  The  latter  have  been  as  much  as  12  cents  a  pound  a  year.  The  Exchange 
owns  property  worth  about  $200,000.  The  number  of  members  is  31a  The 
nominal  value  of  membership  is  $1,000  ;  but  certificates  of  membership  have 
varied  in  price  from  $300  to  $1,400.  Annual  dues  are  $35;  Change  hours  are 
from  11  to  x  New  York,  Havre  and  Hamburg  are  the  principal  coffee-markets  of 
he  wo  Id!  and  take  the  lead  in  making  price,  The  leading  coffee  firms  are  repre- 
ented  in  the  membership.    The  board-room  and  offices  are  at  53  Beaver  Street. 

The  Building-Material  Exchange  of  the  City  of  New  York,  occupy 
the  floor  of  the  Real-Estate  Exchange  from  2  to  4  P.  M.,  was  incorporated  April 

27,  1 882,  to  acquire,   :  - 

preserve  and  dis- 
seminate  valuable 
information  relat- 
ing to  the  building- 
material  interests  of 
the  city  and  sur- 
rounding cities,  to 
produce  uniformity 
and  certainty  in  the 
customs  and  usages 
of  trade,  to  settle 
differences  between 
its  members,  to  dif- 
fuse accurate  and 
reliable  information 
among  its  members 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


805 


as  to  the  standing  of  merchants,  and  to  promote  an 
enlarged  and  friendly  intercourse.  Any  reputable 
person  connected  with  the  business  of  manufactur- 
ing of  or  dealing  in  materials  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  buildings  is  eligible  to  become  a  member. 
The  initiation-fee  is  $100  ;  and  the  annual  dues  not 
in  excess  of  *20.    The  membership  is  over  300. 

The  Real-Estate  Exchange  and  Auction- 
Room,  Limited,  at  59  to  65  Liberty  Street,  was 
incorporated  in  1SS3,  under  the  Limited  Liability  Act 
of  1875.  °f  State  of  New  York.  It  owns  the 
building  occupied  by  it,  which  extends 
for  90  feet  on  Liberty  Street  and  90  feet 
on  Liberty  Place.  It  receives  an  in- 
come from  rents,  exclusive  of  the  auc- 
tion-room, of  about  $34,000  a  year. 
The  Exchange  and  auction-room  oc- 
cupies the  street  floor.  It  is  a  centre 
for  dealings  in  real  estate  and  selling 
real-estate  securities  at  auction.  It  lets 
out  stands  to  auctioneers,  and  furnishes 
a  general  meeting-room  for  real-estate 
dealers  and  brokers.  It  adjusts  con- 
troversies and  misunderstandings  be- 
tween members  ;  and  furnishes  valuable 
information  by  collecting  statistics  in 
regard  to  real-estate  and  building  mat- 
ters, and  preparing  and  keeping  files  of 
maps  and  other  records  relating  to  real 
estate  and  allied  subjects.  It  obtains 
and  files  information  and  all  legislative 
acts  pertaining  to  the  City  and  State 
governments,  reports  of  the  various  commissioners  on  taxation,  street  and  other 
improvements,  and  awards  and  assessments  affecting  realty  in  the  city  of  New  York 
and  vicinity.  The  capital  stock  of  the  company  is  $500,000,  divided  in  5,000  shares 
of  $100  each.  The  membership  is  600.  The  business  conducted  by  its  mem- 
bers amounts  to  about  $50,000,000  a  year,  in  sales  of  real  estate  by  auction,  and 
$50,000,000  a  year  in  private  sales  between  members. 

The  Real  Estate  Auctioneers'  Association  of  the  City  of  New  York 
was  organized  December  23,  1S90,  by  real-estate  auctioneers  for  mutual  protection. 
Its  objects  are  the  general  welfare  of  the  real-estate  auction  business  ;  promoting 
and  facilitating  the  sale  of  real-estate  and  other  properties,  at  auction  and  otherwise  ; 
the  support  and  advocacy  of  every  movement  tending  to  eievate  the  real-estate  business  ; 
and  to  inspire  a  feeling  of  confidence  and  mutual  reliance  between  owners  of  realty, 
auctioneers  and  brokers.  It  commenced  business  May  1,  1892,  at  the  Real -Estate 
Sale-Room,  at  11 1  Broadway.  Its  membership  embraces  nearly  all  the  local 
real-estate  auctioneers.  Legal  sales,  authorized  by  the  courts  of  the  city  and  county 
of  New  York,  are  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  association,  and  conducted  under  its 
auspices.  The  initiation  fee  is  $100  ;  the  yearly  dues  $10.  Its  rooms  are  in  the 
basement  of  the  Trinity  Building,  adjoining  Trinity  Churchyard. 


EA.-E6TAXE   ExC-*S3E.  59  TO  65  LIBERTY  STREET 


(So6  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  New  York  Lumber-Trade  Association,  with  its  office  at  18  Broadway, 

was  incorporated  November  8,  1 886.  Its  objects  are  to  foster  trade  and  commerce, 
to  reform  abuses  in  trade,  to  protect  trade  and  commerce  from  unjust  and  unlawful 
exactions,  to  diffuse  accurate  and  reliable  information  among  its  members  as  to  the 
standing  of  merchants,  to  acquire,  preserve  and  disseminate  valuable  information 
regarding  the  lumber  interests  of  this  and  surrounding  cities,  to  produce  uniformity 
in  the  customs  and  usages  of  trade,  to  settle  differences  between  its  members,  to 
establish  rules  for  inspection,  and  to  promote  a  more  large  and  friendly  intercourse 
between  merchants.  The  membership  embraces  nearly  every  firm  in  the  Metropoli- 
tan District,  including  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Long-Island  City,  Jersey  City, 
Hoboken,  and  Bergen  Point.  The  special  interest  now  shown  in  the  Association 
dates  from  the  spring  and  summer  of  1891,  when  under  regulations  and  boycott  from 
the  Lumber-Handlers'  and  Truck-Drivers'  Association,  commencing  on  May  4th, 
the  lumber-dealers  united  against  the  movement,  and  in  a  great  measure  closed  their 
yards  until  June  24th,  causing  great  embarrassment  to  the  building  and  other  trades. 
The  victory  of  the  Lumber  Association  was  complete  over  the  Union  men. 

The  New-York  Fruit  Exchange,  at  78  Park  Place,  was  incorporated  May  1 
1885,  under  the  name  of  the  Foreign  Fruit  Exchange.    It  is  a  bureau  of  statistics  of 
the  trade,  and  a  place  for  the  interchange  of  views  of  members.    The  cost  of  mem- 
bership is  $50,  and  the  annual  dues  $25.    Its  membership  is  150. 

The  Hop-Dealers'  Exchange,  at  45  Pearl  Street>  was  organized  111  l89°- 
The  object  is  to  facilitate  trading  in  hops,  and  to  gather  and  disseminate  statistics. 

The  New-York  Dry-Goods  Exchange  was  incorporated  in  April,  1893, 
and  begins  under  auspicious  conditions.    It  occupies  commodious  quarters  at  78  and 
80  Walker  Street,  in  the  Dry-Goods  Economist  Building,  just  a  short  distance  east 
of  Broadway,  and  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  from  all  the'  great  dry-goods  houses. 
It  is  on  the  street  floor,  and  has  been  thoroughly  furnished  with  desks,  sample  tables, 
and  telephone,  telegraph,  messenger,  typewriter  and  kindred  services,  private  confer- 
ence rooms,  etc.     It  was  organized  to  help  the  out-of-town  dry-goods  merchant  in  the 
purchase  of  dry  goods  and  in  the  transaction  of  his  New-York  business.    Its  mem- 
bers consequently,  are  out-of-town  dry-goods  houses  who  buy  in  New  York,  and 
utilize  the  Exchange  as  their  sole  or  partial  New-York  headquarters.    I  Iere,  too,  they 
attend  to  their  correspondence,  especial  facilities  being  provided  for  this  purpose.  By 
co-operation  among  themselves,  and  by  means  of  the  special  concessions  enjoyed  by 
the  Exchange,  the  members  are  enabled  to  buy  and  ship  goods  to  the  greatest  advan- 
tage.   The  Exchange  is  also  a  general  dry-goods  centre,  where  buyers  meet  sellers, 
a  bureau  of  dry-goods  information,  and  a  sample-room  maintaining  a  large  collec- 
tion of  samples  of  current  goods  in  the  various  dry-goods  lines.    It  is  the  pioneer 
Dry-Goods  Exchange,  and  the  only  institution  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States  at 
the  present  writing.    The  membership  dues  are  $100  per  annum.    There  is  no 
initiation  fee.    Its  president  is  Charles  T.  Root,  who,  as  proprietor  of  the  Dry- 
Goods  Economist,  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  directly  interested  in  all  Dry 
Goods  and  kindred  interests.    The  secretary  is  Charles  G.  Phillips.    In  the  course 
of  time  this  new  Exchange  will  no  doubt  become  of  great  usefulness  and  influence 
in  its  important  field.     Plans  are  being  considered  which  may  lead  to  the  erection 
of  a  Dry-Goods  Exchange  Building  for  a  general  headquarters. 

Kindred  Organizations  are  noticed  in  other  chapters,  such  as  the  American 
Bankers'  Association,  the  Clearing  House,  the  Underwriters'  Association,  etc. 
There  are  many  concerns  styled  exchanges  or  boards  of  trade  which  are  mainly 
private  agencies  for  making  collections  and  issuing  reports  on  mercantile  credits. 


8o8 


K IMG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Public  Markets  yield  the  city,  in  rentals  and  fees,  over  $300,000  yearly. 

Each  occupant  hires  space  and  builds  his  own  stand.  Leases  for  stands  are  revoc- 
able at  the  pleasure  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  city  at  the  end  of  any  week.  Rentals 
are  paid  every  two  weeks.  The  clerk  of  the  markets  and  his  assistant  visit  the 
markets  every  day  to  see  that  the  rules  and  regulations  are  properly  carried  out.  A 
force  of  from  fifty  to  sixty  sweepers  and  cartmen  keep  the  markets  clean,  at  a  cost 
of  $40,000  a  year.     The  government  of  the  markets  is  by  the  City  Comptroller. 

Washington  Market  occupies  the  square  between  Fulton  and  Vesey  Streets 
and  Washington  and  West  Streets,  close  to  the  North  River.    If  you  add  together 


OLD  CLINTON   MARKET.  WEST  AND  CANAL  STREE1 


the  traffics  of  all  the  other  markets,  the  sum  will  not  equal  that  of  this  enormous 
mart,  which  is  flanked  for  squares  on  either  side  by  the  shops  and  booths  of  unnum- 
bered merchants.  The  great  provision  district  surrounding  the  market  may  almost 
be  called  the  food-centre  of  the  country  —  so  rich  the  variety,  so  vast  the  quantity, 
of  its  wares.  On  Saturday  mornings  and  evenings,  and  on  the  eves  of  the  great 
festivals,  the  market  is  a  scene  of  wonderful  animation  and  interest,  crowded  by 
myriads  of  purchasers,  amid  the  flaring  of  oil  torches,  the  shouts  of  the  venders,  the 
strange  commingled  smells  of  the  fruits  and  meats,  and  countless  other  oddities. 
Meats  are  sold  here  at  wholesale  and  retail,  and  foreign  and  domestic  fruits  may  be 
seen  in  apparently  inexhaustible  piles. 

Fulton  Market,  at  the  foot  of  Fulton  Street,  dates  from  the  year  1821.  A 
large  conflagration  having  swept  away  the  buildings  on  this  site,  the  farmers  and 
marketmen  earnestly  petitioned  that  the  locality  should  be  taken  for  a  market,  and 
the  Long-Island  Star  and  other  newspapers  advocated  this  measure.  At  the 
present  time,  the  market  covers  the  entire  square  lying  between  Fulton  and  Beek- 
man,  Front  and  South  Streets,  and  has  a  famous  display  of  comestibles.  Just 
across  the  street,  and  partly  overhanging  the  East  River,  is  the  Fulton  Fish  Market, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  localities  of  the  kind  in  America. 

Catharine  Market  was  established  in  1786,  and  named  after  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Harman  Rutgers,  whose  mansion  stood  near  by.  Here  in  old  times  the  negro- 
slaves  from  Long  Island  used  to  engage  in  dancing  matches  with  the  New-Jersey 
negroes,  the  Islanders  wearing  their  hair  in  plaits  bound  with  tea-lead,  and  the 
others  having  cues  covered  with  dried  eel-skin.  In  those  days  the  butchers  had 
no  carts  ;  and  their  patrons,  even  of  the  better  classes,  agreed  with  Dr.  Samuel  L. 
Mitchell  that  "the  man  who  was  ashamed  to  carry  home  his  dinner  from  market, 
did  not  deserve  any."  The  fish-market  here  was  for  many  years  the  best  in  America, 
liberally  replenished  from  the  skiffs  down  the  bay  and  out  on  the  Sound. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


809 


West  Washing- 
ton Market,  at  the 

foot  of  West  1 2th  Street, 
is  the  landing-place  of 
hundreds  of  vessels 
laden  with  fruit  and 
vegetables,  coming  from 
the  Southern  ports, 
Bermuda  and  the  West 
Indies,  including  during 
the  season  75,000  bask- 
ets of  peaches  daily,  and 
proportionate  quantities 
of  potatoes,  melons,  etc. 
Here  also  is  the  chief 
wholesale  oyster  market 
of  the  city,  where  a  long 
pier  is  bordered  by  many 
barges,  upon  which  are 
the  stores  of  the  dealers. 
On  the  other  side  13  the  Gansevoort  Market,  an  immense  paved  area  where  a  thou- 
sand market  wagons  may  stand,  while  the  farmers  are  selling  their  wares  therefrom. 
The  rustic  dealers  reach  the  market  before  midnight,  driving  in  from  Long  Island, 
New  Jersey,  or  other  agricultural  country,  and  sleep  on  their  wagons  until  their 
commerce  begins. 

Essex  Market  dates  from  1818,  when  it  was  founded  for  the  mechanics  of  the 
Tenth  Ward,  and  has  been  rebuilt  several  times.  The  steep,  rocky  hills  of  this 
locality  long  since  vanished,  and  have  been  replaced  by  solid  blocks  of  buildings,  in 
the  crowded  district  about  the  intersection  of  Essex  and  Grand  Streets. 

Centre  Market  is  a  ruinous  old  barrack,  in  Centre  Street,  between  Grand  and 
Broome  Streets.  "  Here  may  be  found  the  most  brilliant  and  fragrant  flowers. 

Other  Mark- 
ets are  Jeffer- 
son, at  Greenwich 
Avenue  and  Sixth 
Avenue  ;  Tomp- 
kins, on  Third 
Avenue,  between 
6th  and  7th 
Streets ;  Union, 
at  Houston  and 
2d  Streets  and 
Avenue  D ;  Clin- 
ton, at  Spring, 
Canal,  West  and 
W  a  s  h  i  n  g  t  o  n 
Streets  ;  and  Cen- 
tral, on  East  42d 
Street,  near  Park 

CENTRE  MARKET.   GRAND  AND  CENTRE  STREETS.  AvenUC 


8io 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Manhattan  Storage  and  Warehouse  Company  owns  two  of  the 

notable  structures  in  the  city.  These  are  two  large  and  grand  warehouses,  con- 
structed in  an  extraordinary  manner,  especially  for  the  safe-keeping  of  furniture, 
trunks,  valuables  and  personal  property  of  every  description.  One  of  the  ware- 
houses looms  up  conspicuously  near  the  Grand  Central  Station,  and  occupies  the 
entire  block  on  Lexington  Avenue,  between  41st  and  42d  Streets.  The  other,  com- 
pleted in  1892,  is  of  still  more  striking  architecture,  and  occupies  the  entire  block  on 
Seventh  Avenue  between  $2d  and  53d  Streets.  These  buildings  may  be  truthfully 
described  as  absolutely  fire-proof.  Large,  massive,  substantial,  constructed  of  brick 
and  stone,  concrete  and  iron,  they  are  conceded  by  all  experts  who  have  examined 
them  to  be  indestructible  depositories.  Years  were  devoted  to  their  construction. 
Each  one  consists  of  sections  which  are  separate  storage  buildings  under  one  roof, 
having  no  connection  with  each  other  except  by  the  central  court.  These  sections 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  solid  brick  walls,  from  36  inches  to  28  inches  thick. 
Their  floors  and  ceilings  are  made  with  cement  and  concrete  arches,  formed  so  as  to 
entirely  envelope  the  rolled-iron  floor-beams.  All  these  floors  rest  upon  the  heavy 
division  walls,  and  no  cast-iron  or  other  columns  are  used  to  support  them. 
Elevators  capable  of  lifting  a  loaded  van  weighing  20,000  pounds  ascend  from  the 
central  court  to  the  various  floors.  The  van  is  drawn  upon  the  elevator  and  sent 
up.  "When  it  reaches  the  floor  to  which  it  is  destined,  it  is  unloaded,  and  the  goods 
are  placed  in  storage,  with  only  one  handling.    The  engines  working  these  elevators 


RING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


8it 


are  located  in  the  cellar  under  the  central  court.  The  steam  boilers  are  in  vaults 
under  the  avenues.  These  magnificent  fire-proof  warehouses  receive  on  storage  at 
the  lowest  current  rates,  household  furniture,  oil  paintings,  engravings,  bronzes, 
statuary,  porcelains,  heir-looms,  plate  glass,  mirrors,  books,  bric-a-brac,  silver- 
ware, trunks  of  clothing,  pianos,  organs,  wines,  business  papers,  account-books,  and 
anything  else  which  the  owner  may  desire  to  be  thoroughly  secure.  The  absolutely 
fire-proof  construction  of  these  buildings  makes  insurance  almost  unnecessary,  but, 
if  desired,  it  can  be  effected  at  the  minimum  rate.  Rooms  are  rented  by  the  month,  at 
prices  varying  with  the  size,  from  %\  a  month  and  upwards.  The  company  will  pack, 
box  and  ship  furniture,  etc.,  to  any  part  of  the  world,  for  which  purpose  it  employs 
skilled  workmen.  It  will  have  carpets  taken  up,  cleaned,  moth-proofed,  and  packed 
for  storage.  It  will  also  have  carpets  A.  refitted  and  laid  in  houses  and 
apartments.  The  company  owns 
trucking  vans  built  expressly  for  its 
horses,  drivers  and  helpers  in  the 
dwelling-houses,  or  other  prop- 
department  is  in  each  ware- 
to  that  purpose.  It  has  large, 
ments  for  renters  of  safes  to 
duct     conversations,  examine 


large  number  of  furniture  and 
business.  It  uses  its  own 
removal  of  the  contents  of 
erty.  A  safe -deposit 
house,  entirely  devoted 
airy  and  fine  apart- 
hold  interviews,  con- 
securities,  etc. 


MANHATTAN  STORAGE  AND  WAREHOUSE  CO.  ,  SEVENTH  AVENUE,  520  TO  530  STREETS. 


8l2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tattersalls  (of  New  York)  Limited,—  agents  :  Messrs.  Tattersall,  London, 
England, —  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  many  agencies  of  exchange  and  sale. 
New  York  has  been  steadily  growing  in  favor  as  a  mart  for  the  highest  grade  of 
horses,  and  the  famous  sales  which  have  taken  place  here  have  included  many  thou- 
sands of  valuable  harness  and  saddle  horses,  usually  above  the  average  in  quality,  and 
commanding  exceptionally  good  prices.  Under  such  conditions  it  is  of  great  impor- 
tance that  sellers  and  buyers  should  be  brought  together  under  the  most  favorable 
circumstances,  and  this  desirable  result  has  been  achieved  by  the  institution  of 
Tattersalls,  whose  building,  at  55th  Street  and  Seventh  Avenue,  is  one  of  the  most 
nearly  perfect  ever  devised  for  the  purpose.  The  New-York  Tattersalls  has  already 
won  such  an  extensive  and  favorable  reputation  that  it  is  employed  by  almost 
every  influential  breeder  and  owner  of  valuable  blooded  stock  in  the  country  to 
manage  their  sales.  It  has  the  advantage  of  practically  unlimited  capital,  broad 
experience  and  admitted  ability,  and  combines  with  these  valuable  traits  an  unques- 
tionable practical  knowledge,  and  a  thorough  attention  to  all  the  details  connected 
with  this  peculiar  and  interesting  industry.  Tattersalls  (of  New  York)  Limited,  is 
the  only  house  in  the  world  connected  with  the  famous  Tattersalls  in  England,  and 
is  the  only  one  authorized  to  use  the  name.  It  has  many  advantages  which  could 
not  be  found  in  connection  with  any  purely  local  institution.  The  repository  on 
Seventh  Avenue  is  visited  not  only  by  buyers  and  sellers  and  lovers  of  horses,  but 
by  many  others  who  are  interested  to  see  how  a  model  institution  of  this  kind  is 
carried  on,  and  to  observe  the  wonderful  improvements  which  have  been  made  in 
the  business  it  represents.  In  the  details  of  the  building  there  arc  many  points  of 
interest  and  suggestiveness.  The  sales  are  largely  attended  by  ladies  —  frequently 
the  elite  of  New-York  society  —  who  attend  without  escort,  which  speaks  volumes 


f     I      |  I 

111 

-  'Ill 

III 


TATTERSALLS  (OF  NEW  YORK)  LIMITED -- EXTERIOR -- SEVENTH  AVENUE  AND  55TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


8i3 


for  the  character  of  the  establishment.  Sometimes  exciting  episodes  take  place,  as 
when  horses  of  famous  lineage  or  achievements  are  offered  for  disposal,  and  scores 
of  the  innermost  of  New-York's  exclusives  open  a  spirited  bidding. 

The  entire  business  is  under  the  active  direction  of  William  Easton,  Managing 
Director,  who  has  had  a  long  experience  in  this  branch  of  industry,  to  whom  is  due  all 
the  credit  of  the  present  successful  undertaking,  and  who  has  done  so  much  for  years 
past  in  the  interest  of  owners  and  breeders  of  race-horses.  In  the  apt  words  of  a  writer 
in  a  recent  number  of  The  Spirit  of  the  Times,  the  truth  of  the  adage,  "nothing  suc- 
ceeds like  success,"  was  never  more  thoroughly  shown  than  in  the  great  work  accom- 
plished by  William  Easton,  genial  gentleman,  man  of  the  world,  and  consummate 
master  of  the  art  of  saying  the  right  thing  at  the  right  time,  whatever  the  company,  and 
whatever  the  occasion.  That  Mr.  Easton  labored  long  and  untiringly  to  attain  to 
his  present  high  rank  among  the  world's  few  great  auctioneers  is  to  his  credit ;  and  if 
now  success  succeeds  success  without  apparent  effort  on  his  part,  let  it  be  remembered 
that  he  who  planted  the  twig  has  earned  the  right  to  enjoy  the  fruit  of  the  tree. 

The  business  of  this  great  company  is  not  confined  to  New  York,  but  has  branched 
out  to  Chicago,  where  a  building  has  been  erected  larger  than  that  of  the  New- York 
Madison-Square  Garden.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this  building  can  be  gained 
when  it  is  mentioned  that  the  same  is  let  at  a  rental  of  four  thousand  dollars  a  week, 
for  show  purposes.  The  company  has  also  established  itself  in  Cleveland,  O.,  and 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  a  splendid  -new  building  has  been  erected.  Altogether  the 
company  has  over  a  million  dollars  invested  in  its  different  establishments. 

The  New-  York  Herald  says  of  Tattersalls,  "  People  like  to  go  to  Tattersalls,  not 
only  because  of  the  admirable  order  and  comfort  of  the  place,  but  also  because  its 
reputation  for  straightforward  agency  between  buyer  and  seller  is  firmly  established. 
The  attractive  interior,  easy  seats  and  well-conducted  cafe  make  it  a  pleasant  place 
to  visit  even  though  one  does  not  intend  to  buy." 


TATTERSALLS  COF  NEW  YORK)  LIMITED  -  INTERIOR  -- SEVENTH  AVENUE  AND  55TH  STREET. 


r 


8i4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Terminal  Warehouse  Company  has,  by  the  erection  of  its  splendid 

Central  Stores  at  Eleventh  Avenue  and  North  River  and  West  27th  and  28th  Streets, 
simplified  the  problems  of  storage,  shipping,  and  trans-shipping.  The  structures 
occupy  the  entire  block,  extending  to  the  water's  edge,  and  consist  of  25  storage- 
buildings,  adjoining  each  other,  so  that  in  general  appearance  they  form  one  vast 
edifice,  700  feet  long,  200  wide,  and  seven  stories  high,  with  cellars  under  them  all. 
These  are  the  only  stores  in  New  York  at  which  railway  cars,  steamships  and  trucks 
are  in  close  communication.  The  tracks  of  the  New- York  Central  &  Hudson- River 
Railroad  run  into  the  buildings,  and  there  is  deep  water  at  the  piers  at  the  end. 

1  The  cellars  are  particularly  adapted  for  the 

storage  of  wines,  liquors,  gums  and  rubber. 
One  store  is  set  apart  for  cold  storage.  Any 
temperature  above  the  zero  point  is  produced 
by  artificial  means.    Another  store,  kept  at 


Ml 
II I 

0 


NEW-YORK  CENTRAL  4  HUDSON-RIVER  RAILROAD  FREIGHT  DEPOT  ON  HUDSON  STREET. 

low  temperature,  is  devoted  to  the  storage  of  furs,  rugs  and  robes.  Four  others  are 
United-States  bonded  warehouses.  The  rest  are  for  general  storage  purposes.  The 
Central  Stores  were  erected  in  1891.  The  Terminal  Warehouse  Company  also 
owns  the  Rossiter  Stores,  at  West  59th  and  60th  Streets  and  the  North  River.  Its 
capital  stock  is  $800,000.  The  President  is  William  W.  Rossiter  ;  and  the  Secre- 
tary, Barent  H.  Lane  ;  and  the  trustees  are,  besides  the  President,  H.  Walter  Webb, 
W.  R.  Grace,  John  E.  Searles,  B.  Aymar  Sands,  James  Stillman  and  C.  W.  Hogan. 

The  Bradstreet  Company  has  achieved  a  wonderful  work  in  relation  to 
mercantile  credit.  Society  studies  into  peoples'  genealogies  and  characters  ;  the 
Church  examines  their  creeds  and  practices ;  and  the  mercantile  world  keenly 
scrutinizes  their  methods  and  responsibility.  If  these  last-named  are  worthy  to 
establish  credit,  they  must  be  reported  by  human  action  and  personal  judgment. 
The  Bradstreet  Company  is  practically  a  clearing-house  for  all  classes  of  informa- 
tion concerning  mercantile  affairs  and  mercantile  credit,  originated  by  and  intended 
for  business  men  throughout  the  world.  Its  information  is  obtained  from  a  vast 
number  of  sources,  competent,  trustworthy,  and  ramifying  everywhere,  and  in  such 
close  and  confidential  touch  with  The  Bradstreet  Company  that  the  result  is  an 
immense  array  of  digested  facts  as  to  business  men,  containing  the  detailed  histories 
of  more  than  1,500,000  firms  and  individuals  in  active  trade,  at  home  and  abroad; 


Si6 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  SEW  YORK. 


The  object  of  search  is  the  absolute  truth  as  to  each  mercantile  credit,  and  this  is 
attained  by  a  consensus  of  many  impartial  reports  from  honorable  local  observers., 
who  also  note  each  passing  change,  and  the  advance  or  falling  back  of  the  firm  or 
the  individual.  With  these  facts  in  view,  business  may  be  done  with  intelligence,  and 
thereby  with  the  reasonable  assurance  of  success,  and  encouragement  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  enterprise  and  the  development  of  trade. 

The  massive  quarto  volumes  of  more  than  2,300  pages,  which  it  publishes  four 
times  in  every  year,  contain  the  estimated  worth  and  recognized  credit,  business 
and  address  of  more  than  a  million  of  subjects,  besides  much  other  valuable  infor- 
mation.   Bradstreet's  offices  nearly  compass  the  earth.    That  its  mighty  mission  has 
been  fulfilled  with  fidelity  as  to  facts,  conservatism  as  to  judgment,  and  conscien- 
tiousness as  to  details,  is 
proven  by  a  record  which 
challenges  the  attention 
and  commands  the  re- 
spect  of   every  person 
who  has  sought  informa- 
tion through  its  chan- 
nels or  availed  himself 
of  its  facilities  for  the 
investigation  of  personal 
credits.     The  Bradstreet 
Company  is  the  oldest, 
and  financially  the  strong- 
est, organization  of  its 
kind  working  in  the  one 
interest  and  under  one 
management.    It  has 
wider  ramifications,  with 
greater  investment  of 
capital,  and  expending 
more  money  every  year 
for  the  collection  and  dis- 
semination of  informa- 
tion than  any  similar  in- 
stitution in  the  world.  It 
has  long  been  recognized 
and  practically  endorsed 
by  the  highest  local  courts 
in  the  United  States. 
This  company  publishes,  under  the  name  of  Bradstreet's,  a  sixteen-page  weekly 
newspaper,  which  covers  the  condition  of  the  crops  and  markets  ;  and,  dealing  as  it 
does,  with  the  news  of  commerce,  finance  and  manufactures,  Bradstreet s  occupies  a 
unique  place.     It  is  impartial  and  unbiased,  and  is  quoted  the  world  over  as  an 
authority.    An  active  department  of  this  company's  business  is  the  Bradstreet's 
bindery,  which  ranks  with  the  most  famous  binderies  of  Paris  and  London. 

The  Bradstreet  Company  has  been  an  important  factor  in  the  development  of 
the  world's  commerce  for  more  than  forty  years,  but  its  pre-eminence  began  in  1876, 
under  the  presidency  of  Charles  F.  Clark.  The  executive  and  New- York  offices  are 
at  279.  281  and  283  Broadway. 


"  BRADSTREET'S,"  279,  281   AND  293  BROADWAY,  NEAR  CHAMBERS  STREET. 


si 


Architectural  Features. 


Development   in   Architecture;   Notable    Office   Buildings  and 
Business  Blocks. 


THE  Hollanders,  who  are  so  humorously  described  by  Washington  Irving  in  his 
History  of  New  York,  would  gaze  in  wonder  and  amazement,  if  they  were 
brought  back  to  Mother  Earth,  at  the  magnificent  edifices  which  now  exist  on  the 
island  where  they  once  lived.  In  their  day  business  was  transacted,  for  the  most 
part,  in  one  and  two-story  buildings ;  and  even  as  late  as  a  century  ago  it  was  cus- 
tomary for  men  of  affairs  to  carry  on  their  occupations  on  the  first  floor,  and  live  on 
the  floor  above.  When  men  became  opulent,  the  three-story  building  made  its 
appearance,  the  extra  story  being  very  generally  in  the  shape  of  an  attic,  where  the 
servants  and  younger  members  of  the  household  slept,  and  where  old  furniture  and 
wearing  apparel  were  stored  away.  Later  on,  four-story  houses  made  their  appear- 
ance, and  of  these  many  examples,  dating  back  to  the  early  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, are  still  to  be  found  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city.  Some  of  these  still  remain 
untouched  by  the  hand  of  commerce,  but  they  have  for  the  most  part  succumbed  to 
the  inexorable  demands  of  business.  In  many  cases  they  have  been  demolished,  to 
make  way  for  larger  and  finer  structures. 

It  was  not  until  after  the  civil  war  that  the  five-story  building  made  its  appearance 
to  any  extent.  The  population  of  New  York  then  began  to  increase  enormously, 
and  when  the  higher  buildings  came,  they  appeared  in  the  form  of  flats  and  tene- 
ments. With  the  crowding  of  population  in  the  lower  wards  came  a  demand  for 
higher  structures.  This  eventuated  in  the  introduction  of  the  elevator,  which  has 
revolutionized  the  construction  of  buildings  in  New  York,  as  it  has  in  other  cities. 

It  was  the  elevator,  and  that  alone,  that  made  possible  the  enormously  high  office- 
buildings  that  are  to  be  seen  in  the  great  business  centres  of  New  York  to-day. 
When  the  seven-story  office-building  made  its  appearance,  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury ago,  the  popular  belief  was  that  the  limit  in  high  construction  had  been  reached. 
But  we  have  since  seen  scores  of  eight-story  buildings  erected,  and  to-day  there  are 
other  scores  of  ten-story  buildings  in  the  metropolis.  At  least  a  dozen  exceed  eleven 
stories  in  height  ;  some  are  as  high  as  fifteen  and  sixteen  stories,  and  The  Sun  has 
planned  a  building  for  its  own  uses,  to  be  32  stories  high.  An  important  factor  in 
the  construction  of  high  office  and  other  buildings  in  recent  years  has  been  the  intro- 
duction of  fire-proofing  material.  This  has  made  it  safe  for  tenants  to  occupy  the 
upper  stories.  Indeed,  it  is  an  axiom  among  real-estate  brokers  that  the  upper 
stories  rent  most  quickly,  and  at  high  figures,  because  the  light  and  ventilation  are 
better  than  on  the  lower  floors.  Another  important  factor  is  the  introduction,  dur- 
ing recent  years,  of  the  method  of  building  known  as  iron  or  steel  skeleton  construe - 
52 


8i8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


BUSSING  HOMESTEAD. 


FROM  PHOTO  By  MiSS  CAThapinE  WEED  BAPNES. 


tion.  It  was  customary  with 
architects,  until  within  three 
or  four  years,  to  draw  plans 
whereby  walls  of  immense 
thickness  were  run  from  the 
foundation  to  the  roof,  to 
support  the  general  struc- 
ture. These  walls  were  in 
some  cases  required  by  the 
Building  Department  to  be 
three  feet  or  more  in  thick- 
ness at  the  base,  according  to 
the  height  of  the  building  ; 
so  that,  under  such  condi- 
tions, the  owner  of  a  single 
lot,  no  matter  how  valuable 
the  ground,  was  unable  to 
put  up  a  very  high  building, 
as  the  two  side-walls  would  take  up  a  space  equal  to  about  one-quarter  the  width  of 
his  entire  lot,  hence,  the  values  of  single  lots  down-town  were  kept  in  check  by  the 
impossibility  of  erecting  very  high  structures  on  them,  which  consequently  decreased 
their  earning  power. 

The  system  of 
iron  skeleton  con- 
struction, however, 
effected  a  remarka- 
ble change.  By  its 
use  the  thickness  of 
walls  was  consider- 
ably reduced,  thus 
giving  a  larger  floor 
space.  Architects 
and  builders  were 
enabled  to  plan  and 
erect  buildings  as 
high  as  twelve  and 
thirteen  stories  on 
lots  from  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  wide,  as 
is  noticeable  in  the 
Columbia,  the 
Havemeyer,  the 
Home  Life  and 
other  office-build- 
ings. By  this  system 
of  construction,  iron 
and  steel  columns 
are  carried  up  from 
foundation  to  roof, 
and  then  covered  in      riverside  drive 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


819 


with  bricks.  Thus  a  carrying  capacity  equal  to 
that  of  walls  of  much  greater  thickness  is  pro- 
duced. When  it  is  considered  that  unimproved 
property  in  the  great  office  section  of  New-York 
City  has  sold  as  high  as  $330  per  square  foot 
(equivalent  to  $825,000  per  lot  of  25  by  100),  it 
will  readily  be  seen  that  iron  skeleton  construction 
will  have  a  very  important  bearing  upon  the 
office-building  of  the  future.  A  prominent  archi- 
tect says  that  in  a  twelve-story  building  covering 
two  New-York  City  lots  of  25  by  100  feet  each, 
the  saving  in  floor-space  effected  by  means  of 
this  new  construction  amounts  to  thousands  of 
square  feet. 

As  the  office-building  has  increased  in  height 
and  size,  so  has  it  advanced  in  the  style  of  its 
appointments.  The  modern  elevator,  with  its 
handsome  wrought-iron  wall  inclosure  and  its 
quick  speed,  has  made  the  former  elevator  anti- 
quated. Where  wood  was  universally  applied, 
the  costliest  marbles  are  now  used  for  stairs, 
wainscotings  and  other  parts  of  the  interior. 
Light  and  ventilation,  the  lack  of  which  was  the 
bane  of  the  old  five-story  structures,  are  now 
considered  all  important ;  while  the  toilet  arrange- 
ments in  the  modern  office-buildings  are  superior 
to  anything  dreamed  of  a  quarter-of-century  ago, 
and  are  the  delight  of  the  tenant,  as  much  as 
of  the  sanitary  expert  and  the  plumber.  Then 
where  woodwork  is  used  for  trimming,  it  is  of  the 
finest  hardwoods  :  mahogany,  ash,  oak,  sycamore 
and  bird's-eye  maple  have  replaced  the  pine  and 
soft  lumber  used  in  the  older  buildings.  The 
architecture  of  the  office-building  has  also  im- 
proved. As  recently  as  1870  the  vast  majority 
of  such  structures  displayed  plain  fronts.  Now 
they  illustrate  the  skill,  taste  and  creative  talents 
of  architects,  artists,  artisans  and  builders.  In 
this  direction  New  York  has  made  gigantic 
strides  in  late  years.  No  metropolis  in  the 
civilized  world  shows  such  an  aggregation  of 
magnificent  office-buildings,  in  the  same  small 
area  of  territory,  as  are  to  be  found  between  the 
Battery  and  City-Hall  Park.  Some  great  office- 
buildings  are  being  erected  up-town. 

In  the  city  of  New  York  there  are  a  score  of 
architects  whose  work  has  earned  for  them  an 
international  reputation.  Then  there  are  hundreds 
of  others  whose  work  is  steadily  improving  the 
character  of  the  whole  city. 


EGYPTIAN  OBELISK,   CENTRAL  PARK. 


KM&S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Washington  Building  is  one  of  the  finest  and  largest  office-buildings  in 

America.  It  occupies  an  historic  spot,  and  also  has  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
locations  possible,  at  the  foot  of  Broadway,  overlooking  Battery  Park  and  the  harbor. 
The  location,  too,  is  picturesque  and  beautiful.  Castle  Garden  is  a  few  hundred 
yards  away,  across  the  park  ;  and,  since  the  immigrants  are  no  longer  to  be  landed 
there,  it  is  to  be  used  as  an  aquarium.  The  Statue  of  Liberty  is  seen  in  the  middle 
distance,  and  up  and  down  the  North  and  East  Rivers  and  around  the  Battery  there 
is  a  never-ending  panorama  of  all  sorts  of  ocean  and  harbor  craft  in  full  view.  From 
the  top  of  the  building  the  course  of  the  Atlantic  "liner"  may  be  easily  followed 
through  the  Narrows  and  the  lower  bay,  and  out  past  Sandy  Hook.  It  faces  the 
Produce  Exchange,  across  Bowling  Green. 

There  was  a  market  stand  on  the  site  of  the  Washington  Building  in  1656.  The 
first  newspaper  issued  in  New  York  wa.s  printed  in  the  vicinity,  in  1 693.  It  was 
called  The  New-  York  Gazette,  and  it  was  half  as  big  as  a  sheet  of  foolscap.  In  1745 
Archibald  Kennedy,  the  eleventh  Earl  of  Cassilis,  built  a  handsome  and  imposing 
house,  of  English 


fine  entrance, 


model,  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  site.    It  had  a 
a  carved  doorway.    In  this  house  the  twelfth  Earl 
of  Cassilis  was  born.    In  later  years  it  was  occupied 
by  Nathaniel  Prime  ;  and  about  thirty-five  years 
ago  it  was  converted  into  a  hotel,  known  as 
the  Washington  Hotel.    Adjoining  the 
house,  and  on  land  which  is  a  por- 
tion of  the  site  of  the  Wash- 
ington Building,  another 
handsome  resi- 
dence was  built  in 
1750     by  John 
Watts.    WT  h  e  n 
large  entertain- 
ments were  given 
by  the  family  in 
either  house,  the 
two  buildings 

west  86th  street,  east  of  Amsterdam  avenue.  were  connected  by 

a  bridge  in  the  rear  and  were  thrown  into  one.  Broad  piazzas  overlooked  the 
gardens,  which  extended  down  to  the  river  front. 

The  Washington  Building  was  erected  by  the  Washington  Building  Company, 
which  was  organized  by  Cyrus  W.  Field,  "the  father  of  the  Atlantic  Cable,"  and 
of  which  he  was  for  a  considerable  time  the  principal  owner.  It  was  completed  in 
It  covers  17,000  square  feet  of  land;  is  thirteen  stories  in  height;  and  is 


18S4. 


the  dome  is  higher  than  the  torch  of  the 


fire-proof.  The  ball  of  the  flag-pole  on 
Statue  of  Liberty.  The  material  is  brick,  with  sandstone  trimmings  and  ornamen- 
tation The  architectural  treatment  of  the  exterior  is  pleasing.  The  great  surface 
of  either  front  is  broken  up  by  arched  window-caps,  so  that  no  long  monotonous 
lines  meet  the  eve.  The  roof  is  of  the  Mansard  style,  two  stories  in  height  and  is 
surmounted  by  two  low  towers,  one  of  circular  form,  on  the  Battery  side,  and  one  of 
rectangular  form,  on  the  Broadway  side.  The  building  contains  348  offices,  reached 
by  means  of  six  large  elevators.  The  tenants  and  their  employees  number  about 
1,500  people.  The  officers  of  the  Washington  Building  Company  are  :  President, 
T.  E.  Stillman ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  William  Shillaber. 


KJXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  A'L'l'/  YORK. 


$21 


WASHINGTON  BUILDING. 

BROADWAY,  BATTERY   PLACE  AND  BATTERY  PARK. 


822 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Mills  Building,  named  for  the  owner,  Darius  0.  Mills,  is  one  of  the  best 

known  office-buildings  on  this  continent.  It  is  said  to  be  the  most  costly  office- 
building  owned  by  any  individual  —  its  reputed  cost  being  about  $3,000,000.  At 
the  time  of  its  erection  it  far  outranked  any  similar  structure,  and  to-day  it  is  seldom 
equalled.  It  is  exceptionally  fortunate  in  its  situation  to  show  off  its  architectural 
effects.  Its  main  front  is  on  Broad  Street  —  a  street  actually  broad  in  fact  as  well  as 
in  name.  It  has  two  other  street  fronts,  one  on  Wall  Street,  and  the  other  on 
Exchange  Place ;  the  three  fronts  having  distinct  entrances,  all  of  which  lead  into 
the  grand  rotunda  which  leads  especially  from  the  Broad-Street  entrance.  Its  Broad- 
Street  side  is  opposite  the  main  entrance  to  the  Stock  Exchange;  the  Wall- Street 
entrance  is  opposite  the  United-States  Sub-Treasury  building  ;  and  the  Exchange- 
Place  entrance  is  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  Custom  House.  It  is  eleven  stories 
high,  and  covers  about  23,000  square  feet  of  surface  area,  taking  in  1 1  to  23  Broad 


HARLEM   RIVER,  HIGH  BRIDGE  AND  WASHINGTON  BRIDGE,  AND  THE  WATER  TOWER. 


Street  and  35  Wall  Street.  It  has  seven  excellent  elevators.  Its  tenants  number 
about  800,  among  them  many  railroad  and  other  corporations,  and  some  of  the  most 
important  banking  and  brokerage  houses  in  "The  Street."  On  the  lower  floor,  on 
Broad  Street,  is  the  St. -Nicholas  Bank,  and  on  the  eleventh  floor,  above  the  offices, 
is  a  restaurant.  The  great  feature  of  the  Mills  Building,  architecturally,  is  its  large 
open  court,  which  gives  admirable  light  to  all  its  offices.  It  almost  dwarfs  the 
Drexel-Morgan  Building,  which  it  adjoins,  and  which,  scarcely  a  decade  ago,  was 
considered  one  of  the  finest  office-buildings  in  Wall-Street.  Mr.  Mills  is  one  of  the 
Californian  magnates  who  came  to  New  York  many  years  ago.  He  also  owns  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  San  Francisco,  which  was  completed  in  1893,  and  is  also 
known  as  the  "  Mills  Building."  He  is  identified  with  a  large  number  of  the  greatest 
of  New  York's  financial,  commercial  and  other  institutions.  The  erection  of  the 
Mills  Building  enhanced  the  value  of  all  Broad-Street  real  estate. 


IVllL.L.6  bUIL-UING. 
BROAD  STREET,  WALL  STREET  AND  EXCHANGE  PLACE. 


824 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Potter  Building  is  one  of  the  tallest  of  the  range  of  office-buildings 
around  Printing-House  Square  and  City-Hall  Park,  and  is  of  an  extraordinary 
height.  It  is  admirably  situated,  with  its  superb  frontage  of  96  feet  on  Park  Row, 
90  feet  on  Nassau  Street,  and  150  feet  on  Beekman  Street.  It  is  eleven  stories  high, 
and  was  the  first  building  in  the  midst  of  the  great  newspaper  section  to  be  erected 
to  such  a  height.  The  Potter  Building  possesses  two  unusual  features,  from  a  con- 
structive point  of  view  :  first,  it  was  the  first  building  erected  in  this  city  which  was 
ornamented  elaborately  with  terra  cotta  ;  second,  it  was  the  first  in  its  locality 
which  had  its  iron-work  and  stone-work  covered  with  hollow  brick,  so  that  the  iron 

posed  to  view  or  to  heat  from  fire.     It  is  also 
.    stantially  constructed  and  absolutely  fire- 
^  office  buildings  in  the  metropolis.  The 
owner,    ex-Congressman    Orlando  B. 
Potter,  who  is  a  very  large  real-estate 
proprietor,  erected  it  as  an  investment, 
and  so  ordered  its  construction  that  it 
would  endure,  practically,  forever.  Mr. 
Potter  has  his  offices  on  the  eleventh 
floor.     The  build- 


and  stone  are  not  ex 
one  of  the  most  sub- 
proof  among  the 


WEST  57TH  STREET,  BETWEEN   SEVENTH  AND  EIGHTH 


ing  has  four  large 
rapid  passenger 
elevators,  which 
are  approached 
from  both  the  Park 
Row  and  Nassau  - 
street  sides, 
through  massive 
doors,  and  also  on 
the  second  floor, 
by  means  of  the 
entrance  on  Beek- 
avenues.  man  Street.  There 

are  200  offices  in  the  building,  including  those  of  several  newspaper  and  periodical 
publishers,  insurance  and  other  companies,  lawyers  and  professional  men  ;  and  the 
tremendous  energies  concentrated  here  are  felt  far  and  wide. 

Among  the  tenants  are  The  Press,  the  penny  Republican  newspaper  which  claims 
a  daily  circulation  of  over  100,000;  the  Neio-  York  Observer,  the  first  and  oldest 
religious  paper;  Otis  Brothers  &  Co.,  the  foremost  passenger-elevator  builders;  and 
the  Mutual  Reserve  Fund  Life  Association,  the  leading  assessment  insurance  com- 
pany of  the  world. 

The  Potter  Building  is  immediately  across  the  street  from  the  Post  Office  and 
the  Park- Row  front  faces  City- Hall  Park.  It  is  in  full  view  from  Broadway. 
It  is  within  a  minute's  walk  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  and  the  Elevated  Railroad,  and 
is  hedged  in  on  all  sides  by  the  daily  newspapers.  No  office  building  has  a  choicer 
location.  It  is  one  of  the  groups  of  buildings  that  is  forming  around  the  City-Hall 
Park  the  grandest  architectural  square  in  America. 

The  really  noble  proportions  of  the  Potter  Building,  and  the  impressive  character 
of  its  architecture,  make  of  it  one  of  the  great  and  illustrious  monuments  of  commer- 
cial success  in  the  Empire  City.  In  time,  the  City- Hall  Park  will  be  surrounded 
with  such  buildings,  the  centre  of  incalculable  activities. 


POTTER  BUILDING. 

PARK  ROW,  NASSAU  AND  BEEKMAN  STREETS. 


826 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Havemeyer  Building-,  on  Cortlandt,  Church  and  Dey  Streets,  is  a 

majestic  pile  of  architecture  and  pertains  to  Theodore  A.  Havemeyer,  of  the  well- 
known  Havemeyer  family,  whose  names  are  indelibly  connected  with  the  sugar  in- 
dustry of  this  country.  It  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  office-buildings  in  existence, 
and  in  a  location  remarkably  convenient  and  central.  The  structure  is  fifteen  stories 
high,  and  the  exterior  being  mainly  of  a  light-colored  high-grade  Anderson  brick, 
it  is  a  conspicuous  feature  of  lower  New  York.  It  'is  entirely  fire-proof,  being  con- 
structed of  stone  and  brick,  steel  and  wrought-iron,  terra  cotta  and  glass.  Each 
floor  has  its  own  service  of  light  and  heat,  water  service  and  mail-chutes  ;  and  all 
the  floors  are  reached  by  seven  first-class  Otis  hydraulic  elevators.  From  the  roof, 
which  is  sheltered  by  an  awning  in  summer,  one  overlooks  a  vast  area  of  Manhattan, 
the  harbor,  North  River,  Staten  Island,  the  Palisades,  the  Orange  Mountains,  etc. 
With  three  sides  free  and  open  to  the  light  and  air,  the  HaVemeyer  Building  has  no 
inside  or  dark  rooms,  and  its  hundreds  of  tenants  enjoy  bright,  comfortable  and 
cheery  offices.  The  service  of  janitors,  watchmen  and  other  employees  of  the 
building  is  organized  with  almost  military  precision,  and  gives  the  busy  workers  in 
the  offices  the  maximum  of  security  and  comfort.  The  building  was  designed  by 
George  B.  Post,  and  is  under  the  command  and  direction  of  William  B.  Dun- 
can, Jr.    The  occupants  include  many  eminent  business  firms  and  corporations. 


ALDRICH  COURT,  41  TO  45  BROADWAY,  17  TO  21   TRINITY  PLACE. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THE   HAVEMEYER  BUILDING. 


CHURCH   STREET,  EAST  SIOE,  FROM  OEY  TO  CORTLANOT  STREETS. 


828 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Scott  &  Bowne  Building  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  struct  arcs 
recently  etected  in  the  business  portion  of  New- York  City,  and  occupies  a  conveni- 
ent location  at  the  corner  of  Pearl,  New  Chambers  and  Rose  Streets.  This  section 
has  recently  taken  a  rapid  stride,  and  a  number  of  fine  large  buildings  are  replacing 
the  old-fashioned  houses.  This  massive  twelve-story  building,  of  fire-proof  con- 
struction, is  of  high-grade  brick,  with  stone  trimmings.  It  is  the  home  of  Scott's 
Emulsion  of  Cod- Liver  Oil,  which  is  now  known  the  world  over,  and  has  become  a 
household  preparation.  The  Scott  &  Bowne  Building  is  the  most  complete  one  for 
light  manufacturing  purposes  in  the  city.  It  is  supplied  with  steam  power,  electric 
lights,  freight  and  passenger  elevators,  and,  in  fact,  every  modern  convenience  that 
is  of  advantage  to  the  business  man  of  to-day.  The  history  of  the  business  enter- 
prise which  resulted  in  the  erection  of  the  Scott  &  Bowne  Building  can  be  told  in  a 
few  words.  Scott  &  Bov/ne  acquired  among  the  medical  profession  the  reputation 
of  making  the  best  emulsion  of  cod-liver  oil  in  the  world,  and  as  Scott's  Emulsion 


possesses  other  qual- 
a  ready  market.  The 
last  ten  years,  dur- 
enal.  Scott's 
gives  employ- 
The  Jef- 
and  Green- 
men  s  of 


ities  also  that  are  beneficial  to  health,  it  has  found 
active  growth  of  the  business  has  been  within  the 
ing  which  time  the  development  has  been  phenom- 
Emulsion  is  sold  throughout  four  continents,  and 
ment  to  a  small  army  of  men. 
ferson  Market  Court  House,   on  Sixth 
wich  Avenues,   is  one  of  the  unique  speci- 
architecture,  and  especially  attracts  the  atten- 
tion of  those  who  ride  on  the  Sixth-Avenue 
Elevated  Railroad.    The  edifice  is  in  the 
Italian  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  and  is 
much  admired  for  its  unusual  pic- 
turesquencss.      Withers    was  the 
architect.    One  of  the  district  courts 
for  petty  actions  is  held  here  ;  and 
also  one  of  the  police  courts. 


COLUMBIA  BUILDING,  BROADWAY,  MORRIS  STREET  AND  TRINITY  PLACE. 


K'lXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  829 


SCOTT  &  BOWNE  BUILDING. 

ROSE,  PEARL  AND  NEW  CHAMBERS  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Morse  Building,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Nassau  and  Beekman  Streets, 

is  a  striking  illustration  of  the  architectural  beauty  of  brick  and  terra  cotta.  It  is  a 
solid,  handsome  structure,  nine  stories  in  height,  with  a  frontage  of  85  feet  on  Nas- 
sau Street  and  69  feet  on  Beekman  Street.  The  entrance  is  on  Nassau  Street, 
through  a  noble  semi-circular  arch,  supported  by  massive  pillars.  The  windows  are 
deep-set,  in  brick  and  terra  cotta  ornamental  work,  and  the  front  of  the  building  is 
divided  into  three  facades  by  ornamental  pilasters.  There  are  semi-circular  or  flat- 
tened curved  arches  over  all  the  openings.  The  heavy  cornice  is  of  terra  cotta,  and 
the  roof  is  covered  with  tiling  of  the  same  material.  The  floors  are  constructed  of 
iron  beams,  supported  at  both  ends  on  brick-work,  and  filled  in  with  fire-proof 
arches.  The  partitions  are  also  fire-proof.  An  iron  stairway,  with  marble  and  slate 
treads,  occupies  the  center  of  the  building.  Immense  water  tanks,  of  a  total  capacity 
of  4, 500  gallons,  supplied  by  Worthington  steam-pumps,  are  at  all  times  connected 
with  fire-hydrants  on  each  floor.  Two  Otis  hydraulic  elevators  convey  visitors  to 
the  upper  floors,  and  there  is  a  separate  hoisting  apparatus  for  safes  and  furniture. 

Steam  heat  is  sup- 
plied, but  there  are 
also  open  fire-places 
in  nearly  all  the 
rooms.  The  boiler 
and  smoke  -  stack 
are  outside  of  the 
building,  and  ex- 
cessive heat  in  sum- 
mer is  avoided. 
The  structure  is 
finished  in  oak, 
wrought  in  taste- 
ful designs.  The 
hall  floors  are  of 
Spanish  tiling  ; 
those  of  the  offices, 
of  yellow  pine. 
The  hardware  is 
bronze.  The  win- 
dows   are  glazed. 

with  plate  glass.  The  offices  are  occupied  for  the  most  part  by  lawyers  and  the 
agents  of  manufacturing  corporations.  The  Morse  Building  was  erected,  in  1879, 
by  Sidney  E.  and  G.  Livingstone  Morse,  and  they  and  their  architects,  Silliman  & 
Farnsworth,  were  influenced  in  their  choice  of  material  by  the  fact  that  in  the  great 
Boston  and  Chicago  fires  brick  proved  to  be  the  best  resistant  of  heat.  The  build- 
ing is  now  the  property  of  Nathaniel  Niles,  who  purchased  it  as  an  investment  in 
1892.  It  is  considered  absolutely  fire-proof.  Seldom  are  any  of  its  offices  vacant. 
The  location  is  exceptionally  good,  being  near  the  Post  Office  and  City-Hall  Park, 
the  Third*Avenue  Elevated  Railroad  Station,  and  the  Brooklyn  Bridge.  Its  sur- 
rounding buildings  on  the  other  three  corners  are  the  Vanderbilt  Building,  Temple 
Court  and  the  Potter  Building. 

Temple  Court,  owned  by  Eugene  Kelly,  is  a  fine  office  structure,  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  Beekman  and  Nassau  Streets.  On  its  site  stood  the  first  Clinton 
Hall.     Here,  too,  was  started  the  National  Park  Bank. 


ST.  PETER'S  LUTHERAN 


EAST  46TH  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


MORSE  BUILDING. 

NASSAU   STREET,    NORTHEAST  CORNER  OF  BEEKMAN  STREET. 


832 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


WEATHER  BUREAU  —  OBSERVATION  STATION,  EQUITABLE  BUILDING. 


Other  Nota- 
ble Office-Build- 
ings arc  illus- 
trated and  de- 
scribed in  the  in- 
surance, bank  and 
railroad  chapters, 
in  connection  with 
the  corporations 
which  occupy 
them.  There  are 
also  many  great 
and  splendid  of- 
fice-buildings like 
A  Id  rich  Court, 
Mortimer  Build- 
ing, J.  Monroe 
Taylor  Building, 
Morris  Building, 

Hays  Building,  Bennett  Building,  Columbia  Building,  Wilks  Building,  etc. 

Modern  Domestic  Architecture,  in  some  of  its  most  interesting  develop- 
ments, is  to  be  seen  in  upper  New- York,  in  the  newer  residential  quarters,  occupied 
by  well-to-do  city  merchants.  Especially  is  this  the  case  on  the  West  Side,  between 
Central  Park  and  the  Hudson  River,  a  region  of  considerable  natural  beauty,  and 
sufficiently  elevated  to  be  very  healthful.  Here  the  usual  monotony  of  long  city 
blocks  has  been  diversified  by  many  skilful  devices  of  the  metropolitan  architects, 
revealing  the  results  of  careful  technical  study  and  wide  travel  and  observation.  On 
these  long  streets,  running  from  the  park  to  the  river,  are  many  picturesquely 
diversified  facades,  with  suggestions 
of  the  Elizabethan,  the  Gothic, 
the  Romanesque,  or  a  noticeable 
Nuremberg  or  Italian  feeling,  or  a 
pleasing  touch  of  old  Flemish  or 
Dutch  sentiment.  An  interesting 
feature  of  dwelling  architecture 
has  reached  a  definite  and  gratify- 
ing result  in  the  unique  blocks  of 
"King  Model  Houses,"  designed 
and  constructed  by  the  famous 
builder,  David  II.  King,  Jr.  When 
the  West  Side  is  finished  it  will  be 
one  of  the  most  diversified  and 
agreeable  residence  quarters  in  the 
world.  The  newer  streets  also 
show  a  pleasing  variety  of  materi- 
als used  in  construction,  the  dull 
brownstone  or  plain  brick  of 
former  days  being  now  relieved 
by  Caen  stone,  creamy  Ohio  sand- 
stone,   the    many   varieties,  odd 


ARLINGTON  HAL 


ST.  MARK'S  PLACE. 


834 


KJNCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


shapes,  and  peculiar  colors  of  pressed  brick  and  terra  cotta,  and  by  fine  wrought- 
iron  work.  The  new  churches  in  upper  New  York  are  also  of  high  value  from  an 
artistic  and  aesthetic  standpoint,  and  give  a  needed  distinction  to  the  growing  wards. 

The  Ameri- 
can Institute  of 
Architects  was 
formed  at  New 
York,  in  1836, 
when  there  were 
but  about  a  dozen 
properly  trained 
architects  in  the 
United    States  central  market,  seventh  avenue  and  48th  street. 

These  met  in  session  in  New  York,  and  formed  the  American  Institution  of  Archi- 
tects, the  predecessor  of  the  present  American  Institute  of  Architects,  which  was  char- 
tered in  New  York  in  1857.  Ten  years  later  it  was  found  expedient  to  re-organize 
the  Institute  into  a  group  of  Chapters,  one  in  New  York,  and  others  at  Philadelphia, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Boston,  and  other  cities.  The  quarters  of  the  Institute,  and 
of  the  New-York  Chapter,  are  in  a  fire-proof  building.  The  presidents  of  the  In- 
stitute have  been  :  Richard  Upjohn,  architect  of  Trinity  Church,  from  1867  to  1876  ; 

Thomas  U.  Walter, 
architect  of  the  United- 
States  Capitol,  from 
1876  to  1887  ;  and  Rich- 
ard M.  Hunt.  The  sec- 
retaries have  been  :  R. 
M.  Hunt,  Henry  Van 
Brunt,  J.  W.  Ritch, 
Charles  D.  Gambrill,  F. 
C.  Withers,  Russell 
Sturgis,  P.  B.  Wight, 
Carl  Pfeiffer,  A.  J. 
Bloor,  C.  F.  McKim, 
H.  M.  Congdon,  and 
Geo.  C.  Mason,  Jr. 

New  York  has  always 
been  prominent  in  the 
architectural  history  of 
America,  from  its  fear- 
less enterprise,  vast 
wealth,  and  metropoli- 
tan position.  The  fore- 
most architectural 
school  of  America  is 
that  pertaining  to  Co- 
lumbia College,  whose 
Avery  Architectural 
Library,  together  with 
the  richly  endowed 
Architectural  Depart- 


ON  THOMPSON  STREET,  NEAR  BLEECKER. 


BENNETT  BUILDING. 

NASSAU,  FULTON  AND  ANN  STREETS. 


836 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ment  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  afford  admirable  opportunities  for  studies  in 
this  noble  and  beautiful  phase  of  art. 

The  grand  openings  made  by  Union  Square,  Madison  Square,  and  the  triangles 
or  squares  formed  by  the  swinging  of  Broadway  diagonally  across  the  island,  and 
then  intersecting  the  main  avenues,  afford  fine  opportunities  for  architectural  display 
which  are  fast  being  improved. 

Marc  Eidlitz  &  Son,  with  offices  at  487  and  489  Fifth  Avenue,  and  yards  and 
stables  at  308  and  310  East  59th  Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  favorably 
known  building  concerns,  having  been  established  in  1854.  Its  original  head  was 
Marc  Eidlitz,  a  man  of  such  energy  and  diligence  that,  while  still  young,  contracts 
involving  great  responsibility  were  entrusted  to  him,  and  the  efficiency  with  which 
these  were  fulfilled  soon  secured  for  him  an  extended  list  of  clients,  including  many 
well-known  families.  Having  thus  early  secured  this  clientele,  the  firm  has  never 
been  obliged  to  do  speculative  or  the  cheaper  grade  of  contract  work,  and  has 
always  taken  the  stand  that  thoroughness  of  construction  and  attention  to  detail  are 
not  consistent  with  cheapness.  After  carrying  on  the  business  alone  successfully  for 
thirty  years,  Marc  Eidlitz  admitted  his  son,  Otto  M.,  to  partnership,  in  1884;  and  in 
1888,  although  retaining  his  interest  in  the  firm,  he  practically  retired,  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the  Germania  Bank.    At  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1892,  he  was  also 

^ —  president  of  the  Building 
Trades  Club  ;  and  had  been 
from  its  founding  a  director 
of  the  National  Association 
of  Builders,  representing 
New-York  City  in  the  direc- 
torate. He  was  a  warm  friend 
of  the  working  classes,  and 
through  his  untiring  efforts 
much  has  been  accomplished 
toward  the  prevention  of 
strikes  and  the  establishment 
of  a  system  of  arbitration  be- 
tween the  mason-builders 
and  the  unions  of  their  em- 
ployees. This  system  has 
been  in  successful  operation 
since  1885.  The  business  is 
now  administered  by  Otto  M. 
Eidlitz,  a  civil  engineer  by 
profession  and  education,  who 
has  supervised  most  of  the 
heavy  structures  erected  by 
the  firm.  He  is  assisted  by 
his  brother,  Robert  James  Eidlitz,  an  architect,  from  the  Royal  Polytechnic,  Berlin. 

Besides  scores  of  other  buildings,  the  firm  points  with  pride  to  the  following  un- 
paralleled list  :  The  Broadway  Tabernacle,  Church  of  the  Incarnation,  Temple 
Emanu-El,  St.  Thomas'  Church  and  Parish  House,  at  Mamaroneck  ;  St.  Gabriel's 
Church  and  Rectory,  at  New  Rochelle  ;  St.  George's  Clergy  House,  Home  of  the 
Sisters  of  Bon  Secours,  the  principal  buildings  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  St. 
Vincent's  Hospital,  German  Hospital,  Woman's  Hospital,  St.  Francis  Hospital, 


_ 


MARC  EIDLITZ  &  SON,  487  AND 


838 


KING'S  HAND  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


German  Dispensary,  New- York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Isabella  Heimath,  Loom  is 
Laboratory,  Lancashire  and  Eagle  Fire-insurance  Companies'  buildings,  Gallatin 
National  Bank,  National  Shoe  &  Leather  Bank,  Seamen's  Savings  Bank,  Bank  for 
Savings,  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  Eden  Musee,  Steinway  Hall,  new  part  of  Astor 
Library,  Deutscher-Verein  and  Harmonie-Society  Club-houses,  Astor  Building, 
Schermerhorn  Building,  Roosevelt  Building,  Black  Building,  Western  Electric 
Building,  Manhattan  Storage  and  Warehouse  Company's,  Building,  and  the  stores  of 
Arnold,  Constable  &  Co.,  Lord  &  Taylor,  Le  Boutillier  Bros.,  Mitchell  Vance  Co., 
Park  &  Tilford,  Scott  &  Bowne,  and  others.  Also  the  residences  of  Ogden  Goelet, 
Isaac  Stern,  Robert  L.  Stuart,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  Peter  Doelger,  and  Charles 
Moran ;  James  M.  Constable,  at  Mamaroneck  ;  and  Adrian  Iselin,  Jr.,  at  New 
Rochelle. 

Jer.  T.  Smith,  recently  at  u  Pine  Street,  but  now  in  his  own  newly  erected 
building  on  23d  Street,  at  the  beginning  of  Madison  Avenue,  and  just  opposite  his 
recent  great  masterpiece,  the  Metropolitan  Life  Building, — has  for  many  years 
been  known  as  one  of  the  leading  builders  and  contractors  of  the  Empire  City. 
In  mastering  all  the  problems  of  this  difficult  art  he  has  shown  wonderful  aptitude 
and  skill,  and  his  structures  stand  as  permanent  witnesses  of  high  attainment.  He 
was  prominently  engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  United-States  Post-Office,  at 
New  York  ;  and  of  the  hardly  less  enormous  structure  owned  and  occupied  by  the 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society.  He  constructed  the  National  Park  Bank  build- 
ing, on  Broadway, 
near  Fulton  Street ; 
the  Drexel  Building 
and  the  Leather  Man- 
ufacturers' Bank,  at 
the  corner  of  Wall 
and  Broad  Streets ; 
the  Market  and  Ful- 
ton Bank,  at  Fulton 
and  Gold  Streets  ;  the 
II.  B.  Claflin  store- 
houses, and  many 
other  mercantile 
structures.  Many 
other  notable  works 
in  this  line  have  been 
carried  through  suc- 
cessfully by  this  well- 
known  builder,  whose 
latest  conspicuous 
construction  was  the 
building  of  the  Met- 
ropolitan Life-Insur- 
ance Company,  on 
Madison  Square. 

Jer.  T.  Smith  is 
also  known  as  the 
owner  and  developer 
of  the  Menlo  Park 


JER.   T.  SMITH,  AND  MENLO  PARK  CERAMIC  WORKS,   23d  STREET,  OPPOSITE 
MADISON  AVENUE. 


JEFFERSON-MARKET  POLICE  COURT. 

SIXTH  AVENUE,  WEST  SIDE,   FROM  GREENWICH  AVENUE  TO  10th  STREET. 


840 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Ceramic  Works,  founded  in  1888,  with  their  manufactory  at  Menlo  Park,  New- 
Jersey,  and  their  offices  and  ware-rooms  at  16  East  23d  Street,  New  York.  These 
works  produce  a  new  kind  of  tiling  and  wainscoting,  and  similar  goods,  of  peculiar 
beauty,  and  endowed  with  special  merits  in  various  ways.  No  less  than  90,000 
square  feet  of  this  material  were  used  in  the  Metropolitan  Life  Building.  The 
beautiful  vestibule  and  loggia  of  William  Rockefeller's  residence  at  Tarrytown  were 
finished  with  modelled  faience  resembling  carved  onyx  ;  and  the  same  rich  material 
adorns  the  vestibule  of  George  M.  Olcott's  house,  on  Brooklyn  Heights.  The  works 
are  now  also  producing  modelled  faience  mantels,  in  various  colorings,  and  of  much 
beauty.  This  valuable  new  ceramic  ware  has  been  received  with  great  favor  by  many 
architects  and  builders,  and  at  times  the  capacity  of  the  works  is  tasked  to  the 
utmost.  For  many  purposes  connected  with  the  constructive  arts  the  products  of  the 
Menlo  Park  Works  are  of  unrivalled  merit,  and  command  a  steadily  increasing  sale. 


FOURTH  AVENUE  AND  MURRAY  HILL  HOTEL,  FROM  GRAND  CENTRAL  STATION. 


The  successive  eras  of  New- York  architecture  have  left  but  little  individual 
impress  upon  the  city.  The  Dutch  and  colonial  edifices,  memorials  of  vanished 
civilizations,  have  vanished  before  the  spirit  of  change,  and  left  almost  no  trace 
behind.  The  brownstone  and  iron-front  period  is  still  much  in  evidence,  by  its  sur- 
viving structures,  but  these,  too,  are  passing  away,  and  with  them  the  reason  for 
John  Ruskin's  reproaches  for  Manhattan  architecture.  New  York  rebuilds  itself 
every  decade,  and  the  city  of  the  twentieth  century  will  be  one  of  the  world's  won- 
ders. It  may  not  be  classical  in  its  outward  look,  and  it  surely  will  lack  the  uni- 
formity of  the  Parisian  boulevards,  but  for  comfort,  health  and  security,  and  for 
perfect  business  efficiency  and  domestic  comfort,  the  buildings  of  the  Empire  City 
will  have  no  rivals  in  all  the  world. 


MORTIMER  BUILDING. 

WALL  STREET,  SOUTH  SIDE,  CORNER  OF  NEW  STREET. 


interesting  find  Prominent  Retail  Concerns,  Nearly  an  Being 
Unquestioned  Leading  Houses  in  Their  Respective  Lines. 


ALL  AMERICA  goes  to  New  York  for  its  shopping,  when  it  can.  Mere  you 
can  find  the  perfection  of  everything,  from  the  brightest  of  cambric  needles 
and  the  most  delicious  of  crumpets,  up  to  the  bridal  trousseau  for  a  daughter  of  the 
Winthrops  or  the  Washingtons,  or  a  line  of  ocean-steamships  with  their  entire  outfit. 
Humanity  enjoys  seeing  the  products  of  mankind,  and  the  shops  of  New  York,  the 
resplendent  lines  of  retail  stores  sweeping  around  Union  and  Madison  Squares  and 
along  the  intervening  and  branching  streets,  these  are  always  fascinating,  alluring, 
irresistible.  What  cannot  be  found  here,  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  shopping  district 
anywhere.  The  brightness  of  Broadway,  the  vivacity  of  lower  Fifth  Avenue,  the 
sparkle  of  23d  Street,  are  made  up  of  the  splendid  temptations  of  the  shop  windows, 
and  the  groups  of  charming  people  who  linger  about  them  spell-bound.  Ill  fares 
the  rural  or  provincial  purse  whose  owner  ventures  before  these  attractive  windows, 
extending  for  miles  on  miles,  ever  diversified  and  varied  ;  a  perfect  kaleidoscope  of 
silks  and  velvets,  laces  and  jewels,  rich  books  and  music,  paintings  and  statuary, 
rifles  and  racquets,  confections  and  amber-like  bottles,  cloisonne'e  and  cut-glass,  every- 
thing imaginable  for  use  or  luxury,  massed  in  perfect  affluence,  and  displaved  in  the 
most  attractive  way  possible.  What  are  the  Parisian  boulevards,  or  even  Regent 
Street,  to  this  magnificent  panorama  of  mercantile  display,  reaching  from  the  Wash- 
ington Arch  to  Bryant  Park?  In  harmony  with  the  growth  of  the  city  from  the 
simple  Dutch  village,  the  tastes  and  requirements  of  a  cosmopolitan  population  of 
about  3,000,000  people  who  reside  within  or  around  the  present  city,  have  developed 
SO  that  they  demand  and  seem  to  be  able  and  willing  to  pay  for  the  best  of  every- 
thing that  can  be  produced  in  this  or  any  other  country. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  great  and  famous  places  of  business,  as  a 
rule,  are  the  best  places  to  do  shopping:  their  immense  establishments  offering  the 
greatest  varieties,  the  best  of  service,  the  most  reliable  goods,  and  withal  a  responsi- 
bility that  is  a  consideration  to  the  stranger  buying  in  a  strange  city. 

The  houses  mentioned  in  this  book  have  been  selected  with  especial  care ;  the 
aim  of  the  publisher  being  to  insert  notices  only  of  establishments  which  are  known 
to  be  absolutely  of  the  highest  rank  in  their  respective  lines. 

Arnold,  Constable  &  Company's  dry-goods  establishment  is  one  of  the  old- 
est and  best-known  in  the  United  States.  It  is  one  of  the  business  houses  which 
bring  credit  to  the  mercantile  world  of  this  country.  Its  record  for  conservative 
enterprise,  extreme  integrity,  and  unquestioned  reliability  stands  untarnished. 

The  firm  occupies  a  huge  and  magnificent  storehouse,  covering  very  nearly  an 
acre  of  ground,  fronting  on  Broadway  and  Fifth  Avenue  ;  it  also  covers  the  whole 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


of  19th  Street,  between  these  two  great  arteries  of  the  city  ;  then  by  an  extension 
through  to  1 8th  Street,  it  commands  an  entrance  to  that  street,  and  secures  for  the 
firm  one  of  the  best-lighted  and  best-ventilated  buildings  in  the  city,  which  occupies 
more  than  half  of  the  big  city  block.  The  building  is  seven  stories  in  height,  is  of 
iron,  marble  and  brick,  and  the  newer  portions  are  fire-proof.  It  *is  one  of  the 
prominent  features  of  business  architecture  in  the  up-town  section. 

The  house  of  Arnold,  Constable  &  Co.  was  founded  by  A.  Arnold,  in  1827, 
nearly  three  generations  ago.  He  began  business  just  west  of  the  corner  of  Canal  and 
Mercer  Streets,  and  in  course  of  time  removed  to  larger  quarters  on  Canal  Street, 
three  doors  east  of  Mercer  Street,  gradually  purchasing  all  of  the  lots  bounded  by 
Canal,  Mercer  and  Howard  Streets,  with  a  frontage  of  75  feet  on  Canal  Street,  and 
100  feet  on  Howard  Street.  He  built  for  the  firm  in  1857  a  store  then  celebrated 
for  the  attention  paid  to  its  light,  and  to  all  the  wants  of  a  growing  business.  Here 
the  panic  of  1857  passed  over  them,  leaving  them  still  anxious  to  enlarge  their 
trade.  Ten  years  later,  the  growth  of  the  city  northward  warned  Mr.  Arnold  that 
the  retail  trade  would  soon  leave  Canal  Street.  After  first  purchasing  on  Union 
Square,  he  determined  to  locate  on  Broadway  and  19th  Street;  and  purchased  of 
Mr.  Hoyt  the  ground  on  which  part  of  their  retail  store  now  stands,  and  which  was 
then  covered  with  two-story-and-a-half  brick  buildings.  Moving  their  retail  busi- 
ness into  their  new  quarters  in  1869,  the  transfer  had  hardly  been  accomplished 
when  it  was  discovered  that  more  room  was  a  necessity.  Two  stories  were  added 
to  the  original  building,  and  an  extension  fifty  feet  wide  was  erected  on  19th  Street. 
Then  came  a  demand  for  more  room  for  the  wholesale  department,  which  was  still 
located  on  Canal  Street,  and,  notwithstanding  most  of  the  great  hotels  were  below 
Bond  Street,  it  was  determined  to  re-unite  the  business  under  one  roof,  and  to  pur- 
chase the*property  on  Fifth  Avenue  surrounded  by  the  dwellings  of  the  Belmonts, 
Parishes,  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  and  dozens  of  New  York's  wealthiest  families. 
This  was  accomplished  in  1877,  just  half  a  century  after  the  business  had  been 
started  in  Canal  Street.  A.  Arnold  died  before  the  building  was  completed  ;  and 
James  M.  Constable,  who  had  been  taken  into  partnership  in  1 842,  became  the 
senior  member,  and  still  continues  at  the  head  of  the  firm,  which  now  consists  of 
James  M.  Constable,  Frederick  A.  Constable,  and  Hicks  Arnold,  a  nephew  of  the 
founder  of  the  house.  It  is  one  of  the  few  dry-goods  stores  which  have  not  been 
converted  into  a  "Bazaar."  The  business  is  divided  into  three  principal  divisions  : 
dry-goods,  carpets,  and  upholstery.  The  first  floor  of  the  big  retail  store  is  devoted 
to  the  display  of  silks,  dress  goods,  laces,  hosiery,  linens,  flannels,  etc.  The  second 
floor  is  alloted  to  ladies'  and  children's  garments,  furs,  dresses,  shawls,  and  mourn- 
ing goods.  Upholstery,  carpets,  and  Oriental  rugs  occupy  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth 
floors.  The  display  on  all  these  floors  is  a  veritable  art  exhibit,  made  possible  by 
the  extensive  foreign  connections  of  the  firm,  and  the  large  staff  of  buyers  in  the 
employ  of  the  house,  who  are  constantly  seeking  in  every  corner  of  the  globe  for 
novelties.  The  sixth  and  seventh  floors  are  used  for  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
i8th-Street  extension  is  a  portion  of  the  retail  store,  and  the  two  lower  stories  open 
into  the  main  building  through  broad  arches.  The  upper  stories  of  the  i8th-Street 
building  are  assigned  to  the  manufacturing  departments.  The  wholesale  section  of 
the  business  is  located  in  the  Fifth-Avenue  part  of  the  building,  with  the  general 
offices  on  the  second  floor ;  and  a  large  stock  of  goods  is  stored  in  the  firm's  ware- 
house at  Ninth  Avenue  and  16th  Street.  Arnold,  Constable  &  Co.  are  known  all 
over  the  country.  Their  travelling  salesmen  visit  every  section.  Their  Paris  house 
is  at  21  Rued'  Hauteville  ;  their  Lyons  house,  at  8  Quai  St.  Clair. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


846  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Gorham  Manufacturing  Company,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Broadway 
and  19th  Street,  makes  of  its  silverware  and  ecclesiastical  metal  work  a  perpetual  ex- 
hibition of  American  art.  There  is  not  a  lover  of  colors,  gems,  or  graceful  forms  that 
it  may  not  vividly  impress.  The  four  corners  of  Broadway  and  19th  Street  are  all 
specially  notable  :  on  one  corner  is  the  ancient  dwelling-house  of  the  Goelet  family, 
which  is,  with  its  surrounding  grounds,  a  curious  spectacle  of  Broadway  ;  on  another, 
the  palatial  carpet  warehouse  of  W.  &  J.  Sloane  ;  on  another,  the  great  dry-goods 
house  of  Arnold,  Constable  &  Co. ;  and  on  the  other,  the  grand  establishment  of  the 
Gorham  Company,  the  finest  in  its  line  in  the  world. 

The  Gorham  factory  is  at  Elmwood,  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  model  buildings, 
covering  five  and  a  half  acres,  comprising  offices,  a  library  and  a  museum,  besides  an 
infinity  of  rooms  that  the  silver  enters  in  the  form  of  blocks  called  bricks  and  quits 
in  the  form  of  exquisite  objects  of  art  encased  in  artistic  boxes.  There  are  made  the 
designs,  which  are  original  as  well  for  the  slight  edge  ornament  of  a  card  case  as  for 
Cluny,  Medici,  Fontainebleau  and  Nuremberg  spoons  that  demand  a  patent.  There 
are  made  beside  masterpieces  of  silversmiths,  memorial  brasses,  mural  tablets,  altar 
railings,  busts,  statuettes,  reliefs,  plaques,  in  bronze ;  and  ornaments  of  chapels 
and  cathedrals. 

In  Xew  York,  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  all  these  marvels  of  handi- 
craft that  the  government  of  France  rewarded  with  its  highest  award  at  the  Exposi- 
tion Universelle  of  18S9  have  been  famous.  In  Xew  York  the  mark  of  the  Gorham 
Manufacturing  Company  has  the  authority  which  the  ancient  official  poinc,on  has  in 
France.  It  is  the  mark  of  objects  of  art  indisputably  perfect.  Their  form  is 
gracefulness  itself ;  their  decoration  has  impeccable  tact  and  taste.  They  are  works 
of  artists,  made  for  the  view  and  touch  of  artists.  In  the  warerooms,  from  the 
glass-covered  cases  where  they  are  displayed,  come  a  gaiety,  a  harmony  of  forms 
and  colors  that  enchant.  On  the  first  floor,  at  the  right  as  one  enters,  is  the  silver- 
plated  ware  which  is  exclusively  tableware.  At  the  rear  are  the  large  pieces  — the 
magnificent  punch  bowls,  carved  in  representation  of  vine  leaves,  grapes,  Bacchanals, 
or  nymphs  and  satyrs,  or  sculptured  with  arabesques  in  relief,  or  colored,  as  en- 
gravings and  etchings  are  colored,  with  hatches,  in  admirable  pictures  of  sea  and 
shells  ;  silver  and  silver-gilt  mounted  crystals  and  cut-glass;  loving-cups;  presenta- 
tion and  memorial  works.  At  the  left  are  the  goblets,  the  tea  sets,  the  coffee  sets, 
the  toilet  sets,  the  silver-mounted  glassware,  porcelain  and  faience.  The  shelves  are 
of  mahogany,  glass  and  mirrors,  the  boxes  are  of  leather,  silk,  velvet  and  plush. 
In  the  cases  which,  placed  at  right  angles  with  the  shelves  on  the  walls,  form  com- 
partments, and  in  the  cases  in  the  middle  of  the  room,  are  clocks,  watches,  jewelry, 
table  sets,  silver  fashioned  for  every  conceivable  use,  designed  for  great  celebrations 
and  festivals,  desk  ornaments,  favors  for  the  German,  trifles  that  have  required 
marvels  of  ingenuity,  skill  and  artistic  feeling.  Here  are  princely  gifts  accessible 
to  every  purse.  Here  are  the  goblets,  beakers,  basins,  amphoras,  flowered  cande- 
labra of  the  classic  Florentine  workshops,  and  in  greater  quantity  and  variety. 

On  the  second  floor  are  the  samples,  models  and  goods  of  the  wholesale  depart- 
ment. Then  there  are,  at  work,  the  engravers  of  initials  and  other  marks  required 
by  buyers.  There  is  a  department  specially  devoted  to  the  business  done  with 
hotels.  There  are  floors  with  stained-glass  windows,  and  rooms  bathed  in  a  light 
like  a  chapel  for  lecturns,  with  tablets,  crosses  and  chalices.  One  large  cross  of 
bronze  is  studded  with  passion-flowers  in  relief.  The  figures  of  the  lecturns  are 
angels,  eagles,  annunciation-lilies.  There  are  all  the  ecclesiastical  art-works.  In 
buying  them,  or  any  object  with  the  Gorham  stamp,  one  buys  works  truly  precious. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


847 


THE  GORHAM  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY. 

BROADWAY,   NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  19th  STREET. 


848 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Lord  &  Taylor,  wholesale  and 
retail  dry-goods  merchants,  are  one  of 
the  oldest,  largest,  and  most  substan- 
tial of  New- York  business  houses. 
They  have  two  very  large  stores  :  one 
at  Broadway  and  20th  Street,  which 
serves  the  wants  of  the  wealthy  and 
middle  classes,  and  one  at  Grand  and 
Chrystie  Streets,  which  is  a  favorite 
shopping-place  for  the  enormous  popu- 
lation of  the  East  Side.  The  house  is 
one  of  the  oldest  in  the  dry-goods  trade. 
It  was  established  about  1830  by  Sam- 
uel Lord,  a  native  of  Saddleworth, 
England,  and  George  W.  Taylor,  of 
New  York.  The  original  establish- 
ment was  down-town,  in  Catharine 
Street  ;  and  for  many  years  previous  to 
1 87 1  the  principal  store  was  at  the 
corner  of  Broadway  and  Grand  Street. 
In  the  course  of  time  Mr.  Taylor  re- 
tired, and  James  S.  Taylor  was  ad- 
mitted to  partnership  with  Mr.  Lord. 
They  were  succeeded  by  John  T.  Lord,  a  son  of  the  original  senior  partner,  and  John 
S.  Lyle,  and  these  in  turn  by  G.  W.  T.  Lord,  Samuel  Lord,  Jr.,  and  Edward  P. 
Hatch.  The  firm-name  has  always  been  the  same,  not  having  been  changed  in  up- 
wards of  sixty  years,  a  record  not  frequent  in  this  country.    During  that  long  period 


LORD  4  TAYLOR,  ORIGINAL  STORE,  CATHARINE  STREET. 


the  development  of  the  busi 
tablishment  of  the  early 
one  of  the  great  mer- 


L 


ness  has  been  marvellous,  until  the  small  es- 
thirties  has  expanded,  by  natural  growth,  into 
cantile  enterprises  of  the  metropolis.  The 
principal  store  is  at  Broadway  and  20th 
Street.    It  is  of  iron,  five  stories  in 
height,  and  measures  100  feet  on 
Broadway  and  175  feet  on  20th 
Street.    It  is   equipped  with 
Otis    elevators,  Worthington 
pumps,  and  other 
modern  conveni- 
ences.    A  feature 
of   the  construc- 
tion, and  a  good 
one  from  an  archi- 
tectural   point  of 
view   is    a  fine 
large  entrance- 
arch  in  the  centre 
of  the  Broadway 
facade,  which  ex- 
tends through  two 
stories.    The  lower 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


S4Q 


story  is  particularly  light  and  bright,  the  windows  on  either  front  being  large,  and 
the  ceiling  high.  Silk  and  dress  goods  occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  space  on  this 
floor,  and  the  departments  of  hosiery,  linens,  small  wares  and  men's  furnishing  goods 
are  also  located  there.  In  the  second  story,  which  is  reached  by  an  elevator,  as  well 
as  by  broad  stairways,  there  are  furs,  costumes,  underwear  and  cloaks,  as  well  as  an 
extensive  millinery  department,  which  the  house  makes  a  prominent  feature.  The 
third  story  is  devoted  to  carpets,  rugs,  upholsteries  and  Oriental  goods.  The  whole- 
sale department  occupies  the  fourth  and  a  portion  of  the  fifth  stories.  The  space 
occupied  by  this  department  gives  no  indication  of  the  volume  of  business,  as  it  is  given 
up  to  samples  rather  than  to  stock.  The  rest  of  the  fifth  story  is  given  to  the  manu- 
facturing department,  in  which  the  famous  Lord  &  Taylor  costumes  are  made.  The 
house  removed  to  the  present  store,  which  was  built  for  it,  in  1871.  The  up-town 
establishment  is  purely  a  dry-goods  store.  The  Grand-Street  house,  which  is  the 
larger  of  the  two,  is  not  only  a  dry-goods  store,  but  also,  in  a  sense,  a  bazaar.  The 
firm-name  of  Lord  &  Taylor  has  been  held  in  high  esteem  from  the  outset,  and  the 
annual  sales  of  the  two  stores  reach  figures  away  up  into  the  millions  of  dollars. 


Visitors  to  New  York  City  always  find  it 
through  the  Lord  &  Taylor  establishments, 
come  there,  whether  patrons  or  not ;  they  see 
of  the  world  in  these  lines  of  goods,  and  they 
attentive  and  agreeable  corps  of  employees. 


of  great  interest  to  go 
They  are   always  wel- 
the  newest  productions 
are  waited  upon  by  an 
This  house  is  one  which 
adds  greatly  to  the 
credit  of  the  mer- 
cantile firms  of  New- 
York  Citv. 


LORD  A   TV.YLOR,    BROADWAY,  SOUTHV 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Gilman  Collamore  &  Co.,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  30th 

Street,  have  a  veritable  art  exhibition  in  their  usual  display  of  fancy  glass-ware  and 
line  china.  The  Collamore  name  is  indelibly  identified  with  the  past  traditions  of 
this  trade,  and  in  houses  of  wealth  and  taste  it  seldom  happens  that  there  are  not 
wares  obtained  through  Collamore's.  The  firm  occupies  a  handsome  sandstone  and 
brick  building,  which  has  a  frontage  of  40  feet  on  Fifth  Avenue,  and  a  depth  of  125 
feet.  Their  grand  display-rooms  are  so  laid  out  and  arranged  as  to  promote  the 
artistic  effect  of  the  exceedingly  choice  stock  of  goods.  A  specialty  is  made  of  secur- 
ing the  richest  and  handsomest  novelties  in  glass  and  china  that  Europe  produces. 
Its  buyers  are  instructed  to  look  for  novelties,  rather  than  to  attend  to  the  purchase 
of  staple  goods.  The  house  imports  heavily  of  Sevres,  Royal  Dresden  and  Royal 
Berlin  wares,  and  of  the  products  of  the  best  English  and  German  factories.  A  large 
part  of  its  imported  goods  cannot  be  found  in  any  other  house  in  America.  The 
firm  looks  for  its  support  to  people  of  wealth,  of  good  taste  and  refinement,  and 
therefore  handles  nothing  but  expensive  goods.  Its  methods  are  progressive  and 
brilliant,  and  at  the  same  time  conservative.  It  will  search  all  Europe  for  a  novelty 
of  real  artistic  value,  and  then  will  allow  that  article  to  make  its  own  appeal  to  the 

purchaser  by  vir- 
tue of  its  place  in 
the  general  dis- 
play of  stock. 
The    house  has 
been  in  existence 
for   thirty  years, 
and    has  always 
maintained  itself 
at  the  head  and 
front  of  its  line 
of  trade  by  virtue 
of  the  artistic  ex- 
cellence    of  its 
goods.       It  has 
been  in  its  pres- 
ent  location  for 
about  two  years. 
Mr.  Collamore, 
the  founder,  died 
some  years  ago. 
The  firm  at  pres- 
ent consists  of 
John  J.  Gibbons 
and   Timothy  J. 
Martin.    The  for- 
mer pays  special 
attention  to  pur- 
chasing, and 
makes     trips  to 
Europe  frequently 
There  is  no 


ORTHWEST  CORNER  30th  STREET. 


GILMAN   COLLAMORE  A   CO.,  FIFTH  AVENUE, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


85- 


W.  &  J.  Sloane,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Broadway  and  19th  Street,  whole- 
sale and  retail  dealers  in  carpets,  Oriental  rugs,  lace  curtains  and  upholstery 
materials,  have  fifty  years  of  celebrity.  In  1843  tneir  house  was  on  Broadway,  oppo- 
site the  City  Hall  ;  and,  following  the  march  of  business  up-town,  it  is  at  present, 
as  it  was  then,  the  centre  of  the  retail  furnishing  district.  The  building,  of  stone, 
brick  and  iron,  in 
six  stories  above 
and  one  under  the 
sidewalk,  a  solid, 
graceful  edifice,  is 
scarcely  vast  enough 
for  the  display  of 
the  large  stock  dealt 
in  by  W.  &  J. 
Sloane.  They  con- 
trol the  product  of 
a  great  number  of 
domestic  and  for- 
eign carpet-mills, 
and  moreover  im- 
port the  best  work 
of  other  mills  of 
Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Scotland, 
England  and 
France.  Their 
goods  are  in  nearly 
all  the  carpet  and 
upholstery  stores  of 
the  country,  and. 
have  at  retail  sale 
a  proportionate  pat- 
ronage. Having 
special  advantages, 
\V.  &  J.  Sloane  are 
enabled  to  offer  the 

largest  assortment  of  goods,  from  the  cheapest  to  the  most  expensive  fabric,  that 
exists  anywhere.  In  addition  to  the  large  stock  of  domestic  goods,  their  representa- 
tives are  sent  several  times  every  year  to  the  principal  markets  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  they  procure  all  that  may  by  any  class  reasonably  be  desired  in  English  and 
French,  Axminster  and  Aubusson  carpets,  antique  and  modern  Oriental  rugs,  China 
and  Japan  mattings,  and  other  fabrics.  There,  also,  are  found  carpets  made  in  special 
designs  to  conform  to  the  prevailing  styles  of  interior  decoration,  and  full  stocks  of 
conventional  patterns.  There  are  upholstery  materials  for  furniture  and  wall-cover- 
ing, and  window  hangings,  in  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  fabrics.  There  can  be 
found  all  the  luxury  which  art  can  give,  and  a  vast  assortment  of  graceful  interior  deco- 
rations that  may  be  obtained  with  limited  expenditure.  As  their  retail  trade  extends 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  this  country,  many  avail  themselves  of  the 
privilege  of  sending  for  samples,  to  make  selections  from.  The  house  of  W.  &  J. 
Sloane  stands  indisputably  at  the  head  of  the  carpet  and  rug  industry  of  this  country. 


BROADWAY,  SOUTHEAST  CORNER 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

James  McCreery  &  Co.,  one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed  dry-goods  estab- 
lishments in  America,  occupy  a  very  large  structure  on  Broadway,  at  the  northwest 
corner  of  nth  Street.  The  locality  is  of  considerable  interest,  as  Grace  Church 
and  Grace  Parish  House  are  almost  opposite,  just  a  little  below,  at  the  bend  in 
Broadway.  The  building  is  five  stories  high,  built  of  iron,  and  is  one  of  the  notable 
business  structures  of  the  city.  It  measures  75  feet  on  Broadway,  and  225  feet  on 
nth  Street,  with  a  large  extension  in  the  rear,  reaching  toward  12th  Street. 

The  business  of  this  firm  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  dry-goods  trade.  It  was 
founded  half  a  century  ago,  in  Canal  Street,  by  Ubsdell  &  Pearson.    Then  the  firm 


IMES   MCCREERY  &  CO.,  BROADWAY,  NORTHWEST  CORNER  OF  11th  STREET. 


became  Ubsdell,  Pearson  &  Lake  ;  then  Lake  &  McCreery  ;  and  about  twenty-five 
years  ago,  James  McCreery  &  Co.  The  building  occupied  by  the  present  firm 
was  erected  by  its  predecessor,  and  was  sold  to  the  Methodist  Book  Concern  just 
as  James  McCreery  &  Co.  moved  into  it.  For  twenty  years  the  dry-goods  firm  was 
the  tenant  of  the  Book  Concern,  and  occupied  a  greater  part  of  the  building.  In 
[889  it  bought  back  the  property,  and  now  occupies  all  the  five  stories,  as  well  as 
the  basement.    The  establishment  is  a  dry-goods  store,  pure  and  simple,  as  distin- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


§53 


guished  from  the  modern  bazaar,  in  which  all  sorts  of  things  are  sold  ;  and  is  one  of 
the  very  few  large  dry-goods  houses  in  the  city  which  have  held  closely  to  their  own 
line  of  trade.  It  is  preeminently  the  place  at  which  ladies  find  materials  for  dresses, 
whether  they  desire  simple  house-gowns  or  full  wedding  trousseaux.  While  the 
house  carries  full  lines  of  all  staple  goods,  it  pays  special  attention  to  the  choicest 
fabrics  of  rare  designs.  It  has  a  resident  buyer  in  Europe,  whose  sole  business  is  to 
purchase  novelties  in  styles  and  fabrics,  especially  in  silks  and  woolens.  While  it 
carries  goods  of  all  reliable  grades,  at  the  lowest  practicable  prices,  the  great  volume 
of  its  trade  is  in  handsome,  elegant  goods,  both  staples  and  novelties.  The  lower 
story  of  the  building  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  proper  display  of  such  materials. 
There  is  bright  sunlight  in  the  windows  of  the  Broadway  and  nth-Street  fronts,  and 


SILK  DEPARTMENT  OF  JAMES  McCREERY  &  CO.,  BROADWAY  AND  11TH  STREET. 


direct  light  on  the  northerly  side  of  the  extension  toward  12th  Street.  Besides,  the 
ceiling  is  nearly  20  feet  high,  and  this  of  itself  gives  a  bright  and  airy  appearance  to 
the  store. 

The  retail  silk  department  is  one  of  the  prominent  features  of  this  establishment, 
and  its  arrangements  are  specially  good  for  the  most  advantageous  display  of  the 
stock.  The  other  departments  have,  however,  so  increased  of  late  years  as  to  make 
the  store  a  place  of  very  many  attractions,  either  to  the  cultivated  citizen  of  New 
York,  or  to  the  visitor  within  the  gates  of  the  metropolis. 

The  trade  of  James  McCreery  &  Co.  is  wholesale  as  well  as  retail.  In  the 
wholesale  branch  it  is  confined  solely  to  novelties  in  styles  and  fabrics,  and  extends 
to  every  city  in  the  United  States.  No  house  in  America  carries  a  finer  or  more  ex- 
tensive line  of  dress  materials  of  every  grade  and  price  that  can  be  considered  thor- 
oughly reliable.  A  peculiarity  of  the  management  of  the  house  is  that  its  employees 
are  assured  of  practically  permanent  positions,  dependent  only  on  good  behavior. 
There  are  clerks  and  salesmen  now  in  the  house  who  have  been  in  the  service  of  the 
firm  for  twenty  years  or  more,  some  having  begun  service  with  Ubsdell  &  Pearson, 
the  founders  of  the  house,  a  full  generation  ago. 

The  management  of  the.  house  is  still  directly  in  the  hands  of  the  firm,  composed 
of  James  McCreery,  J.  C.  McCreery,  and  Thomas  Rosevear,  all  of  whom  pay  close 
attention  to  the  multitude  of  details  relating  to  their  separate  departments. 


8S4  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Pottier,  Stymus  &  Company  occupy  an  extensive,  well-built  and  well- 
equipped  manufactory  at  375  and  377  Lexington  Avenue,  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  41st  Street.  The  firm  is  well  known,  and  stands  clearly  at  the  head  in  its 
line  of  business.  They  have  a  world-wide  reputation  for  the  superior  grades 
of  furniture  and  wood-work  which  they  manufacture,  as  well  as  for  their  artistic 
conceptions  in  interior  decorations  and  papier-mache  work.  The  articles  that  they 
manufacture  are  from  special  designs  of  their  own,  or  from  the  designs  of  architects. 
Their  factory  and  warcrooms  are  the  most  complete  of  their  kind  in  the  United 
States.  They  are  built  of  brick  and  iron,  and  are  entirely  fire-proof.  They  are 
five  stories  high,  well  lighted,  and  equipped  with  unsurpassed  facilities  for  their 
high  grade  of  work.  Many  of  the  richest  and  finest  private  residences  in  America 
have  been  furnished  by  this  house.  Among  these  are  the  homes  of  Henry  M. 
Flagler,  William  Rockefeller,  J.  A.  Bostwick,  John  D.  Archbold  and  Fred  T. 
Steinway,  of  New-York  City;  George  Westinghouse,  Jr.,  and  Robert  Pitcairn,  of 
Pittsburg  ;  William  Williams,  Myron  P.  Bush  and  William  G.  Fargo,  of  Buffalo ; 
and  Mark  Hopkins,  Leland  Stanford,  James  Flood,  Charles  Crocker  and  Henry  J. 
Crocker,  of  San  Francisco.  The  company  has  also  enjoyed  a  large  business  among 
the  first-class  hotels,  like  the  palatial  Savoy,  the  superb  Plaza,  and  the  world- 
famous  Fifth-Avenue.  In  Astor's  magnificent  new  Hotel  Waldorf  they  furnished 
the  celebrated  State  Apartments,  which  were  occupied  by  the  Duke  of  Veragua  in 
1893  ;  also  the  Renaissance,  Colonial,  Empire  and  other  suites,  which  are  regarded 
as  the  most  sumptuously  furnished  and  decorated  hotel  rooms  on  either  continent. 
Much  of  the  finest  work  in  the  gorgeous  Ponce  de  Leon  Hotel,  at  St.  Augustine, 
Florida,  came  from  this  wonderful  repository  and  manufactory.  Among  famous 
works  executed  by  this  house  in  Washington,  were  the  Cabinet  Room  of  the  White 
House;  the  Treasury  Department,  under  the  administration  of  Salmon  P.  Chase; 
and  the  Navy  Department,  under  the  administration  of  Gideon  Welles,  whose 
residence  was  also  exquisitely  furnished  by  the  same  house.  The  choice  art- 
products  of  Pottier,  Stymus  &  Co.,  in  furniture  and  decorations,  are  manufactured 
under  their  own  vigilant  direction,  from  the  best  and  most  durable  materials,  and 
by  the  most  skilful  artists  and  artisans.  The  results  are  masterpieces,  both  in 
substance  and  form,  in  most  graceful  designs,  and  with  rich  sculpturesque  adorn- 
ments. All  that  refined  art  can  do  toward  the  improvement  and  beautifying  of  the 
home  is  shown  in  these  warerooms.  There  are  no  stock  patterns,  duplicated 
by  myriads  in  hall  and  cottage  all  over  the  land,  but  individual  creations,  unhack- 
neyed, special,  unique,  and  worthy  to  endure  for  centuries  as  noble  heirlooms. 
The  foremost  point  in  interior  decoration  is  to  have  a  firm  like  Pottier,  Stymus  & 
Co.  attend  to  all  parts  of  the  work,  so  that  the  whole  may  be  harmonious. 

This  business  was  founded  in  the  year  1856,  by  Auguste  Pottier  and  William  P. 
Stymus,  and  for  more  than  a  third  of  a  century  it  advanced  slowly  and  surely,  along 
with  the  development  of  true  art-ideas  among  the  American  people.  In  the  year 
1888  the  Pottier  &  Stymus  Manufacturing  Co.  sold  out  its  stock,  plant  and  models 
to  a  new  cooperative  association  made  up  of  the  prominent  men  of  the  old  company. 
It  was  entitled  Pottier,  Stymus  &  Co.,  and  its  officers  were  Adrien  Pottier  (nephew 
of  Auguste),  President  ;  William  P.  Stymus,  Jr.,  Vice-President  ;  Frank  R.  Pentz, 
Treasurer  ;  and  William  P.  Stymus  (one  of  the  founders  of  the  original  house), 
Secretary.  Adrien  Pottier  died  in  1891.  William  P.  Stymus,  Jr.,  is  President; 
Frank  R.  Pentz,  Vice-President  and  Treasurer;  and  Wjlliam  P.  Stymus,  Secretary. 

As  the  American  people  become  wealthier  and  more  cultivated,  there  arises  a 
need  of  such  an  old,  experienced  and  successful  house  as  Pottier,  Stymus  &  Co. 


A'/.WS  HANDBOOK  Ol;  NEW  YORK. 


855 


POTTIER,  STYMUS  &  COMPANY. 

LEXINGTON  AVENUE,  NORTHEAST  CORNER  41ST  STREET. 


85  6 


KING'S  HAND  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Best  &  Co.'s  Liliputial)  Bazaar  is  one  of  the  unique  business  establishments  of 
New  York.  It  occupies  the  large  building  at  60  to  62  West  23d  Street,  and  extend- 
ing through  the  block,  and  numbered  49  to  51  West  22d  Street.  The  name  of  the 
establishment  is  significant,  as  the  business  is  that  of  fitting  children  with  clothes, 
shoes,  hats,  outer  garments,  and  even  with  the  means  of  amusing  themselves.  Best  & 
Co.  begin  with  the  infants,  and  their  customers  do  not  outgrow  the  facilities  of  the 
establishment  until  they  become  men  and  women.  Not  only  is  the  Liliputian  Bazaar 
the  only  establishment  of  its  kind  in  New  York,  but  it  is  the  largest  and  most  com- 
prehensive one  in  the  world.  Its  success  and  in  fact  its  existence  illustrate  the 
change  in  the  method  of  providing  children  with  clothing  that  has  been  going 
on  for  the  past  ten  years. 
As  much  attention  is 
paid  to-day  to  the  artis- 
tic appearance  of  a  child's 
outfit  as  there  is  to  that 
of  a  society  belle,  and  to 
Best  &  Co.  in  considera- 
ble measure  is  due  the 
credit  of  developing  this 
feeling.  The  firm  manu- 
factures a  large  propor- 
tion of  its  own  goods  an 
supervises  the  production 
of  its  own  designs.  The 
lower  floor  of  its  double 
store  is  devoted  to  the 
boys'  outfitting  depart- 
ment. The  second  is  set 
apart  for  the  girls'  de- 
partment. The  third 
story  is  given  up  to  a 
force  of  clerks,  salesmen 
and  packers,  who  attend 
to  the  mail  orders,  an 
important  branch  of  the 
business,  as  Best  &  Co. 
make  shopping  for  chil- 
dren an  easy  matter  for 
people  who  live  at  a  dis- 
tance. The  upper  stories 
are  devoted  to  designing 
and  manufacturing.  The 
growth  of  the  Liliputian 
Bazaar  has  been  rapid. 
Best  &  Co.  began  the  business  of  supplying  clothing  for  infants  in  a  small  way, 
twelve  years  ago.  Their  store  was  on  Sixth  Avenue,  between  19th  and  20th  Streets. 
In  1882  they  removed  to  60  West  23d  Street,  and  were  among  the  first  of  the  busi- 
ness men  who  invaded  what  was  then  a  residence  section  of  the  city.  Since  then,  the 
fourth  building  necessary  to  form  a  solid  square,  extending  from  street  to  street,  has 
been  annexed,  to  obtain  room  absolutely  needed  by  the  establishment. 


III 

m  m  *m  ^  *m  7m 


LILIPUTIAN  BAZAAR,  60  AND  62  WEST  230  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


357 


I  • 


-4i 


*i  *i  4s  +m 


858 


KING'S  HA. YD  BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Lewis  &  Conger,  at  130  and  132  West  42d  Street,  between  Broadway  and 

Sixth  Avenue,  are  said  to  be  the  oldest  firm  of  house-furnishers  in  the  United 
States.  The  business  was  established  away  back  in  1835,  by  Jonn  M.  and  Cornelius 
A.  Berrian,  whose  store  was  at  601  Broadway,  near  Houston  Street.  J.  &  C. 
Berrian  continued  the  trade  here  until  1861,  when  it  was  taken  by  Henry  H.  Casey, 
to  whom  the  present  firm  succeeded  in  1868.  Two  years  later,  following  the  course 
of  trade,  they  moved  to  the  Armory  Building,  at  the  junction  of  Broadway,  Sixth 
Avenue  and  35th  Street,  and  here  they  remained  until  1891,  when  the  New-York 
Herald  took  possession  of  the  site.  At  that  time  Lewis  &  Conger  bought  the  two 
houses  at  130  and  132  West  42d  Street,  which  were  extensively  remodelled,  to  suit 

the  needs  of  their 
business.  As  thus 
practically  rebuilt, 
the  new  home  of  the 
company  is  a  hand- 
some four-story  and 
basement  structure, 
one  of  the  best- 
arranged  for  its  pur- 
poses in  the  coun- 
try. The  immense 
show-windows  are 
of  heavy  plate-glass, 
the  framework  be- 
ing of  steel  and 
decorated  in  white 
and  gold.  The 
main  floor  covers 
an  area  of  nearly 
5,000  square  feet, 
with  finishings  of 
oak  and  black  wal- 
nut, a  row  of  sub- 
stantial columns 
down  the  middle, 
and  lines  of  hand- 
some chandeliers  on 

 '_  . -   :  '  "  ~^  ■  J    either   side.  The 

LEWIS  &  CONGER,   130  AND  132  WEST  42d  STREET.  floors     above  and 

the  spacious  basement  and  vault,  are  used  for  storing  the  goods.  The  stock  is 
attractively  exhibited  on  walnut  stands,  cabinets,  counters  and  shelves  on  the  main 
floor,  and  includes  numberless  articles  and  varieties  used  in  house-furnishing,  —  china 
of  all  grades ;  glass,  from  the  ordinary  pressed  ware  to  the  most  exquisite  American 
or  French  cut  goods  ;  tin-ware  enough  for  an  empire  ;  cutlery  in  a  thousand  forms  ; 
and  a  vast  number  of  other  articles  used  in  the  comfortable  homes  of  the  American 
people.  In  many  respects  it  is  the  foremost  house-furnishing  goods  establishment  ; 
the  stock  being  the  largest  and  of  the  greatest  variety.  Its  patrons  include  not 
merely  families  of  New- York  City,  but  are  scattered  throughout  the  villages  and 
towns  for  many  miles  around,  the  firm  of  Lewis  &  Conger  being  a  familiar  name  in 
thousands  of  households. 


A'/XO'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEIV  YORK. 


S59 


:t,  looking  eastward  from  the  bowery. 


86o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


F.  A.  O.  Schwarz,  in  Union  Square,  is  well-known  as  the  most  notable  dealer 

in  toys  in  New- York  City,  where  during  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  has  been 
diligently  building  up  a  great  business.  He  entered  this  interesting  department  of 
trade  in  the  year  1856,  with  his  elder  brother  Henry,  in  the  city  of  Baltimore.  In 
1870,  he  left  the  Monumental  City  and  came  to  New  York,  where  he  opened  a 
store  at  765  Broadway,  nearly  opposite  A.  T.  Stewart's  retail  store.    The  demands 

of  business  were  so  active  and  increas- 
ing that  ten  years  later  he  was  com- 
pelled to  seek  more  spacious  quarters, 
in  his  present  commodious  building. 
This  is  at  42  East  14th  Street,  opposite 
Union  Square,  between  Broadway  and 
University  Place,  and  extending  in  the 
rear  to  39,  41  and  43  East  13th  Street, 
and  on  the  side  to  77  University  Place. 
The  entrance  is  almost  opposite  the 
Lincoln  statue.  Henry  F.  Schwarz, 
the  son  of  the  founder  of  the  New- 
York  house,  after  devoting  several 
years  to  studying  and  mastering  the 
business,  became  a  partner  in  1891. 
The  stores  and  the  entire  buildings  of 
the  establishment  are  filled  in  autumn 
with  holiday  goods  in  almost  infinite 
variety,  and  show  a  much  larger  stock 
of  toys,  from  the  cheapest  to  the  special 
high  grades,  than  any  other  establish- 
ment. The  motto  of  the  company  is  : 
"To  offer  the  best  goods,  at  most  rea- 
sonable prices,  with  polite  attention.1' 

There  are  four  brothers  by  the  name 
of  Schwarz,  having  the  largest  toy 
stores  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadel- 
phia and  Baltimore,  and  by  combining 
their  orders  they  give  larger  orders  than 
any  other  toy  house  in  existence,  and 
obtain  lower  prices,  buying  also  only 
for  strict  cash.  Many  articles  in  the 
toy  line  are  made  in  the  United  States, 
under  their  special  direction  ;  but  the 
larger  number  are  made  in  Europe, 
where  manufacturers  are  continually  at 
work  preparing  articles  specially  de- 
signed by  Mr.  Schwarz.  During  the 
last  half-century  this  trade  has  de- 
veloped wonderfully  in  taste  for  finer  and  more  expensive  goods. 

Union  Square  at  the  vicinity  of  the  Schwarz  establishment  is  conspicuously 
prominent  and  interesting.  Just  here  the  Broadway  cable-cars  make  their  curve 
around  the  Lincoln  Statue,  and  with  the  various  crosstown  cars  passing  in  front,  the 
University-Place  cars  passing  the  side,  this  becomes  a  much-frequented  spot, 


SCHWARZ,  42  EAST  14rrt  STREET, 
UNION  SQUARE. 


KWG%S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


861 


862 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


J.  Milhau's  Son,  dispensing  chemist,  druggist  and  importer,  owns  and  occupies 
a  store  at  183  Broadway,  that  is  one  of  the  landmarks  of  New- York  City. 

A  brief  historical  sketch  of  the  founder  of  this  establishment,  now  in  its 
eightieth  year,  shows  that  the  late  John  Milhau,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  who 
had  been  duly  naturalized,  established  the  business  in  1813,  in  Baltimore,  the 

place  of  his  birth,  where  his  parents, 
of  ancient  and  noble  descent,  had  taken 
refuge  from  the  insurrection  in  Saint 
Domingo  during  the  great  French 
Revolution  of  1793.  He  had  received 
a  liberal  education,  spoke  several 
languages,  and  inherited  his  father's 
ardor  for  America.  Rather  than  serve 
a  foreign  government  in  any  way,  he 
declined  the  appointment  of  Consul- 
General  at  Baltimore,  tendered  by  the 
French  government  without  his  solici- 
tation, and  even  before  he  was  of 
age ;  the  French  monarchy  having 
been  restored  in  the  person  of  Louis 
the  Fighteenth.  After  devoting  twelve 
years  to  business  in  Baltimore,  and 
three  years  to  his  scientific  studies  in 
Paris,  he  established  himself  in  the 
present  location  in  New  York  in  1830. 
He  was  moved  thereto,  in  fact,  by  wit- 
nessing the  expulsion  of  Charles  the 
Tenth,  although  General  Lafayette,  to 
whom  he  was  connected  and  very 
warmly  attached,  urgently  pressed  him 
to  remain  in  France.  He  soon  became 
widely  prominent  as  a  wholesale  and 
retail  dispensing  chemist  and  importer. 
His  productions  stood  in  deserved  favor 
with  the  medical  profession.  Some  of 
his  notable  and  disinterested  public 
services,  during  his  forty  years  of  busi- 
ness life  in  this  city,  were  the  incorpo- 
ration of  the  New-York  College  of 
Pharmacy,  in  183 1  ;  the  pioneering  of 
the  beneficent  law  of  1848,  "to  pre- 
vent the  importation  into  the  United 
States  of  fraudulent,  adulterated,  in- 
ferior or  deteriorated  drugs."  (This 
law  he  carried  through  Congress,  with 
the  zealous  cooperation  of  the  colleges  of  pharmacy,  druggists,  chemists  and  medical 
men,  in  spite  of  threats  against  himself,  and  the  most  desperate  and  determined 
opposition;  initiating,  in  185 1,  the  formation  of  the  American  Pharmaceutical 
Association,  to  guard  the  proper  enforcement  of  that  law  ;  heading  the  suit,  in  1854, 
that  defeated  for  32  years  Jacob  Sharp's  grab  at  Broadway  for  his  railroad  ;  as  a 


s  11 21  nil 

- —  «  ss  mt 


MILHAITS  SON 


MT1N&S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


863 


director  of  one  of  the  largest  institutions,  offering  a  large  loan  at  legal  interest  to 
the  Government  in  the  sore  crisis  of  1861,  when  some  capitalists  asked  36  per  cent.; 
contracting  for  foreign  quinine  in  the  interest  of  the  Government,  so  as  to  protect  it 
from  being  cornered  in  this  indispensable  supply  for  the  war  then  commencing  ;  his 
active  part  in  the  establishment  of  dispensaries,  hospitals,  asylums,  the  American 
Institute  and  other  corporations  ;  and  his  inauguration  of  the  Bogardus  system  of  solid 
iron  fronts  on  Broadway,  erecting  the  one  to  his  store  in  the  short  space  of  three  days. 
The  parts  were  so  accurately  fitted  beforehand  as  to  require  only  the  insertion  of 
the  heavy  screw-bolts,  as  fast  as  they  were  lifted  into  position.  The  house  is  now 
conducted  under  the  firm-name  of  J.  Milhau's  Son,  by  Edward  L.  Milhau,  his  only 
surviving  son  and  former  partner,  who  has  successfully  maintained  the  high  character 
impressed  on  the  concern  by  its  founder.  The  compounding  of  prescriptions  con- 
tinues to  be  one  of  its  notable  specialties,  the  facilities  for  which  are  kept  fully 
abreast  of  the  times,  requiring  several  skilled  and  experienced  graduates  in  phar- 
macy. The  number  of  prescriptions  it  has  dispensed,  exclusive  of  renewals,  amounts 
to  several  hundred  thousand.  In  the  number  were  prescriptions  held  by  travellers 
and  others,  from  nearly  every  prominent  practitioner  that  has  lived  during  this  cen- 
tury.   This  house  has  an  important  mail-order  and  export  and  import  business. 

Edward  L.  Milhau,  the  present  proprietor,  has  over  forty  years'  experience  of  a 
high  order,  having  entered  this  concern  in  1850.  He  graduated  from  the  New- 
York  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1856  ;  has  held  important  positions  therein,  and  in  the 
Alumni  Association  ;  is  an  incorporator  for  renewal  of  the  original  50-year  charter 
of  the  College,  and  for  charter  of  the  Alumni ;  is  life-member  of  both  the  above, 
of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association,  and  of  the  Veteran  Association  of  the 
Seventh  Regiment  ;  late  member  of  John  A.  Dix  Post,  G.  A.  R.,  and  of  the  Board 
of  Pharmacy,  New- York  City;  and  Knight  of  the  Order  of  Bolivar,  a  decoration 
conferred  by  the  Republic  of  Yenezuela. 


BROADWAY,  SIXTH  AVENUE  AND  320  STREFT,  SHOWING  UNION   DIME  SAVINGS  INSTITUTION. 


864  A'/XG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Randel,  Baremore  &  Billings,  diamond  importers  and  cutters,  and  manu- 
facturers of  diamond  jewelry,  have  their  offices  and  factories  at  58  Nassau  Street 
and  29  Maiden  Lane,  New- York  City.  More  than  half  a  century  ago,  in  1840, 
Henry  Randel  and  James  Baremore  began  the  manufacture  of  jewelry  in  this  city. 
After  a  few  years  they  decided  to  make  a  specialty  of  diamonds.  This  was  a  pioneer 
enterprise,  as  there  were  no  diamond  specialists  in  this  country  at  that  time. 
They  were  so  successful,  that  in  1 85 1  they  established  their  present  offices  and  fac- 
tory, and  began  the  regular  importing  of  cut  diamonds.  In  the  same  year  Chester 
Billings  entered  the  office  as  clerk,  and  in  i860  was  made  a  partner  in  the  business. 
Mr.  Baremore  did  not  live  to  see  the  full  development  of  the  enterprise  which  he  had 
been  so  instrumental  in  establishing.     He  died  in  1867. 

The  business  and  fame  of  this  firm  as  manufacturers  of  diamond  jewelry  steadily 
increased.  In  the  beginning  of  the  "Eighties"  they  determined  to  do  their  own 
diamond-cutting.  They  at  once  adopted  the  method  which  Henry  Morse  of  Bos- 
ton had  introduced  in  1870.  Before  that  time  European  diamond-cutters  had  sacri- 
ficed effect  to  weight  in  their  work.  As  a  result  the  stone  was  finished  in  any  form 
by  which  the  most  substance  could  be  saved.  Mr.  Morse  made  effect  the  paramount 
object  in  cutting.     His  method  is  now  universally  adopted  in  America  and  Europe. 

The  firm's  manufactory  has  facilities  for  fifty  employees.  Here  may  be  seen 
those  most  interesting  processes  which,  beginning  with  the  diamond  in  the  rough, 

result  in  a  beautiful  trans- 
parent stone,  scintillating  like 
a  star  in  its  gold  setting. 
The  cutting  is  sometimes 
done  in  the  old-fashioned 
way  by  hand,  but  oftener  by 
machine,  which  gives  more 
accurate  results.  The  one 
aim  in  this  cutting  is  to 
draw  from  the  finished  stone 
its  most  brilliant  effects. 
This  is  generally  best  ac- 
complished by  making  the 
girdle  round  and  the  pro- 
portions above  and  below 
the  girdle  perfectly  sym- 
metrical. The  usual  pro- 
portions are  one-third  above 
and  two-thirds  below.  The 
broad  table  at  the  top  and 
the  tiny  culet  at  the  bottom 
lie  in  carefully  paralleled 
planes.  The  firm,  by  secur- 
ing only  the  most  skilled 
labor  for  its  factory,  produces 
results  in  the  cutting  and 
setting  of  diamonds  that  are  truly  wonderful.  Besides  diamonds,  it  imports  from  its 
London  and  Amsterdam  offices  rubies,  sapphires,  opals,  emeralds  and  pearls.  The 
designs  for  the  setting  of  these  precious  stones  are  most  tastefully  executed,  and  give 
to  Randel,  Baremore  &  Billings  a  leading  rank  as  manufacturers  of  jewelry. 


RANDEL,   BAREMORE  &  BILLINGS:    MAIDEN    LANE  AND   NASSAU  STREET. 


866 


KIXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Robert  Caterson,  the  eminent  designer  and  builder  of  mausoleums,  monuments 

and  general  monumental  work,  has  perpetuated  his  own  name  in  the  hundreds  of 
specimens  of  artistic  handicraft  which  he  has  erected,  not  only  in  Woodlawn  Ceme- 
tery, but  also  in  the  cemeteries  of  various  cities' in  sixteen  of  the  commonwealths  of 
the  Union,  even  as  far  west  as  California.  His  offices,  studios,  workshops  and 
steam-polishing  works  are  at  Woodlawn,  just  opposite  the  north  entrance  of  the 
cemetery.  He  has  been  engaged  in  this  industry  37  years,  24  of  which  Jiave  been  at 
Woodlawn,  wherein  are  upwards  of  500  of  his  monuments  and  mausoleums.  His 
clients  include  many  of  the  great  names  of  the  United  States.  He  designed  and 
built  at  Woodlawn  the  Collis  P.  Huntington  mausoleum,  which,  with  its  approaches, 
cost  about  $300,000  —  the  most  expensive  structure  of  its  character  on  the  continent. 
A  few  other  noted  mausoleums  erected  by  him  at  Woodlawn  are  those  for  J.  If. 
Randell,  Noe,  Edward  O.  Gould,  F.  H.  Cossitt,  Jacob  Hays,  Jr.,  Peter  F.  Meyer, 
Henry  Clews,  Frederick  B.  Taylor,  Peter  C.  Baker,  James  M.  McLean,  A.  De  Bary, 
Jacob  Schmitt,  Mandeville-Rice,  Whitely,  S.  P.  McClave,  Preston-Hays,  Watrous, 


ROBERT  CATERSON.  OPPOSITE   NORTH   ENTRANCE  TO  WOODLAWN   CEMETERY.  WOODLAWN 


Herman  Leroy  Jones,  Maurice  B.  Flynn,  D.  P.  Ingraham,  Swan-Callender,  Pearson, 
George  A.  Osgood,  Mix,  A.  Van  Deusen,  W.  A.  Dooley,  Cockcroft,  Wood,  Alfred 
M.  Hoyt,  Stephen  R.  Lesher,  and  others.  At  other  points  might  be  mentioned 
these  mausoleums  :  the  James  Wallace,  at  Calvary  Cemetery,  Long  Island  ;  the  Peck 
mausoleum,  at  Meriden,  Conn.;  the  Leland  Stanford,  Palo  Alto,  Cal. ;  the  Duclos, 
Hartford,  Conn. ;  Seth  B.  Howes,  Brewsters,  New  York  ;  the  Hamilton,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.;  the  Bradley,  Meriden,  Conn.;  and  C.  Meyer,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  At 
Harwinton,  Conn.,  is  the  Elizabeth  V.  Huntington  Memorial  Chapel.  All  of  these 
are  exceptionally  notable  mausoleums,  distinctively  artistic  in  their  conception,  and 
constructed  with  a  solidity  which  will  defy  the  ravages  of  centuries.  The  monu- 
mental work  executed  by  Mr.  Caterson  varies  from  the  simplest  to  the  grandest ; 
from  the  most  modest  to  the  most  costly.  His  experience  and  facilities  enable  him 
to  create  satisfactory  designs,  to  furnish  absolutely  durable  materials,  and  to  construct 
in  a  thoroughly  reliable  manner.  And  as  there  are  eminent  architects  and  builders 
of  temporary  palatial  homes  for  the  living,  so,  too,  has  Mr.  Caterson  become  justly 
famous  as  an  architect  and  builder  of  permanent  and  artistic  homes  for  the  dead. 


868 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


ither 


The  Scott  Stamp  &  Coin  Company,  Limited,  is  a  unique  concern.  Its 

main  quarters,  at  1 8  East  23d  Street,  just  opposite  Madison  Avenue,  and  its  branch 
rooms,  at  183  Broadway,  in  Milhau's  Building,  are  veritable  curiosity  shops.  Here 
are  to  be  seen  the  postage,  revenue  and  other  stamps  issued  by  all  nations  and 
at  air  times  since  stamps  were  introduced.  Here  are  the  headquarters  of  the 
stamp-collectors  of  the  world,  for  the  Scott  Stamp  &  Coin  Company  is  indisputably 

continent  devoted  to  the  stamp  business.  Here 
comes  correspondence  from  many  thou- 
sands of  amateur  collectors  making  their 
ordinary  collections,  and  here,  too,  the 
advanced  collectors  are  wont  to  seek  the 
rare  and  the  curious  in  this  peculiar  branch 
of  treasure  accumulations.  Here,  too,  is 
published  the  American  Journal  of  Phi- 
lately, the  chief  organ  of  the  stamp-col- 
lecting fraternity,  and  also  the  Catalogue 
for  Advanced  Collectors,  the  most  elaborate 
and  detailed  record  yet  made  of  each  and 
every  stamp  or  variety  of  stamp  ever 
issued.  Both  publications  are  edited  by 
Henry  Collin  and  Henry  L.  Caiman,  who 
are  respectively  the  president  and  secre- 
tary of  the  company.  All  accessories  of 
stamp  collectors  are  to  be  obtained  here, 
including  stamp  albums  of  various  sizes, 
grades  and  qualities,  the  chief  one  of 
which  is  the  "International  Stamp 
Album,"  in  its  eleventh  edition,  a  large 
quarto  volume,  with  spaces  for  about  15,- 
000  varieties  of  stamps.  Quite  naturally 
this  is  the  foremost  concern,  for  it  is 
also  the  oldest  in  this  country.  The 
present  company  succeeded  to  the  business 
established  in  1863  by  John  W.  Scott, 
who  was  the  first  person  in  this  country 
to  devote  himself  solely  to  the  stamp  busi- 
ness, the  first  to  issue  a  stamp  album 
(1868),  the  first  to  issue  a  stamp-collec- 
tors' periodical  (1868),  and  the  first  to 
make  an  elaborate  record  of  the  various 
issues  of  stamps  in  the  various  countries. 
He  sold  out  to  this  company  in  1885,  and 
then  retired  from  business.  Besides  the 
stamp  business,  with  its  journals,  catalogues,  flags,  coats-of-arms,  portraits,  and 
numerous  other  incidentals,  the  Scott  Stamp  &  Coin  Company  is  devoted  largely 
to  coins,  and  leads  all  other  coin  concerns  in  this  country.  The  headquarters  on 
23d  Street  are  the  rendezvous  of  thousands  of  stamp  and  coin  collectors,  amateur, 
advanced  and  professional,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  who,  while  visiting  or 
sojourning  in  New-York  City,  have  occasion  to  seek  coins  and  stamps,  or  information 
relating  thereto. 


SCOTT  STAMP  &  COIN  CO..  LIMITED,  18  EAST 
23D  STREET. 


KINCS  HANDBOOK  Of  NEW  YORK. 


869 


BROADWAY  AND  29TH  STREET.   SHOWING  IMPERIAL  MUSIC  HALL  AND  DALY'S  THEATRE. 


LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  630  STREET,   SHOWING  RODOPH  SHOLOM  SYNAGOGUE. 


Some  Gigantic  Firms  and  Corporations,  Whose  Yearly  Trans- 
actions   Involve   Millions  <>f  Dollars  and  Kxtend 
t<>   all   corners   of  the  Earth. 


NEW  YORK  is  the  great  distributing  point  for  the  United  States,  and  to  an 
important  extent  for  the  American  continent.  The  fruits  of  its  own  immense 
manufactures,  and  the  mills  of  New  England,  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  the  plan- 
tations of  the  South,  the  grain-fields  of  the  West,  are  assembled  here,  as  in  a  great 
goods  clearing-house,  for  exchange  and  distribution.  New  York  also  has  the  West- 
ern headquarters  and  offices  of  hundreds  of  the  great  manufactories  of  Europe, 
through  which  the  finished  products  of  the  Old  World  are  introduced  to  the  favor- 
able consideration  and  use  of  the  New  World.  English  and  Scottish,  Erench  and 
German  commercial  corporations  are  represented  here  by  some  of  their  most  able 
men,  bent  on  securing  for  their  products  a  share  of  the  great  Yankee  custom. 
Every  transatlantic  steamship  brings  in  consignments  to  these  consuls  of  com- 
merce, whose  travelling  salesmen  seek  out  every  American  trade-centre.  The  quan- 
tity of  the  articles  American  and  foreign,  offered  here  for  sale,  in  large  lots,  is  stupen- 
dous ;  and  its  variety  is  bewildering.  The  wholesale  houses  of  New  York  set  the 
fashions  for  the  continent,  and  impose  their  taste,  usually  correct  and  commend- 
able, upon  the  people  of  the  coasts  and  mountains,  the  prairies  and  plantations. 
Such  illimitable  opportunities  for  commercial  conquest,  resulting  in  comfort  for  the 
people  at  large,  and  competence  for  their  mentors,  have  developed  at  New  York 
many  generals  of  commerce,  skilled  in  seizing  the  strategic  points  in  other  localities, 
in  holding  them  with  picked  men,  and  in  sending  there  the  supplies  most  adequate 
to  their  needs. 

The  jobbing  trade  of  the  Empire  City  is  colossal  in  its  proportions,  and  amounts 
to  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  yearly,  covering  the  territory  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  Hudson  Bay.  The  wise  and  careful 
calculations  made  by  the  metropolitan  wholesalers  include  many  considerations,  the 
state  of  the  markets,  present  and  future,  the  conditions  of  provincial  credits,  the 
greater  or  less  permanence  of  fashions,  the  durability  of  materials,  the  probabili- 
ties of  all  the  crops,  the  possibilities  of  plagues  and  pestilences  and  calamities,  the 
contingencies  of  threatened  and  actual  wars,  the  results  of  possible  political  or  indus- 
trial disturbances. 

Some  exceptionally  notable  wholesale  and  jobbing  houses  of  this  city  are  briefly 
sketched  in  the  following  pages.  Without  the  record  of  these  houses  the  story  of 
New  York's  greatness  would  be  far  from  complete.  They  stand  out  eminent  among 
tens  of  thousands  of  mercantile  houses.  They  have  added  their  full  share  to  the 
glory  of  the  city. 


872 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


E.  S.  Jaffray  &  Co.,  of  350  Broadway,  and  the  chronicles  of  commerce  in  New 

York  are  inseparable.  Their  brownstone  building  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Broad- 
way and  Leonard  Street  is  a  landmark.  Their  standing  as  leaders  among  the  dry- 
goods  jobbers  is  known  and  appreciated  even  by  those  who  are  not  business  men. 
Their  history  is  the  history  of  the  gradual  advance  into  commercial  supremacy  of 
New  York.  The  firm  is  formed  of  I  loward  S.  Jaffray  (son  of  E.  S.  Jaffray),  J.  R. 
P.  Woodriff  and  Sylvester  A.  Haver.  Its  original  founder  was  Robert  Jaffray,  who 
came  to  New  York  in  1809,  as  the  representative  of  the  London  house  of  J.  R.  Jaf- 
fray &  Co.,  and  soon  made  its  influence  predominant.  In  1833  his  nephew,  E.  S. 
Jaffray,  son  of  J.  R.  Jaffray,  came  to  work  with  him.  He  was  seventeen  years  of 
age,  and  he  had  the  commercial  genius  of  his  relatives.  At  the  death  of  his  uncle 
he  changed  the  name  of  the  firm  to  J.  R.  Jaffray  &  Sons,  but  his  own  name  was 
famous  long  before  it  took  formally  its  natural  place  at  the  head  of  the  re-organized 
firm  of  E.  S.  Jaffray  &  Co.     The  re-organization  occurred  after  the  War  for  the 

Union,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  had 
surprised  many  per- 
sons by  sacrificing 
to  his  patriotic  prin- 
ciples the  great 
business  interests 
which  he  had  in 
the  South.  This, 
however,  was  E. 
S.  Jal'fray's  way. 
When  he  died,  in 
April,  1892,  every 
phase  in  his  long 
and  admirable  busi- 
ness record  was  as 
exemplary  as  his 
private  character. 
His  judgment  had 
been  a  law  ;  his 
arbitration  defi- 
nitely settled  dis- 
puted questions  ; 
he  was  influential 
independently  of 
his  financial  posi- 
tion ;  and  he  con- 
tributed much  more 
than  his  proportion- 
ate   share   to  the 

commercial  triumphs  of  New  York.  He  declined  the  office  of  mayor,  which  he 
would  have  honored.     He  rendered  services  for  which  there  are  no  rewards. 

The  offices  and  warerooms  of  the  business  of  Jaffray  were  at  first  located  in  Pearl 
Street  ;  later  they  were  in  Park  Place.  For  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  they 
have  been  at  350  Broadway.  New  York  has  not  a  more  interesting  commercial  monu- 
ment than  this  wholesale  dry-goods  house,  with  its  unblemished  experience  of  83  years. 


LEONARD  STREET. 


AVXG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


«73 


Dunham,  Buckley  &  Co.,  importers  and  jobbers  of  dry-goods,  at  340  to  344 
Broadway,  rank  among  the  leading  houses  in  the  trade.  Their  establishment  stands 
upon  ground  of  historic  interest,  as  it  was  the  site  of  the  old  Broadway  Tabernacle, 
which  was  the  scene  years  ago  of  many  anniversary  gatherings  and  anti-slavery  meet- 
ings. The  present  building  was  erected  in  1858,  by  George  Bliss.  The  firm  of 
Dunham,  Buckley  &  Co.  has  been  in  existence  since  1875.  The  building  displays 
a  front  of  marble  on  Broadway.  It  is  six  stories  in  height,  70  feet  wide,  and  225 
feet  deep,  with  an  extension  in  the  rear,  reaching  from  Worth  Street  to  Catharine 
Lane.    It  is  fortunately  placed,  for  its  long  north  side  rests  upon  a  private  street, 

one-half    of  which  is   

controlled  by  the  firm. 
This  insures  direct  sun- 
light on  three  sides,  an 
important  advantage ; 
and  also  permits  the  re- 
ception of  goods  on  one 
side  and  the  delivery  on 
the  other.  The  firm 
occupies  the  entire 
building,  and  carries 
an  enormous  duplicate 
stock  in  separate  store- 
houses. The  basement 
is  given  up  to  domestic 
cotton  goods,  flannels 
and  blankets.  On  the 
street  floor  are  displayed 
British,  Continental  and 
domestic  dress  goods, 
silks  and  satins.  The 
second  story  is  assigned 
to  ribbons,  trimmings 
and  the  notion  depart- 
ment ;  the  latter  a  very 
important  one,  not  ex- 
ceeded in  magnitude  or 
scope  in  the  country. 
Then  above,  on  various 
floors,  are  the  depart- 
ments of  laces,  white 

goods,  shawis  and  wraps,  dunham,  buckley  &  co. ,  340  to  344  broaov 

and  of  cloaks  manufactured  by  themselves,  in  their  White-Street  store.  This  is  a 
rapidly  growing  and  important  feature.  There  are  also  departments  of  hosiery, 
underwear  and  gloves  ;  of  woolens,  virtually  an  adjunct  to  that  of  dress  goods  •  and 
of  carpets  and  rugs.  The  establishment  is  brilliantly  lighted  with  electricity,  sup- 
plied by  their  own  plant.  The  counting-room  alone  is  longer  than  most  banking- 
houses,  and  transactions  more  extensive  than  those  of  manv  banks  are  carried  on 
within  it.  Dunham,  Buckley  &  Co.,  surrounded  with  bright  men  as  heads  of 
departments,  conduct  smoothly  a  business  of  enormous  proportions,  which  is  more 
than  continental  in  its  scope. 


874 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Mills  &  Gibb,  importers  of  laces  and  kindred  goods,  occupy  an  imposing 
building  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Broadway  and  Grand  Street.  The  structure  is  of 
iron,  seven  stories  in  height,  and  measures  ioo  feet  on  Broadway,  and  200  on  Grand 
Street.  The  firm  has  been  in  existence  since  April,  1865.  The  partners  are  Philo 
L.  Mills,  John  Gibb  and  William  T.  Evans.  The  scope  of  its  dealings  includes 
laces,  embroideries,  linens,  hosiery,  and  such  goods  as  are  known  in  the  dry-goods 
trade  as  notions.  The  firm  accepts  no  consignments,  and  transacts  no  business 
whatever  on  commission.  It  purchases  its  goods  outright,  and  to  that  end  main- 
tains offices  in  Nottingham,  Paris,  Calais,  St.  Gall  and  Plauen.  Thus  it  is  able  to 
secure  the  choicest  products  of  all  the  lace  and  embroidery  manufacturing  centres 
of  Europe.    Mr.  Mills  resides  altogether  in  Nottingham,  and  gives  his  attention  to 


MILLS  A   GIBB.  BROADWAY  AND  GRAND  STREET. 

purchasing.  Mr.  Gibb  is  at  the  head  of  the  house  in  America,  and  devotes  himself 
to  the  distribution  of  goods.  These  members  of  the  firm  have  reversed  the  usual 
order  of  proceeding,  in  dividing  between  themselves  the  responsibilities  of  business, 
for  Mr.  Mills  is  an  American,  and  Mr.  Gibb  is  a  Scotchman.  For  the  distribution 
of  its  goods  the  firm  has  branch-houses  in  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Chicago, 
St  Louis  St  Paul  and  San  Francisco.  It  employs  about  300  people,  of  whom  50 
are  travelling  salesmen,  who  sell  by  samples.  The  house  of  Mills  &  Gibb  is  the 
largest  one  of  its  class  in  America.  Its  sales  amount  in  value  to  several  millions 
of  dollars  a  year.  It  has  no  retail  trade.  Mr.  Gibb  is  also  principal  partner  in  the 
dry-goods  firm  of  Frederick  Loeser  &  Company,  of  Brooklyn.  He  and  his  son,^ 
Howard  Gibb,  have  managed  the  business  of  that  house  since  1887. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


875 


Sweetser,  Pembrook  &  Co.,  importers  and  jobbers  of  dry  goods,  occupy  a 
handsome  marble  building  at  374,  376,  and  378  Broadway,  at  the  corner  of  White 
Street,  which  has  a  frontage  of  75  feet  on  Broadway,  and  is  140  feet  deep.  The 
building  has  some  interest  from  an  architectural  point  of  view,  for  it  was  erected 
more  than  thirty  years  ago,  when  the  architecture  of  business  blocks  was  of  a  plain 
and  unornamental 
character.  Sweet- 
ser, Pembrook  & 
Co.'s  building  is  of 
a  much  more  am- 
bitious style  of 
architecture  than 
most  of  the  others 
in  the  vicinity,  of 
equal  age.  It  was 
originally  intended 
for  the  occupancy 
of  a  dry-goods  job- 
bing house,  but 
the  radical  changes 
in  business  at  the 
outbreak  of  the 
war  modified  the 
plans  of  both  the 
owner  and  pros- 
pective tenant,  and 
the  building  was 
turned  to  other 
uses.  It  is  the 
property  of  the 
estate  of  William 
B.  Astor.  The 
firm  of  Sweetser, 
Pembrook  &  Co. 
has  been  in  exist- 
ence   since  1868. 

It  succeeded  that  of  Sweetser  &  Co.,  which  was  organized  in  1863.  It  carries  full 
lines  of  silks,  dress  goods,  woolens  and  hosiery ;  also,  an  extensive  variety  of  fancy 
goods  which  are  usually  carried  in  the  dry-goods  trade.  Their  stock  is  sufficiently 
large  to  fill  the  entire  building,  as  well  as  a  separate  warehouse  near  the  principal 
store.  The  firm  has  buyers  in  Europe,  who  are  constantly  on  the  lookout  for  goods 
of  fine  quality.  Its  travelling  salesmen  have  made  the  house  known  to  the  dry-goods 
trade  all  over  the  United  States.  For  many  years  the  house  was  located  at  365 
Broadway.  It  moved  into  its  present  quarters  in  January,  1885,  and  thus  the  build- 
ing was  put  into  the  service  for  which  it  was  originally  intended.  The  present  mem- 
bers of  the  firm  are  George  D.  Sweetser,  J.  Howard  Sweetser,  William  A.  Pem- 
brook, Joseph  H.  Bumstead,  George  L.  Putnam,  Howard  P.  Sweetser,  and  Theo- 
dore K.  Pembrook. 

The  house  of  Sweetser,  Pembrook  &  Co.  ranks  among  the  most  prominent  of 
the  dry-goods  firms  of  America. 


iffl 


SWEETSER,  PEMBROOK 


D  WHITE  STREET. 


S76 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.,  importers  and  jobbers  of  dry  goods,  of  326,  328  and  330 
Broadway,  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  widely  esteemed  houses  in  the  wholesale 
dry-goods  trade.  Its  members  have  been  prominently  identified  with  public  interests 
for  the  past  forty  years.  This  business  was  founded  January  1,  1849,  by  Erastus  T. 
Tefft  ;  and  the  firm-name  has  been  successively,  E.  T.  Tefft  &  Co. ;  Teffts,  Griswold 
&  Kellogg ;  Tefft,  Griswold  &  Co. ;  and  Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.  Through  all  these 
changes  the  house  has  been  steadily  advancing,  enlarging  its  trade  in  all  directions, 
and  increasing  its  capital,  facilities  and  force,  as  well  as  its  experience.  Its  founder 
was  a  rare  man.  He  was  a  man  of  quick  perceptions  and  sound  judgment.  He 
was  eminently  just  in  all  his  ways.  He  was  of  a  conservative  disposition,  yet  was 
bold,  courageous  and  daring  when  the  occasion  demanded  these  qualities.  He  was 
uniformly  courteous,  kind  and  gentle,  and  commanded  the  confidence  and  respect  of 
all  who  knew  him.  Mr.  Tefft  died  November  10,  1888,  at  the  venerable  age  of 
78  years. 

The  present  firm  is  composed  of  his  two  sons,  William  \\.  Tefft  and  Frank  Griswold 
Tefft,  George  C.  Clarke,  John  N.  Beach  and  Morton  D.  Bogue.  The  firm-name  of 
Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.  is  retained  as  a  trade-mark,  there  having  been  no  Weller  interest 
in  the  house  since  the  death  of  Joseph  II.  Weller  in  1886,  two  years  previous  to 
the  death  of  E.  T.  Tefft.  The  firm  occupies  the  entire  seven  floors  of  the  spacious 
iron  and  granite  front  building  at  326,  328  and  330  Broadway,  and  three  floors  of  No. 
324,  together  with  two  floors  of  Nos.  320  and  322,  making  in  the  aggregate  166,250 
square  feet  of  floor  space.  These  vast  areas  are  occupied  by  very  full  lines  of  the 
goods  in  which  the  house  deals,  admirably  arranged  and  ordered.  The  location  of 
Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.'s  buildings,  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between  Pearl  and 
Worth  Streets,  is  in  the  midst  of  the  great  wholesale  dry-goods  trade.  A  view 
of  the  Broadway  front  of  the  establishment  is  seen  on  the  opposite  page.  The 
business  of  this  house  has  shown  a  steady  and  healthy  growth  all  its  years,  until  it 
has  reached  very  large  proportions,  and  justly  ranks  among  the  first  of  the  great 
wholesale  dry-goods  houses  in  the  whole  country. 

No  firm  has  a  better  and  more  reliable  constituency  than  this.  The  business  of  the 
house  is  thoroughly  systematized,  each  partner  giving  to  it  his  personal  attention,  in 
some  special  direction.  The  employees  in  all  the  departments  number  about  four 
hundred  and  fifty. 

A  large  and  well-assorted  stock  is  kept  at  all  seasons,  comprising  foreign  and 
domestic  dress  goods,  silks,  velvets,  hosiery,  notions,  white  goods,  linens,  laces, 
shawls,  cloaks,  woolens,  flannels,  blankets,  prints,  ginghams,  domestics,  and  an 
unusually  large  variety  of  carpets  and  mattings,  floor  oil  cloths  and  upholstery  goods. 
Vast  and  varied  as  is  the  stock,  nevertheless  its  excellent  condition  is  always 
noticeable,  and  its  arrangement  is  admirable. 

Acting  not  as  commission  merchants,  but  as  direct  traders,  dealing  with  the  chief 
manufacturers  both  at  home  and  abroad,  Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.  have  peculiar  advan- 
tages for  the  safe  and  favorable  conduct  of  their  business,  and  for  its  indefinite  expan- 
sion, whenever  occasion  arises  therefor.  The  choicest  products  of  the  European 
looms  and  workshops  are  found  in  their  vast  stocks,  as  well  as  the  output  of  hun- 
dreds of  American  factories,  favored  by  the  new  birth  of  industrial  activity  in  the 
United  States. 

Tefft,  Weller  &  Co.  enjoy  facilities  for  securing  every  possible  advantage  in  the 
purchase  of  goods,  both  in  home  and  foreign  markets,  and  are  always  in  a  position 
to  take  excellent  care  of  their  customers  —  a  fact  which,  judging  from  their  constantly 
growing  business,  the  trade  appreciate. 


8y8  ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Oelbermann,  Dommerich  &  Co.,  dry-goods  commission  merchants, 
have  two  large  stores  ;  one  at  57  to  63  Greene  Street,  and  one  at  65 
l5*       to  67  Worth  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Church  Street.     The  house  is 
an  old  one,  having  been  in  existence  over  fifty  years.    Previous  to 
1883,  the  firm  name  was  E.  Oelbermann  &  Co.    The  principals 
of  the  present  co-partnership  are  Emil  Oelbermann  and  Louis 
F.  Dommerich.    The  former  has  been  connected  with  the 
v       bouse  for  about  forty  years.    He  resides  in  Cologne  the 
greater  part  of  the  time,  and  attends  to  the  interests 
of  the  house  in  Europe.      He  makes  trips  to 
y-.   r     America    occasionally,    remaining    for  two 
months  at  a  time.     Mr.  Dommerich  has 
been  associated  with  the  firm  for  thirty- 
five  years.    He  is  at  the  head  of  the  es- 
tablishment in  America.  Origin- 
ally,  the  house  confined 
itself  to  importations, 
but  of  late,  and  es- 
pecially  since  the 
1   protective  tariff 
'    caused  a  great  re- 
duction in  the  vol- 
ume of  imports,  the 
business  of  the  firm 
has   been  about 
three  -  fourths     i  n 
domestic  goods  and 
one-fourth  in  those 
of  European  manu- 
facture.    It    is  all 
transacted  on  a 
strict  commission 
basis.      The  firm 
represents  manu- 
facturers located  in 
every  part  of  Europe 
and   the  United 
States.     There  is 
hardly  a  branch  of 
the  dry-goods  trade 
that  has  not  its  de- 
partment in  the  stores  of  Oelbermann,  Dommerich  &  Co.    The  sales  amount  to 
about  $15,000,000  a  year.    The  Greene-Street  store  is  a  seven-story  building,  and 
occupies  a 'plot  of  ground  one  hundred  feet  square.    It  stands  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Greene-Street  Methodist  Church.    It  was  built  in  1876.    The  firm  owns  the  estate 
at  64  to  68  Wooster  Street,  measuring  65  by  100  feet,  adjoining  the  Greene- Street 
store  in  the  rear,  and  intends  to  build  an  annex  store  upon  it.    Of  the  Worth- Street 
building,  which  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  other,  the  firm  occupies  four  floors.    All  the 
goods  at  Worth  Street  are  domestic,  and  both  foreign  and  domestic  are  handled  at 
•Greene  Street,  at  which  point  the  general  offices  of  the  firm  are  located. 


57  TO  63  GREENE  STRE 


9 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


879 


nd  is  rather  more  attractive  in  appearance  than  its  neighbors. 


Frederick  Vietor  &  Achelis,  importers  and  commission  merchants  in  dry 
goods,  occupy  a  handsome  five-story  building  at  66  to  76  Leonard  Street,  at  the 
corner  of  Church  Street,  in  the  heart  of  the  dry-goods  district.  The  structure  is  of 
brownstone  and  iron 
It  measures 
feet  on  Leonard 
Street,  and  180  feet 
on  Church  Street. 
The  firm  is  the 
successor  of  Charles 
Graebe  &  Vietor, 
and  has  been  in 
existence  and  under 
its  present  title 
since  1 839.  Fred- 


erick Vietor 


and 
Axhclis, 
original 


Thomas 
the  two 
partners,  died 
1870  and  1872  re-  E| 
spectively.       The  &f|j 
present  partners  \jm 
are    their  sons, 
They   are   George  Jm 
F.  Vietor,  Thomas  s9| 
Achelis,  Carl  Vie- 
tor,   and  John 
Achelis.    The  v 
ume    of  business 
transacted  by  the" 
firm  is  enormous, 
reaching  a  total  of 
from  $14,000,000 
to    $15,000,000  a 
year.     Its  dealings 
in  domestic  goods 


FREDERICK  VIETOR  4  ACHELIS,  CHURCH  AND  LEONARD  STREETS. 


have  increased  very  largely  in  the  past  few  years,  since  the  modification  of  the  tariff 
laws  caused  a  reduction  in  the  volume  of  imports.  The  location  of  the  store  is  pecu- 
liarly favorable.  It  is  bounded  by  streets,  and  a  greater  portion  of  it,  therefore,  lies 
under  direct  sunlight.  This  is  an  advantage  highly  prized  by  dry-goods  men,  as  many 
buyers,  especially  of  dress  goods,  desire  to  know  the  appearance  of  fabrics  in  a  strong 
light.  The  business  conducted  by  Frederick  Vietor  &  Achelis  is  very  comprehensive. 
One  department  is  devoted  to  domestic  woolens,  and  another  to  those  of  foreign 
manufacture.  Another  includes  woolen  dress  goods,  both  imported  and  American. 
Then  there  are  departments  of  silks,  domestic  and  imported  j  of  silk  dress  goods  ; 
of  millinery  silks  ;  of  plushes  and  velvets  ;  of  shirts,  drawers  and  hosiery  ;  of  cloak- 
ings  in  the  piece  (of  which  the  firm  handle  a  large  variety)  ;  of  cloths  and  blankets  ; 
and  of  silks  made  especially  for  umbrellas.  One  important  department  is  that  of 
Philadelphia  goods,  ginghams  and  the  like.  The  several  floors  of  the  store,  if  placed 
side  by  side  on  the  ground,  would  cover  a  tract  measuring  nearly  three  acres. 


88o 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Smith,  Hogg  &  Gardner,  dry-goods  commission  merchants,  of  115  and  117 

Worth  Street,  New  York,  and  66  Chauncy  Street,'  Boston,  are  the  successors,  in  line, 
of  A.  and  A.  (Amos  and  Abbott)  Lawrence  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  who  were  largely  instru- 
mental during  the  first  half  of  this  century  in  developing  the  manufacturing  interests 
of  Lowell,  Mass.  Early  in  the  "fifties"  the  Lawrences  established  a  branch-house 
at  43  Broadway,  New  York,  and  there  represented  as  selling  agents  many  of  the 
leading  textile  manufacturing  corporations  of  New  England,  viz. :  The  Massachu- 
setts, Boott,  Lawrence,  Atlantic,  Laconia,  Jackson  (Indian  Head),  Tremont  and 
York,  who  were  manufacturers  of  cotton  goods,  and  also  the  Lowell  Carpet  Com- 
pany. Some  years  later  this  firm  removed  to  79  and  81  Worth  Street.  In  1865 
the  Lawrences  retired  from  business,  and  George  C.  Richardson  &  Co.,  of  Boston 
and  New  York,  became  their  successors,  retaining  the  majority  of  the  accounts  of 
their  predecessors.  In  1868  Geo.  C.  Richardson  &  Co.  moved  into  the  spacious 
buildings  erected  by  them  at  115  and  117  Worth  Street,  now  the  property  of  the 
Mercantile  Real-Estate  Company.  On  January  1,  1884,  this  firm  was  succeeded  by 
Geo.  C.  Richardson,  Smith  &  Co.,  the  latter  house  being  succeeded  on  July  I,  1885, 
by  Smith,  Hogg  &  Gardner. 

Charles  S.  Smith,  now  the  President  of  the  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and  a  director  in  many  of  the  most  prominent  financial  institutions  of  New  York, 
became  connected  with  this  business  in  1865,  and  retained  an  interest  therein  for 
more  than  twenty  years.  He  was  the  senior  partner  of  Smith,  Hogg  &  Gardner 
until  1887,  when  he  retired  from  active  business.  The  firm  is  at  present  composed 
of  John  Hogg  and  Harrison  Gardner,  of  Boston  ;  Ralph  L.  Cutter,  of  Brooklyn  ; 
Walter  M.  Smith,  of  Stamford,  Conn. ;  and  Stewart  W.  Smith,  of  New  York.  Messrs. 
Gardner  and  Cutter  entered  the  employ  of  the  Lawrences,  as  boys,  in  1857,  and 
consequently  have  been  connected  with  the  business  for  thirty-five  years. 

The  firm  of  Smith,  Hogg  &  Gardner  sell  very  largely  of  domestic  cotton  goods 
to  the  export  trade,  notably  to  China,  Africa  and  South  America,  where  the  products 
of  the  Massachusetts  and  Boott  Mills  have  an  extended  market  and  reputation. 
The  volume  of  business  transacted  by  this  house  annually  reaches  the  vast  sum  of 
many  millions  of  dollars,  and  it  is  generally  conceded  by  the  trade  that  no  house 
stands  higher  or  outranks  it  in  amount  Of  business.  Its  list  of  mills  is  a  notably 
strong  one,  and  the  products  include  an  extended  variety  of  fabrics.  Its  salesmen 
reach  every  important  center  of  the  United  States,  and  in  due  time  the  products  of 
the  mills  represented  by  this  house  get  into  every  nook  and  corner,  large  and  small, 
of  the  entire  Union  of  States.  This  firm  occupies  four  floors  of  the  Mercantile 
Real-Estate  Company's  building.  The  building  is  a  handsome  structure,  six  stories 
in  height,  covering  some  75  feet  on  Worth  Street  and  Catharine  Lane,  and  90  feet 
on  Elm  Street,  thus  giving  it  the  advantage  of  light  on  three  sides.  It  is  built  of 
marble  and  iron.  Four  floors  of  the  building  are  laid  out  in  offices,  some  of  which 
are  occupied  by  the  New-York  representatives  of  leading  Western  and  other  business 
houses,  among  whom  may  be  enumerated  the  John  V.  Farwell  Co.,  Carson,  Pirie, 
Scott  &  Co.,  and  Schlesinger  &  Mayer,  of  Chicago;  the  Hargadine-McKittrick  Dry- 
Goods  Co.,  and  the  H.  T.  Simon,  Gregory  &  Co.,  of  St.  Louis  ;  Thomas  L.  Leedom  & 
Co.,  of  Philadelphia  ;  Bamberger,  Bloom  &  Co.,  of  Louisville  ;  Burke,  Fitz  Simons, 
Hone  &  Co.,  of  Rochester;  and  Sweet,  Orr  &  Co.  and  Chadwick  Bros.,  of  the 
Newburgh  Bleachery,  both  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  This  gathering  of  such  a  group  of 
nationally  eminent  business  houses  tends  to  give  a  national  importance  to  the  Mercan- 
tile Real-Estate  Company's  building,  and  at  the  same  time  brings  in  close  proximity 
a  coterie  of  a  number  of  the  great  customers  of  the  house  of  Smith,  Hogg  &  Gardner. 


882 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Passavant  &  Co.  is  the  title  of  a  firm  now  located  at  320  and  322  Church 

Street,  which  has  been  engaged  in  importing  dry  goods  for  very  nearly  forty  years, 
and  which  is  well-known  throughout  Europe  and  America.  The  house  was  founded 
in  July,  1853,  by  Passavant  Brothers,  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  in  Germany,  and  it 
was  then  a  branch  of  the  European  establishment.  It  was  at  the  outset  located  in 
Broad  Street.  The  firm  has  never  changed  its  title,  and  by  virtue  thereof,  it  is  now 
the  oldest  importing  house  in  the  dry-goods  trade  in  the  city.  Its  founders  still 
retain  an  interest  in  the  establishment.  Passavant  &  Co.  conduct  a  strictly  com- 
mission business.  Their  dealings  are  mainly  in  silks,  ribbons,  dress  goods  and 
gloves.  Of  late  they  have  undertaken  the  distribution  of  the  products  of  a  number 
of  American  mills  and  factories,  in  order  to  compensate  for  the  decrease  in  the 
volume  of  imports,  and  they  have  been  as  successful  in  the  management  of  domestic 
accounts  as  of  foreign.  The  present  senior  partner  of  the  firm,  George  W.  Sutton, 
is  well  known  in  every  large  trade-centre.     He  entered  the  service  of  the  house, 

as  a  salesman,  at 
the  beginning,  and 
has  been  a  part- 
ner since  1859. 
Passavant  &  Co. 
have  occupied  their 
present  quarters 
for  twenty -five 
years.  They  con- 
sist of  the  large 
building  on  Church 
Street  and  the  ad- 
joining one  on 
Lispenard  Street, 
both  of  which  are 
five  stories  in 
height.  The  gen- 
eral offices  occupy 
the  street  floor. 
The  delivery  de- 
partment is  located 
in  the  basement, 
and  all  the  space 
in  the  stories  above 
the  street  is  re- 
quired for  the  sales- 
rooms of  the  vari- 
ous lines  of  goods 
which  constitute 
the  trade  of  the 
house. 

Passavant  &  Co.  is  at  present  composed  of  the  following  partners  :  Gebriider 
Passavant,  George  W.  Sutton,  Heinrich  Meyer,  Oscar  Passavant,  and  Arthur  W. 
Watson.  The  steadfast  existence  of  this  old  house,  maintained  for  two  generations 
in  a  career  of  unquestioned  integrity  and  fidelity,  gives  to  the  house  of  Passavant  & 
Co.  a  gratifying  preeminence  which  it  has  fairly  earned  and  well  sustains. 


PASSAV/ 


KING*S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


883 


Fleitmann  &  Co.  occupy  the  splendid  business  building  from  484  to  490  Broome 
Street,  with  the  offices  and  salesrooms  of  their  representative  importing  house. 
Here  at  all  times  may  be  found  an  immense  stock  of  dry  goods,  more  especially  silks 
of  various  grades,  all  kinds  of  linings  and  tailors'  trimmings,  and  umbrella  silks, 
besides  very  choice  and  beautiful  satins  and  velvets.  Although  the  business  is 
mainly  connected  with  the  products  of  the  great  and  celebrated  European  mills,  the 
firm  has  closely  observed  the  rising  tendencies  of  American  manufactures  in  the  same 
line,  and  has  latterly  made  a  feature  of  goods  of  domestic  make.  The  business  is 
done  on  commission,  and  has  attained  enormous  proportions,  the  sales  reaching 
from  ten  to  twelve  millions  of  dollars  a  year,  and  covering  a  vast  area  of  the  Ameri- 
can continent. 
The  firm  was  es- 
tablished in  1 85 1 
by  Herman  Fleit- 
mann, who  retired 
from  its  active 
direction  in  1 869, 
and  has  since  re- 
sided in  Germany, 
attending  to  much 
of  the  foreign  busi- 
ness of  the  house. 
He  left  the  New- 
York  affairs  in  the 
hands  of  his  junior 
partners,  Freder- 
ick Winkhaus  and 
Ewald  Fleitmann 
(his  younger 
brother).  Mr. 
Winkhaus  retired 
in  1886,  and  has 
since  died.  The 
present  partners 
are  Herman  and 
Ewald  Fleitmann, 
and  the  two  sons 
of  the  former, 
Frederick  T.  and 

William  M.  Fleit-   

mann.    The  house  fleitmann  &  co.,  broome  and  wooster  streets. 

has  gradually  moved  to  its  present  location  from  far  down-town,  its  successive 
homes  being  in  Barclay  Street,  Reade  Street,  14  Greene  Street,  23  and  25  Greene 
Street,  southwest  corner  of  Broome  and  Greene  Streets,  southeast  corner  of  Broome 
and  Greene  Streets,  489  to  493  Greene  Street,  and  thence  to  its  present  handsome 
structure  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Broome  and  Wooster  Streets.  Amid  all  these 
migrations  the  strength,  credit  and  resources  of  Fleitmann  &  Co.  have  shown  a  con- 
tinual increase  until  now  this  house  holds  a  place  of  the  highest  honor  and  influence, 
occupying  one  of  the  most  imposing  buildings,  carrying  one  of  the  largest  stocks,  and 
enjoying  one  of  the  most  extensive  trades  in  this  important  industry. 


884 


A'/Xcr.S  HANDBOOK  ()/<  NEW  YORK. 


Woodward,  Baldwin  &  Co.  is  well-known  as  a  leading  dry-goods  commis- 
sion house,  and  as  such  has  a  large  business  throughout  every  section  of  the  Union. 
Besides  their  large  business  in  this  country,  they  do  an  extensive  export  trade,  and 
thus  carry  American-made  fabrics  into  many  countries.  Their  business  is  entirely 
with  manufacturers,  and  is  done  on  an  exclusively  commission  basis.    They  are  the 

agents  of  various  mills 
producing  many  lines 
of  cotton  fabrics.  This 
concern  is  one  of  the 
oldest  in  its  line,  hav- 
ing been  formed  over 
half  a  century  ago  in 
the  city  of  Baltimore, 
where  they  still  carry 
on  business  under  the 
same  style  of  Wood- 
ward, Baldwin  &  Co., 
as  in  New  York.  The 
senior  partner,  William 
H.  Baldwin,  Jr.,  re- 
sides at  Baltimore, 
where  he  takes  the  ac- 
tive management  of  the 
business  in  that  section. 
The  other  partners  are 
Elijah  P.  Smith,  Kig- 
nal  T.  Woodward  and 
William  H.  Baldwin, 
who  reside  in  New- 
York  City,  and  are  ac- 
tively identified  with 
many  of  the  city's 
prominent  social,  finan- 
cial and  commercial  in- 
stitutions. 

The  firm's  New- 
York  offices  and  sales- 
rooms are  in  the  very 
midst  of  the  dry-goods 
and  allied  trades.  They 
occupy  spacious  quar- 
ters in  the  double  five- 
story  and  basement, 
iron  and  stone-front 
building,  Nos.  43  and 
45,  on  the  north  side  of  Worth  Street,  between  Church  Street  and  West  Broadway. 
On  this  street,  a  few  years  ago,  stood  the  New-York  Hospital,  which,  when  built, 
was  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city.  A  glance  through  this  street,  with  its  two  sides 
lined  with  substantial  structures,  occupied  by  world-famous  firms,  almost  makes  one 
believe  that  its  development  has  been  the  work  of  several  generations. 


WOODWARD,   BALDWIN  &  CO.,   43  AND  45  WORTH  STREE" 


KING'S  HA XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


885 


If 


Tebbetts,  Harrison  &  Robins  is  one  of  the  well  and  favorably  known  dry- 
goods  commission  houses,  although  its  large  business  as  the  agents  of  various 
cotton  and  woolen  mills  is  conducted  in  the  most  modest  and  quietest  fashion. 
For  almost  twelve  years,  ever  since  the  firm  began  business,  they  have  occupied 
the  quarters  at  75  and  77  Worth  Street.  The  senior  partner  is  William  C.  Teb- 
betts, a  Xew-Englander,  who  resides  in  Boston,  and  has  been  identified  with  the 
dry-goods  industry  about  forty  years.    At  various  periods  he  was  an  active  partner 

in    the   houses  of  

Jewett,  Tebbetts  & 
Co.,  and  Tebbetts, 
Baldwin  &  Davis. 
It  is  said  that  the 
great  Boston  fire  of 
1872  began  in  the 
building  occupied 
by  his  firm  ;  and  also 
that  the  great  Bos- 
ton fire,  on  Thanks- 
giving Day,  in  1 89 1, 
ended  at  a  party 
fire-wall  which  Mr. 
Tebbetts  had  had 
erected  in  his  build- 
ing. The  present 
firm  of  Tebbetts, 
"  Harrison  &  Robins 
was  organized  in 
1882  by  the  present 
members,  who  have 
remained  associates 
ever  since.  They 
comprise  William 
C.  Tebbetts,  Charles 
F.  Harrison,  and 
Edward  B.  Robins. 
Mr.  Harrison  is  the 
representative  of 
the  famous  Inter- 
laken  Mills,  at  Ark- 
wright,  R.  I.,  which 

produce  the  various  grades  of  cloth  required  by  book-binders  for  the  covers  of  books. 
The  vast  majority  of  cloth-covered  books  bound  in  this  country  are  covered  with 
Interlaken  cloth,  of  which  this  firm  are  the  general  selling  agents.  Mr.  Harrison  is 
an  old-time  dry-goods  merchant  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  In  the  latter  city 
for  three  years  he  represented  the  house  of  Minot,  Hooper  &  Co.  Afterwards  he 
was  connected  with  the  firm  of  Rhoades,  Grosvenor  &  Co.,  with  whom  he  remained 
for  ten  years,  until  the  formation  of  his  present  firm.  Mr.  Robins,  who  is  a  well- 
known  graduate  of  Harvard  University,  began  his  dry-goods  career  with  the  famous 
house  of  J.  C.  Howe  &  Co.,  with  whom  he  remained  twelve  years,  and  whom  he 
left  to  become  a  partner  in  the  house  of  Tebbetts,  Harrison  &  Robins. 


It  J:f  IJlfll 


r  m .  ■  u 


TEBBETTS,   HARRISON   &   ROBINS,   75  ANO  77  WORTH  STREET. 


886 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Cheney  Brothers  have  their  New-York  offices  and  salesrooms  at  477,  479  and 

481  Broome  Street.  They  are  manufacturers  of  silk  fabrics  and  silk  goods  of  many 
descriptions.  Among  the  chief  products  of  this  house  are  plain  silks,  of  various 
kinds,  dress  silks,  millinery  silks,  plushes,  velvets,  satins,  pongees,  yarns,  printed 
silks,  ribbons  and  sashes,  flags,  crapes,  and  many  other  articles  of  kindred  charac- 
ter.    They  also  make  a  large  line  of  tapestries  and  decorative  upholstery  fabrics. 

Stocks  of  these  goods  are  kept 
at  the  firm's  establishments  in 
New  York,  Boston  and  Chi- 
cago. They  are  sold  by  the 
principal  wholesalers,  jobbers 
and  retailers  of  dry  goods  and 
kindred  articles  throughout 
the  country. 

The  great  works  in  which 
most  of  the  Cheney  Brothers' 
silks  are  manufactured  are 
located  in  the  village  of  South 
Manchester,  Connecticut. 
Most  of  the  houses  of  the 
operatives  are  owned  by  the 
manufacturers,  who  keep 
them  in  good  order ;  and 
each  home  has  its  roomy 
patch  of  land  about  it,  for  the 
use  of  the  family. 

The  Cheney  Brothers'  silk 
mills  employ  2,500  persons, 
and  the  value  of  their  yearly 
output  is  over  $4,000,000,  in 
delicate  and  beautiful  fab- 
rics, of  famed  durability. 
The  mills  are  a  series  of  plain, 
solid  and  spacious  brick  build- 
ings, filled  with  intricate  and 
ingenious  machinery.  The 
village  is  not  crowded  around 
the  mills,  the  result  being  to 
scatter  the  population. 

The  firm's  ribbon  mills 
are  in  the  City  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut. 

Cheney  Brothers  was 
founded  in  1838,  and  in  1854 
became  an  incorporated  com- 
pany, but  it  is  practically  a 
private  concern  ;  the  owner- 
ship being  in  the  Cheney 
family,  as  it  has  remained  for 


CHENEY  BROTHERS,   477,   479  AND  481   BROOME  STREET. 


nearly  half  a  century. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


887 


E.  H.  Van  Ingen  &  Co.,  importers  of  woolens,  occupy  one  of  the  handsomest 
buildings  devoted  to  business  purposes  in  New  York.  It  is  the  Mohawk  Building, 
called  from  the  famous  old  Indian  tribe,  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  21st  Street.  It  was 
erected  by  the  firm  principally  for  its  own  use.  It  was  opened  May  1,  1S92  ;  and  is 
an  architectural  feature  of  lower  Fifth  Avenue.  It  measures  92  feet  on  Fifth  Avenue 
and  142^  feet  on  2ist  Street.  It  is  an  absolutely  fire-proof  structure,  nine  stories  high, 
built  of  sandstone,  St. -Louis  brick,  and  iron.  The  architecture  is  simple,  show- 
ing the  lines  of  construction,  with  a  touch  of  the  Renaissance  style.  The  feature  of 
the  Fifth-Avenue 
front  is  its  pro- 
jecting entrance- 
porch  in  Ionic 
style.  The  two 
upper  stories  are 
embraced  in  a  col- 
onnade, which 
makes  them  ap- 
pear as  one  very 
high  story.  The 
lower  floors,  from 
the  first  to  the 
sixth,  are  laid  out 
in  broad  sales- 
rooms, subdivided 
only  by  rows  of 
columns.  E.  H. 
Van  Ingen  &  Co. 
occupy  the  lower 
floors,  the  gener- 
al offices  being  at 
the  rear  end  of 
the  entrance  sto- 
ry, and  the  private 
offices  on  the  floor 
above.  There  is  a 
recess  on  the  21st- 
Street  side  which 
serves  as  a  drive- 
way, and  permits 
loading  ami  un- 
loading goods 
without  encum- 
bering the  sidewalk.  The  four  upper  stories  are  laid  out  in  offices  for  professional 
people.  They,  as  well  as  the  warerooms  above  the  ground,  are  reached  by  two  pas- 
senger elevators  from  the  main  entrance.  The  walls  of  the  corridors  are  wainscoted 
with  handsome  tiling,  and  the  floors  are  laid  in  mosaic.  The  building  is  heated  by 
steam  and  lighted  by  electricity.  The  firm  of  E.  H.  Van  Ingen  &  Co.  is  perhaps 
the  largest  one  in  the  woolen  trade  in  the  world.  For  more  than  twenty  years  it 
occupied  the  building  at  Broadway  and  Broome  Street.  It  was  the  first  house  in  the 
trade  to  break  away  from  the  wholesale  dry-goods  centre  and  build  a  home  up-town. 


1!  *1 


0 
II 


fir 


INGEN   &   CO.,   THE   MOHAWK   BUILDING,    FIFTH   AVENUE  AND 


888 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Siegel  Brothers  at  65  and  67  Wooster  Street  and  163  and  165  South  Fifth 

Avenue,  are  the  largest  manufacturers  of  ladies'  underwear  in  the  United  States. 
They  manufacture  ladies',  misses'  and  children's  underwear,  infants'  wear,  pillow 

shams  and  lawn  waists,  and,  in  fact,  everything  of  a  kindred  nature  of  the  best 

grades  of  muslins,  cambric,  imported  Miainsook  and  silk,  with  the  finest  qualities 
of  lace  and  Hamburg  embroideries,  of  their  own  importation,  for  trimming.  They 
occupy  two  large  factories,  one  in  New- York  City  and  the  other  in  Brooklyn, 
besides  having  smaller  plants  distributed  throughout  the  States  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.     They  employ  more  than  1,000  hands.    The  superior  quality  of  the 

Siegel  goods  was  recog- 
nized by  the  judges  at  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1889, 
who  gave  them  the  very 
highest  awards.  Their 
exhibit  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Chicago  is 
one  of  the  most  attractive 
in  this  line.  The  busi- 
ness was  established  in 
1866,  by  Benjamin  and 
Gerson  Siegel,  who  were 
associated  together  for 
more  than  twenty-seven 
years.  Its  first  home  was 
a  narrow  loft  on  Reade 
Street,  where,  under  the 
stimulus  of  its  directors, 
the  industry  rapidly  grew, 
and  was  transferred  to 
more  favorable  quarters 
at  385  Broadway.  A  sub- 
sequent move  led  to  365 
and  367  Canal  Street, 
from  which  place  it  finally 
migrated  to  its  present 
home  on  Wooster  Street, 
which  is  a  spacious  build- 
ing of  five  stories  and 
basement,  with  lofts  meas- 
uring 55  by  200  feet.  In 
1892  Benjamin  Siegel, 
one  of  the  founders,  died,  and  therefore  a  reorganization  of  the  firm  was  necessary. 
On  July  I,  1893,  tne  company  incorporated  with  the  following  officers:  Gerson 
Siegel,  President ;  Joseph  Siegel  (son  of  Benjamin  Siegel),  Vice-President ;  and 
Frederick  Green,  Secretary.  Their  unusual  facilities  for  importing  their  materials 
at  low  rates,  and  the  sagacious  distribution  and  immense  capacity  of  their  factories, 
together  with  their  many  years'  experience  in  the  trade,  give  Siegel  Brothers 
a  conspicuous  lead  in  their  department  of  business. 

The  Siegel  Brothers'  establishment  is  not  far  from  Broadway,  three  short  blocks, 
and  only  a  few  doors  from  Broome  Street. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


889 


Hornthal,  Weissman  &  Co.,  whose  imposing  building  is  on  Broadway,  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  Bond  Street,  stand  as  the  highest  type  of  wholesale  clothing 
manufacturers.  The  business  was  started  in  1840,  and  is  to-day  the  oldest  existing 
house  in  this  line  in  America —  an  industry  which  ranks  foremost  of  all  the  varied 
manufactures  of  the  Metropolis.  The  original  style  of  the  firm  was  Hornthal  & 
Whitehead,  the  founders  being  Marx  Hornthal  and  Mayer  Whitehead.  Later  it  was 
Hornthal,  Whitehead  &  Co.,  then  Hornthal,  Whitehead,  Weissman  &  Co.,  and  in 
1892  the  present  style  was  adopted,  the  partners  now  comprising  Lewis  "M.  Horn- 
thai  (son  of  the  founder),  Leopold  Weissman,  William  E.  Lauer,  Simon  R.  Riem 
and  Joseph  Benjamin.  All  of  the  present  members  have  been  actively  engaged  in 
the  clothing  business  for  a  lifetime.  Their  line  of  manufacture  includes  the  full 
range  of  clothing  for  men  and  youths,  —  overcoats,  suitings,  trousers,  vests,  ulsters, 
dress-suits,  liveries,  etc.,  adapted  for  all  seasons,  all  climates  and  all  localities,  and 


HORNTHAL,  WEISSMAN  A  CO.,  BROADWAY  AND  BOND  STREET. 


for  all  grades  and  conditions  of  buyers,  from  the  cheapest  to  the  highest.  The 
garments  are  cut  by  steam  and  hand  power  in  their  Broadway  establishment,  and 
are  made  by  the  best  hands  of  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  adjacent  towns,  employ- 
ment being  given  to  over  2,000  people.  More  than  20  travelling  salesmen  cover 
the  whole  country  from  Maine  to  Alaska. 

The  site  of  the  building  was  once  in  the  fashionable  centre  of  this  city.  Here 
stood  the  mansion  of  Sampson,  the  East-India  merchant,  whose  daughter  became 
the  Duchesse  de  Dino. 

The  business  was  at  first  at  William  and  Cedar  Streets,  then  on  Murray  Street, 
then  on  Walker  Street,  and  then  at  444  to  448  Broadway,  in  a  great  building  which 
was  destroyed  in  the  notable  conflagration  of  February  8,  1876.  After  this  fire  the 
firm  moved  to  466  and  468  Broadway,  near  Grand  Street,  and  then  to  its  present 
location  at  Broadway  and  Bond  Street. 


89o 


KING'S 


HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


W   G   Hitchcock  &  Co.,  importing  and  commission  merchants,  is  a  house 

of  the  fa .',  an.  h VZ  rtry.goo.ls  trade,  an  J  in  their  own  specialties  unquestionably 
1  al  ou,J  i,  his  counfry,  if  no.  in  the  world.  They  are  the  sole  agents  and 
o  rol  atolutdy  the  product  for  the  United  States  of  the  «ow,^~-  mam, 
facturers  :  B.  Priestley  &  Co.,  black  dress  goods  and  ve.bngs  ;  S •  * 
Fn.rtish  crapes;  Goortall  Worsted  Co.,  American  serges,  etc  -  Lyons  Silk  JhJ» 
ly  Co"  broad  silks,  silk  veils  and  veilings,  anrt  American  upholstery  good >t 
Silk  Mills  \mcrican  broart  silks;  Capitol  silks;  H.  Perinot,  Pans  kid  and  Suede 
Moves    ami  B  II  &  E.  E.  Elwood,  American  broad  silks.    These  make  a  com- 

L  current  at  each  season.    They  include  the  general  lines  sold  *    arge  to  he 

Tron  Arnold  Kiciiaro  Arnold  and  James  M.  Conslable,  of  Arnol Cons Ub .e  &  C . 
Welcome    G.   Hitchcock,         »        the  present  head,  and  to  whom  is  due  its  pre 


eminent  success  of  to 
Noel  J.  Beear  &  Co 
partner,   the  style 
Alfred  Becar 
partners; 


Jay,  entered  its  employ  in  1854,  when  it  was 
after  twelve  years'  service  he  became  a 
then  being  Becar,  Napier  &  Co.,  with 
and  Alex.  D.  Napier   as  senior 
later  the  style  became  Hitch- 
cock &  Potter,  and  in  1884 
it  was  changed  to 
its   present  form, 
the  partners  then, 
as  now,  comprising 
W.  G.  Hitchcock, 
George  Jarvis 
Geer,  A.  Howard 
Hopping,  and 
Charles  H.  Lane. 
Mr.  Hitchcock 
came  as  a  poor  lad 
from     his  native 
place,  Montrose, 
Penn.,    and  has 
achieved  his  suc- 
cess by  industry, 
economy,  ability, 
fidelity  to  each  and 
every  obligation, 
1   knowledge  of  his 
business  and  pro- 

His  first  situation  was  with  Joseph  F.  Sanxay, 
per  consideration  for  his  customers  st  ^  hig  present 

in  a  men's  furnishing  goods  store,  at  9 2  a  wee*      4  devoting  a  part  of  his 

income     He  is  identified  with  various  banks  and  institutions  ^voting  p 
ince-ntly  occupied  time  to  matters  pertaining  to  the  general  welfare. 


W.  G.  HITCHCOCK  &  CO.,  BROOME 


MD  MERCER  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Langdon,  Batcheller  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  the  celebrated  "glove-fitting" 
corsets  and  kindred  goods,  occupy  the  building  at  345  and  347  Broadway,  one  of 
the  prominent  structures  on  this  great  thoroughfare  of  commerce.  They  are  the 
successors  in  line  of  W.  S.  &  C.  H.  Thomson,  who  organized  the  business  in  1856. 
This  house,  like  many  others,  has  grown  from  a  very  small  beginning  to  be  one  of 
the  most  prominent  manufacturing  concerns  in  the  United  States.  Charles  H. 
Langdon  was  admitted  as  a  partner  in  1858,  and  continued  his  connection  with  the 
firm  until  January  1,  1893.  George  C.  Batcheller  entered  the  firm  in  1865,  and  is 
the  only  member  of  the  present  firm  who  was  connected  with  the  original  house. 
In  1862  the  style  of  the  firm-name  was  changed  to  Thomson,  Langdon  &  Co.;  and 

in    1889    it  was   

again  changed  to 
that  of  Langdon, 
Batcheller  &  Co., 
the  present  style. 
George  C.  Batch- 
eller,  the  senior 
member    of  the 
firm,  and  the  con- 
trolling spirit  of 
it,  has  given  the 
best  years  of  his 
life    to    the  de- 
velopment of  the 
corset  industry  in 
this  country.  In 
1876  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  build- 
ing a  large  factory 
in  Bridgeport, Ct., 
for  the  introduc- 
tion of  hand-made 
corsets.   The  suc- 
cess of  this  ven- 
ture was  assured 
from  the  very 
start,  and  from  it 
has  grown  an  in- 
dustry giving  em- 
ployment to  thousands  of  people  who  produce  annually  millions  of  corsets  ;  the  out- 
put of  this  house  alone  being  six  thousand  pairs  of  corsets  a  day.    The  Bridgeport 
works  cover  more  than  an  acre  ;  and  there  is  also  a  factory  in  up-town  New  York 
The  growth  of  the  -glove-fitting"  corsets  has  kept  pace  with  the  corset  industry 
and  their  reputation  is  world-wide.    This  firm  has  a  branch  house  in  Chicago,  from 
which  they  supply  the  West  and  Southwest.     The  firm  is  composed  of  Geome  C 
Batcheller,  Frank  I.  Perry,  George  C.  Miller,  John  A.  Kernan  and  William  H." 
Batcheller.    The  junior  partners  have  grown  up  with  the  business,  and  are  particularly 
fitted  for  the  work  which  they  have  charge  of,  which  enables  the  firm  to  handle  its 
immense  business  with  the  greatest  ease  and  dispatch.     In  the  corset  trade,  the  fore- 
most position  is  conceded  to  Langdon,  Batcheller  &  Co. 


BATCHELLER 


892 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  William  Clark  Company,  with  its  sales  department  at  295  Church 

Street,  was  organized  early  in  1891,  its  purpose  being  to  manufacture  six-cord  sew- 
ing thread.  William  Clark,  who  owns  the  controlling  interest,  and  in  whose  honor 
it  was  named,  is  one  of  the  oldest  living  thread  manufacturers,  having  spent  nearly 
a  half  century  in  the  practical  management  of  thread-making,  and  for  over  a  quarter 
of  a  century  General  Manager  of  the  Clark  Thread  Company,  of  Newark,  N.  J. 

Mr.  Clark  was  born  in  Scotland,  in  18 1 9, 
and  has  a  strong  personality,  effectively 
felt  in  every  industry  he  is  connected 
with.   Although  methodical  and  strict,  he 
is  always  fair,  which  accounts  for  the  fact 
that  he  has  always  had  the  utmost  respect 
of  employees  under  his  charge.  The 
active  management  of  the  new  company 
is  in  the  hands  of  his  two  sons,  William 
Clark,  Jr.,  and  Robert  K.  Clark,  both  of 
whom  have  had  a  valuable  experience. 
The  thread  manufactured  by  this  com- 
pany is  distinguished  from  others  by  the 
letters  N-E-W,  and  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  it  has  been  on  the  market  but  a 
short  time,  it  has  been  favorably  received, 
owing  to  its  meritorious  qualities,  which 
have  been  appreciated  in  a  manner  which 
strengthens  the  belief  that  the  public  is 
always  ready  to  endorse  a  good  article. 
The  mills  at  Westerly,  K.  I.,  are  built 
after  the   "slow-burning  construction" 
plan,  and  are  equipped  with  the  best- 
built   and    latest   machinery,    some  of 
which  was  constructed  after  plans  devised 
by  the  management.    The  company  has 
also  constructed  many  cottages,  for  homes 
for  the  employees,  not  like  ordinary  mill 
tenements,  but  neat,  well-built  houses, 
each  upon  a  plot  of  ground  60  by  1 50  feet, 
where  all  the  comforts  of  a  refined  home- 
life  can  be  enjoyed.     The  company  has 
also  set  apart  one  of  these  cottages,  which 
is  used  as  a  chapel  and  night-school, 
both  of  which  are  managed  solely  by  the 
employees,  and  with  extraordinary  suc- 
cess. The  sales  department,  at  295  Church 
Street,  is  under  the  management  of  H.  G. 
Armitage,  whose  efficiency  is  shown  in  the 


ILLIAM  CLARK  COMPANV,  295  CHURCH  STREET. 


success  attending  his  efforts  to  popularize  the  goods  of  the  company.  The  company 
has  adopted  many  novel  advertising  schemes,  and  has  carefully  avoided  the  old  ruts 
in  this  branch,  which  has  given  it  the  reputation  in  the  trade  of  being  a  live  and 
enterprising  companv.  The  officers  are  William  Clark,  President  and  Treasurer  ; 
Robert  K.  Clark,  Secretary;  and  William  Clark,  Jr.,  General  Manager. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


893 


Gilbert  Manufacturing  Company,  which  stands  foremost  among 
ladies'  dress-linings  and  dress-goods  manufacturing  establishments 
the  present  day,  has  at  its  head  as  President,  O.  P.  Dorman.  The 
history  of  this  company  is  essentially  a  history  of  the  business  en- 
terprises of  Mr.  Dorman,  who,  in  1879,  obtained  control  of  an 
invention  for  making  cotton  fabrics  water  and  perspiration 
Together  with  Frank  H.  Gilbert,  who  has  since 
become  treasurer  of  the  incorporated  company  which 
bears  his  name,  Mr.  Dorman  utilized  this  invention 
to  the  very  best  advantage.    At  the  outset  they 
began  the  manufacture  of  ladies'  dress  shields,  with 
\  T^jJSj   42  sewing  machines,  in  New-York  City.  These 
Jj  1  <L^*       proving  very  popular,  the  manufacture  of  ladies' 
^  i  J  ^  L.      dress-linings  was  undertaken,  and  the  capacity 
I  S  3  4  .  \^  of  the  business  enlarged  to  meet  its  increasing 
demands.    In  1880  Mr. 
Dorman  conceived 
the  idea  of  making 
three-leaf  twills. 
These  likewise 
proved  very 
popular,  and 
caused  such 
fur  t  h  er 


GILBERT  MANUFACTURING  CO., 
514  AND  516  BROADWAY. 

sion  of  the  business  that  in  1 88 1  the 
firm  was  incorporated,  under  its  present 
name.  In  the  same  year  W.  T.  Mcln- 
tire  became  connected  with  the  com- 
pany, and  three  years  later  was  elected 
to  its  vice-presidency.  For  the  next 
three  or  four  years  the  capacity  of  the 
company  was  taxed  to  its  utmost  in 
meeting  the  demands  for  its  plain  three- 
leaf  twill.  Feeling  that  a  slight  depar- 
ture would  sfill  further  increase  the 
business,  a  fancy  three-leaf  twill  was 
introduced.  In  the  early  history  of  the 
company  Mr.  Dorman  had  secured  by  a 
contract  for  five  years  control  of  an  in- 
vention whereby  a  cotton  fabric  could 
be  dyed  a  black,  which  should  be  posi- 
tively and  absolutely  fast.  This  dis- 
covery was  used  at  the  outset  exclusively 
for  dress-linings.  Later,  it  was  utilized 
in    making    black    Henrietta  cloths, 


GILBERT  MANUFACTURING  CO., 
WAREHOUSE  ON  CROSBY  STREET. 


894  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  ' 

which  proved  even  more  successful  than  the  dress-linings.  Not  satisfied  with  these 
results  alone,  a  long  series  of  experiments  was  undertaken,  which  at  last  resulted  in 
the  successful  manufacture  of  fast  black  dress  goods  with  white  figures.  Further 
experimenting  led  to  the  making  of  fast  black  goods  with  dual  and  chintz  colorings. 
Looms  running  in  the  interest  of  the  company  are  now  scattered  through  every  State 
in  New  England,  excepting  Vermont.  The  company's  main  office  and  salesrooms 
are  at  514  and  516  Broadway,  and  their  warehouses  are  at  60,  62,  64  and  66  Crosby 
Street.     Branches  are  established  at  various  points  in  this  and  foreign  countries. 

Belding  Brothers  &  Co.  are  the  foremost  representatives  of  the  sewing-silk 
business  in  America.  From  the  small  beginnings  in  silk-worm  culture  at  North- 
ampton, Massachusetts, 
have  grown  the  great  silk 
companies  of  modern 
times.  This  business  is 
now  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant manufacturing 
interests  of  the  country. 
The  Belding  Brothers, 
by  unremitting  push  and 
by  placing  on  the  market 
only  the  best  product  of 
silk-manufacture,  have 
established  an  enormous 
business,  with  a  world- 
wide reputation.  Their 
plant  consists  of  mills  at 
Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts ;  Montreal,  Can- 
ada ;  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia ;  Rockville,  Con- 
necticut ;  and  Belding, 
Michigan.  These  five 
mills  employ  over  3,000 
hands.  Their  chief  pro- 
ducts are  machine  twist, 
sewing,  knitting  and 
embroidery  silks,  silk 
hosiery  and  lining  silks. 
The  total  product  of  the 
mills  during  the  year  1 892 
was  valued  at  $5,500,- 
000.  Over  2,250  pounds 
of  raw  silk  from  Asia  and 
Europe,  costing  $14,000, 
are  daily  converted 
through  a  great  variety 
of  processes  into  thread.  In  all  branches  of  the  manufacture  a  single  strand  of  silk 
must  be  produced,  which  is  usually  doubled  for  yarns  and  trebled  for  machine-twist. 
This  single  strand,  into  which  every  day  at  these  mills  a  ton  of  silk  is  converted,  is 
long  enough  to  go  around  the  entire  globe  twelve  times.    One  of  the  great 


BELDING  BROTHERS 


*55  AND  457  BROADWAY. 


K/NCS  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  895 

improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  is  the  operation  of  a  patented  machine 
which  cleans  the  completed  thread,  not  only  taking  off  all  burrs  and  pluff,  but  also 
giving  it  a  gloss  which  is  peculiarly  characteristic  of  the  goods  of  the  Belding  Brothers. 

The  principal  mills  are  at  Northampton,  near  the  Connecticut-River  Railroad 
and  the  New- Haven  &  Northampton  Railroad.  175  looms  and  20,000  spindles  are 
employed  there  in  weaving  silk  fabrics,  such  as  sleeve-linings  and  silk  coat-linings 
for  tailors'  use.  There  are  also  in  operation  25  hosiery  machines,  producing  300 
dozen  of  silk  hose  each  week.  This  industry  is  interesting,  because  of  the  humble 
way  in  which  it  began.  The  foundation  of  it  was  laid  in  i860  by  Hiram  H.  and 
Alvah  N.  Belding,  who  started  from  Otisco,  Michigan,  which  since  has  been  named 
Belding,  to  sell  silk  from  house  to  house. 
This  method  proved  so  successful  that  three 
years  later  they,  together  with  their  brother, 
Milo  ML  Belding,  started  a  house  in  Chicago. 
In  1863  the  three  brothers  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  E.  K.  Rose,  and  built  a  mill  at  Rock- 
ville,  Connecticut.  Three  years  later  the  firm 
wasdissolved.  In  1869  the  mill  at  Northamp- 
ton was  built  ;  and  subsequently  the  others. 
The  company's  main  offices  are  at  455  and 
457  Broadway,  New  York.  The  officers  are  : 
If.  M.  Belding,  President  and  Treasurer ;  D. 
W.  Belding,  Vice-President  ;  and  A.  N.  Beld- 
ing, Secretary.  The  directors  are  :  M.  M. 
•  Belding  and  J.  R.  Emery  of  New  York; 
D.  \Y.  Belding  of  Cincinnati  ;  A.  N.  Beld- 
ing, of  Rockville  ;  W.  S.  Belding,  of  Chi- 
cago ;  W.  A.  Stanton,  and  E.  C.  Young  of 
Chicago. 

J.  R.  Leeson  &  Co.,  at  Church  and  Lis- 
penard  Streets,  is  the  principal  branch  of  the 
largest  linen-thread  importing  house  of  the 
United  States.  Besides  being  the  American 
representatives  of  the  great  Scottish  house  of 
Finlayson,  Bousfield  &  Co.,  whose  gigantic 
works  are  at  Johnstone,  in  Scotland,  they  are 
the  selling  agents  of  the  Grafton  Flax  Mills, 
of  Grafton;  Mass.  In  addition  to  their  re- 
markable record  as  to  age,  the  Scottish  house 
being  the  oldee  t  established  linen-thread  manu- 
facturers in  Scotland;  as  to  magnitude,  the 
Johnstone  Mills  alone  giving  employment  to 
3,000  persons  ;  as  to  stability,  the  standing  of 
the  concerns  being  rated  at  many  millions  of 
dollars ;  and  as  to  preeminence,  being  the 
largest  makers  of  linen  and  flax  threads  in  the 
world,  and  receiving  the  only  Prize  Medal 
awarded  for  quality  in  linen  threads  at  the 
first  International  Exhibition,  London,  185 1  : 
&  Co.  and  J.  R.  Leeson  & 


LEESON  &  CO.,   317  CHURCH  STREET. 


the  houses  of  Finlayson,  Bousfield 
Co.  have  made  indelible  records  in  the  annals  of  the 


896 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


growth  of  their  industry  by  the  almost  innumerable  list  of  inventions  for  the  better 
manufacture  and  the  more  extended  use  of  the  products  of  linen  and  flax  thread  mills. 
Their  introduction  of  "Real  Scotch  Linen  Floss,"  and  the  now  universally  known 
"Bargarren  Art  Threads,"  for  embroidering,  crocheting  and  other  ornamental 
work,  created  almost  a  revolution  in  their  way,  for  they  were  found  to  be  just  as 
beautiful  as  silk,  and  yet  far  more  durable  and  far  less  costly.  The  attachments  for 
book-binders'  machines,  by  which  time  is  saved,  with  better  results  and  less  cost, 
and  without  the  annoyance  of  broken  needles  caused  by  knotty  threads,  have  become 
generally  used  by  the  book-binders  throughout  the  country.  Their  peculiarly  fine- 
qualities  and  exceeding  strength  have  made  the  "Real  Scotch"  linen  threads  the 
especial  favorites  with  the  boot  and  shoe  and  harness  makers  and  other  trades.  In 
1892  the  house  introduced  a  new  method  of  winding  threads  on  tubes,  which  is  des- 
tined to  revolutionize  the  entire  system  of  putting  up  threads  for  manufacturing  and 
home  use,  for  by  this  new  system  the  many  trials  of  the  old-fashioned  balls,  bobbins 
or  tubes  are  avoided,  and  there  is  no  bulging,  no  breaking  or  straining  of  the  thread, 
no  ravelling  into  knots  or  loops,  no  slipping  over  sides  to  interfere  with  machinery, 
etc.  The  products  of  the  mills  in  Scotland  and  at  Grafton  include  every  variety  of 
linen  and  flax  threads  now  in  use  for  any  purposes.  They  are  put  up  in  all  conceiv- 
able styles  of  thickness  and  color  for  which  there  is  any  demand.  The  headquarters 
of  the  firm  are  at  226  Devonshire  Street,  Boston  ;  and  in  addition  to  the  principal 
branch  in  New-York  City,  J.  R.  Leeson  &  Co.  have  agencies  at  405  Arch  Street, 
Philadelphia  ;  323  Main  Street,  Cincinnati ;  240  Franklin  Street,  Chicago  ;  and  in 
St.  Louis,  San  Francisco,  and  other  important  trade-centres. 

Francis  H.  Leggett  8c  Co.  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  wholesale  grocery- 
houses  of  the  world  ;  there  is  none  more  widely  or  more  favorably  known.  This 
house  dates  back  to  1870,  at  which  time  Francis  H.  Leggett  associated  with  him- 
self his  brother,  Theodore  Leggett,  and  the  new  house  assumed  the  firm-name  as 
it  stands  to-day.  Leasing  the  building  at  74  Murray  Street,  a  modest  beginning 
was  made  as  a  foundation  to  their  present  extensive  business.  Then  staple  goods, 
sugars,  syrups,  molasses,  etc.,  formed  the  bulk  of  the  stock  of  all  grocery  houses, 
the  addition  of  specialties  not  coming  into  vogue  until  some  years  later.  The  new 
firm  was  quick  to  discover  any  possible  opening  for  adding  new  and  desirable  feat- 
ures, and  for  enlarging  the  scope  of  its  operations,  and  it  has  done  much  to  give  the 
grocery  trade  its  present  diversified  character.  They  were,  also,  among  the  first  in 
their  line  to  add  a  complete  line  of  canned  goods,  imported  groceries,  and  foreign 
fruits  to  their  lists.  The  inauguration  of  each  new  feature  served  to  increase  the 
popularity  and  to  extend  the  patronage  of  the  house.  In  1873  larger  quarters  were 
required,  and  they  removed  to  97,  99  and  101  Reade  Street.  They  soon  occupied 
the  entire  building,  and  also  one  adjoining,  on  Chambers  Street.  Increasing  trade 
demanded  still  more  space,  and  in  1881  the  firm  erected  their  present  building. 

By  a  fire  which  occurred  May  10,  1891,  the  top  floor  was  destroyed,  and  the 
entire  stock  was  seriously  damaged  by  water  and  smoke.  For  the  ensuing  three 
months  the  firm  occupied  temporary  quarters  in  Franklin,  Hudson  and  West 
Streets,  and  in  the  meantime  repaired  and  remodelled  their  own  building.  The 
building  is  imposing  in  its  dimensions  and  attractive  in  its  appearance.  It  is  of 
pressed  brick  and  granite,  and  comprises  ten  stories  and  basement. 

The  power-plant  consists  of  two  horizontal  tubular  boilers,  of  60  horse-power 
each,  and  one  horizontal  automatic  cut-off  engine,  of  90  horse-power.  This  engine 
furnishes  power  for  milling  and  electric-light  purposes.  The  power  for  milling  is 
transmitted  from  the  engine  to  the  several  floors,  until  it  reaches  the  tenth  floor, 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


89g  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

where  the  Spice  Department  is  located.  The  large  stock  carried  by  the  firm  is 
moved  by  six  powerful  steam  elevators,  of  the  Otis  type.  For  electric  light  purposes 
there  is  also  used  an  80  horse-power  high-speed  engine,  manufactured  by  the  Ball 
Company  of  Erie.  The  demands  upon  the  boilers  have  been  so  great  that  the  firm 
is  contemplating  the  erection  of  additional  boilers.  The  electric-light  plant  consists 
of  two  dynamos.    One  is  of  700-light  capacity,  the  other  of  400-light  capacity. 

The  receiving  and  shipping  departments  occupy  the  first  floor,  while  the  private- 
offices,  general  salesrooms,  and  counting-room  occupy  the  second  floor.  All  the 
stories  above  are  stocked  with  food-products  of  all  sorts,  from  every  quarter  of  the 
globe,  and  the  building  contains  as  large  a  collection  of  such  as  is  ever  brought  under 
one  roof.  The  upper  floors  are  used  principally  for  manufacturing  purposes,  such  as 
grinding  spices,  milling  and  packing  prepared  flour  and  cereal  specialties  of  every 
description,  flavoring  extracts,  fruit-syrups,  and  many  other  specialties,  and  the  pack- 
ing of  olives,  all  of  which  form  an  important  branch  of  the  business. 

This  firm  makes  a  specialty  of  high-class  groceries  of  every  description,  and  is 
a  large  handler  of  coffees  and  teas.  They  have  a  factory  at  Riverside,  N.  J.,  where 
they  pack  their  own  brands  of  canned  goods,  jams,  and  other  high-grade  specialties, 
which  have  a  national  reputation  for  excellence.  The  firm  has  also  an  office  at  44 
Rue  de  Traversiere,  Bordeaux,  France.  They  do  not  sell  wines,  bitters,  or  liquors 
of  any  description,  but  deal  exclusively  in  food-products,  and  their  brands  are  so 
well-known  and  popular  that  their  trade  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
steady  and  prosperous  growth  of  the  volume  of  trade  of  this  house  finds  its  explana- 
tion in  a  strict  adherence  to  principles  of  integrity  ;  maintaining  a  high  standard  of 
quality  for  their  brands,  and  dealing  fairly  and  justly  with  each  patron.  The  busi- 
ness is  divided  into  twenty-five  departments,  each  of  which  is  in  charge  of  a  com- 
petent manager.  The  present  members  of  the  firm  are  Francis  H.  Leggett,  Albert 
H  Jones,  Lewis  Wallace,  and  John  C.  Juhring,  Theodore  Leggett  having  died  in 
1883,  while  absent  from  the  city  in  the  summer  of  that  year. 

John  Osborn,  Son  &  Co.,  general  merchants,  have  offices  at  45  Beaver  Street. 
The  house  is  a  very  old  one.  John  Osborn  came  to  New  York  from  Oporto,  where 
he  had  a  commercial  house,  and  established  himself  in  January,  1836.  Some  years 
later  he  took  his  brother  Robert  into  partnership,  under  the  style  of  John  &  Robert 
Osborn;  the  place  of  business  being  at  in  Wall  Street.  In  1854  John  Osborn 
erected  the  building  which  they  now  occupy,  then  in  the  centre  of  the  dry-goods 
trade  A  year  or  so  later  that  trade  began  moving  farther  up-town.  About  1856 
the  firm  removed  to  45  Beaver  Street,  and  a  year  later  the  firm  was  dissolved  by  the 
death  of  Robert.  John  Osborn  continued  under  his  own  name.  In  April,  1869,  he 
associated  with  himself  his  son,  Francis  Pares  Osborn,  and  Timothy  Stevens,  under 
the  co-partnership  name  of  John  Osborn,  Son  &  Co.  The  firm  had  business  rela- 
tions with  foreign  countries  (particularly  with  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain  and 
Portugal),  and  continued  until  May  16,  1869,  when  it  was  dissolved  by  the  death  of 
John  Osborn.  Immediately  a  co-partnership  was  formed  by  Francis  Pares  Osborn, 
Timothy  Stevens  and  Mary  C.  Osborn,  to  continue  the  business  under  the  same 
style.  There  was  no  change  in  the  personnel  until  May  I,  1875,  when  the  co-part- 
nership was  dissolved.  Then  a  limited  partnership  was  formed  by  Francis  Pares 
Osborn  as  general,  and  Mary  C.  Osborn  as  special  partner,  to  continue  the  business 
under  the  name  of  John  Osborn,  Son  &  Co.  In  1876  a  branch  house  was  opened 
in  Montreal,  the  head  office  remaining  in  New  York.  On  January  I,  1884,  a  new 
limited  partnership  was  formed  between  Francis  Pares  Osborn,  Charles  Spencer 
Osborn,  William  Osborn,  Robert  A.  Osborn  and  Mary  C.  Osborn,  to  cont.nue  four 


K IXC'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


899 


years  under  the  same  name.  This  partnership  was  renewed  in  January,  1888.  On 
December  28,  1891,  Mary  C.  Osborn,  the  special  partner  and  mother  of  the  general 
partners,  died  at  her  home  on  Canton  Avenue,  Brooklyn,  where  she  had  lived 
for  forty-two  years,  and  which  was  the  birthplace  of  William  and  Robert  A.  Os- 
born. On  March  13,  1892,  the  senior  partner,  Francis  Pares  Osborn,  died;  the 
firm,  however,  being  a  limited  partnership,  continued.  In  May,  1892,  the  firm  estab- 
lished a  Western  Department,  with  offices  at  522  and  523  Monadnock  Block,  Chi- 
cago.    On   December  31,   1892,  a  new  

firm  was  formed,  under  a  general  partner- 
ship,  composed  of  the  remaining  partners, 
Charles  Spencer  Osborn,  William  Osborn 
and  Robert  A.  Osborn,  under  the  same 
style  of  heretofore.  On  May  I,  1S93, 
owing  to  increasing  business  in  the  West- 
ern Department,  and  to  offer  better  facili- 
ties to  all  friends  who  may  visit  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  the  West- 
ern Department  removed  their  offices  to 
the  Auditorium  Hotel  Building,  on  Michi- 
gan Avenue,  where  they  have  large  and 
spacious  offices  on  the  ground  floor,  giving 
them  better  accommodations  to  do  their 
increasing  business,  which  is  making  Chi- 
cago the  distributing  point  of  the  West. 
.Among  the  agencies  which  this  firm  has 
had  control  of  in  its  wine  and  spirit  de- 
partment is  that  of  the  old  and  well- 
known  brand  of  Piper-Heidsieck  Cham- 
pagne. For  years  they  have  imported 
only  one  grade  of  -champagne,  namely, 
Piper-Heidsieck,  "Sec,'1  but  this  year, 
considering  that  American  connoisseurs 
are  demanding  also  a  Brut  wine,  they  have 
been  induced  to  import  a  real  Brut,  known 
under  the  name  of  Piper-Heidsieck,  Brut 
Extra,  which  is  pronounced  the  highest 
grade  of  real  Brut  that  is  known  on  this 
market.  During  the  many  years  which 
this  firm  has  been  in  existence  it  has  had 
business  relations  with  all  parts  of  Europe, 
the  South  American  Republics,  and  the 
West  Indies,  importing  and  exporting  the 
products  of  these  countries,  as  well  as  doing  a  banking  business ;  and  the  reputation 
and  high  standing  of  the  house  are  well  known  throughout  the  world. 

Bulkley,  Dunton  &  Co.,  whose  large  paper  warehouse  and  offices  are  at  75 
and  77  Duane  Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest,  strongest  and  most  highly  esteemed  houses 
in  the  paper  trade.  The  business  was  started  about  1S35  Jeremiah  L.  Cross,  who 
in  1S3S  was  joined  by  Edwin  Bulkley  and  Hiram  X.  Gookin,  under  the  firm-name  of 
Cross,  Bulkley  &  Gookin.  Since  then  various  changes  in  the  firm  have  taken  place, 
as  follows:    In  1846  to  Bulkley  &  Gookin,  in  1S4S  to  Bulkley  &  Brother,  in  1855  to 


stl 

[ 

1 

r 
1 

JOHN  OSBORN,  SON  &  CO. 


BEAVER  STREET. 


900 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Bulkley,  Brother  &  Co.,  and  in  1865  to  Bulkley,  Dunton  &  Co.,  the  present  style 
having  been  continued  for  nearly  thirty  consecutive  years.  Through  all  these 
changes  and  until  his  death  in  1881,  Edwin  Bulkley  remained  an  active  partner,  and 

from  1846  he  was  the  head 
of  the  firm.  His  record  for 
mercantile  sagacity  and 
strictly  honorable  business 
methods  is  of  the  highest 
order.  His  associates,  men 
of  kindred  character,  com- 
prised, besides  Messrs.  Cross 
and  Gookin,  his  brother 
Lewis  D.  Bulkley,  William 
C.  Dunton,  Cornelius  Perry, 
his  sons  Andrew  and  Moses 
Bulkley,  and  the  present 
members  of  the  firm,  which 
is  composed  of  David  G. 
Garabrant,  Jonathan  Bulk- 
ley,  and  James  S.  Packard. 
Mr.  Dunton  held  a  promi- 
nent place,  and,  as  active 
manager  of  the  business  for 
many  years,  is  largely  to  be 
credited  with  its  success. 
Moses  Bulkley  died,  a  young 
man,  in  1892,  but  left  a  repu- 
tation for  excellent  business 
judgment  and  the  strictest 
integrity.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  the  directorates  of 
various  financial  and  manu- 
facturing corporations.  This 
house  from  the  beginning 
has  held  an  influential  posi- 
tion in  the  paper  trade.  The  specialties  of  the  house  are  book  and  news  papers. 
Besides  their  own  two  mills  at  Middlefield,  Mass.,  they  own  large  interests  as  stock- 
holders in  the  Montague  Paper  Company  and  Keith  Paper  Company,  at  Turner's 
Falls,  Mass.,  and  the  Winnipiseogee  Paper  Company,  of  Franklin,  N.  H.,  three  of 
the  most  successful  paper-manufacturing  corporations  of  New  England,  and  of  which 
they  were  largely  the  originators.  The  products  of  these  mills  have  an  established 
reputation  throughout  the  country,  as  unexcelled  in  their  various  lines.  In  the  finan- 
cial crises  of  the  United  States  of  the  past  half  century  this  house  has  sustained  its 
record  of  solidity  ;  in  1857  and  the  following  years  it  carried  through  several  other 
large  firms  which  otherwise  would  probably  have  failed.  In  1859,  and  again  in 
1864,  the  house  suffered  a  heavy  loss  by  fire,  on  both  occasions  their  whole  estab- 
lishment being  completely  burned  out.  Heavy  losses  that  arose  out  of  these  fires 
and  legally  fell  upon  others  were  generously  assumed,  carrying  out  the  liberal  policy 
always  maintained.  For  twenty-seven  years  they  were  located  at  74  John  Street, 
and  in  1 89 1  they  moved  to  their  present  premises  at  75  and  77  Duane  Street. 


BULKLEY,  DUNTON 


75   AND  77   DUANE  SThEET. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


901 


Louis  Dejonge  &  Co.,  at  71  and  73  Duane  Street,  a  few  buildings  east  of 
Broadway,  is  the  oldest  and  the  foremost  house  in  America  in  the  manufacture 
and  importation  of  fancy  and  silver  and  gold  papers,  leathers,  cloth  and  paste- 
board, pictures  and  ornaments  used  by  bookbinders,  printers,  lithographers  and 
box-makers.  This  now  immense  business  was  formed  in  the  year  1846,  under 
the  style  of  J.  &  L.  Dejonge,  which  was  changed  in  1868  to  Louis  Dejonge  &  Co. 
In  1 89 1  Louis  Dejonge  retired  from  the  firm,  which  is  now  composed  of  his  son- 
in-law,  Charles  F.  Zentgraf  (admitted  in  1873),  and  his  son,  Louis  Dejonge,  Jr. 
(admitted  in  1883).  Their  spacious  factories  at  Tompkinsville,  Staten  Island, 
began  operations 
in  1858,  and  now 
employ  nearly  400 
workmen.  In 
1892  the  plant 
was  enlarged  by  a 
new  wing,  and  its 
capacity  for  mak- 
ing surface-coated 
paper  was  materi- 
ally increased. 
The  product  in- 
cludes fine  litho- 
graphic coated 
papers  for  color 
work  ;  plated  and 
glazed  surface- 
coated  papers  in 
all  colors,  for 
printers,  litho- 
graphers  and 
paper-box  mak- 
ers; plain  and 
embossed  leather 
papers,  in  endless 
varieties,  for 
boo  k-b  i n  de r s  ; 
marbled  and 
fancy  lining  and 
cover  papers, 
Winterbottc  m's 
English  book- 
cloth,  fine  moroc- 
co and  Russia  and 
other  foreign  and 
imported  leath- 
ers, likewise  buf- 
fings and  roans, 

skivers,  batwings,  and  fleshers.  The  glues  and  wax,  brushes  and  twines,  gold  leaf 
and  albumen,  and  other  requisites  of  the  book-binders'  art  are  kept  in  stock.  Their 
sales  amount  to  more  than  $2,000,000  yearly,  and  reach  all  parts  of  America. 


DEJONGE  4  CO.,   71  AND  73  DUANE  STREET. 


go: 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Hermann  Boker  &  Co.,  wholesale  dealers  in  cutlery,  hardware,  guns  and 
metals,  conduct  a  business  started  in  1837  by  Hermann  Boker,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  an  old  fam.ly  of  merchants,  the  Bokers,  of  Kemscheid,  in  Prussia.  The  first 
quarters  were  in  John  Street,  whence  they  were  removed  to  50  Cliff  Street  where 
the  firm  remained  over  twenty  years,  and  then,  in  1S72,  built  and  moved  into  their 
own  large  iron-front  business  building,  101  and  103  Duane  Street,  extending  through 
to  10  and  12  Thomas  Street,  just  west  of  Broadway.    The  style  of  the  firm  was  Her- 

rnann  Boker  from  1837  until  1857, 
ever  since  which  time  it  has  been 
Hermann  Boker  &  Co.  By  the 
retirement  and  death  of  the  older 
partners,  the  firm  now  consists  of 
Ferdinand  A.  Boker,  Carl  F. 
Boker  and  Albert  H.  Funke.  Both 
the  former  are  sons  of  the  late 
Hermann  Boker,  founder  of  the 
business,  and  the  latter  is  the  son 
of  Hermann  Funke,  and  brother 
of  Hermann  Funke,  Jr.,  two  for- 
mer partners,  who  died  m  1890. 
Ferdinand  A.  Boker  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  firm  over  thirty 
years,  and  resides  now  in  Europe, 
looking  after  the  European  inter- 
ests. Carl  F.  Boker  and  Albert 
H.  Funke  entered  the  firm  in  1891, 
the  former  adding  his  business  in 
steel  and  metais,  which  he  then 
conducted  in  John  Street  under  his 
own  name. 

The  business  is  one  of  the 
largest  in  its  line  in  the  United 
States.  It  consists  of  German  and 
English  hardware  and  cutlery,  par- 
ticularly of  the  celebrated  "Tree 
Brand,"  made  in  Solingen.  The 
firm  represents  some  of  the  oldest 
and  best-known  German  and  Eng- 
lish manufacturers  in  these  lines 
and  in  steel  and  metals,  including 
the  widely  celebrated  Sheffield  firm  of  Jonas  &  Colver,  Limited.  They  do  a  vast 
export  business  in  copper,  and  are  the  European  agents  of  the  great  Calumet  & 
Hecla  Mining  Company.  They  have  always  done  an  extensive  business  in  Belgian 
and  English  sporting  guns,  and  have  a  representative  in  Liege,  looking  after  various 
interests  in  Europe.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  would  be  the  exception  not  to  find  at  the 
Boker  establishment  every  desirable  article  usually  sought  for  in  wholesale  hard- 
ware, cutlery  and  sporting-gun  houses,  the  completeness  of  the  stock  being  one  of 
the  essential  elements  of  the  success  of  the  business. 

Everything  considered,  there  is  no  more  highly  esteemed  business  firm  in  New 
York  than  the  old  house  of  Hermann  Boker  &  Co. 


■fill 


I  11  1  I 


m 


HERMANN  BOKER 


03  DUANE  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


9°3 


Wallace,  Elliott  &  Co.,  of  118  to  124  Duane  Street,  between  Broadway  and 
Church  Street,  are  preeminent  as  manufacturers,  jobbers  and  wholesalers  of  boots, 
shoes,  rubbers  and  slippers.  Their  five  factories,  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Farm- 
ington,  N.  H.,  Rochester,  X.  H.,  Stoughton,  Mass.,  and  Haverhill,  Mass.,  contain 
the  most  modern  and  ingenious  machinery  in  use,  and  turn  out  over  fifteen  thousand 
pairs  of  shoes  a  day.  They  also  manufacture  the  celebrated  "  Crest"  §2  and  $3 
shoe  for  men  and  women,  which  is  advertised  in  every  nook  and  corner. 

The  firm  of  Wallace  &  Hollinshed,  established  more  than  forty  years  ago,  was 
succeeded  in  1S71  by  Wallace  &  Elliott,  composed  of  Edwin  Wallace  and  Henry 
Elliott.  These  gentlemen  still  continue  in  the  business,  and  have  admitted  as  part- 
ners John  E.  Jacobs  (in  1879)  ancl  Clinton  Elliott,  son  of  Henry  Elliott  (in  1SS9). 
The  institution,  thus  founded  and  advanced,  has  developed  into  one  of  the  most 
important  and  in- 
teresting of  its  class 
in  the  world,  and  is 
still  progressing 
with  remarkable 
business  sagacity 
and  financial  ability. 
One  cardinal  princi- 
ple has  been,  never 
to  allow  competition 
to  force  them  to  re- 
duce the  high  qual- 
ity of  their  goods, 
and  even  in  the 
stormiest  periods  of 
under  -  selling  and 
business  chicanery, 
Wallace,  Elliott  & 
Co.  have  kept  their 
standard  high  and 
blameless.  The 
knowledge  of  this 
fact  has  become 
common  property  in 
the  trade,  and  there- 
fore their  goods  are 
always  in  demand. 
The  requirements  of 
their  business  keep 
more  than  fifty  sales-  Wallace,  elliott  a  co. ,  duane  and  church  streets. 

men  busy,  and  there  is  not  a  State  in  the  Union  that  is  not  regularly  visited  by  their 
active  salesmen  on  the  road,  besides  the  forces  in  their  branch-offices  in  Chicago 
and  Philadelphia.  Their  New- York  store  is  probably  the  largest  in  the  world,  of  its 
class,  since  it  occupies  twenty-two  floors,  all  of  which  contain  goods  of  their  own 
manufacture.  Their  sample-rooms  contain  more  than  one  thousand  varieties  of 
boots,  shoes  and  slippers,  as  usually  contained  in  their  stock.  A  fact  like  this  shows 
how  great  must  be  the  talent,  how  careful  the  training,  which  prepares  the  skilful 
merchant  to  handle  successfully  such  intricate  combinations. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Dan  Talmage's  Sons  &  Co.,  at  115  Wall  Street,  have  passed  the  half-cen- 
tury mark,  and  stand  at  the  head  and  front  of  the  rice  traffic  in  this  country.  The 
house  was  established  in  1841  by  Daniel  Talmage,  and  is  to-day  continued  by  his 
sons  and  grandsons,  all  men  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  enjoying  a  position  in  the  mer- 
cantile community  fully  equal  to  the  worthy  founder.     Their  business  is  by  no  means 


confined  to  New  York,  for  their  1 


argest  operations  are 


DAN  TALMAGE'S  SONS  &   CO.,  115  WALL  STREET. 

proportion  of  the  amount  consumed  in  Europe 


1  the  South  and  Southwest. 
The  house  at  this  point  may 
be  termed  the  financial 
heart  ;  for  out  of  and  to  it 
flow  all  of  its  monetary  ar- 
rangements. Their  repre- 
sentatives (all  Tal mages) 
at  the  various  points  pos- 
sess marked  ability, 
shrewdness  and  business 
sagacity.  The  Southern 
houses  are  located  at 
Charleston  and  New  Or- 
leans, the  milling  centres 
of  the  rice  growth  in  the 
United  States.  So  intimate 
are  their  relations  to  the 
growth  that  they  might  be 
termed  producers  one  re- 
move, for  they  are  the  right 
hand  of  many  of  the  "sons 
of  the  soil."  The  rice 
crop  of  the  United  States 
is  now  large  enough  to  sup- 
ply the  home  demand,  and 
as  the  acreage  is  annually 
increasing,  the  time  is  not 
far  distant  when  exports  of 
American  rice  will  become 
an  important  commercial 
feature,  and  form  no  mean 


The  firm  has  been  very  active  in 
stimulating  the  culture  ;  distributing  practical  information  concerning  the  industry  ;  and 
strongly  urging  upon  Southern  planters  the  wisdom  of  diversifying  products,  curtail- 
ing in  a  measure  any  given  prominent  product, —  cotton,  sugar  or  tobacco,  as  the 
case  might  be,  in  any  section,  —  and  the  advisability  of  devoting,  among  other  sub- 
stitutes, some  space  to  rice.  In  the  distribution  of  the  product  the  field  widens  to 
and  throughout  the  entire  country,  their  shipments  entering  every  prominent  city; 
and  in  addition  they  do  a  large  export  trade.  Their  rice-mills  in  this  city  and  at 
the  South  are  of  large  capacity  and  thoroughly  equipped  with  the  latest  and  best 
machinery,  securing  excellent  out-turn  expeditiously  and  economically.  Supplies  of 
rough  rice  are  derived  from  shipments  by  planters  who  realize  the  advantage  of 
having  their  grain  milled  and  sold  in  the  cleaned  state.  The  net  results  by  such 
course  are  increased  by  ten  to  fifteen  per  cent.,  as  the  producer  is  brought  several 
steps  nearer  the  consumer  and  therefore  saves  many  intermediary  charges. 


A'/XCS  HA  XD  BOOK  OF  HEW  YORK. 


Henry  A.  Rogers,  at  19  John  Street,  is  one  of  the  leading  American  dealers 
in  railroad  and  machinists'  supplies  and  tools,  and  enjoys  a  very  large  trade  with 
many  of  the  best  railroad  companies  and  manufacturing  establishments.  Commenc- 
ing with  the  food,  clothing  and  shelter  used  by  railroad  construction  parties  ;  con- 
tinuing with  the  rails  and  tools,  such  as  shovels,  picks,  graders  and  rock  drills,  for 
the  construction  of  a  railway's  road-bed  ;  and 
concluding  with  bridges,  cars,  locomotives  and 
machinery,  lathes,  planers,  etc.,  used  in  every 
machine-shop,  this  busy  house  equips  a  rail- 
road from  its  first  breaking  ground  to  main- 
taining it  in  its  fullest  operation.  Almost 
equally  important  with  the  railroad  supplies 
is  his  trade  in  tools  and  machinery  and  machin- 
ists' supplies,  like  belting,  waste,  oil,  oil  cups, 
files,  hammers,  wrenches,  etc.  He  has  a  large 
Government  business  in  furnishing  machinery 
and  tools  for  navy  yards  and  military  posts. 
Vast  supplies  have  gone  to  Australia,  Cuba, 
Mexico  and  South  America.  Almost  every- 
thing used  in  building  the  Cartagena  Railway, 
in  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  went  from 
II.  A.  Rogers's  establishment.  This  house 
is  the  sole  American  agent  for  the  Moncrieff 
*•  Perth  "  glass  tubes,  which  have  an  immense 
sale  in  the  United  States,  leading  all  makes. 
These  gauge  glasses,  which  show  high  and  low 
water  in  boilers,  are  imported  direct  from 
Perth,  Scotland.  They  resist  high  pressure 
and  great  variations,  of  heat,  and  are  so  hard 
outside  that  a  diamond  will  scarcely  scratch 
them,  yet  so  soft  inside  that  a  piece  of  sharp- 
ened steel  will  cut  them.  Their  high  quality, 
attested  by  universal  adoption  as  "the  best," 
by  engineers  all  over  the  world,  has  won  the 
highest  awards  and  medals. 

A  quarter  of  a  century  has  passed  since 
Mr.  Rogers  left  the  prominent  house  of  Wal- 
ton &  Co.  In  1870  he  established  himself  at 
57  John  Street  ;  and  in  1871  he  formed  a 
partnership  w  ith  W.  C.  Duyckinck,  under  the 
title  of  H.  A.  Rogers  &  Co.  They  purchased 
the  entire  business  of  John  Ashcroft,  and 
occupied  50  and  52  John  Street.  Since  1875 
he  has  conducted  the  business  alone,  with  marked  success.  His  two  brothers  are 
actively  connected  with  him.  His  branch  office  at  Chicago  is  managed  by  John  S. 
Brewer.  Mr.  Rogers  is  identified  with  several  banking  and  other  institutions  ;  was 
Treasurer  of  the  New- York  Athletic  Club  ;  and  is  a  member  of  many  of  New-York's 
famous  clubs.  He  has  been  for  many  years  a  school  trustee  in  the  Twenty-second 
Ward,  and  largely  interested  in  educational  affairs  ;  is  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  ;  and  under  three  administrations  has  been  U.-S.  Commissioner  of  Jurors. 


ROGERS.    19  JOHN  STREET. 


906 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Canda  &  Kane,  the  most  extensive  dealers  in  masons'  building  material  in  the 

United  States,  was  formed  in  1879  W  John  M.  Canda  and  John  P.  Kane,  both  of 
whom  had  been  long  identified  with  the  business,  Mr.  Canda  as  a  partner  in  Morton 
&  Canda,  founded  in  1850.  The  firm  commenced  with  two  yards  in  New  York, 
four  trucks,  and  one  clerk,  and  now  have  four  yards  in  New  York  and  two  in 
Brooklyn,  with  70  trucks  and  18  clerks,  giving  means  to  supply  material  quickest  and 
in  any  quantity  in  both  cities.  In  late  years  this  firm  furnished  the  masons'  mate- 
rial of  most  of  the  prominent  buildings,  like  the  Cotton,  Produce  and  Mercantile 
Exchanges;  the  Manhattan  Life,  Metropolitan  Life  and  Mutual  Reserve  Insurance 
Companies;  the  Potter,  Scott  &  Bowne,  United  Charities,  Havemeyer,  Lincoln, 
Mail  and  Express,  New-Jersey  Central  and  Edison  Buildings;  the  Shoe  and 
Leather,  Bleecker-Street,  Bowery  Savings,  Market  and  Fulton,  and  Manhattan 
Savings  Banks ;  the  New  Netherlands,  Waldorf,  Savoy,  Nevada  and  Sherman- 
Square  Hotels  ;  the  Sacred  Heart  Convent,  Seton  Hospital,  St.  Agnes'  Church,  the 
Catholic  and  Colonial  Clubs,  Clinton  Hall,  the  Manhattan  Storage  Warehouse,  the 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  Building,  the  American  and  Broadway  Theatres, 
Gansevoort  Market,  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  Washington  Arch,  New- York  Biscuit 
Company,  the  mansions  of  Cornelius  Yanderbilt  and  C.  P.  Huntington,  and  the 
armories  of  the  8th,  12th  and  71st  Regiments.  The  Potter  Building  took  11,000,000 
bricks  and  1 1,000  barrels  of  cement,  or  enough  for  1 10  four-story  houses.  Music  Hall 
took  7,000,000;  the  Cotton  Exchange,  5,000,000.  These  amounts  are  prodigious. 
They  have  just  completed  a  handsome  office  building  at  the  foot  of  West  52d  Street, 
for  their  own  use,  and  for  the  brick  manufacturers  and  representatives  of  the  trade, 
thereby  making  it  the  market  and  centre  of  the  brick  industry.  The  yearly  sales 
of  Canda  &  Kane  have  averaged  200,000,000  brick,  75,000  barrels  of  Portland 
cement,  300,000  barrels  of  Rosendale  cement,  and  300,000  barrels  of  lime.  The 
quantity  of  brick  sold  by  them  will  average  one  quarter  of  the  whole  amount  manu- 
factured in  this  locality.     Mr.  Kane,  the  business  head  of  the  firm,  has  given  his 


CANDA  &  KANE,  WEST  52D  STREET,  NEAR  NORTH  RIVER. 


SEVENTH  AVENUE  AND   J25TM  STREET,   SHOWING   HARLEM   V.    M.    C.  A. 


undivided  attention  to  the  establishment  of  this  business,  and  to  his  efforts  are  due 
the  sound  credit  and  business  reputation  the  firm  enjoys.  He  resides  in  a  hand- 
some house  in  West  J2d  Street,  and  has  a  delightful  summer  residence  at  Hunting- 
ton, L.  L  Mr.  Cauda  is  a  popular  resident  of  Brooklyn,  and  has  a  summer  resi- 
dence in  the  Catskills.  Cauda  &  Kane  do  a  business  of  over  $3,000,000  a  year, 
are  splendidly  organized,  and  are  continually  increasing  their  facilities. 


RIVERSIDE  PARK. 


908 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


George  Borgfeldt  &  Co.  is   conspicuously  prominent   among   the  great 

importing  commission  firms  of  New- York  City.  Its  specialties  are  notions,  fancy 
goods,  stationery  articles,  druggists'  sundries,  dolls,  toys,  albums,  fancy  furniture, 
clocks,  bronzes,  art  goods,  bric-a-brac,  china,  glassware,  furnishing  goods,  etc.,  etc. 
Although  comparatively  a  young  house  (founded  in  1881  by  George  Borgfeldt, 
Marcel  Kahle  and  Joseph  Kahle),  and  the  outgrowth  of  modest  beginnings,  it  now 
stands  unrivalled  in  the  domain  of  its  operations.  It  had  its  commencement  at 
83  Leonard  Street,  and  later,  requiring  additional  quarters,  it  removed  to  112  and 
114  Franklin  Street,  between  West  Broadway  and  Church  Street.  Still  larger  prem- 
ises were  occupied  at  425  and  427  Broome  Street,  corner  of  Crosby  Street. 

January  1,  1893,  the  business  moved  into  its  present  quarters  at  18,  20,  22  and 
24  Washington  Place,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Greene  Street,  one  of  the  most 
elegant  and  commodious  business  edifices  of  New- York  City.  The  present  building 
is  eight  stories  above  the  sidewalk  and  two  beneath  it.  On  the  ground,  the  dimen- 
sions are  100  feet  by  ioo  feet.  It  was  built  expressly  for  its  present  occupants, 
and  is  most  advantageously  arranged  for  its  uses.  It  is  of  fire-proof  construction, 
and  affords  splendid  light  and  commodious  and  elegant  quarters  for  the  display 
of  its  great  and  varied  collections. 

Its  neighborhood  has  recently  become  a  well-built-up  business  section.  Tene- 
ments and  small  buildings  of  a  few  years  ago  are  giving  way  to  whole  blocks 
of  splendid  business  edifices,  the  most  aristocratic  of  which  is  the  great  and  hand- 
some building  of  George  Borgfeldt  &  Co.  In  its  immediate  neighborhood  is 
Washington  Square,  with  its  world-famous  Washington  Arch,  and  close  by  are 
many  noted  public  institutions,  such  as  Cooper  Institute,  the  Astor  Library,  the 
Mercantile  Library,  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  etc.,  etc.  The 
location  is  only  a  short  distance,  merely  two  short  blocks,  away  from  Broadway, 
the  main  thoroughfare  of  the  Metropolis. 

In  the  departments  for  which  this  house  is  eminently  and  deservedly  noted, 
samples  of  the  very  latest  European,  Oriental  and  domestic  novelties  are  to  be  found  ; 
and  specimens  of  the  workmanship,  skill  and  style  of  almost  every  civilized  country 
on  the  globe  are  to  be  seen.  The  marvellous  and  almost  infinite  variety  of  the 
articles  is  manifest  when  it  is  said  that  it  displays  over  500,000  distinct  and 
different  samples. 

Its  china,  bric-a-brac  and  art-goods  departments  are  revelations,  by  virtue  of  the 
fact  that  in  them  are  displayed  the  ceramics  of  the  most  celebrated  potteries  of  the 
world.  That  the  efforts  of  their  searchers  after  surprises  and  the  unexpected  have 
been  and  are  appreciated  by  the  merchants  of  the  United  States  is  duly  attested 
to  and  emphasized  by  the  almost  phenomenal  growth  and  development  of  their 
business.  Its  customers  extend  to  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
and  the  infinite  variety  of  the  lines  of  goods  handled  brings  to  it  customers  in  many 
different  branches  of  trade.  The  firm  has  offices  and  resident  representatives  in 
Paris,  Berlin,  Sonneberg,  Solingen,  Bodenbach,  Fuerth,  Stoke-on-Trent,  and  Limoges. 

In  1S85,  G.  F.  Pfeiffer  (formerly  of  Strasburger,  Pfeiffer  &  Co.),  and  Ferdi- 
nand Hecht  (of  Berlin),  and  a  year  later  Louis  P.  Twyeffort  (formerly  with  Dun- 
ham, Buckley  &  Co.),  were  admitted  as  general  partners.  In  1889,  George  Semler, 
manager  of  the  china  department,  was  admitted  to  partnership.  In  1893,  tne  ^Tm 
was  resolved  into  a  joint-stock  corporation,  with  a  paid-in  capital  of  $750,000. 
Mr.  Borgfeldt  was  chosen  President ;  Marcel  Kahle,  First  Vice-President ;  George 
Semler,  second  Vice-President ;  George  F.  Pfeiffer,  Secretary ;  and  Joseph  Kahle, 
Treasurer. 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


o 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


THE  BROOKLYN  LANDING. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


911 


W.  H.  Schieffelin  &  Co.,  wholesale  druggists  and  manufacturers  of  pharma- 
ceutical preparations,  at  the  corner  of  William  and  Beekman  Streets,  was  originated 
before  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  (1794),  by  Jacob  Schieffelin,  whose 
warehouse  was  at  that  time  at  193  Pearl  Street.  The  location  was  subsequently 
changed  to  Maiden  Lane,  where  the  business  was  conducted  until  1841,  when  the 
vast  increase  of  its  operations  demanding  more  room,  the  firm,  under  the  style  of 
II.  II.  Schieffelin  &  Co.,  removed  to  104  and  106  John  Street.  In  the  year  of  1849 
the  style  of  the  firm  was  changed  to  Schieffelin  Bros.  &  Co.  In  1854,  their  business 
having  increased  so  much  as  to  require  still  more  ample  accommodations,  the  estab- 
lishment was  removed  to  the  present  spacious  warehouse  at  170  and  172  William 
Street,  corner  of  Beekman.  In  1865  the  firm  of  Schieffelin  Bros.  &  Co.  was  re-formed 
as  W.  H.  Schieffelin  &  Co.  Successive  generations  of  the  family  have  been  engaged 
in  the  business  throughout  the  past  century,  and  at  present  the  third,  fourth  and 
fifth  generations  are  represented  in  the  concern.  This  is  a  record  of  which  any 
mercantile  firm  may  be  proud,  as  it  is  very  unusual  to  find  a  house  whose  business 
has  been  carried  on  and  transmitted  to  several  successive  generations,  and  this, 
together  with  the  high  standard  of  business  integrity  always  maintained,  has  con- 
tributed much  to  the  reputation  of  the  establishment. 

The  warehouse  at  170  and  172  William  Street,  expressly  constructed  for  themselves, 
is  a  brick  structure,  six  stories  in  height,  with  basement  and  sub-cellar,  and  num- 
erous fire  -  proof 
vaults  extending 
under  the  side- 
walk. This  firm 
also  has  a  separate 
building  located 
at  697  and  699 
Water  Street, 
and  400  and  402 
Front  Street,  cov- 
ering even  more 
ground  than  their 
warehouse,  a  lab- 
oratory which  is 
one  of  the  largest 
and  best  appoint- 
ed in  the  country, 
where,  by  the  use 
of  the  most  ap- 
proved apparatus 
and  machinery 
(some  of  which  is 
of  their  own  recent 

invention),  the  greater  part  of  their  manufacturing  is  carried  on.  A  careful  inves- 
tigation of  this  warehouse  and  laboratory  will  satisfy  any  one  that  the  high  reputation 
enjoyed  by  its  proprietors  is  a  just  one,  and  their  prosperity  no  more  than  com- 
mensurate with  their  merits.  The  present  members  of  the  firm  are  William  H. 
Schieffelin,  William  N.  Clark,  William  S.  Mersereau,  William  L.  Brower,  William 
J.  Schieffelin  and  Henry  S.  Clark,  as  general  partners ;  and  Samuel  B.  Schieffelin, 
of  New  York,  and  Sidney  A.  Schieffelin,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  as  special  partners. 


W.  H.  SCHIEFFELIN  &  CO.,  WILLIAM  AND  BEEKMAN  STREETS. 


912 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tarrant  &  Co.,  importers  and  jobbers  of  drugs  and  chemicals  and  manufac- 
turers of  pharmaceuticals  and  perfumery,  occupy  the  building  278-280-282  Green- 
wich Street  and  100  Warren  Street.  The  name  has  been  displayed  on  this  spot  for 
nearly  60  years,  for  James  Tarrant  opened  a  drug  store  at  278  Greenwich  Street  in 
1834.  His  establishment  was  then  distinctively  the  up-town  drug  store  of  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  New- York  City,  and  beyond  it  lay  a  residence  section  of  almost  sub- 
urban character.  The  New- York  Hospital,  naturally  a  rendezvous  for  the  leading 
physicians  of  the  time,  was  then  in  the  vicinity  of  Broadway  and  Duane  Street,  and 
Tarrant's  drug  store,  being  not  far  distant,  became  a  supply  depot  and  "house  of 
call"  for  the  doctors  attached  to  that  institution.     In  1844  James  Tarrant  began  the 

manufacture  of  Tarrant's 
Seltzer  Aperient  and  various 
other  specialties  for  the  use 
of  physicians.  The  enter- 
prise proved  successful,  and 
in  the  course  of  time  this 
manufacture  became  a  lead- 
ing feature  of  the  business. 
James  Tarrant  died  in  1852, 
and  was  succeeded  by  the 
firm  of  John  A.  Tarrant  & 
Co.,  the  senior  member  of 
which  was  a  brother  of  the 
founderof  the  establishment. 
In  1 86 1  the  firm  was  incor- 
porated under  the  style  of 
Tarrant  &  Co.  The  manu- 
facture of  pharmaceutical 
specialties  and  perfumery 
was  continued,  and  import- 
ing and  jobbing  drugs,  chem- 
icals and  druggists'  sundries 
added.  The  quaint  old 
building  on  which  James 
Tarrant  hung  his  sign  in 
1834  was  in  existence  up  to 
November,  1892,  when  it 
was  torn  down,  to  be  re- 
placed by  the  handsome  and  commodious  structure  shown  in  the  accompanying 
illustration.  The  new  building  is  built  of  brick,  with  terra-cotta  trimmings,  is 
seven  stories  high,  and  in  addition  has  large  and  commodious  cellar  and  vault  room. 
All  modern  conveniences,  including  steam  and  electric  elevators,  are  prominent  fea- 
tures of  the  rlew  warehouse,  which  is  in  every  respect  admirably  adapted  to  the 
requirements  of  their  trade.  Tarrant  &  Co.  are  the  American  representatives  of 
many  European  manufacturers  of  pharmaceutical  specialties  and  druggists'  sun- 
dries, and  their  "Seltzer  Aperient,"  first  manufactured  in  1844,  is  to-day  a  house- 
hold remedy  in  almost  all  American  homes.  Representatives  of  the  establish- 
ment visit  every  part  of  the  United  States,  and  Central  and  South  America,  and 
the  products  of  their  laboratory  are  to  be  found  in  a  great  many  of  the  large  cities 
of  Europe. 


TARRANT  &  CO.,  GREENWICH  AND  WARREN  STREETS. 


An  Outline  History  of  Some   Preeminent   Industries  Carried 


on  or  Represented  in  New  York. 


ARTISTS  think  of  New  York  as  the  seat  of  the  greatest  collections  of  pictures 
L  and  sculpture  in  America  ;  authors,  as  the  foremost  of  publishing  centres  ; 
musicians,  as  the  critical  tribunal  of  the  Western  World  ;  theologians,  as  the  seat  of 
the  great  Episcopal  and  Presbyterian  schools  of  the  prophets  ;  financiers,  as  the 
home  of  the  great  bank  corporations.  Every  one  has  his  own  point  of  view  in  looking 
at  the  Empire  City,  as  port,  or  fortress,  or  mart,  or  :nother-city  in  many  ways. 

But  perhaps  few  people  recognize  that  a  prime  distinction  of  New  York  is  its  pre- 
eminent position  as  a  manufacturing  city,  crowded  with  ingenious  artificers,  and 
pouring  its  multifarious  products  all  over  the  Great  Republic.  While  one  section  of 
the  city  includes  its  financial  powers,  and  another  is  dominated  by  the  clubs  and  the 
theatres,  and  another  by  the  vast  shipping  interests,  several  spacious  and  thickly 
crowded  sections  are  given  up  to  manufactories,  and  populated  with  the  swarming 
families  of  its  mechanics  and  artisans. 

Away  back  in  1880  this  city  alone  had  within  her  boundaries  over  11,000  fac- 
tories, in  which  were  employed  the  vast  army  of  227,342  persons.  These  workers 
received  as  wages  $"97,030, 121a  year.  The  capital  of  the  manufacturing  companies 
reached  $181,206,356.  Every  year  their  works  consumed  $288,000,000  worth  of 
material,  which  yielded,  after  the  labors  of  the  New- York  artisans  had  enriched 
them,  articles  valued  at  $473,000,000.  One-sixth  of  this  was  in  the  single  article 
of  clothing,  upon  whose  fabrication  nearly  60,000  persons  were  continually  employed. 
The  preparation  of  meat  for  use  employs  a  great  army  of  men,  and  yields  in  this  one 
city  a  product  of  about  $30,000,000  yearly.  Ten  thousand  people  get  their  living 
by  printing  and  publishing,  their  yearly  product  exceeding  $20,000,000  in  value. 
There  are  armies  of  brewers,  myriads  of  iron-workers,  cohorts  of  cigar-makers,  and 
great  numbers  of  makers  of  pianos  and  furniture,  of  boots  and  shoes,  of  hats  and 
caps,  of  sugar  and  molasses,  of  millinery  and  jewelry. 

At  the  present  time  New- York  City  has  12,000  factories,  with  500,000  operatives, 
and  a  yearly  product  valued  at  above  $600,000,000,  including  an  enormous  variety 
of  different  articles.  The  largest  single  item  of  manufacture  still  is  clothing,  in  a 
myriad  of  different  forms.  Next  comes  the  making  of  books  and  papers,  choice 
products  of  this  great  publishing  centre.  Cigars  and  tobacco  are  next  in  the 
importance  of  their  product ;  followed  by  pianos  and  other  kinds  of  musical 
instruments.  Besides  the  wonderful  concentration  of  manufacturing  capital  in  the 
city  proper,  New  York  has  established  large  plants  in  her  suburbs,  especially  in  the 
New-Jersey  and  Long-Island  sides,  with  their  main  headquarters  in  the  metropolis. 
A  few  of  the  great  concerns  are  noticed  in  this  chapter. 

58 


9  i4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  American  Bank  Note  Company  conducts  one  of  the  most  famous  indus- 
tries of  the  country,  and  one  which  has  won  the  respect  and  admiration  of  the  world 
for  America's  artists  and  skilled  mechanics.  Its  renown  has  been  the  result  of  a  rare 
combination  of  the  highest  artistic  and  mechanical  skill  through  a  long  experience, 
and  its  standing  to-day  is  unequalled.  The  business  was  founded  in  1795  >  incor- 
porated under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1858;  and  enlarged  and 
re-organized  in  1879.  The  early  and  widespread  use  of  paper  money  rendered  it 
imperative  to  produce  engraved  work  which  could  not  be  counterfeited.  The  best 
artists  competed  in  making  designs,  skilful  chemists  devised  inks  to  be  brilliant  and 
ineradicable,  or  deleble  and  sensitive,  and  inventors  applied  the  principles  of 
mechanics  to  intricate  geometrical  engraving.  The  consolidation  of  these  interests 
as  the  American  Bank  Note  Company  united  the  resources  and  reputation,  the 
safe-guards  and  facilities,  of  a  century's  experience,  with  abundant  capital  to  test 
new  inventions  and  acquire  new  processes.  The  company  has  prepared  securities 
to  the  value  of  millions  and  millions  of  dollars,  and  bank-notes  innumerable,  also 
postage-stamps,  bonds,  stocks,  diplomas,  drafts,  etc.,  not  only  for  the  Government 
and  financial  institutions  of  the  United  States,  but  also  for  Canada  and  the  West 
Indies,  Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua,  Salvador,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  the 
Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Brazil,  Russia,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  England, 
Sweden,  Switzerland,  and  Japan.  Besides  its  steel-plate  engraving,  the  American 
Bank  Note  Company  has  executed  for  railroads  and  various  corporations  many  of 
the  most  notable  specimens  of  letter-press  printing,  in  black  and  in  colors.  Special 
styles  and  grades  of  paper,  suitable  for  securities,  are  manufactured  exclusively  for 
the  use  of  the  company.  There  is  a  department  of  lithographing,  and  also  a 
department  of  type-printing,  entirely  distinct  from  that  of  engraving,  in  which  those 
two  important  branches  of  the  company's  business  are  conducted.  Special  attention 
is  paid  to  making  railway-tickets,  and  the  establishment  is  equipped  to  produce 
every  variety  of  numbered  or  unnumbered  tickets,  in  the  improved  styles.  In  its 
ticket-department  are  many  of  the  most  ingenious  machines  known  in  the  printing 
industry.  The  company  built  and  owns,  at  78  to  86  Trinity  Place,  close  by  Trinity 
Church,  its  commodious  and  attractive  fire-proof  establishment,  extending  through 
to  the  next  street,  covering  ten  city  lots.  The  buildings  are  of  brick  and  iron, 
and  are  seven  to  nine  stories  in  height.  They  overlook  Trinity  Churchyard,  which 
gives  to  the  windows  a  view  of  a  busy  section  of  Broadway.  This  position  also 
assures  to  the  company  an  unobstructed  light  for  all  time,  and  makes  the  location 
especially  valuable.  The  general  offices  of  the  company,  which  occupy  the  entire 
second  floor  of  the  Trinity-Place  front  of  the  building,  are  exceptionallv  exquisite 
and  most  conveniently  arranged.  Entrance  thereto  is  had  through  a  large  foyer 
at  the  northern  end,  from  which  leads  a  massive  stairway.  The  building  is 
thoroughly  fire-proof,  and  has  numerous  fire-proof  vaults.  Its  equipment  of 
machinery  is  elaborate,  complete  and  costly.  The  whole  establishment  is  the 
most  elegant  and  extensive  of  its  class  in  the  world.  The  present  officers  and 
trustees  of  the  American  Bank  Note  Company  are  James  Macdonough,  President ; 
Augustus  D.  Shepard  and  Touro  Robertson,  Yice-Presidents ;  Theodore  H. 
Freeland,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  ;  John  E.  Currier,  Assistant- Secretary  ;  J.  K. 
Myers,  Assistant  Treasurer  ;  P.  C.  Lounsbury,  W.  J.  Arkell,  T.  H.  Porter,  E.  C. 
Converse,  Jos.  S.  Stout,  James  B.  Ford,  Elliott  F.  Shepard.  The  officers  have 
been  connected  with  the  business  represented  thirty  and  forty  years,  and  have  had  the 
principal  direction  of  its  affairs  during  all  this  period.  Besides  its  New- York  establish- 
ment, the  American  Bank  Note  Company  has  branches  in  Boston  and  Philadelphia. 


AMERICAN   BANK   NOTE  COMPANY. 

TRINITY  PLACE,  BETWEEN  THAMES  AND  RECTOR  STREETS. 


9i6 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  York,  of  which  William  Rockefeller  is 
President,  owns  the  granite  building  at  26  Broadway,  facing  Bowling  Green.  The 
building  is  157  feet  high,  209  feet  from  Broadway  through  to  New  Street,  contains 
four  acres  of  floor  space,  and  cost  one  and  one-half  millions  of  dollars.  Its  archi- 
tecture is  severe  but  imposing,  the  interior  rich  without  ornament,  and  all  the  rooms 
large  and  perfectly  lighted  and  ventilated. 

This  building  is  the  headquarters  of  the  American  petroleum  industry,  being 
occupied  not  only  by  the  company  to  which  it  belongs,  but  by  different  companies 
engaged  in  different  branches  of  the  same  industry.  Here  may  be  found  the  offices 
of  several  producing  companies  which  are  engaged  in  sinking  wells  and  pumping 
crude  petroleum  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth  in  various  parts  of  the  States  of 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Ohio  and  Indiana.  Here  also  are  the 
offices  of  different  pipe-line  companies,  which  receive  the  crude  product  from  the  wells, 
and  convey  it  in  underground  pipes  to  the  great  refineries  in  various  interior  cities 
and  at  the  sea-board.  The  company  which  builds,  owns  and  operates  the  peculiar 
boiler-shaped  cars  which  are  used  to  convey  refined  oil  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
has  its  home  in  this  building  ;  and  likewise  the  companies  which  carry  oil  in  bulk 
across  the  ocean  and  deposit  it  in  great  tanks  at  various  sea-ports,  to  be  distributed 
by  tank-cars  on  British  and  Continental  railways.  The  transatlantic  steamships 
carry  each  from  800,000  to  1,000,000  gallons,  which  is  loaded  or  discharged  in  from 
7  to  15  hours.  They  make  seven  or  eight  round  trips  a  year.  Side  by  side  with 
these  are  found  the  offices  of  companies  engaged  in  manufacturing  the  scores  of  useful 
products  derived  from  petroleum,  as  well  as  the  materials  used  in  such  manufacture, 
and  the  barrels,  tin  cans  and  cases,  in  which  a  portion  of  these  products  is  marketed. 

These  companies  are  all  separate  and  independent,  but  their  interests  are  identi- 
fied by  reason  of  identity  of  stockholders. 

The  business  carried  on  through  these  agencies  is  the  largest  and  most  successful 
in  this  age  of  large  industries,  and  it  is  due  to  the  energy  and  far-sightedness  of  a  com- 
paratively few  men.  The  united  investments  to-day  aggregate  over  $100,000,000. 
Every  device  which  ingenuity  could  invent,  experience  suggest,  and  capital  obtain, 
has  been  utilized  for  enlarging  the  quantity  and  improving  the  quality  of  the  pro- 
ducts manufactured,  and  for  cheapening  the  cost  of  their  manufacture  and  trans- 
portation, with  the  result  that  the  public  are  supplied,  not  only  with  light,  but  with 
many  new,  necessary  and  useful  articles  derived  from  petroleum  at  a  cost  which  is 
almost  nominal.  In  its  cooperage  department  the  company  uses  yearly  100,000,000 
feet  of  oak  timber,  from  twenty  States;  and  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  it  has  the  largest 
lumber-mill  in  the  world,  cutting  yearly  over  100,000,000  feet  of  white  pine  into 
material  for  cases  for  oil  sent  out  in  cans. 

This  industry  stands  distinct  and  separate  from  many  large  industries,  in  some 
respects  copied  after  it,  in  the  fact  that  it  has  refrained  from  stock-jobbing,  and,  in- 
stead of  restricting  production  and  increasing  prices,  it  has  pursued  exactly  the 
opposite  policy,  and  striven  by  cheapening  its  products  to  increase  the  demand  and 
widen  the  market  for  them.  A  less  cost  and  a  larger  market  is  the  theory  upon 
which  this  business  has  always  been  conducted,  and  its  great  success  proves  this  to 
be  a  much  wiser  business  policy  than  the  theory  of  restricted  production  and  in- 
creased prices,  which  has  ruined  so  many  promising  industries. 

The  Standard  Oil  Companies  have  extensive  refineries  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  ;  Ber- 
gen Point,  N.  J.  ;  Philadelphia,  Penn. ;  Baltimore,  Md.  ;  Chicago,  111.  ;  Lima,  O.  ; 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  mainly  seaboard  or  lake  points,  to  facilitate  transportation  ;  and  they 
have  depots  in  many  cities,  and  their  ramifications  extend  throughout  the  world. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  917 


THE  STANDARD  OIL  COMPANY. 

STANDARD  OIL  CO.  'S  BUILDING,   26  BROADWAY,   OPPOSITE  BOWLING  GREEN. 


9i8 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  American  Sugar  Refining  Company  is  the  greatest  manufacturing 

industry  in  the  vicinity  of  New- York  City.  No  other  single  local  industry  begins 
to  compare  in  magnitude  or  importance  with  that  of  sugar  refining.  The  immense 
establishments  of  the  American  Sugar  Refining  Company  are  scattered  along  the 
water-front  of  Brooklyn  from  the  Wallabout  to  Newtown  Creek.  The  consolidation 
of  the  sugar-refining  business  which  took  place  in  1887  has  resulted  in  a  material 
increase  in  the  capacity  of  this  company's  refineries,  as  also  in  great  improvement 
in  the  economy  of  manufacture.  While  some  of  the  smaller  factories,  which  were 
at  the  time  of  the  consolidation  poorly  equipped  and  unable  to  refine  sugar  profit- 
ably on  the  close  margin  on  which  the  business  is  now  done,  have  been  abandoned, 
radical  improvements  have  been  made  in  others,  and  in  Greenpoint  an  entirely  new 
and  very  extensive  plant  has  been  erected  on  the  site  of  the  former  refinery  of  the 
Havemeyer  Sugar  Refining  Company,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  June,  1888. 
This  establishment,  with  a  frontage  on  Newtown  Creek  and  Commercial  Street  of 
nearly  1,000  feet,  and  a  depth  from  the  river  to  the  street  of  about  500  feet,  is 
superior  in  many  respects  to  any  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Its  capacity 
is  from  7,000  to  8,000  barrels  of  sugar  per  day. 

Of  the  older  refineries,  the  subject  of  our  illustration,  formerly  known  as  the 
Havemeyer  and  Brooklyn  Houses,  now  united  and  worked  as  one  refinery,  is  the 
largest.  This  one  establishment,  when  running  full,  is  capable  of  producing  14,000 
barrels  of  sugar  per  day.  Add  to  this  the  refineries  formerly  known  as  the  Decastro 
&  Donner  houses,  at  the  foot  of  South  Ninth  Street  and  North  Third  Street,  and 
the  sugar  refineries  of  Brooklyn,  owned  by  the  American  Sugar  Refining  Company, 
aggregate  a  capacity  of  from  22,000  to  25,000  barrels  of  sugar  a  day,  which  is  more 
than  one-half  the  entire  consumption  of  the  United  States.  This  product  comprises 
every  grade  of  sugar  known  to  commerce,  from  the  dominoes  and  cubes  of  cut  loaf, 
through  the  various  grades  of  so-called  hard  sugars,  down  to.  the  cheaper  grades  of 
yellow,  or  straw-colored,  sugars,  which  are  so  popular  in  many  sections  of  the  country. 

The  collateral  industries  supported  by  these  refineries  alone  are  vast  and  varied. 
Immense  cooperage  establishments  are  kept  busy  supplying  the  9,000,000  or  more 
of  sugar  barrels  which  they  require  each  year.  Hundreds  of  trucks  are  necessary  to 
transport  daily  their  product  to  the  various  railroad  freight  stations.  The  supply  of 
animal  charcoal  for  filtering  purposes  is  drawn  from  all  over  the  country,  and 
amounts  to  over  20,000,000  pounds  per  annum.  The  consumption  of  coal  is  over 
400,000  tons  for  the  same  period.  To  handle  the  immense  output  of  these  houses, 
all  the  great  trunk  line  railways  of  the  country  have  been  obliged  to  establish 
receiving  stations  and  terminal  depots  in  Brooklyn.  An  army  of  nearly  4,000  men 
is  required  to  operate  the  refineries  and  their  tributaries.  The  raw  sugar  used  in 
the  process  of  refining,  coming  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  amounts  to  nearly 
2,000,000,000  pounds  per  annum,  and  the  ships  of  all  nations  can  be  seen  discharging 
their  cargoes  day  and  night  at  the  immense  docks  and  warehouses  of  the  refineries. 
The  capital  involved  in  carrying  on  this  immense  industry  is  $75,000,000.  Approxi- 
mately the  above  are  the  working  figures  for  only  the  Brooklyn  refineries  owned  and 
operated  ,by  the  American  Sugar  Refining  Company,  which  to-day,  without  doubt, 
conducts  the  greatest  and  most  important  manufacturing  industry  in  the  United 
States,  and  supplies  to  the  American  consumer  of  sugar  an  article  which  is  superior 
in  quality  to  that  of  any  other  country  in  the  world,  at  prices  so  low  as  to  leave  only 
a  fraction  of  a  cent  a  pound  margin  for  the  cost  of  refining.  The  officers  of  the 
corporation  are  :  President,  H.  O.  Havemeyer  ;  Vice-President,  Theo.  A.  Havemeyer; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  John  E.  Searles. 


A'/XG\S  HAXDBOOK  OF  XFAV  YORK.  919 


920 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Ansonia  Clock  Company  is,  without  question,  the  most  extensive  manu- 
facturer of  clocks  in  the  world.  The  quality  of  its  output  ranges  from  the  most  inex- 
pensive nickel  clocks  for  the  kitchen  mantel,  to  the  most  expensive  and  artistic  time- 
keepers, encased  in  onyx  or  gilded  bronze.  In  quantity  it  is  large  enough  to  supply 
a  very  large  share  of  the  demand  of  the  civilized  world.  The  company  was  formed 
in  1876,  by  the  consolidation  of  several  concerns,  some  of  which  had  been  making 
clocks  for  forty  years.  Its  original  works  were  at  Ansonia,  Conn.,  a  little  town  from 
which  it  took  its  name,  and  which  had  already  been  christened  in  honor  of  one  of 
New  York's  merchant-princes,  Anson  D.  Phelps.  Soon  after  its  organization,  the 
company  established  a  plant  in  Brooklyn,  and  the  works  have  grown,  until  they  now 
occupy  a  whole  city  block,  bounded  by  Prospect  Park,  Seventh  Avenue,  12th  and 
13th  Streets,  four  acres  in  extent.  Besides  the  big  main  building,  a  six-story  struc- 
ture laid  out  in  form  like  a  hollow  square,  there  are  a  dozen  buildings  in  the  group. 
All  are  substantially  constructed  of  brick,  and  several  are  five  or  six  stories  in  height. 

All  through  the  great  plant  are  evidences  of  the  mechanical  development  of  this 
age,  many  pieces  of  unique  mechanism  performing  the  most  minute  details  of  work- 
manship, for  which  not  many  years  ago  it  was  necessary  to  train  the  eye,  the  hand  and 
the  intellect  of  innate  mechanics,  in  order  to  secure  for  the  finest  and  most  costly 
clocks  the  same  absolute  accuracy  now  demanded  of  even  the  commonest  of  the 
clocks  which  bear  the  name  and  trade-mark  of  the  Ansonia  Clock  Company.  These 
devices  not  only  have  made  it  possible  to  produce  time-pieces  of  unvarying  accuracy, 
but  they  have  made  it  also  possible  to  produce  them  at  prices  which  place  them 
within  the  means  of  the  whole  people. 

The  company  owns  a  large  tract  of  land  in  an  adjoining  block,  and  contemplates 
the  erection  of  still  another  large  building.  When  the  company  located  in  Brooklyn, 
some  twelve  or  more  years  ago,  the  territory  in  the  vicinity  of  its  plant  was  open, 
unimproved  country  ;  now  there  is  no  unoccupied  land  within  many  blocks.  All  is 
built  up  and  improved.  The  company  has  distributed  thousands  of  dollars  in  sala- 
ries and  wages  every  week.  The  employees  have  settled  themselves  in  homes  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  works.  A  new  field  for  household  trade  has  been  created, 
and  thus  the  Ansonia  Clock  Company  has  not  only  established  a  new  industry  of 
great  proportions,  but  has  also  contributed  indirectly  to  the  building  up  of  a  new 
section  of  the  city,  and  to  the  creating  of  new  real  property  of  great  value. 

Besides  the  tremendous  output  of  clocks,  the  company  also  produces  a  great 
variety  of  objects  of  art,  in  bronzes  and  other  materials.  It  gives  employment  to 
nearly  1,300  people.  It  has  an  export  trade  of  enormous  proportions,  sending  its 
clocks  and  other  products  to  every  part  of  the  known  world.  As  a  circulating  depot, 
it  maintains  a  large  establishment  in  London,  which  is  located  in  its  own  building, 
at  23  Fore  Street,  E.  C.  For  the  convenience  of  its  trade  in  the  western  part  of 
this  country,  it  has  an  extensive  office  and  salesroom  at  133  Wabash  Avenue,  Chi- 
cago. There  is  a  large  staff  of  clerks  and  salesmen  at  each  of  its  branches.  There 
is  a  salesroom  at  1 1  Cortlandt  Street,  New-York  City,  for  the  display  and  sale  of 
clocks  and  bronzes.  The  headquarters  offices  are  at  11  to  21  Cliff  Street,  New  York, 
occupying  two  floors  of  a  large  area.  From  this  point  all  the  operations  are  directed, 
and  the  London  and  Chicago  branches  are  responsible  to  it.  The  display  of  goods 
in  the  main  salesroom  of  this  establishment,  with  its  fine  candelabra,  bronze  statu- 
ettes, onyx  clocks  and  bric-a-brac,  is  an  exhibition  of  art-work,  that  of  its  class  is 
unparalleled.  There  is,  in  all  the  range  of  manufactories  in  New  York,  no  finer  or 
stronger  illustration  of  the  results  of  energy,  intelligent  management,  and  well-directed 
enterprise,  than  is  found  in  the  establishment  of  the  Ansonia  Clock  Company. 


922 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Henry  R.  Worthington,  manufacturing  pumping  machinery,  is  preeminent 
among  the  leading  mechanical  manufacturing  corporations  of  the  world.  The  first 
direct-acting  steam-pump  was  patented  in  September  17,  1841,  by  its  originator  and 
builder,  Henry  Rossiter  Worthington,  and  in  1845  was  established  at  Brooklyn  the 
nucleus  of  works  which  now  have  an  international  reputation.  The  Worthington 
Direct- Acting  Duplex  Steam-Pump  was  the  result  of  attempts  to  improve  the  first 
type  of  pump,  and  is  to-day  universally  known  and  used.  The  Worthington  pump- 
ing-engine,  in  its  simplest  form,  was  first  applied  for  water-works  service  for  the  city 
of  Savannah,  in  the  year  1854.  To  this  class  of  machinery  has  been  added  the 
High-Duty  attachment,  invented  by  Charles  C.  Worthington,  son  of  the  founder, 
and  by  this  last  and  important  invention  the  engines  are  able  to  do  the  same  work 
with  one-half  the  fuel  consumption. 

In  the  years  1890  and  1891  145  Worthington  engines  of  the  higher  types  were  con- 
structed ;  their  aggregate  daily  capacity  being  594,000,000  gallons  ;  and  Bp  to  January 
I,  1893,  the  total  contract-capacity  of  these  engines  alone  was  2,923,000,000  gallons 
daily,  which  is  twice  the  average  flow  of  the  Hudson  River  at  Albany.  Worthing- 
ton engines  are  used  for  the  entire  high-service  water-supply  of  New- York  City,  and 
perform  over  90  per  cent,  of  the  pumping  done  in  the  prominent  business-buildings, 
such  as  the  Equitable,  Mutual-Life,  Produce  Exchange,  Mills  Building,  City  Hall, 
etc.,  and  on  the  great  ocean  steamships,  like  the  New  York,  Paris,  and  others. 

They  are  used,  too,  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company  on  their  pipe-lines,  for  forcing 
petroleum  from  the  oil  regions  to  the  Atlantic  sea-board  and  lake-ports.  These 
engines  vary  in  size  from  200  to  1,000  horse-power  each,  some  of  them  being 
required  to  deliver  from  15,000  to  25,000  barrels  of  oil  a  day,  against  pressure  of 
from  1,000  to  1,500  pounds  a  square  inch.  The  reputation  of  this  firm  soon  spread 
abroad,  and  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  the  Worthington  design  for  pumping-engines, 
by  the  celebrated  house  of  James  Simpson  &  Co.,  Limited,  London,  after  a  test  in  this 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK  923 

country  by  representatives  of  the  latter  firm  ;  and  Worthington  engines  are  now 
accepted  by  the  Old  World  as  the  most  advanced  type  of  pumping  machine.  The 
largest  sizes  are  now  in  successful  operation  to  the  principal  cities  in  England,  and 
in  Rotterdam,  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  Calcutta,  and  I  long  Kong,  and  in  Mexico  and 
Australia.  The  metropolis  of  London  has  by  far  the  greatest  number  of  pumping 
engines  of  any  city  in  the  world,  and  of  the  entire  water  supply  of  the  Metropolitan 
District  sixty  per  cent,  can  be  furnished  by  the  Worthington  engines  at  present  in- 
stalled in  the  various  stations.  During  the  Soudan  war,  Worthington  engines  were 
purchased  by  the  English  Government  to  supply  the  army  of  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley. 

Henry  R.  Worthington  also  manufactures  pumps  for  special  services,  such  as 
mining,  wrecking,  fire,  sewage,  etc.  The  Worthington  water-meter  is  the  oldest  in 
use,  and  is  the  only  type  of  a  positive  measure  of  fluids.  It  is  in  use  in  nearly  every 
city  of  the  United  States  and  in  foreign  countries.  The  grand  prize  for  pumping 
machinery  was  awarded  by  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1889  to  this  company.  Their 
engines  were  adopted  by  the  authorities  of  the  Centennial  in  1876  and  the  Paris 
Exposition  in  1889  to  furnish  the  entire  water-supply.  They  have  been  awarded 
the  contract  for  four  large  engines  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  of  1893.  These  engines  will  have  a  capacity  of  40,000,000  gallons  daily. 
They  also  have  the  contract  for  special  pumps  for  fire  and  other  purposes,  and  for 
supplying  condensing  water  to  the  amount  of  24,000,000  gallons  daily.  The  Worth- 
ington Pumping  Engine  Co.,  a  subsidiary  organization,  carries  on  the  foreign  business, 
the  offices  being  located  in  London,  Paris,  Berlin  and  other  cities.  The  immense  plant, 
known  as  the  Hydraulic  Works,  now  covers  an  area  of  several  blocks  in  Brooklyn, 
and  a  larger  tract  at  Elizabethport,  N.  J. ;  and  upwards  of  1,700  men  are  employed. 
The  company's  main  offices  are  at  86  and  88  Liberty  Street,  New  York.  The  branch- 
offices  are  at  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  Denver. 


HENRY  R.  WORTHINGTON  HYDRAULIC  WORKS,   ELIZABETHPORT,  N.  J. 
OFFICES  :    86  AND  88  LIBERTY  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


924 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Otis  Brothers  &  Co.,  whose  executive  and  general  offices  are  at  38  Park 

Row,  are  the  foremost  builders  of  passenger  and  freight  elevators  in  the  world. 
They  have  erected  the  largest  elevators  in  existence,  which  convey  people  from 
the  ferry-landing  at  Weehawken,  N.  J.,  to  the  Eldorado  Garden,  at  the  top 
of  the  Palisades.  They  also  constructed  the  elevators  which  have  made  the 
highest  ascent  ;  and  the  operating  of  which  required  the  most  intricate  machinery  ; 
those  with  which  the  Eiffel  Tower  at  Paris  was  equipped.  They  have  been  engaged 
in  elevator-building  since  1855,  soon  after  the  moving  platform  began  to  displace, 
indoors,  the  tackle  and  fall  in  the  handling  of  heavy  merchandise.  Their  works  at 
Yonkers  then  consisted  of  a  single  two-story  building.  Early  inventions  of  elevator 
machinery  and  appliances,  made  by  E.  G.  Otis,  of  Yonkers,  and  Cyrus  W.  Baldwin, 
of  Brooklyn,  formed  the  basis  upon  which  their  industry  was  built.  Passenger- 
elevators  moved  by  steam  came  into  use  in  1866.  Hydraulic  apparatus  was  intro- 
duced ten  years  later,  and  in  18S0  came  into  general  favor.  Otis  Brothers  &  Co. 
were  in  the  field,  fully  equipped,  and  they  have  made  probably  three-quarters  of  all 
the  passenger-elevators  in  use  in  New-York  City. 

The  firm  was  incorporated  in  1867.  The  little  factory  of  thirty-seven  years  ago 
has  grown  into  a  large  group  of  brick  buildings,  covering  several  acres,  of  a  capacity 
for  turning  out  four  of  their  grand  elevators  a  day,  with  accessory  machinery  and 
fittings.  Employment  is  given  at  Yonkers  to  about  500  men,  and  there  is  a  con- 
structing force  of  about  200,  constantly  engaged  in  setting  up  elevators  in  New  York 
and  other  cities.  Recently  Otis  Brothers  &  Co.  have  perfected  an  electric  elevato-, 
and  have  introduced  it  into  several  hundred  buildings  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 
The  car,  winding  machinery,  safety-appliances,  and  controlling  devices,  are  the  same 
as  have  been  in  use  for  many  years.  The  company  has  adopted,  and  made  part  of 
its  system,  a  motor  invented  by  Rudolph  Eickemeyer,  of  Yonkers.  Its  valuable 
features  are  that  it  starts  and  stops  with  the  car,  thus  economizing  power,  and  is 
under  perfect  control  of  the  operator. 

The  Otis  passenger  elevators  are  noted  not  only  for  their  practical  construction, 
their  elegance  of  finish,  their  simplicity  of  operation,  their  safety  under  any  possible 
circumstances,  but  also  for  their  remarkable  speed,  which  is  secured  with  freedom 
from  accident.  As  any  one  passes  up  and  down  in  the  public  buildings,  hotels, 
clubs,  dwellings,  business  structures,  he  seems  invariably  to  ride  in  Otis  elevators. 
An  Otis  elevator  is  always  beautifully  finished,  and,  above  all,  safe. 

A  distinctly  valuable  feature  of  the  Otis  elevator  is  its  safety  appliances.  Tests 
made  of  the  safety-appliances  of  the  Otis  elevators  in  the  Eiffel  Tower  resulted 
in  bringing  the  car  to  a  stop  after  a  fall  of  eight  inches.  Similar  tests  of  the 
Weehawken  elevators  resulted  in  a  stop  after  a  drop  of  3^  inches.  The  Weehawken 
elevators,  three  in  number,  are  each  intended  to  carry  135  people.  The  cars  are  21  feet 
leng  and  12  feet  wide.  The  permissible  carrying  capacity  is  20,000  pounds,  but  either 
car  can  lift  a  much  greater  weight.  They  make  the  ascent  of  1 53  feet  at  the  rate  of  200 
feet  a  minute.  The  machinery  is  of  the  hydraulic  speed-multiplying  type.  Otis 
Brothers  &  Co.  have  just  completed  the  construction  of  the  Otis  Elevating  Railway, 
7,000  feet  long,  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,  by  means  of  which  visitors  ascend  to  the 
Catskill  Mountain  House  in  ten  minutes,  and  save  a  journey  of  four  hours  by  stage. 

Otis  passenger-elevators  are  in  use  in  thousands  of  public  buildings,  business 
houses,  and  residences  in  New-York  City.  They  are  also  in  use  in  every  city  in 
America,  every  large  city  in  Europe,  and  in  South  America  and  Australia.  The 
officers  of  the  company  are  Norton  P.  Otis,  President ;  Abraham  G.  Mills,  Yice- 
President  and  Secretary  ;  and  William  D.  Baldwin,  Treasurer  and  General  Manager. 


926 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  General  Electric  Company  of  New  York  is  a  corporation  with  a 

special  charter,  granted  early  in  1892.  Its  main  work  at  present  is  electric  lighting, 
electric  railways,  and  electric  transmission  of  power.  In  lighting  it  owns  and  con- 
trols the  patents  of  almost  every  known  method  of  electric  illumination  in  all  its  dif- 
ferent departments,  alternating  and  direct  current,  for  both  arc  and  incandescent 
lamps.  The  two  last-named  departments  have  shown  most  phenomenal  growth, 
and  their  rapid  extension  is  an  accurate  gauge  of  the  wide  adoption  of  the  electric 
light  in  both  public  and  private  life.  The  arc  lamps  already  manufactured  and  in 
use  number  hundreds  of  thousands,  while  the  incandescent  lamps  reach  millions. 
The  problem  of  the  subdivision  of  electric  illumination,  by  means  of  lamps  of 
reduced  size  and  smaller  candle-power,  has  been  successfully  solved,  and  the  many 
additional  advantages  derivable  from  the  use  of  the  electric  light  in  this  way  rendered 
still  more  striking.  As  a  pioneer  and  careful  developer  toward  perfection  in  the 
electric  lighting  field,  the  General  Electric  Company  stands  to-day  preeminent. 
In  street-railway  locomotion  it  has  developed,  and  has  in  practical  operation,  the 
most  perfect  system,  known  as  the  overhead  system,  while  it  is  now  developing  high- 
power  locomotives  for  heavy  traction  work.  So  rapid,  indeed,  have  been  the  strides 
made  in  this  direction  that  the  substitution  of  the  electric  locomotive  for  the  steam 
locomotive  has  been  brought,  by  the  latest  developments  of  this  company,  within 
the  range  of  immediate  probabilities.  In  mining  work  it  manufactures  appliances 
for  drilling,  hoisting,  conveying,  pulverizing,  extracting,  etc.,  by  electricity.  In  power 
work  it  has  created  appliances  for  every  conceivable  kind  of  portable  or  stationary 
motors,  from  the  smallest  to  the  greatest.  It  has  enabled  the  industrial  world  to 
take  advantage  of  the  immense  energy  in  the  undeveloped  water-power  of  the  country. 
By  means  of  its  perfected  apparatus  the  water-falls  and  water-courses  of  the  country 
have  been  laid  under  contribution,  and  rendered  subservient  to  the  uses  of  man. 
Mines  heretofore  unworkable/on  account  of  the  cost  of  fuel,  are  now  proving  sources 
of  great  profit,  the  power  to  work  them  having  been  transmitted  to  them  by  means 
of  the  electrical  devices  which  this  company  has  invented  and  constructed.  Mills 
and  factories  all  over  the  land  testify  to  the  almost  universal  uses  to  which  electricity 
has  been  put,  all  rendered  possible  and  practicable  by  the  inventive  talent  which  the 
General  Electric  Company  has  at  its  command.  It  has  very  extensive  electrical 
works  at  Schenectady,  N.  V.,  and  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  the  largest  works  in  the 
world  for  the  manufacture  of  incandescent  lamps  at  Harrison,  N.  J.  In  its  various 
departments  it  gives  employment  to  over  10,000  people,  many  of  whom  command 
the  highest  pay  for  their  skill  and  knowledge  of  both  the  theory  and  practice  of  elec- 
tricity. It  is  not  the  exclusive  province,  however,  of  the  General  Electric  Company 
to  deal  with  the  public  consumer  of  electricity  directly.  It  is  also,  as  its  name  im- 
plies, the  general  or  "parent"  organization  under  which  several  thousand  distinct 
local  companies,  chartered  in  every  State  and  territory,  and  also  in  many  foreign 
countries,  are  licensed  to  use  its  patents,  appliances,  and  products. 

The  large  capital  employed  by  this  company,  together  with  its  unrivalled  corps 
of  inventors,  scientists,  and  experts,  permits  it  to  examine  and  test  thoroughly  any 
and  all  ideas  that  are  likely  to  develop  the  science  of  electricity,  and  to  apply  it 
commercially.    The  capital  of  the  General  Electric  Company  is  $50,000,000. 

Its  executive  offices  are  located  in  a  large,  handsome  building,  eight  stories  high, 
at  44  Broad  Street,  in  New  York,  and  also  at  620  Atlantic  Avenue,  Boston.  C.  A. 
Coffin  is  President;  Eugene  Griffin,  First  Vice-President;  J.  H.  Herrick,  Third 
Vice-President ;  E.  L  Garfield,  Secretary  ;  A.  S.  Beves,  Treasurer  ;  Joseph  P.  Ord, 
Comptroller  ;  and  S.  Dana  Greene,  Assistant  General  Manager. 


GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY. 

EDISON   BUILDING,  42  AND  44  BROAD  STREET,  BETWEEN   EXCHANGE   PLACE  AND  BEAVER  STREET. 


928 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  New- York  Belting  &  Packing  Company,  Limited,  manufacturers 

of  machine  belting,  hose,  rubber  springs,  and  kindred  goods,  have  their  offices  and 
warerooms  at  15  Park  Row.  The  main  factory  is  on  the  Potatook  River,  near  New- 
town, Conn.  The  business  was  founded  at  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1846,  two  years  after 
the  issue  to  Charles  Goodyear  of  patents  for  his  process  of  vulcanizing  india  rubber. 
At  the  outset  the  concern  had  the  personal  assistance  of  Mr.  Goodyear.  As  the  suc- 
cessor of  the  Boston  factory  it  is  the  oldest  mechanical  rubber-goods  establishment. 
It  is  also  the  largest  concern  manufacturing  mechanical  india-rubber  goods  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  incorporated  about  1856.  The  manufacturing  establishment 
at  Newtown,  Conn.,  occupies  many  acres  of  ground.  The  company  owns  a  magnifi- 
cent water-power  on  the  Potatook  River,  consisting  of  two  separate  falls,  each  of  con- 
siderable height.  A  portion  of  the  power  is  utilized  by  means  of  a  water-wheel  fifty 
feet  in  diameter.  This  is  supplemented,  whenever  the  occasion  requires,  by  steam- 
power,  as  the  works  are  equipped  with  an  extensive  steam-plant.  The  factory  build- 
ings comprise  several  mills,  fitted  for  the  manufacture  of  different  articles.  With  the 
attached  cottages,  built  for  the  use  of  the  superintendent  and  other  employees,  the 
establishment  constitutes  a  manufacturing  village  of  considerable  size. 

Crude  india  rubber  has  been  known  to  commerce  for  several  hundred  years. 
Primarily,  it  is  a  pale  yellow  sap,  and  is  taken  from  trees  of  several  varieties.  It  is 
changed  into  a  gum  by  the  process  of  evaporation.  Central  and  South  America  are 
the  main  sources  of  supply,  although  rubber  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  parts 
of  Asia,  Africa,  and  the  island  of  Madagascar.  Most  of  the  crude  rubber  received 
in  the  United  States  comes  from  Para,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  River.  Until 
about  fifty  years  ago  there  was  little  use  for  rubber  in  manufactures,  other  than  for 
making  overshoes  and  waterproof  fabrics.  The  art  of  vulcanizing  the  crude  material 
by  compounding  it  with  sulphur  made  it  useful  in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  upon  this 
art  was  founded  the  industry  of  the  New- York  Belting  &  Packing  Company,  Limited. 
The  process  originally  discovered  by  Charles  Goodyear  was  the  basis  of  its  operation, 
but  during  the  years  which  succeeded  many  new  inventions  were  made  which  extended 
the  uses  of  rubber,  and  opened  up  new  fields  of  manufacture.  A  large  number  of 
these  inventions  were  secured  by  the  company,  and  thus  the  breadth  and  scope  of  its 
business  have  increased.  Among  the  products  of  its  factories  are  machine  belt- 
ing, rubber  hose  for  all  uses,  railroad  car-springs,  and  springs  for  miscellaneous 
uses,  rubber  machine  packing,  emery  wheels,  rubber  mats,  and  a  variety  of  small 
articles.  Its  business  has  grown  to  enormous  proportions,  and  this  growth  is 
not  only  the  natural  progress  to  be  expected  of  a  successful  concern,  but  is  due  in 
part  to  the  great  expansion  of  the  usefulness  of  rubber,  which  has  gone  on  year 
by  year.  The  house  exports  large  quantities  of  its  goods  to  Europe  and  South 
America.  The  principal  officers  of  the  company,  and  the  principal  stock-holders  as 
well,  are  John  H.  Cheever,  the  treasurer,  and  J.  D.  Cheever,  the  deputy-treasurer. 
To  the  former  is  due  much  of  the  credit  of  creating  a  new  industry,  and  conducting 
it  successfully  until  it  has  reached  a  position  of  the  first  magnitude. 

The  salesrooms  of  the  New- York  Belting  &  Packing  Company  are  in  Park  Row, 
Nos.  13  and  15,  immediately  opposite  the  lower  end  of  the  United-States  Post  Office, 
and  not  far  from  the  City  Hall,  Astor  House,  and  St. -Paul's  Chapel.  At  these  sales- 
rooms can  be  seen  the  extensive  line  and  great  variety  of  goods  which  are  produced 
by  this  company  —  belting  not  merely  of  short  lengths  and  narrow  widths,  but  huge 
and  broad  belts  for  the  heaviest  conceivable  work  ;  not  merely  garden  hose,  but  the 
strongest  and  most  durable  needed  by  fire  departments  of  the  metropolis  ;  and  the 
general  products  cover  the  full  range  of  sizes  and  varieties  demanded  for  all  uses. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


XDBOOK 


YORK. 


7'-' 


R_::er  C:~.: 


rolls, 


.    S'EW  YDR-' 

LTING&  PACKING  : 


located  at  15  Park  Roy,  are  manufac- 
r  -r ;  r_-        g  •        jf  all  descriptions,  for 
is  hose  of  all  kinds,  hefting  packing,  valves, 
:;•        :  res.  ct_     T:.>  .  rx.;-^.;.  has  tie 
•:  .     •  '        .i-.l  ':•  :'r.  Lav.         V.'er.,  ar.d 
r  waking  but  for  delivering  goods  more  quickly 
and  at  less  cost  than  other  manufactur- 
I  ers.    The  quality  of  its  products  will 
"  enlist  the  interest  of  buyers  who  de- 
mand the  best,  and  for  such  are  "willing 
to  pay  reasonable  prices,  and  the  con- 
duct of  its  affairs  is  on  lines  to  hold 
:  r.r  nage  or.ee  acquired.   Their  hose, 
belting  and  packing  are  made  in  two 
grades.    In  their  best  grade,  called 
•l  A  ma /on,**  the  price  has  been  subor- 
dinated to  quality,  the  aim  being  to  en- 
riiyly  fliminatf  tlw»  *  1#  w>  nf  of  Aanne., 
and  to  produce  goods  that  are 
r  r.        •.  ar.i  :::  .  and 

that  will  be  equal  to  the  sharpest 
emergency  that  may  arise  in  use.  This 
class  of  goods  is  the  cheapest  because 
of  the  extraordinary  service  they  will 
withstand.  Their  next  grade,  44  Brazil- 1 
ian,**  is  equal  if  not  superior  in 
quality  to  the  best  of  other  makers 
and  is  found  uniform  in  quality,  re- 


r-r- 


is 


New-Yorl 


-en  hose.  It 
and  rot,  and  sheds 
ir.  alra  : «•:  ever-.-  ~r. 


ard 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  9  -  r 

The  International  Okonite  Company,  Limited.— Commensurate  with  the 
magical  extension  of  applied  electricity  in  the  last  score  of  years  has  been  the  ever- 
increasing  demand  for  a  more  efficient  form  of  insulation  for  conducting  wire,  an  insu- 
lation which  should  resist  the  corrosive  action  of  all  nature's  elements,  and  insure 
absolute  secrecy  in  the  working  of  each  wire  of  the  hundreds  bound  in  one  cable 
No  company  has  more  nearly  succeeded  in  fulfilling  these  exacting  conditions  than 
The  Okonite  Company,  Limited,  of  New  York  and  London.  A 

In  1884  J-  J-  C  and  Michael  Smith  and  Herman  Gelpcke  organized  the  New- 
York  Insulated  Wire  and  Vulcanite  Company,  for  the  manufacture  of  insulated  wire. 
They  established  an  experimental  plant  at  College  Point,  L.  I.  They  there  began 
the  manufacture  of  a  special  form  of  insulation,  which  from  small  beginnings  was 
destined  to  become  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  continued  growth  of  electrical 
science.    In  1885  the  company  removed  its  plant  to  Passaic,  N.  J.,  its  name  being 


INTERNATIONAL  OKONITE  CO. 'S  WIRE  AND  CABLE  MILLS 


S  wt  ^r  /°Ty-  ThC  aCtiVe  mana^ement  then  passed  into  the 
hands  of  \\  illard  L  Candee  and  George  T.  Manson.  Under  their  skilful  executive 
abdity  the  business  increased  beyond  all  expectation.  The  plant  became  inadequate 
to  he  demand  made  upon  it.  In  1889  the  present  plant  was  erected  at  Passai 
and  the  company  re-organized  under  the  name  of  The  Okonite  Company,  Limited' 
the  managers  of  which  are  Willard  L.  Candee  and  H.  Durant  Cheever.  With  them 
is  associated  George  T.  Manson  as  General  Superintendent 

This  plant  covers  about  a  block,  facing  on  the  Dundee  Canal,  which  is  used  as  a 
water-power.  Its  main  building  is  394  feet  in  length  by  63  in  width  There  is  a 
""I he  fac  o"       '  °n7f  I3°X^/Ctt'  A-  °*er  '7°*53  feet,  and  other ^filoi  gs 

theTm  1  f ,   T  6Very  f°rm  °f  thG  higheSt  Srade  °f  "'ire,  from 

the  smallest  used  in  telephone  service  to  the  largest  used  in  submarine  cables.  Thi 
company  s  wire  with  its  efficient  insulation  has  become  known  to  the  electrical  world 

U*ht   Z  r^d anT       "     *  "         *  *  ^  electr 
light    raihoad  and  mining  companies.     The  -Okonite"  trade-mark,  a  unique 
emblem  of  the  company's  business,  is  familiar  to  all  the  electrical  world  ^ 

The  company's  main  offices  are  in  New  York,  at  13  Park  Row.  '  There  are 
agencies  in  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States.    Main  offices  are  at  London 
and  a  plant,  more  extensive  than  at  Passaic,  at  Manchester,  England 


932 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Eaton,  Cole  &  Burnham  Company,  manufacturers  of  wrought-iron 

pipe  and  brass  and  iron  fittings,  valves,  cocks,  and  other  appliances  for  steam,  water, 
oil  and  gas,  began  early  in  the  business  of  the  manufacture  of  these  goods,  and  have 
grown  up  with  that  industry.  The  company  was  formed  in  1874,  by  joining  the 
New-York  firm  of  Eaton  &  Cole  with  Mr.  Burnham,  of  the  Belknap  &  Burn- 

ham  Manufactur- 
ing Company  in 
Bridgeport,  Conn. 
The  article  of 
their  manufacture 
which  is  most 
w  idely  and  popu- 
larly known  is, 
perhaps,  the  Gem, 
or  Lowell,  hose- 
nozzle.  These 
nozzles  are  known 
all  over  the  coun- 
try by  users  of 
small  or  garden 
hose,  and  contain 
a  device  by  which 
the  stream  of 
water  can  be 
changed  by  a 
movement  of  the 
wrist  from  a  solid 
stream  into  the 
most  delicate 
spray.  The  com- 
pany controls  the 
patents  on  this 
simple  yet  valu- 
able device,  and 
the  output  exceeds 
75,000  annually. 

The  company  also  manufactures  a  full  line  of  pipe  threading  and  cutting  machinery, 
which  is  becoming  extensively  known,  both  in  this  country  and  abroad,  wherever 
much  piping  is  carried  on.  The  pipe-lines,  through  which  crude  petroleum  is 
pumped  for  hundreds  of  miles,  from  the  interior  oil  regions  to  the  seacoast  and  to 
the  lakes,  have  one  of  this  company's  large  pipe-threading  machines  at  each  of 
their  pumping  stations.  The  export  business  of  the  Eaton,  Cole  &  Burnham  Com- 
pany covers  a  large  part  of  the  world,  more  especially  South  America,  England, 
Germany,  Austria,  Russia,  India  and  Australia. 

In  Bridgeport  the  company  has  a  factory  in  which  over  seven  hundred  employees 
find  work  ;  and  at  that  place  the  plant  consumes  daily  from  30  to  35  tons  of  pig 
iron  and  from  8  to  10  tons  of  copper,  together  with  other  metals.  The  main  offices 
of  the  Eaton,  Cole  &  Burnham  Company  are  located  at  82  and  84  Fulton  Street, 
New  York  ;  and  its  principal  warehouses  and  depositories  of  goods  are  in  New-York 
City,  and  in  Pittsburgh,  Penn. 


FULTON  AND  GOLD  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


933 


ill 


111! 

if  §i| 

i  a  ff  3 

*  I  I 

M  i 

ff  rni 

If 

if  as 

The  National  Tube  Works  Company,  the  New- York  offices  of  which  are 
in  the  Havemeyer  Building,  at  the  corner  of  Cortlandt  and  Church  Streets,  conducts 
one  of  the  gigantic  industries  of  the  country.  It  was  originally  a  Boston  institution, 
and  the  office  of  its  Treasurer  remains  there.  The  New- York  office  is  that  of  its 
General  Manager.  Its  principal  works  are  at  McKeesport,  Pa.  The  establishment 
there  covers  sixty-five  acres,  forty  being  occupied  by  buildings. 

The  product  includes  every  variety  of  wrought-iron  pipe,  boiler-tubes,  pipes  or 
tubes  used  for  artesian,  salt,  oil  or  gas  wells,  rods  and  columns  used  in  mining 
grate-bars,  hand-rails,  telegraph 
poles,  gas  and  air-brake  cylinders, 
drill-rods,  Converse  patent  lock- 
joint,  wrought  iron  kalameined  and 
asphalted  pipe  for  water  and  gas 
works  mains  and  trunk  lines,  and 
locomotive  and  stationary  injectors. 

An  important  branch  of  manu- 
facture is  that  of  sap  pan  iron, 
kalameined  and  galvanized  sheet 
iron,  cold  rolled  iron  and  steel 
sheets,  and  corrugated  and  curved 
sheets,  for  roofs  and  ceilings.  An- 
other specialty  is  the  celebrated 
"  Monongahela  "  brand  of  Besse- 
mer, mill  and  foundry  pig-iron. 

The  company  finds  a  market 
■for  its  goods  not  only  in  the  United 
States  but  also  in  Central  and  South 
America,  Mexico,  Europe,  Austra- 
lia, and  Africa.  The  works  have  a 
capacity  of  250,000  tons  of  tubes 
and  pipe  yearly.  The  company 
was  one  of  the  first  to  use  natural 
gas  as  fuel  in  the  manufacture  of 
iron.  The  gas  is  brought  from  its 
own  wells,  through  twenty  miles  of 
pipe,  to  the  works. 

The  industry  was  established  in 
Boston  in  1869,  as  the  National 
Tube  Works  Company ;  and  in 
1872  the  manufacturing  establish- 
ment was  mo  ed  to  McKeesport,  Pennsylvania, 
remaining  in  Boston.  In  1 89 1  the  company  was  re-organized  under  the  laws  of 
New  jersey,  with  a  capital  of  $11,500,000  ;  and,  with  its  own  industry,  has  consoli- 
dated those  of  the  Republic  Iron  Works  of  Pittsburgh,  the  Monongahela  Furnace 
Company,  and  the  Boston  Iron  &  Steel  Company  (located  at  McKeesport),  allied 
but  not  competing  concerns.  Branch  offices  are  maintained  at  Pittsburgh,  St.  Louis 
and  Chicago.  The  present  officers  and  directors  of  the  company  are  E.  W.  Con- 
verse, President  ;  D.  W.  Hitchcock,  Yice-President  ;  William  S.  Eaton,  Treasurer  ; 
P.  W.  French,  Secretary  ;  E.  C.  Converse,  General  Manager  ;  Horace  Crosby,  W. 
J.  Curtis,  J.  H.  Flagler,  and  F.  E.  Sweetser. 


ii 


NATIONAL  TUBE  WORKS  CO.  ,  N 
AND  CHURC 


STREETS. 

the  head-office  of  the  company 


934 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Iron  Clad  Manufacturing  Company,  whose  offices  and  salesrooms  arc 

at  22  and  24  Cliff  Street,  was  established  in  1869  and  incorporated  in  1876.  Us 
founders  were  Robert  Seaman,  at  that  time  a  capitalist  of  wide  experience,  and  well- 
known  as  the  head  of  one  of  the  foremost  wholesale  grocery  houses  in  this  city  (the 
firm  of  Robert  Seaman  &  Co.),  and  Henry  W.  Shepard,  whose  extraordinary  busi- 
ness tact  and  energy,  with  plans  well-made  and  successfully  executed,  have  placed 
this  company,  with  its  immense  lines  of  specialties,  which  in  quality  are  synonymous 
with  its  trade  name  "Iron  Clad,"  in  the  front  rank  of  the  manufacturing  enterprises*" 
of  the  country.  Its  extensive  factories,  covering  an  area  of  139,000  square  feet  of 
ground,  are  located  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  They  are  admirably  equipped  with  expen- 
sive machinery,  and  employ  over  800  operatives.  The  manufacturing  processes  are 
of  much  interest,  and  by  exact  and  very  ingenious  devices  transform  the  plain  sheet 
metals  into  myriads  of  forms  of  usefulness  and  value.  This  company  enjoys  the 
reputation  of  converting  into  manufactured  goods  of  various  forms  a  greater  number  of 
square  feet  of  sheet  iron  and  steel  than  any  competing  concern  in  the  country.  Among 
its  leading  specialties  are  :  steel  railroad  milk  cans,  the  number  annually  produced 
running  into  the  hundreds  of  thousands  ;  and  galvanized  range-boilers,  which  arc- 
also  a  product  of  considerable  magnitude,  their  superiority  over  all  others  being 
universally  conceded  by  the  best  authorities.  Other  specialties  are  :  coal  scuttles, 
galvanized  and  japanned,  more  than  half  a  million  of  which  are  manufactured 
yearly  ;  wrought  steel  fire  shovels,  stove  pokers,  galvanized  ash  and  garbage  cans, 
water  pots,  refrigerator  pans,  ice-cream  freezers,  well  buckets,  poultry  fountains, 
wash  bowls,  dippers  and  dish  pans,  tea  kettles,  water  carriers,  sap  buckets  and  wash 
tubs,  the  latter  made  very  extensively  for  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  Southwestern 
section  of  the  country.  The  company's  great  variety  of  specialties  manufactured  for 
engineers  and  mill  supplies,  such  as  cotton  or  roving  cans,  oil  waste  cans,  oilers, 
storing  oil  cans,  fire  buckets,  sprinklers  and  elevator  buckets,  is  worthy  of  mention. 
Their  line  of  "Yankee"  tin- ware  for  the  kitchen,  stamped  or  spun  from  the  black 
sheets  into  the  desired  shape,  after  which  it  is  dipped  or  heavily  coated  with  pure 
tin,  would  delight  any  housekeeper.  This  company  also  manufactures  annually 
thousands  of  steel  soda-water  fountains,  with  a  continuous  lining  made  of  pure  sheet 
block  tin  rolled  expressly  for  the  purpose.  These  fountains  the  reader  may  not  only 
have  seen  in  transit  to  all  parts  of  the  country,  but  doubtless  it  has  been  his  or  her 
pleasure  many  a  time  to  quaff  from  their  refreshing  contents.  Last,  but  not  the 
least  worthy  of  consideration,  is  the  latest  addition  that  they  have  made  to  their 
lines,  of  a  complete  outfit  for  the  kitchen  of  their  enameled  iron-ware,  the  superior 
finish  and  durability  of  which  is  fast  making  inroads  upon  the  trade  of  other  wares 
of  similar  character.  The  company's  trade-mark  (an  iron-clad  monitor,  floating 
upon  the  open  sea,)  is  a  familiar  figure  to  be  found  upon  practically  every  piece  of 
goods  of  their  manufacture.  Wherever  this  trade-mark  is  found  upon  an  article  on 
the  shelves  or  in  the  store  of  the  dealer,  it  is  not  only  the  surest  guarantee  of 
"value  received,"  but  also,  wherever  found,  is  the  best  reference  that  can  be  fur- 
nished that  the  dealer  is  disposed  to  supply  his  customers  with  the  best  goods  of 
their  kind  manufactured.  The  exhibit  of  the  Iron  Clad  Manufacturing  Company, 
in  the  Manufactures  Building  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  has  attracted 
extensive  attention  by  reason  of  its  practical  character  and  skilful  arrangement. 
The  President  and  Treasurer  of  the  company  is  Robert  Seaman.  The  Vice-Presi- 
dent is  Henry  B.  Haigh.  The  Secretary  is  David  D.  Otis.  The  General  Superin- 
tendent is  Frank  E.  Young.  Each  of  these  officers  has  been  connected  for  from  ten 
to  twenty  years  with  the  Iron  Clad  Manufacturing  Company. 


93^ 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co.  was  founded  in  1847,  to  continue  the  business  then 

carried  on  by  Peter  Cooper,  the  philanthropist.  Mr.  Cooper  began  his  business 
career  about  1815,  so  that  the  various  establishments  now  controlled  by  Cooper, 
Hewitt  &  Co.  have  existed  or  have  been  created  within  the  past  seventy-five  years. 
His  original  business,  the  manufacture  of  glue,  is  still  carried  on  by  a  corporation 
controlled  by  his  family,  under  the  name  of  Peter  Cooper's  Glue  Factory.  "Cooper's 

glue"  and  "Cooper's  gelatine"  are 
household  words  all  over  the  world. 
Mr.  Cooper  very  early  engaged  in  the 
iron  business,  and  after  establishing 
works  at  Baltimore  and  New  York, 
finally  concentrated  them  at  Trenton, 
New  Jersey,  where  in  1845  nc  erected 
one  of  the  largest  mills  in  the  country. 
Here  railroad  iron  was  made  as  early  as 
1846.  Later  the  works  were  changed 
so  as  to  manufacture  iron  beams  and 
girders,  which  were  first  rolled  here,  and 
have  continued  to  be  one  of  the  chief 
products  of  the  New-Jersey  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.,  of  which  the  firm  are  the  sole 
stockholders.  Besides  the  rolling-mill, 
there  is  a  bridge-shop,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing the  heaviest  work,  and  here  some 
of  the  largest  bridges  and  much  elevated 
railway  work  have  been  built.  They 
are  now  constructing  the  Bellefontaine 
bridge,  over  the  Missouri  River,  and  the 
new  structure  of  the  New- York  Central 
Railway,  over  the  Harlem  Flats.  The 
firm  owns  the  large  works  of  the  Tren- 
ton Iron  Co.,  which  manufacture  wire, 
wire  rope,  cables,  wire  tramways,  etc. 
They  have  blast  furnaces  at  Durham  and 
Pequest,  with  a  capacity  of  75,000  tons 
of  pig  iron  annually.  They  own  iron 
mines  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  coal  mines  in  Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 
ginia, so  that  they  can  produce  the  fin- 
They  have  also  interests  in  iron  works 
They  are  engaged  in 


^WITT  <t  CO.,  17  BURLING  SLIP. 


ished  article  from  their  own  raw  material, 
in  the  Lake-Superior  region,  in  Tennessee  and  in  Alabama, 
silver-smelting  in  the  West,  and  employ  a  very  large  capital  and  many  thousands 
of  workmen.  In  the  iron  business,  the  ownership  is  limited  to  the  members  of  the 
firm.  The  business  is  done  exclusively  for  cash,  and  nothing  is  spared  to  keep  the 
products  up  to  the  highest  standard.  Peter  Cooper  was  the  founder  of  the  Cooper 
Union  in  New  York,  of  which  city  his  son,  Edward  Cooper,  and  his  son-in-law, 
Abram  S.  Hewitt,  have  been  mayors.  Mr.  Hewitt  has  long  been  known  as  a  rep- 
resentative in  Congress,  where  he  served  for  twelve  years, 

In  every  way, —  financially,  commercially,  socially,  and  historically — there  is  no 
more  distinguished  business  house  in  America  than  Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


937 


The  Ansonia  Brass  &  Copper  Company,  whose  gigantic  works  are  at 
Ansonia,  Conn.,  is  in  fact  a  New- York  industry  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  is  one 
of  the  concerns  that  indicate  the  ability,  enterprise  and  foresight  of  the  old  and 
time-honored  house  of  Phelps,  Dodge  &  Co.  Even  the  city  of  Ansonia  itself  is 
named  after  Anson  G.  Phelps  of  this  firm.  The  main  offices  and  sales-rooms  are 
in  New- York  City,  in  Cliff  Street,  which  is  nearly  all  occupied  by  houses  ki  some 
branch  of  the  metal  industry,  and  which  bears  almost  the  same  relation  to  the 
metal  world  that  Wall  Street  does  to  the  financial  world.  The  Ansonia  Brass  & 
Copper  Co.'s  business  was  established  in  1847,  and  has  been  steadfastly  successful 
and  prosperous.  Now  it  occupies  five  enormous  factories,  covering  about  sixteen 
acres,  and  continually  em- 
ploys from  1,200  to  1,500 
hands,  with  a  pay-roll  of 
$900, 000  per  year.  The 
company  stands  pre-emi- 
nent in  its  production  of 
sheet  copper,  copper  bot- 
toms, copper  wire  for  elec- 
trical purposes,  and  ingot 
copper.  It  controls  over 
one  hundred  patents  for 
lamps,  chandeliers  and  vari- 
ous forms  of  metal  working. 
It  also  owns  the  Cowles 
•  patents  for  insulating  wire, 
and  is  the  sole  manufacturer 
of  Tobin  bronze,  a  metal 
noted  for  its  high  tensile 
and  torsional  elastic  limit, 
toughness,  and  non-Cbrrosi- 
bility  in  sea  water.  At  a 
cherry-red  heat  it  can  be 
forged  and  stamped  as 
readily  as  steel.  It  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  8.3,  and 
can  be  welded  by  the 
Thomson  electric  welding 
process.  It  is  used  largely 
for  piston  rods,  hull  plates, 
yacht  shafting  pump  linings,  condenser  heads,  bolts,  nuts,  valve  stems,  center  boards, 
rudders,  coal  chutes  and  screens,  valve  faces,  powder-mill  crush  plates  and  ship 
fastenings.  For  the  above  purposes  it  is  furnished  in  the  form  of  sheets,  plates,  and 
round,  square  and  hexagon  bars.  Besides  this,  the  company  owns  various  specialties. 
Among  its  varied  products  is  an  infinite  variety  of  rods,  spun  brass  kettles,  brazed 
and  seamless  tubes,  wires  ;  also  brass  bedsteads,  lamps  and  chandeliers  of  the 
latest  designs.  The  business  of  the  company  extends  into  every  nook  and  corner 
of  the  Union  ;  and  Ansonia  brass  or  copper,  in  its  simple  or  manufactured  form, 
is  a  standard  of  the  whole  metal-working  industry.  The  President  is  Wm.  E. 
Dodge ;  the  Vice-President  and  Treasurer,  Alfred  A.  Cowles ;  and  the  Secretary, 
\V.  H.  Mathews. 


ANSONIA  BRASS  A  COPPER  CO.,  19  AND  21  CUFF  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Rand  Drill  Company,  the  office  of  which  is  at  23  Park  Place,  has  played 
an  important  part  in  revolutionizing  the  methods  of  mining  and  tunneling,  and  in 
placing  America  ahead  of  the  world  in  the  production  of  rock-boring  apparatus. 
The  first  drill  made  in  which  the  drilling  tool  was  the  extension  of  the  rod  of  a 
piston,  acted  upon  by  steam  or  compressed  air,  was  indirectly  an  outcome  of  the 
enterprise  begun  by  private  capital  and  completed  by  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  in 
cutting  a  tunnel  through  the  Iloosac  Mountain.  The  use  of  the  Rand  Drill  has 
stimulated  mining  enterprises  greatly,  not  only  by  virtue  of  the  marked  reduction  it 
has  made  in  the  cost  of  cutting  out  ores,  but  also  because  of  the  even  greater  advantage 
of  speed  in  driving  tunnels  and  headings  and  otherwise  opening  up  new  properties, 
by  virtue  of  which  preliminary  work  —  work  which  formerly  required  years  to  accom- 
plish —  is  now  completed  in  a  few  months.  Vast  deposits  of  iron  and  copper  in  the 
Lake-Superior  regions  and  elsew  here,  and  of  silver  in  the  Far  West  and  in  Mexico, 
are  now  opened  up  so  expeditiously  and  so  cheaply  that  the  cost  of  the  ores  has  been 


FLOOD  ROCK  EXPLOSION  AT  HELL  GATE  IN  OCTOBER,  1885.      RAND  DRILL  COMPANY'S  DRILLS  AND  EXPLOSIVES. 


permanently  reduced.  In  Australia  and  South  Africa  gold-mining  is  now  carried  on 
by  means  of  the  Rand  Drill.  In  fact,  to  such  an  extent  have  the  mining  enterprises 
of  the  Dark  Continent  been  carried  on  of  late,  that  the  production  of  gold  in  South 
Africa  for  one  month  recently  was  estimated  to  be  two-thirds  of  the  output  of  the 
United  States  during  a  similar  period.  A  great  public  work  in  which  the  Rand 
Drills  were  used  almost  exclusively  was  the  undermining  of  Flood  Rock,  an  impor- 
tant portion  of  the  work  of  improving  the  channel  at  Hell  Gate.  Flood  Rock  was 
successfully  blown  up  on  October  10,  1885,  and  in  the  final  operation  another  pro- 
duct of  this  company,  "  Rackarock,"  an  explosive  of  even  greater  power  under  water 
than  dynamite,  but  perfectly  safe  to  handle,  was  used  extensively.  The  Rand  Drill 
Company  supply  a  large  portion  of  the  demand  for  rock-boring  apparatus  and  safe 
explosives  in  this  country,  and  are  almost  without  competition  in  Australia  in  the 
sale  of  drills.  German  engineers  who  are  well  advanced  in  the  science  of  tunneling 
acknowledge  the  superior  efficiency  of  the  Rand  Drill.  Of  the  explosives  used  in 
Australian  mining  this  company  supplies  about  one-third. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


939 


Russell  &  Erwin  Manufacturing  Company,  which  occupies  its  ow 
story  marble-front  building,  at  43  to  47  Chambers  Street,  is  one  of  the 
concerns  producing  builders'  hardware  in  the  United  States.  Its  busine 
founded  in  1839  by 
Russell  &  Erwin,  in 
New  Britain,  Conn. 
Soon  afterward, 
they  established  an 
office  at  92  John 
Street,  New  York, 
and  some  time  later 
they  removed  to 
22  and  24  Cliff 
Struct.  In  1 85 1, 
the  Russell  &  Mr- 
win  Manufacturing 
Company  was  or- 
ganized. Corne- 
lius B.  Erwin  was 
its  first  president, 
and  I  Icnry  E.  Rus- 
sell its  first  treas- 
urer. When  Mr. 
Erwin     died,  in 


Russell  became 
President,  and 
Mahlon  J.  Wood- 
ruff was  elected 
Treasurer.  Mr. 
Russell  died  in 
January,  1 893,  and 
was  succeeded  bv 


n  five- 
largest 


RUSSELL  A   ERWIN   MANUFACTURING  CO. 


43,   45  AND  47  CHAMBERS  STREET. 

sales 


Mr.  Woodruff.    The  company  purchased  its  present  fine 
room  and  office  building  in  Chambers  Street  in  1S6S. 

The  corporation  is  organized  under  a  special  charter,  obtained  from  the  Legis- 
lature of  Connecticut.  Its  principal  manufactories  are  in  New  Britain,  Conn.  They 
consist  of  many  extensive  building's  of  brick  and  stone,  which  cover  about  nine  acres 
of  ground.  In  1SS5  the  company  purchased  the  property  of  the  Dayton  Screw  Com- 
pany, at  Dayton,  Ohio,  at  a  cost  of  about  $500,000.  It  operates  the  establishment 
as  a  branch  manufactory,  and  markets  the  products  through  the  New- York  house. 
The  goods  manufactured  by  the  concern  are  those  classed  as  builders'  hardware  and 
house  trimmings,  and  include  bronze,  brass,  wrought-steel  and  cast-iron  door  locks, 
knobs  and  bolts,  and  all  varieties  of  wood  and  machine  screws  and  bolts.  The  com- 
pany maintains  a  warehouse  in  Philadelphia,  and  another  in  London.  Its  export-trade 
is  very  large,  although  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  its  products  is  sold  in  the  United 
States.  Its  capital  is  %  1,000,000,  all  of  which,  with  its  large  surplus,  is  invested  in 
its  business.  It  employs  about  1,600  men.  The  officers  and  directors  are  Mahlon 
J.  Woodruff,  President;  Henry  E.  Russell,  Vice-President  and  Treasurer;  George 
J.  Laighton,  Assistant  Treasurer  ;  Theodore  E.  Smith,  Secretary;  Isaac  D.  Russell, 
Assistant  Secretary  ;  J.  Andrew  Pickett,  Thomas  S.  Bishop  and  Wm.  G.  Smythe. 


94Q 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Charles  A.  Schieren  &  Co.,  of  Ferry  and  Cliff  Streets,  are  preeminent  as 

manufacturers  of  leather  belting  and  lace  leather.  Their  factory  is  considered  a 
model  establishment  in  its  line,  because  of  its  improved  machinery  and  economic 
appliances.  The  firm  owns  a  number  of  patents,  granted  on  inventions  by  Mr. 
Schieren,  and  under  them  manufactures  such  specialties  as  electric  and  perforated 

belting  for  use  on 
dynamos  and 
swift-running 
electric-light  ma- 
chinery ;  leather- 
link  belting,  for 
use  in  mines  and 
on  machinery  ex- 
posed to  water  ; 
and  planer  belt- 
ing, suitable  for 
w  o  o  d  -  w  o  r  k  i  n  g 
machinery.  The 
leather  for  planer 
belting  is  tanned 
with  a  view  to 
flexibility  and 
durability.  In 
order  to  supply  its 
factory  with  ma- 
terials, the  firm 
operates  three 
oak-leather  tan- 
neries, in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Mary- 
land, arfd  one  lace-leather  tannery  in  Brooklyn.  Charles  A.  Schieren,  the  founder  of 
the  firm,  was  born  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  in  1842,  and  with  his  parents  emigrated  to  this 
country  in  1856.  He  had  received  a  public-school  education  in  Germany.  In  his 
youth  he  assisted  his  father  in  conducting  a  cigar  and  tobacco  business  in  Brooklyn. 
In  1864,  as  clerk,  he  entered  the  service  of  Philip  F.  Pasquay,  leather-belting  manu- 
facturer, of  New  York.  By  virtue  of  energy  and  close  application  he  soon  mastered 
the  details  of  the  business,  and  he  became  the  manager  of  the  establishment,  on  the 
death  of  his  employer,  in  1866.  Two  years  later,  with  limited  means,  he  set  up  his 
own  establishment.  In  a  comparatively  short  time  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  prosperous 
manufactory,  which  to-day  ranks  as  one  of  the  largest  in  the  leather-belting  line  in 
the  country.  In  1887  Schieren  admitted  as  partner  F.  A.  M.  Burrell,  who  had 
been  in  his  service  as  clerk  for  ten  years.  The  firm  has  branch-houses  in  Chicago, 
Boston  and  Philadelphia,  and  the  products  of  its  factory  are  shipped  to  all  parts  of 
the  civilized  world.  Mr.  Schieren  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hide  and  Leather 
National  Bank,  and  is  now  its  Vice-President.  He  is  also  identified  with  many 
public  institutions  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  resides. 

The  leather  belting  made  by  this  house  comprises  every  length  and  width,  and 
also  of  heavy  and  light  weights,  as  their  users  may  require.  Whatever  is  not 
carried  in  general  stock  can  readily  be  produced  by  the  house  of  Charles  A. 
Schieren  &  Co. 


SCHIEREN  A  CO.,  FERRY  AND  CLIFF  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


941 


Alfred  Dolge,  manufacturer  of  piano-felt  and  felt  shoes,  whose  office  and  sale- 
rooms are  at  122  East  13th  Street,  has  established  a  new  industry  in  this  country, 
and  has  also  created  a  manufacturing  village.  He  is  of  German  birth,  not  yet  forty- 
five  years  of  age,  and  has  been  in  America  since  he  was  sixteen.  He  had  learned  the 
trade  of  a  piano-maker  in  Saxony,  and  worked  at  it  for  a  time  in  New  Haven. 
Then  he  began  to  import  materials  of  a  superior  quality  for  piano  manufacturers, 


ALFRED  DOLGE'S  DOLGEVILLE  FACTORIES. 


and  at  length,  perceiving  that  all  the  felt  used  for  piano  hammers  was  made  in 
Europe,  he  set  about  manufacturing  it  in  America.  Mr.  Dolge  succeeded  so  well 
that  in  1873,  when  be  was  only  twenty-five  years  old,  his  piano-felt  won  the  first  prize 
at  the  Vienna  Exhibition.  Then  he  went  into  the  wilderness  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  Adirondack  region,  purchased  a  magnificent  water-power,  and  many  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  spruce  timberland,  erected  sawmills  and  shops  for  turning  spruce 
timber  into  sounding-boards  for  pianos,  and  eventually  removed  his  felt-manufactur- 
ing establishment  to  the  new  settlement,  which,  originally  known  as  Brockett's 
Bridge,  was  after  a  time  rechristened  Dolgeville.  The  reduction  of  tariff,  which 
took  effect  in  1883,  made  competition  with  foreign  makers  of  piano-felt  almost 
impossible.  Then  Mr.  Dolge  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  feit  shoes, 
and  this  industry  has  now  grown  to  enormous  proportions.  There  are,  in  the  group 
of  factories  at  Dolgeville,  the  main  felt-mill,  a  felt'shoe  factory,  a  sounding-board 
manufactoiy,  a  wood-working  and  planing  mill,  a  grist  mill,  and  several  other  exten- 
sive buildings.  Mr.  Dolge  employs  regularly  about  600  people.  In  the  winter, 
during  the  lumbering  season,  the  number  is  considerably  larger.  More  than  half  a 
million  pounds  of  wool  are  turned  into  felt  every  year.  Three  million  feet  of  spruce 
lumber  are  made  into  sounding-boards  in  the  same  period.  The  capacity  of  the 
felt  shoe  factory  is  fifteen  hundred  pairs  of  felt  shoes  every  day.  And,  in  addition, 
Mr.  Dolge  imports  and  deals  in  a  great  variety  of  materials,  fittings  and  appliances 
required  in  the  making  of  pianos.  His  catalogue,  in  fact  a  large  profusely  illustrated 
volume,  is  an  interesting  exhibit  of  the  innumerable  articles  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  a  piano.  At  the  New- York  establishment  is  kept  the  complete  line  of  Alfred 
Dolge's  productions. 


942 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Steinway  &  Sons,  at  107-109-111  East  14th  Street,  in  their  own  building  — 

the  white  marble  portico  of  which  has  four  Corinthian  columns,  classic  as  the  lyre 
which  the  double  "S"  of  the  firm-name  forms  — have  their  offices,  warerooms  and 
Steinway  Hall.  The  hall  attracts  the  artists  that  artists  applaud.  The  offices  are 
known  to  every  lover  of  New  York,  for  the  name  of  William  Steinway  is  the  name 
of  a  peer  among  the  merchants  whom  Brander  Matthews  calls  princes.  The  ware- 
rooms  are  a  quick  stopping  place,  a  halt  for  the  Steinway  pianos.  Their  cases  and 
actions  are  made  at  Steinway,  Astoria,  L  I.  There  are  a  dock  and  bulkhead  384 
feet  in  length,  on  the  East  River,  enclosing  a  basin,  100  feet  wide  by  300  feet  long, 
filled  with  logs  ;  there  are  lumber  yards,  metal  foundries,  a  saw  mill,  drying  rooms, 
wherein  are  constantly  500,000  square  feet  of  air-dried  lumber. 

A  sketch  of  Steinway  Hall,  so  famous  in  the  annals  of  music  in  this  country, 
appears  in  this  volume,  in  the  chapter  on  Amusement  Places. 

In  the  Steinway  public-school,  English,  German  and  music  are  taught.  In  the 
Steinway  public  bath  are  50  dressing-rooms.  The  Steinway  public  park,  the  Stein- 
way dwellings,  the  Steinway  residence,  workmen,  artisans  of  the  Steinway  pianos, 
make  of  Steinway  an  Arcadia.  The  finishing  manufactory  of  the  Steinway  piano  is  in 
New- York  City,  and  occupies  the  whole  square  from  Park  to  Lexington  Avenues  and 
from  52d  to  53d  Streets.  There  500  workmen  plane,  saw,  join,  drill,  turn,  string, 
fit,  varnish  and  tune  the  piano  works  and  cases  received  from  the  600  workmen  of 
Steinway,  Astoria.  A  branch  piano  factory  is  in  Hamburg,  Germany.  Warerooms 
in  the  Neue  Rosenstrasse  at  Hamburg  supply  the  Continent  ;  warerooms  in  Lower 
Seymour  Street,  London,  supply  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  *  At  the  London  Inter- 
national  Exhibition  in  1862,  the  Steinway  pianos  obtained  a  First  Prize  Medal;  at 
the  Paris  International  Exhibition  in  1867,  a  Grand  Gold  Medal;  at  the  Vienna 
International  Exhibition  in  1873,  tnis  flattering  comment  of  the  jury  :  "It  is  much 
to  be  deplored  that  the  celebrated  path-breaking  firm  of  Steinway  &  Sons,  to  whom 
the  entire  pianoforte  manufacture  is  so  much  indebted,  did  not  exhibit."  At  the 
Philadelphia  International  Exhibition  of  1876,  the  Steinway  pianos  obtained  the 
highest  awards  for  the  best  pianofortes  and  the  best  pianoforte  material.  The  dis- 
position of  the  strings  in  the  form  of  a  fan,  patented  in  1859  ;  the  duplex  scale, 
patented  in  1872  ;  the  cupola  metal  frame,  patented  in  1872  and  1875  >  tne  special 
construction  of  the  sound  board,  patented  in  1866,  1869  and  1872;  the  metallic 
tubular  frame  action,  patented  in  1868  and  1875  5  tne  tone-sustaining  pedal,  patented 
in  1874  ;  the  personal  attention  given  by  Steinway  &  Sons  to  every  detail  of  their 
manufacture,  account  for  the  excellence  of  the  Steinway  pianos.  The  century  has 
produced  four  musicians  of  genius  greater  than  all  others  :  Berlioz,  Wagner,  Liszt 
and  Rubinstein.  They  have  written  enthusiastic  praise  of  the  Steinway  pianos. 
The  Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  of  Prussia  ;  the  Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  of 
Sweden  ;  the  Empress  of  Russia ;  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  ;  the  Emperor  of  China  ; 
the  Queen  of  England  ;  every  artistic  association,  every  personage  whose  judgment 
is  above  dispute  has  given  by  academic  honors,  by  acquisition  for  personal  use,  by 
words  of  praise,  sanction  to  the  pride  with  which  New-Yorkers  regard  as  the 
supreme  and  visible  expression  of  the  art  of  music,  the  pianos  marked  with  a  lyre 
formed  of  the  initials  of  Steinway  &  Sons.  During  1890  the  Steinways  were  ap- 
pointed piano-manufacturers  to  the  Queen  of  England,  and  the  Prince  and  Princess 
of  Wales  —  and  further,  in  1892,  they  received  from  His  Majesty  Emperor  William 
the  appointment  as  manufacturers  to  the  Royal  Court  of  Prussia. 

The  Steinway  name  appears  among  the  directors,  officers,  and  patrons  of  an 
endless  list  of  social,  financial,  commercial,  political  and  other  institutions. 


944 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  New-York  Biscuit  Company  is  a  corporation,  the  business  of  which  is 
conducted  on  an  enormous  scale.  It  was  organized  in  1890,  under  the  laws  of  Illi- 
nois, with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000,000.  It  now  owns  most  of  the  profitable  plants 
for  the  making  of  biscuits  in  the  East.  Its  products  are  sold  in  every  portion  of  the 
United  States,  and  it  has  also  an  enormous  export  trade.  Its  brands  are  held  in  the 
highest  esteem  all  over  the  world.  The  company's  principal  plant,  completed  and 
set  in  full  operation  in  1892,  is  at  Tenth  Avenue  and  15th  and  16th  Streets,  New 
York.  The  enormous  building,  one  of  the  largest  of  any  kind  in  New- York  City, 
occupies  the  whole  easterly  end  of  the  city  block,  bounded  by  the  streets  named,  and 
is  525  feet  long,  206  feet  wide,  and  six  stories  high. 1  It  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a 
hollow  square,  enclosing  a  court-yard  56  feet  wide.  This  court-yard  is  intended  for 
convenience  in  receiving  and  shipping  goods,  and  is  large  enough  to  accommodate  80 
trucks.  The  building  contains  40  ovens,  of  a  capacity  sufficient  to  convert  1,000 
barrels  of  flour  into  biscuits  of  various  sorts,  every  day.  The  ovens,  as  well  as  all 
of  the  machinery  of  the  establishment,  are  of  the  newest  designs,  with  the  latest  and 
best  improvements.  Some  portions  of  the  mechanical  outfit  are  of  special  design, 
and  are  not  in  use  in  other  biscuit  manufactories.  There  are  in  the  mixing-room  40 
mixers,  of  capacity  varying  from  five  to  eight  barrels  of  flour  in  a  single  operation, 
and  they  are  so  arranged  that  the  process  of  fermentation  may  be  hastened  or 
retarded,  as  may  be  desired.  In  full  operation,  the  plant  gives  employment  to  from 
1,000  to  1,200  people.  The  offices  of  the  company  occupy  the  entire  western  end 
of  the  sixth  story  of  the  building,  and  are  larger  than  those  of  any  banking-house  in 
New  York.  The  new  plant,  which  is  the  largest  and  most  thoroughly  equipped  in 
the  world,  represents  in  its  operations  those  formerly  owned  and  operated  by  Holmes 
&  Coutts,  the  Vanderveer  &  Holmes  Biscuit  Company,  John  D.  Gilmor  &  Co.,  and 
Anger  Bros.,  of  New  York,  and  Hetfield  &  Ducker,  of  Brooklyn.  The  company 
also  operates  in  New  York  the  plants  formerly  controlled  by  E.  J.  Larrabee  &  Co. 
and  Brinckerhoff  &  Co. 

While  the  manufacturing  and  trade  interests  of  the  New-York  Biscuit  Company 
naturally  centre  in  this  city,  it  also  owns  and  operates  large  plants  in  various  other 
cities.  The  one  next  in  size  to  the  New- York  establishment  is  located  in  Cambridge- 
port,  Mass.,  and  was  formerly  controlled  by  the  F.  A.  Kennedy  Co.  It  contains  16 
ovens.  It  supplies  the  goods  sold  in  the  New-England  States,  and  is  the  only  very 
large  establishment  of  the  sort  in  that  territory.  The  third  largest  plant  owned  by 
the  company  is  located  in  Chicago.  It  contains  ten  ovens,  and  its  product  is  dis- 
tributed through  the  Northwest,  South,  and  Southwest.  Another  large  plant  is 
that  formerly  operated  by  Sears  &  Co.,  in  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  and  still  another, 
that  formerly  owned  by  the  Wilson  Biscuit  Company  of  Philadelphia.  Besides 
these  large  establishments,  the  New- York  Biscuit  Company  also  operates  the  Bent 
&  Co.  plant  of  Milton,  Mass.,  the  product  of  which  is  the  famous  hand-made  water- 
cracker;  a  plant  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  which  produces  Pearson's  creams  and  fine 
pilot  breads;  and  also  establishments  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Hartford  and  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

The  New- York  Biscuit  Company,  by  these  numerous  and  gigantic  plants,  is  not 
only  by  far  the  greatest  producer  in  the  world  of  biscuits,  or  crackers,  but  it  is  also 
enabled  to  produce  them  at  the  lowest  possible  figure  of  cost.  Its  enormous  pur- 
chases of  flour  and  materials  give  it  a  purchasing  advantage  impossible  under  any 
other  circumstances.  Its  varieties  cover  the  whole  range  of  plain  and  fancy  biscuits, 
popularly  called  in  this  country  crackers.  It  supplies  its  widespread  trade  by  means 
of  teams,  railroads  and  vessels  ;  its  products  reach  all  civilized  parts  of  the  world. 


946 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  Berwind-White  Coal  Mining  Company  was  incorporated  in  1886  as 

the  successor  of  Berwind,  White  &  Co.,  a  coal -producing firm  which  had  been  organ- 
ized in  1874  from  the  still  older  firms  of  Berwind  &  Bradley  and  White  &  Lingle. 
The  capital  stock  of  the  present  corporation  is  $2, 000,000,  and  its  executive  officers 
are:  Edward  J.  Berwind,  President;  John  E.  Berwind,  Vice-President;  H.  A. 
Berwind,  Secretary,  and  F.  McOwen,  Treasurer.  The  company  own  and  operate 
extensive  coal-mines  in  the  Clearfield  and  Jefferson  County  regions,  and  are  mining 
what  is  known  as  the  Eureka  Bituminous  Steam  Coal.  They  operate  29  collieries  — 
22  of  which  are  at  and  around  Houtzdale  ;  2  at  Karthaus,  and  5  at  Horatio,  all  of 
which  have  an  aggregate  capacity  of  upward  of  15,000  tons  a  day.  The  tonnage 
of  the  company  for  1 89 1  aggregated  over  3, 500,000  tons.  The  works  of  the  company 
are  among  the  best  equipped  in  the  bituminous  coal  regions,  being  supplied  with 
every  modern  improvement  and  labor-saving  machinery,  and  calculated  to  expedite 
and  economize  the  cost  of  the  production  of  coal,  as  well  as  to  insure  its  reaching  the 
market  in  strictly  first-class  condition. 

The  company  also  own  and  operate  300  coke-ovens,  where  they  are  turning  out 
a  very  superior  grade  of  coke,  which  finds  a  ready  market  among  manufacturers  and 
steel-workers. 

The  Berwind-White  Company  own  3,000  coal  cars  and  a  fleet  of  60  coal  barges, 
used  exclusively  for  the  delivery  of  coal  to  ocean  steamships  in  New  York  harbor. 
The  coal  is  of  the  highest  grade  of  steam  coal,  and  is  supplied  under  yearly  contract 
to  nearly  all  transatlantic  and  coasting  lines  running  from  New  York,  Philadelphia 
and  Boston,  among  these  steamship  lines  being  the  Inman,  the  North  German  Lloyd, 
the  Cunard,  the  Hamburg,  and  the  French  lines,  whose  gigantic  and  palatial  ocean 
greyhounds  have  a  world-wide  reputation.  This  coal  is  also  supplied  to  nearly  all  the 
railways  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  for  locomotive  use.  It  is  likewise  largely 
used  for  rolling-mills,  iron-works,  forges,  glass-works  and  lime-kilns,  in  the  burning  of 
brick  and  fire-brick,  and  for  kindred  purposes.  The  mines  are  located  on  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad,  or  lines  accessible  thereto,  over  which  they  ship  to  tide-water  for  ship- 
ments coastwise  and  foreign,  and  to  New  York,  the  New-England  States  and  Canada. 

The  company's  shipping  piers  are  located  at  Greenwich  Point,  Philadelphia  ; 
Harsimus,  Jersey  City,  New-York  Harbor  ;  and  Canton  Piers,  Baltimore.  The  gen- 
eral offices  of  the  company  are  in  the  Bullitt  Building,  Philadelphia ;  at  55 
Broadway,  New  York  ;  at  19  Congress  Street,  Boston  ;  and  in  the  Rialto  Build- 
ing, Baltimore.  The  Berwind-White  is  the  largest  bituminous  coal  mining  company 
in  America,  employing  5,000  men,  and  an  extensive  staff  of  mining  engineers, 
accountants,  etc. 

The  company's  shipping  point  in  New-York  harbor  is  at  Harsimus  Cove,  Jersey 
City,  just  north  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad's  freight  pier.  It  consists  of  an  exten- 
sive pier  which  reaches  from  Henderson  Street  to  the  North  River,  and  is  sup- 
plied with  two  main  tracks,  with  such  sidings  as  are  required  for  the  proper  handling 
of  coal  cars,  and  so  arranged  as  to  load  six  barges  at  the  same  time.  There  are 
extensive  coal-sheds  capable  of  storing  many  thousand  tons  of  coal,  and  also  a 
weighing-house  and  suitable  offices.  The  pier  reaches  to  deep  water,  and  can  give 
accommodation  to  ships  of  the  deepest  draught,  so  that  coal  may  be  loaded  directly 
to  the  ships  from  the  company's  sheds  or  trains.  The  pier  is  also  the  home  station 
of  the  company's  own  fleet  of  specially  constructed  tugs  and  barges,  which  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  transhipment  of  their  coal  to  various  points  in  and  around  the  harbor. 

The  business  transacted  by  the  Berwind-White  Company  is  by  far  the  most  exten- 
sive in  bituminous  steam  coals,  either  in  Europe  or  the  United  States. 


948 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chesebrough  Manufacturing  Company,  Consolidated,  arc  the  sole  manu- 
facturers of  Vaseline  and  Petroleum  Jelly.  This  product  from  petroleum  was  dis- 
covered by  Robert  A.  Chesebrough  of  New  York  in  1869.  It  was  first  presenteel  to 
the  public  in  1 87 1,  and  at  once  attracted  the  attention  of  chemists,  physicians,  phar- 


leum.  Vaseline  appears  as  a  solid  jelly  of  an  opal  color,  free  from  taste  and  odor. 
It  liquefies  at  950  Fahr.,  boils  at  about  6oo°  Fahr.,  and  will  not  crystallize  or 
oxydize.  It  is  the  best  base  for  cerates,  ointments,  pomades,  and  for  many  toilet 
articles  yet  presented  to  the  world.  In  medicine  and  surgery  it  has  taken  a  high 
rank  and  has  a  promising  future,  not  only  as  an  emollient  and  an  antiseptic,  but  as 
possessing  remedial  and  curative  effects  of  a  high  order.  In  the  treatment  of  con- 
sumption the  results  obtained  are  remarkable,  although  not  well  understood,  but 
the  discoverer  insists  that  in  this  direction  it  is  destined  to  become  the  remedy  of 
the  future. 

The  history  of  Vaseline  is  remarkable  ;  for  within  twenty  years,  from  being  re- 
garded as  a  scientific  curiosity  it  has  spread  all  over  the  world,  has  modified  several 
industries,  and  its  use  in  the  arts  and  manufactures  is  constantly  extending.  As 
pharmacists  and  physicians  have  been  its  chief  beneficiaries,  one  would  think  they 
would  be  its  strongest  supporters  ;  but  there  exists  a  curious  code  of  ethics  amongst 
them  which  seems  to  require  the  abandonment  of  all  personal  rights  of  the  discoverer 
as  a  condition  of  support.  If  not  delivered  over  to  them  (as  demanded),  the  penalty 
is  to  devise  and  support  imitators  and  imitations,  under  names  invented  by  them- 
selves. This  practice  reminds  one  of  mediaeval  times  and  the  methods  of  the  robber 
barons.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  day  will  come  when  discoverers  in  medicine  and 
pharmacy  will  be  recognized  and  upheld  as  they  are  in  all  other  arts  and  sciences. 


ESEBROUGH 


macists  and  others, 
who  became  speed- 
ily interested  in  it 
on  account  of  its 
many  uses  and  me- 
dicinal virtues.  The 
name  given  to  it  by 
its  inventor  is  de- 
rived from  the 
Saxon  word  zuasser 
(water)  and  the 
Creek  oleon  (oil), 
signifying  his  belief 
that  from  the  de- 
composition of 
water  in  the  earth 
and  the  uniting 
of  the  hydrogen 
evolved  by  this  de- 
composition with 
the  carbons  of  cer- 
tain rocks,  aided  by 
natural  heat  and 
pressure,  is  devel- 
oped the  substance 
known    as  petro- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


949 


F.  W.  Devoe  &  C.  T.  Raynolds  Company,  the  best-known  manufacturers 
of  paints,  varnishes  and  artists'  materials,  have  a  genealogy  as  interesting  as  that  of 
an  old  family.  It  was  nearly  a  century  and  a  half  ago,  in  1755,  that  William  Post 
started  a  small  business  as  painter  and  glazier  at  43  Water  Street.  He  extended  his 
business,  his  sons  succeeded  him,  and  various  changes  took  place  in  the  member- 
ship of  the  firm  until  in  1855,  just  100  years  after  the  beginning  of  the  business,  it 
became  Raynolds,  Devoe  &  Pratt,  still,  however,  occupying  its  old  office  on  Water 
Street.  Later  Mr.  Raynolds  and  Mr.  Pratt  dropped  out,  and  in  1864  the  name 
became  simply  F.  W.  Devoe  &  Co.  In  that  year  the  present  offices  at  the  corner  of 
Fulton  and  William  Streets  were  established.  In  1892  the  old  firm  was  re-united, 
under  the  title  of  F.  W.  Devoe  &  C.  T.  Raynolds  Co.  In  these  offices  to-day  is 
to  be  seen  an  interesting  relic  of  the  original  house,  a  life-size  painting  of  William 
Post.  The  factory  for  the  manufacture  of  paints,  artists'  materials  and  brushes  was 
built  in  1S52,  on  Horatio  Street.  It  has  been  many  times  enlarged,  until  now  it 
extends  through  to  Jane  Street  and  has  a  floor-space  of  four  acres.  For  35  years  it 
has  been  under  the  superintendence  of  James  F.  Drummond,  a  member  of  the  firm. 
The  articles  there  manufactured  have  obtained  an  enviable  reputation  throughout 
the  country  for  their  purity  and  high  quality.  The  firm  has  another  large  factory 
in  Newark,  N.  J.,  for  the  manufacture  of  varnishes.  These  are  the  largest  varnish 
works  in  the  country,  and 
are  under  the  personal 
supervision  of  J.  Seaver 
Page,  also  a  member  of  the 
firm.  That  the  varnishes 
made  at  this  factory  are 
held  in  high  repute  is  well 
attested  to  by  the  fact  that 
they  are  considered  as 
standards  o  f  excellence, 
and  are  used  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania, the  New- York 
Central,  and  other  railroads 
of  the  country  where  their 
wearing  qualities  are  put 
to  the  severest  tests.  The 
firm,  in  order  to  supply 
the  great  West,  has  also 
established  stores  and  fac- 
to ries  in  Chicago.  In 
1882  advantage  was  taken 
of  the  firm's  preeminent 
position  to  introduce  the 
manufacture  of  the  very 
highest  grade  of  engineers', 
architects'  and  mathemati- 
cal instruments.  Little  is 
now  left  undone  by  this 
firm  to  give  decorators, 
painters  and  artists  the  best 
of  materials  for  their  work.    f«  w-  devoe  4.  c.  t.  raynolds  company,  fulton  andwilliam  streets. 


95o  KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Post  &  McCord  are  civil  engineers  and  contractors  for  the  iron  work  in  bridges, 
fire-proof  buildings  and  roofs.  The  firm  consists  of  Andrew  J.  Tost,  C.  E.,  M.  A.  S. 
C.  E.,  and  William  II.  McCord.  Their  offices  are  in  the  United  Charities  Building, 
at  Fourth  Avenue  and  22d  Street,  and  the  works  are  at  North  8th  Street  and  Driggs 
Avenue,  Brooklyn.  This  firm  has  constructed  many  important  structures,  among 
which  are  the  roof  of  the  New- Jersey  Central  train-shed  at  Communipaw,  N.  J. ;  that 
of  the  new  train-shed  at  the  Grand  Central  Depot  ;  the  roof  of  the  amphitheatre  of  the 
Madison-Square  Garden,  and  the  frame-work  carrying  the  tower  of  the  same  build- 
ing ;  and  the  new  iron  bridge  carrying  the  tracks  of  the  New- York  and^New- Haven 
Railroad  over  those  of  the  New-York  and  Harlem  Railroad,  near  Woodlawn  Ceme- 
tery station.  It  has  also  furnished  and  erected  the  iron  work  of  many  of  the  large 
fire-proof  buildings  in  New  York,  among  them  the  Central-Park  Apartments,  at  58th 


POST  &   MCCORD  J    ARCHITECTURAL  AND  STRUCTURAL  IRON  WORKS. 


and  59th  Streets  and  Seventh  Avenue  ;  the  Dakota,  at  J2(l  Street  and  Eighth  Ave- 
nue ;  the  Chelsea,  on  23d  Street  ;  the  new  Presbyterian  Hospital  ;  Temple  Court,  at 
Nassau  and  Beekman  Streets  ;  the  Corbin  Building,  at  Broadway  and  John  Street  ; 
the  Gallatin  Bank  Building,  on  Wall  Street  ;  the  Mechanics'  Bank  Building,  on  Wall 
Street  ;  the  Wilks  Building,  on  Wall  Street  ;  the  8th-Regiment  Armory,  New  York, 
and  the  State  Capitol  at  Trenton,  N.  J.  During  the  summer  of  1892  Post  &  McCord 
supplied  the  iron  work  for  the  new  Charities  Building,  at  22d  Street  and  Fourth 
Avenue  ;  the  power  station  for  the  Broadway  and  Seventh- Avenue  Cable  Railway,  at 
Broadway  and  Houston  Street  ;  and  the  Metropolitan  Realty  Company's  Building. 
Mr.  Post  has  had  large  experience  in  designing  and  building  railroad  bridges,  and 
is  well  known  among  civil  engineers.  Mr.  McCord  has  been  connected  with  some 
of  the  largest  architectural  iron  works,  and  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  details 
of  that  line  of  construction.  The  new  method  of  constructing  the  frames  of  fire- 
proof buildings  of  wrought  iron  and  steel  was  adopted  by  this  firm  in  its  infancy, 
andrhas  been  elaborated  by  them  to  a  great  extent. 

The  entire  iron  work  used  in  the  construction  of  buildings  and  bridges  comes 
within  the  province  of  Post  &  McCord. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


951 


James  R.  Floyd  &  Sons  are  manufacturers  and  contractors  for  the  iron  work 
used  in  gas  works,  the  original  firm  of  Herring  &  Floyd  having  been  the  first  in  this 
country  to  make  a  specialty  of  that  business,  their  principal  work  at  the  time  being 
the  making  of  the  Herring  safe  castings.  Mr.  Floyd  was  the  patentee  of  the  burglar- 
proof  iron  used  in  the  Herring  safe,  known  as  Franklinite  iron,  and  the  partnership 
with  Silas  C.  Herring  continued  until  his  death  in  1 88 1,  a  period  of  over  twenty-six 
years.  Mr.  Floyd  then  carried  on  the  business  alone,  until  in  1888  he  associated 
with  himself  two  of  his  sons,  the  firm  now  consisting  of  James  R.  Floyd,  Frederick 
W.  Floyd,  C.  E.,  and  Henry  E.  Floyd.  The  first  works  were  on  Greenwich  Street, 
near  Hammond  Street  (now  West  nth  Street),  in  the  section  of  the  city  that  was 
then  better  known  as  Greenwich  Village,  and  subsequently  as  the  "old  Ninth 
Ward  ;"  and  as  it  was  the  custom  to  give  a  distinctive  name  to  a  new  works,  and 


JAMES  R.    FLOYD  £  SONS,  OREGON  IRON  WORKS,  531   TO  543  WEST  20TH  STREET. 


the  question  of  admitting  Oregon  into  the  Union  was  then  warmly  debated,  it  was 
called  the  Oregon  Iron  Works,  which  name  is  still  retained.  In  1886  the  present 
foundry  and  machine-shops  were  erected,  as  shown  in  our  illustration  ;  and  the 
original  weather-vane,  in  the  shape  of  a  herring,  surmounts  the  flagstaff  over  a  model 
foundry.  The  works  are  at  531  to  543  West  20th  Street,  near  Eleventh  Avenue; 
and  extend  through  to  21st  Street.  Here  are  made  the  most  approved  apparatus 
used  in  the  manufacturing  of  illuminating  gas,  retort  mouthpieces,  scrubbers,  con- 
densers, washers,  purifiers,  valves,  station  meters,  and  street  connections,  as  well 
as  a  general  foundry  and  machine  business.  Most  of  the  specialties  are  covered  by 
patents,  and  almost  all  gas-works  in  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States  use  some 
of  them.  The  senior  partner  is  connected  with  a  number  of  financial  and*  philan- 
thropic institutions. 


95  2 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


The  Berlin  &  Jones  Envelope  Company  is  one  of  the  great  industrial  insti- 
tutions of  New-York  City.     This  business  was  founded  in  1849       J.  Berlin,  who 
retired  some  years  ago.     It  is  the  oldest  in  this  country  in  its  line,  and  has  remained 
in  possession  of  the  family  ever  since.    It  was  incorporated  in  1868,  at  which  time  Mr. 
Jones  (since  retired)  had  an  interest,  hence  its  present  title.    It  has  occupied  its  pres- 
ent location —  134  am!  136  William  Street,  near  Fulton  Street  —  for  37  years,  having 
  moved  there  in  1856,  and  is  well- 
known  in  this  section  of  the  city. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  envelope 
manufacturers  in  the  world,  having 
facilities  for  producing  2,000,000 
envelopes  each  day,  employs  many 
people  and  the  finest  machinery, 
which  folds,  gums  and  counts  en- 
velopes at  the  rate  of  1 10  a  minute. 
The  machinery  is  their  own  inven- 
tion, patented,  and  has  been  sup- 
plied by  them  to  most  of  the  manu- 
facturers of  the  present  day.  They 
manufacture  not   only  staple  en- 
velopes for  commercial  use,  and  to 
supply  the  necessities  of  large  rail- 
road and  other  corporations,  but 
their  complete  printing  and  bind- 
ing establishment  connected  with 
the  envelope  works  enables  them 
to  furnish  the  general  stationery, 
such  as  blanks,  way-bills,  etc.,  for 
which  they  have  large  contracts. 
The  finest  kinds  of  paper  are  here 
also  worked  up  into  many  forms 
for  wedding  and  society  uses,  which, 
together  with  the    staple  goods, 
find  markets  in  all  the  States  and 
Territories,  as  well  as  in  foreign 
countries,  their  export  business  be- 
ing extensive.    The  Berlin  &  Jones 
Envelope  Co.,  in  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury of  successful  development,  has 
led  the  manufacturing  stationers  in 
their    progressive    production  of 
choicer  and  better  goods,  and  when 
new  processes  were  needed,  some 
one  in  this  corporation  invented  the  proper  mechanism  therefor,  until  now  the  factory 
is  packed  with  the  finest  and  most  serviceable  machinery,  acting  with  almost  human 
intelligence,  and  with  vastly  more  than  human  certainty  and  quickness.  The 
officers  of  the  company  are  Henry  C.  Berlin,  President ;  Walter  G.  Berlin,  Treas- 
urer ;  and  H.  W.  Berlin,  Secretary. 

The»growth  of  this  industry  has  been  very  great  during  the  last  few  years,  and 
the  amount  of  capital  invested  is  much  larger  than  is  generally  supposed. 


BERLIN  &  JONES  ENVELOPE  CO.,  134  AND  136  WILLIAM  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


953 


The  National  Wall  Paper  Company,  which  was  organized  in  1892,  with  a 
capital  of  $30,000,000,  and  with  its  general  executive  offices  in  New- York  City  is 
one  of  the  greatest  industrial  corporations  in  the  United  States.     It  represents  the 
highest  success  and  the  fullest  development  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  interior  deco- 
rations of  homes  and  public  and  private  buildings.      It  has  united  all  that  a^e 
experience,  invention  and  capital  have  achieved  in  this  industry.    The  history  of  The 
united  concerns  would  tell  the  story  of  the  rise,  the  traditions,  and  the  present  state 
of  the  wall-paper 
and  interior-decor- 
ation   industry  of 
this  country.  Its 
various  branches 
have    offered  the 
largest  prizes  and 
paid    the  greatest 
prices  for  designs. 
They    have  been 
awarded  great 
medals   for  grand 
exhibits   in  this 
country  and  abroad. 
The  present  organ- 
ization was  effected 
to  decrease  the  cost 
"  of  the  products  of 
the  various  estab- 
lishments,  by  the 
savings  secured 
through  co-opera- 
tion ;     to  reform 
abuses  which  had 
risen    from  fierce 
competition  ;  and 
to  advance  and  de- 
velop   the  whole 

industry.      When  national  wall  paper  co.,  broome  and  elm  streets. 

one  recalls  the  fact  that  now  almost  every  room  in  the  land  is  in  some  way  more  or 
less  decorated,  it  becomes  apparent  that  any  effort  to  extend  the  possibilities  of  a 
higher  decoration,  at  a  lower  cost,  is  worthy  the  support  of  the  entire  public.  This 
great  organization  of  the  National  Wall  Paper  Company,  with  its  enormous  capital, 
its  many  extensive  and  wonderfully  equipped  factories,  and  its  wide-spread  ramifica- 
tions, has  the  ability  as  well  as  the  intention  of  thus  serving  the  people,  and  at  the 
same  time  of  yielding  to  its  interested  stockholders  a  fair  return  for  their  invest- 
ments. This  company  is  not  founded  to  carry  on  any  one  special  line  of  decoration, 
but  its  productions  embrace  the  entire  range,  from  the  cheapest  possible  wall-paper, 
resulting  from  unlimited  facilities  and  tremendous  output,  up  to  the  highest  achieve- 
ments in  artistic  wall  decorations.  An  idea  of  its  possibilities  can  be  gleaned  from 
the  fact  that  it  now  owns  the  business  formerly  conducted  by  twenty-five  great  con- 
cerns, including  those  that  have  always  been  acknowledged  by  the  trade  and  the 
public  to  be  the  absolute  leaders  in  this  industry.    They  include  the  following  estab- 


954 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


lishments :  The  Robert 
Graves  Co.,  483  Fifth 
Avenue ;  the  F.  E.  James 
Co.,  483  Tenth  Avenue  ; 
H.  Bartholomae  &  Co.,  124 
West  33d  Street ;  Leissner, 
Midlen  &  Hughes  Co.,  432 
East  71st  Street;  the  Man- 
hattan Wall  Paper  Co.,  617 
West  39th  Street  ;  Warren, 
Puller  &  Co.,  129  East  420! 
Street  ;  Robert  S.  Hobbs  & 
Co. ,  540  West  58th  Street ; 
Henry  Cledhill  &  Co. ,  541 
West  34th  Street ;  Fr.  Beck 
&  Co.,  206  West  29th  Street, 
and  Fifth  Avenue  and  30th 
Street  ;  Nevius  &  Havi- 
land,  42d  Street  and  Tenth 


THE  ROBERT  GRAVES  CO.,  BRANCH  OF  THE  NATIONAL  WALL 
PAPER  CO.,  483  AND  485  FIFTH  AVENUE. 


FR.  BECK  4  CO.,  BRANCH  OF  THE  NATIONAL  WALL 
PAPER  CO.  ,  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  30TM  STREET. 

Avenue  ;  and  Thos.  Strahan  & 
Co.,  Fifth  Avenue  and  2 1st 
Street  ;  all  in  New-York  City  : 
William  II.  Mairs  &  Co.,  68 
Sackett  Street ;  the  Robert  Graves 
Co.,  Third  Avenue  and  35th 
Street  ;  J.  J.  Lindsay  &  Co.,  247 
Chestnut  Street  ;  and  W.  N. 
Peak,  408  Hicks  Street  ;  all  in 
Brooklyn  :  Howell  Brothers, 
Limited,  21st  Street  and  Wash- 
ington Avenue  ;  Janeway  &  Co., 
621  Market  Street  ;  Carey  Bros., 
2228  North  ioth  Street  ;  Carey 
Bros.  &  Grevemeyer,  817  Market 
Street ;  Cresswell  &  Washburn, 
1 8th  Street  and  Washington 
Avenue  ;  the  KeystoneWall  Paper 
Co.,  8th  Street  and  Snyder 
Avenue  ;  and  Janeway  &  Car- 
pender,  23  North  ioth  Street ; 
all  in  Philadelphia  :  Janeway  & 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


955 


Co.,  106  Wabash  Avenue  ; 
S.  A.  Maxwell  &  Co.,  134 
and  136  Wabash  Avenue; 
Nevius  &  Haviland,  136 
Wabash  Avenue  ;  Jane- 
way  &  Carpender,  145 
Wabash  Avenue;  the  Lartz 
Wall  Paper  Co.,  45  Ran- 
dolph Street  ;  all  in  Chi- 
cago :  Janeway  &  Co.  and 
Janeway  &  Carpender,  both 
of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  ; 
the  Wilson  &  Fenimore 
Co.,  Bristol,  Pa.  ;  Thos. 
Strahan  &  Co.,  Chelsea, 
Mass.  ;  John  S.  Roberts, 
815  Penn  Avenue,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. ;  and  the  "  Effi- 
cient"  Shade  Roller  Fac- 
tory of  Nevius  &  Haviland, 
at  Vergennes,  Vt.  '  These 
concerns  retain  their  old 
styles,  but  are  designated 
as  branches  of  the  National 
Wall  Paper  Company. 

In  New- York  City  the 
company  maintains  several 
long-established  retail 
stores,  including  those  of 
Fr.  Beck  &  Co.,  on  Fifth 
Avenue  and  30th  Street, 
who  introduced 
Walton,"  one  of  the  finest 
wall  decorations  ever  invented  ;  the  Robert  Craves  Co.,  483  Fifth  Avenue,  one 
of  the  largest  producers  of  high-grade  wall  papers  in  the  country  ;  and  Warren, 
Fuller  &  Co.,  139  East  42d  Street,  near  the  Grand  Central  Depot,  one  of  the  foremost 
concerns  in  this  great  economic  league.  Warren,  Fuller  &  Co. 's  business  was 
founded  in  1856,  and  its  senior  member,  James  S.  Warren,  still  continues  at  its  head, 
as  the  general  manager.  This  firm  has  for  many  years  been  prominently  identified 
with  this  industry,  and  has  done  much  toward  its  higher  development.  They  are 
widely  known  throughout  the  trade,  and  their  products  include  all  grades  of  wall 
paper,  from  the  very  cheapest  up  to  the  richest  and  highest  class.  Their  great  fac- 
tories cover  a  large  part  of  the  block  between  East  42d  Street  and  43d  Street,  and 
Lexington  Avenue  and  the  (band  Central  Depot.  At  Paris,  in  1889,  Warren, 
Fuller  &  Co.  received  a  medal  for  the  excellence  of  their  exhibit. 

One  specialty  in  universal  use  throughout  the  land  is  the  "Efficient"  shade 
roller,  myriads  of  which  are  manufactured  by  the  Nevius  &  Haviland  Branch. 

At  various  retail  stores  of  the  National  Wall  Paper  Co.  can  be  found  everything 
to  decorate  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  any  building.  The  officers  are  Henry  Burn, 
President ;  S.  A.  Maxwell,  Vice-President ;  Wm.  H.  Mairs, Treasurer ;  and  J.  J.  Lind- 
say, Secretary.    The  executive  offices  are  at  Broome  and  Elm  Streets. 


1  incrusta    WARREN,  FULLER  &.  CO.,  BRANCH  of  the  NATIONAL  WALL  PAPER  CO.,  420 
STREET,  BETWEEN  LEXINGTON  AVENUE  AND  GRAND  CENTRAL  STATION. 


956 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


R.  Hoe  &  Co.,  at  504  Grand  Street,  the  printing-press  manufacturers,  stand 

indisputably  at  the  head  of  their  industry  in  the  world.  Their  presses  are  in  use 
in  all  civilized  countries,  and  undoubtedly  have  been  a  gigantic  force  in  the  civiliza- 
tion of  the  people  of  these  times.  The  marvelous  development  of  the  press  — 
especially  the  newspaper  press,  which  is  one  of  the  most  notable  wonders  of  our 
age  —  would  not  have  been  possible  but  for  the  rare  inventive  talent,  scientific  skill, 
and  remarkable  power  of  conceiving  and  adapting  means  to  ends  which  have  pro- 
duced the  modern  Hoe  printing-press.  The  reputation  of  this  firm  is  as  world-wide 
as  its  products  are  world-spread,  and  its  career  has  been  not  less  spirited  than 
successful. 

It  was  founded  in  1804,  by  Robert  Hoe,  a  cadet  of  an  honorable  Lancashire  (Eng- 
land) family,  who  came  to  New  York  in  1803,  and  began  manufacturing  the  usual 
wooden  and  also  iron  hand  printing-presses.  The  firm  is  now  composed  of  Robert 
Hoe  (a  grandson  of  the  founder  and  son  of  the  late  Robert  Hoe),  Stephen  D.  Tucker, 
Theodore  H.  Mead  (also  a  grandson  of  the  founder),  and  Charles  W.  Carpenter. 
The  establishment  is  located  on  a  commanding  site  fronting  on  Grand  Street,  and 
occupies  the  greater  part  of  two  blocks,  facing  respectively  on  Grand,  Broome, 
Columbia  and  Sheriff  Streets.  The  floor  space  is  296,000  square  feet,  or,  6f  acres. 
This  immense  area  is  filled  with  tools,  machinery  and  appliances  of  the  most 
approved  construction  and  efficiency.  The  London  establishment  occupies  an  entire 
block  on  Mansfield  Street,  and  is  equally  perfect  and  complete  in  its  equipment. 
The  employees  number  2,000.  This  establishment  is  well  worth  a  visit  from  those 
interested  in  engineering  and  mechanical  industries,  as  well  as  from  printers  in 
every  department  of  the  art. 

Robert  Hoe  introduced  in  America,  about  1829,  the  flat-bed  cylinder  press,  then 
in  use  in  England  for  newspaper  work,  and  capable,  perhaps,  at  its  best,  of  produc- 
ing 1,000  impressions  an  hour.  From  that  small  beginning  to  the  magnificent  press 
of  to-day,  capable  of  turning  out  75,000  eight-page  complete  and  folded  newspapers 
an  hour,  is  as  conspicuous  and  astonishing  a  result  of  the  cumulative  energy  and  enter- 
prise of  the  century  as  any  achieved  by  steam,  or  electricity,  or  other  "fairy  tale  of 
science."  This  result  has  been  attained  by  patient  and  unwearied  devotion  to  a 
congenial  task  ;  by  trained  scientific,  mechanical  and  expert  ability  ;  by  large  expen- 
ditures, commensurate  with  the  large  ends  in  view  ;  by  an  intelligent,  almost  a  pro- 
phetic, perception  of  the  ever-advancing  wants  of  the  age  ;  and  by  a  noble  spirit  of 
emulation,  and  a  pride  in  the  reputation  and  honor  of  the  firm.  To  a  continuous 
family  identity  with  the  undertaking  much  of  its  remarkable  success  and  celebrity  is 
due.  That  New-York  journalism  and  journalistic  enterprise  leads  the  world  is  a 
fitting  corollary  to  the  fact  that  this  New-York  firm  has  placed  at  its  service  such 
delicate,  sensitive,  and  all  but  sentient  machinery,  that  seems  to  live  and  throb  with 
the  embodied  spirit  of  the  age. 

A  volume  would  scarce  suffice  to  trace  the  interesting  and  progressive  develop- 
ment of  the  many  varieties  of  the  Hoe  printing-press.  The  mechanical  experts 
of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office  state  that  "The  Sextuple  Newspaper  Perfecting  Press, 
for  originality  of  invention,  perfection  of  design,  accuracy  of  workmanship,  and 
results  accomplished,  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  productions  of  the  nine- 
teenth century."  It  is  composed  of  over  16,000  pieces;  weighs  130,000  pounds; 
and  is  26  feet,  3  inches  long,  18  feet  wide,  and  12  feet  high.  It  prints  on  both 
sides  of  three  continuous  rolls  of  paper,  and  delivers  the  perfect  newspaper,  bound, 
folded,  pasted,  cut  open  at  the  head,  and  counted.  It  prints  a  six-page  paper  at 
the  rate  of  96,000  an  hour;  an  eight-page  at  the  rate  of  75,000;  a  ten  or  twelve- 


958 


JONG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


page  at  the  rate  of  48,000  ;  a  sixteen-page  at  the  rate  of  36,000  ;  and  up  to  a  twenty- 
four-page  paper  at  the  rate  of  24,000  an  hour.  A  late  achievement  is  the  construc- 
tion of  rapid  color-printing  machines  for  daily  papers.  The  initial  press  of  this 
kind  now  prints,  at  one  operation,  the  daily  colored  supplements  of  the  New-  York 
Recorder,  at  the  speed  of  30,000  copies  an  hour.  The  firm,  as  early  as  1828,  manu- 
factured circular  saws,  and  no  less  than  25,000  of  their  patented  Chisel-tooth  Saws 
are  now  in  successful  operation.  Besides  newspaper  presses  and  saws,  this  firm 
manufactures  more  cylinder  and  job,  lithographic  and  book  presses  than  any  other 
firm  in  the  country.    They  also  make  all  kinds  of  printers'  supplies. 

Wyckoff,  Seamans  &  Benedict,  sole  manufacturers  of  the  Remington 
Standard  Typewriter,  with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000,  have  indeed  become  one  of  the 
gigantic  and  preeminent  manufacturing  establishments  bf  America.  Their  execu- 
tive offices  and  main  selling  headquarters  occupy  the  plain  and  unpretentious, 
though  substantial  marble  structure  on  Broadway,  near  the  corner  of  Worth  Street, 

and  as  the  centre  of  such  an 
industry  may  well  invite  the 
thoughtful  attention  of  all 
visitors  to  the  city.  Here  is 
a  business  absolutely  Ameri- 
can, which  has  its  connec- 
tions with  the  very  ends  of 
the  earth.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  history  of  commercial 
enterprises  more  strikingly 
suggestive  than  the  growth 
of  this  business.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  there  arc  in  the 
neighborhood  of  ten  thou- 
sand Remington  Typewriters 
in  use  in  New-York  City 
and  the  immediate  vicinity. 
From  very  small  beginnings, 
about  the  year  1873,  l^e 
growth  of  the  Remington 
Typewriter  business  has  been 
simply  unprecedented.  If,  as 
it  has  been  said,  the  inven- 
tion of  the  typewriter  has 
done  more  to  promote  the 
spread  of  human  intelligence 
than  any  one  invention  since 
the  advent  of  the  printing- 
press,  how  great  an  influence 
upon  the  world  of  thought 
and  action  has  emanated 
from  this  establishment. 

Few  have  any  adequate 
conception  of  the  magnitude 
of  the  business  done  annually 
at  327  Broadway.    From  this 


A'LYCS  HA  XD  BO  OK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


959 


point  general  control  and  supervision  is  exercised  over  more  than  a  score  of  branch- 
offices  located  in  the  leading  cities  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.  To  this  office 
come  the  reports  of  an  army  of  representatives  stationed  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe, 
and  from  thence  issue  orders  to  the  great  factory  at  Ilion,  New  York,  where  the 
machines  are  manufactured.  The  organization  and  equipment  of  this' business  is 
thorough  and  admirable  throughout. 

To  the  uninitiated,  the  number  of  typewriters  made  by  the  Remington  factory 
seems  to  be  simply  incredible.  Over  one  hundred  complete  typewriters  each  day 
are  turned  out  by  the  factory,  which  employs  some  seven  hundred  men.  These 
machines  are  readily  sold,  and  the  demand  increases  so  rapidly  that  the  manu- 
facturing department  is  often  kept  running  overtime  so  as  to  fill  the  orders  promptly. 
The  company's  plant  is  now  arranged  with  a  view  to  increasing  the  production  to 
one  thousand  machines  a  week,  in  the  near  future,  as  it  is  believed  that  the  day  is 
not  far  distant  when  the  rapid  growth  of  the  trade  will  require  at  least  this  number. 


WYCKOFF.  SfAMANS  A  BENEDICT  !    INTERIOR  OF  REMINGTON  STANDARD  TYPEWRITER  HEADQUARTERS. 

A  brick  and  stone  building,  which  in  itself,  will  be  larger  than  any  other  typewriter 
factory  in  the  world  is  now  in  course  of  construction. 

The  surprising  success  of  the  Remington  is  in  no  small  degree  to  be  attributed 
to  the  policy  of  Wyckoff,  Seamans  &  Benedict.  From  the  first  they  perceived  that 
in  order  to  keep  pace  with  the  demands  of  users,  the  machine  which  was  at  first  a 
crude  and  unsatisfactory  device,  must  be  constantly  improved.  A  settled  policy  of 
steady  progress  in  this  direction  was,  therefore,  adopted,  and  has  been  faithfully 
carried  out  ever  since.  The  result  of  this,  together  with  the  firm's  enterprise  and 
skill  in  making  known  the  merits  of  the  machine,  has  contributed  to  procure  for 
the  Remington  Standard  Typewriter  its  universal  recognition  as  the  standard 
writing  machine  of  the  world. 


960 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


F.  A.  Ferris  &  Company,  whose  name  is  a  household  word  in  the  homes  of 
this  nation,  are  conducting  a  gigantic  business  that  was  begun  three-quarters  of  a 
century  ago.  In  1818,  a  stout  German  lad  of  nineteen  years  landed  from  a  sailing 
vessel,  and  walked  up  Broadway  without  a  penny  in  his  pocket.  Industry,  integrity 
and  economy  soon  enabled  this  newcomer,  John  J.  Cape,  to  start  a  little  provision 
shop,  and  so  well  did  he  prosper  that  when  he  was  fifty  years  of  age  he  retired 
from  active  business  with  a  comfortable  fortune.  He  took  pride,  however,  in 
having  his  name  remain  in  the  succeeding  firm  of  F.  A.  Ferris  &  Company  until  the 
day  of  his  death.  Through  all  the  exacting  war  times  and  wonderful  commercial 
changes  since  that  day,  the  firm  has  steadily  kept  on  its  way,  extending  its  business 
to  every  part  of  the  world  that  imports  fine  provisions  from  the  United  States,  at  all 
times  laying  as  the  foundation  of  further  success  the  crowding  of  their  product 
towards  absolute  perfection.    One  of  their  maxims  which  has  a  popular  ring  has 

become  known 


to  all  Americans 
—  "A  little  high- 
er in  price,  but 

 !"  Their 

establishment, 
262,  264,  266, 
268,  270  and  272 
Mott  Street,  a 
plain  but  sub- 
stantial brick 
stone  -  trimmed 
businessbuilding 
without,  shows 
within  a  most 
interesting  com- 
bination of  all 
that  science  and 
experience  have 
taught  concern- 
ing the  fine, 
curingand  smok- 
ing of  hams  and 

bacon.  The  intricate  processes  of  changing  the  fresh  meats  by  what  is  known  as 
"curing"  into  the  smoked  hams  and  bacon  which  can  stand  shipment  to  any  ordi- 
nary climate  now  depend  fundamentally  upon  the  production  of  cold  by  artificial 
means.  One  of  the  most  charming  machinery  rooms  of  the  country  is  found  in 
their  fire-proof  building,  where  they  have  in  duplicate  the  Pontifex  Refrigerating 
Plant.  The  March,  1893,  number  of  Scribner's  Magazine,  in  an  article  entitled 
"Some  Notable  Food  Products,"  gives  a  lucid  description  of  the  wonderful  work 
accomplished  by  this  mechanical  system.  The  Ferris  Building,  standing  on  the 
back  bone  of  the  lower  part  of  New-York  island,  has  three  stories  of  cellars  (ex- 
cavations having  been  made  thirty  feet  below  the  curb  through  a  bed  of  fine  cut  sand 
and  gravel),  thus  adding  immensely  to  the  storage  capacity  of  the  firm.  It  can  justly 
be  said  that  in  the  preparation  of  meat-foods  this  is  one  of  the  model  establish- 
ments of  the  country.  On  the  opposite  page  is  a  view  of  the  Mott-Street  front  of 
the  packing  establishment  of  F.  A.  Ferris  &  Company. 


PONTIFEX  REFRIGERATING  APPARATUS  USED  BY  F.  A.  FERRI: 


g6 1 


962 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


John  Dwight  &  Co.  enjoy  the  distinction  of  establishing  the  pioneer  bicarbo- 
nate of  soda  factory  in  the  United  States.  Before  1846  pearlash  was  almost 
exclusively  used  throughout  the  country  for  domestic  purposes.  What  bi-carbonate 
of  soda  was  then  used  was  imported  from  England.  In  that  year  John  Dwight  started 
his  soda  factory  at  the  foot  of  West  25th  Street,  New  York.  He  there  began  the 
manufacture  of  soda-saleratus  and  bi-carbonate  of  soda.  In  introducing  new  articles, 
subversive  of  old  ideas,  he  threw  down  the  gage  of  war  to  the  pearlash-saleratus 
monopolists  at  home  and  bi-carbonate  of  soda  produced  by  English  manufacturers. 

By  placing  only  the  very  best  articles 
on  the  market,  he  in  time  educated 
the  house-keepers  out  of  the  use  of 
the  old-fashioned  pearlash-saler- 
atus, and  gave  them  an  article  much 
cheaper  in  price,  and  of  double  the 
carbonic-acid  gas  strength.  He 
was  aided  in  this  innovation  by  the 
fact  that  at  that  time,  owing  to  an 
extensive  destruction  of  the  forests 
from  which  the  raw  material  for 
the  pearlash  was  obtained,  the 
prices  of  the  old  article  were  ma- 
terially advanced.  His  bi-carbonate 
of  soda  was  successfully  pushed  in 
the  home  markets,  in  opposition  to 
the  English  importations.  And 
since  that  time  these  latter  have 
never  regained  a  foothold  in  this 
country.  The  attempts  to  do  so 
have  been  various.  They  have  been 
sold  to  the  packers  of  saleratus  in 
America,  and  placed  on  the  market 
as  pearlash-saleratus.  But  this 
substitute  could  never  usurp  the 
place  which  Mr.  Dwight's  pure 
article  has  gained.  As  a  result,  the 
English  manufacturers,  in  order  to 
sell  their  goods  at  all  in  this  coun- 
try, have  been  obliged  to  reduce 
the  price  of  their  soda  from  nine 
cents  a  pound,  which  existed  in 
1847,  at  the  time  of  the  incep- 
tion of  Mr.  Dwight's  business, 
to  three  cents  a  pound.  When  it  was  seen  that  John  Dwight  could  success- 
fully compete  with  the  long-established  pearlash-saleratus  and  the  English 
bi-carbonate  of  soda,  factories  for  the  manufacture  of  soda-saleratus  sprang  rapidly 
into  existence.  But  from  that  time  to  this,  in  the  midst  of  an  ever-increasing 
competition,  Mr.  Dwnght  has  maintained  his  reputation  of  being  the  pioneer  in  the 
business  and  standing  at  its  head.  In  1847  he  formed  a  partnership  with  John  R. 
Maurice,  which  was  continued  until  1881.  It  was  dissolved  then  on  account  of  Mr. 
Maurice's  increasing  years,  and  Mr.  Dwight  again  carried  on  the  industry  alone. 


JOHN  DWIGHT 


964 


KING'S  HAN  HBO  OK  OF  NEW  YOA'A'. 


By  this  time  his  business  had  assumed  extended  proportions,  and  had  become  known 
as  the  most  successful  bi-carbonate  of  soda  manufacturing  firm  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  famous  "Cow  Brand"  trade  mark  is  familiar  in  all  households. 

In  1885  Mr.  Dwight  took  his  son,  John  E.  Dwight,  into  partnership,  and  in  1886 
William  L  Walker  was  admitted  to  the  firm.  These  three  now  constitute  the  firm 
of  John  Dwight  &  Co.,  with  offices  at  11  Old  Slip,  where  Mr.  Dwight  had  estab- 
lished himself  in  1S56.  In  1868  the  old  factory  on  25th  Street  was  given  up,  and 
the  present  one,  much  larger,  established  between  112th  and  113th  Streets.  At 
this  factory,  besides  the  bi-carbonate  of  soda,  is  manufactured  sal  soda  or  washing 
soda.  This  article  by  its  extensive  consumption  makes  an  additional  branch  to  the 
business,  which  by  itself  is  of  great  importance.  The  enormous  business  that  this 
firm  does  may  be  realized  when  it  is  stated  that  of  the  large  quantities  of  bi-carbo- 
nate of  soda  required  annually  in  the  United  States  for  domestic  uses  it  supplied 
one-third  in  the  year  189 1. 

The  New-York  Photogravure  Co.,  at  137  West  23d  Street,  makes  perfect 
pictures  for  artistic,  scientific  and  commercial  purposes,  by  special,  inimitable 
photogravure,  photogelatine  and  half-tone  block  processes.  They  publish  Sun  and 
Shade,  a  monthly  magazine  with  one  page  of  descriptive  text  and  plates,  wherein 
the  delicacy  of  the  photogelatine  and  the  strength  and  richness  of  the  photogravure 
processes  are  amazingly  displayed.     The  President  of  the  company  is  Ernest 


NEW-YORK   PHOTOGRAVURE  CO.,  137  WEST  230  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


965 


Edwards,  inventor  of  the  photogelatine  process  called  heliotype,  and  manager  of 
the  Heliotype  Printing  Co.  from  1872  to  1886.  The  Art-Director  is  A.  V.  S. 
Anthony,  formerly  Art-Director  for  Ticknor  &  Fields  and  Fields,  Osgood  &  Co. 

The  work  of  the  New-York  Photogravure  Co.  is  in  some  of  the  most  valuable 
art-books  of  the  present  time,  in  Muybridge's  Animal  Locomotion  ;  in  the  Home  and 
I/aunts  of  Shakespeare,  published  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  ;  in  the  Ada  Rehan, 
published  by  Augustin  Daly  ;  in  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  illustrated  by  Abbey,  pub- 
lished by  Harper  &  Bros.;  in  exquisite  publications  of  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.,  Jos.  Knight  Co.,  and  others.  It  appears  in  catalogues,  in  menus,  in 
memorial  papers  and  play  bills,  and  is  everywhere  acclaimed.  It  cannot  be  rivalled 
in  fidelity  of  execution,  finish  of  workmanship,  delicacy  of  lines',  softness  of  half- 
tones, by  engravers  whose  tools  are  not  light  and  chemistry.  The  ancient  xylo- 
graphy has  other  merits,  but  not  these  merits  of  an  art  which  directs  light  as  the 
potter's  art  directs  fire. 

The  New- York  Photogravure  Co.  has  a  gallery  fitted  to  produce  negatives  of 
all  sizes  up  to  24x30,  by  the  best  orthochromatic  methods.  From  this  department 
to  the  packing  room  there  is  not  a  phase  of  any  work,  however  trivial  apparently, 
not  carefully  attended  with  the  most  zealous  supervision.  It  seems  easy,  it  is 
extremely  difficult  ;  but  it  is  intensely  fascinating.  Mr,  Edwards  has  yielded  the 
energy,  the  incessant  labor  of  a  life-time,  to  that  fascination.  It  is  due  to  him  that 
if  the  reproduction  of  paintings  made  in  the  United  States  may  be  matched  abroad, 
the  reproduction  of  landscapes  from  original  negatives  remains  an  unequalled  and 
unapproachable  American  art.  The  New-York  Photogravure  Co.  gives  of  it 
extraordinary  models. 

Sun  and  Shade  reproduces  not  only  the  most  notable  paintings  and  portraits, 
but  the  best  work  of  amateur  and  professional  photographers.  If  it  gave  nothing 
but  the  latter  work  it  would  be  deserving  of  the  most  liberal  patronage  that 
it  receives  ;  but  it  is  an  admirable  record  of  the  greatest  paintings  at  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  of  living  American  players,  of  portraits  of  celebrated 
Americans,  of  gre'at  American  painters  with  reproductions  of  their  work,  and  it  is 
a  monumental  production  of  the  New-York  Photogravure  Co. 

The  Automatic  Fire-Alarm  and  Extinguisher  Company  (Limited)  of 
New  York  renders  an  invaluable  service  to  the  public  by  means  of  its  efficient 
devices  for  the  protection  of  property  from  loss  by  fire.  Its  apparatus  consists  of  the 
Watkins  Automatic  Fire-Alarm,  which  has  been  extensively  used  for  many  years, 
and  has  a  record  far  above  all  other  devices  for  the  early  detection  of  fires.  This 
system  has  the  approval  of  the  fire  departments  and  fire  underwriters,  and  the 
insurance  companies  make  a  decided  reduction  in  the  rates  where  it  is  introduced. 
Nearly  a  thousand  important  buildings  in  New- York  City  alone  are  protected  by  the 
Watkins  Automatic  Fire-Alarm,  besides  a  large  number  in  Boston  and  other  cities. 
This  system  comprises  a  series  of  thermostats,  or  heat  detectors,  placed  at  frequent 
intervals  on  the  ceiling  of  each  room,  and  made  sensitive  to  heat  at  any  required 
degree.  In  case  of  a  fire  near  any  of  these  thermostats  an  alarm  is  automatically 
sounded  at  the  main  office  of  the  company,  at  413  Broadway,  where  the  operators, 
who  are  on  duty  day  and  night,  immediately  transmit  the  alarm  to  the  headquarters 
of  the  Fire  Department  and  the  Insurance  Patrol  ;  the  alarm  designating  the  street 
number  and  the  floor  of  the  building  where  the  fire  is  located.  This  immediate 
automatic  notice  constitutes  the  value  of  the  system.  The  arrival  of  the  firemen  is 
often  the  first  notice  the  occupants  have  of  fire  in  their  building,  and  the  work  done 
during  the  first  five  minutes  of  a  fire  is  worth  more  than  that  of  the  next  five  hours. 


966 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


William  B.  Watkins  was  the  inventor,  and  the  system  in  practical  operation  has 
been  carefully  studied  and  improved  by  expert  electricians  for  twenty  years.     It  has 

  some  imitators,  but  no  rival. 

Among  the  individuals  and 
firms  protected  by  this  sys- 
tem in  New-York  City 
are  such  names  as  William 
Astor,  Arnold,  Constable  & 
Co.,  H.  B.  Claflin  Co.,  E.  S. 
Jaffray&Co.,  Mills  &  Gibb, 
R.  H.  Macy  &  Co.,  McKes- 
son &  Robbins,  Rogers,  Peet 
&  Co.,  Tiffany  &  Co.,  and 
Thurber-Whyland  Co. 

This  company  is  also 
the  New-York  representa- 
tive of  the  General  Fire- Ex- 
tinguisher Company,  which 
protects  property  against 
fire  by  means  of  automatic 
sprinklers  (especially  the 
famous  Grinnell  Sprinkler), 
and  has  recently  acquired 
the  Neracher,  Kane,  Hark- 
ness  and  Hill  sprinklers. 
The  executive  offices  are 
at  413  Broadway,  occupy- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the 
building  at  the  corner  of  Lis- 
penard  Street.  The  Presi- 
dent is  Elijah  S.  Cowles  ; 
the  Treasurer,  Richard  S. 
Barnes  ;  and  the  Secretary, 

AUTOMATIC  FIRE-ALARM  AND  EXTINGUISHER  CO.,  413  BROADWAY,  Edward  O.  Richards. 

CORNER  OF  LISPENARD  STREET. 


WASHINGTON  SQUARE  AND  WASHINGTON  ARCH. 


KING'S  II A XD BOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


967 


Vz  Barclay  Street, 
in   all  American 
vim 


The  Gamewell  Fire-Alarm  Telegraph  Company,  at  1 

is   an    institution    whose    invaluable   works   are  well-known 
cities  and  large  towns.     The  first  successful  employment  of  electricity  for  gi 
fire-alarms  was  made  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Channing  of  Boston  and  Moses  G.  Farmer  of 
Salem,  whose  plan  was  accepted  in  1851  by  the  city  of  Boston,  where  the  first 
official  fire-alarm  by  electricity  was  sounded  in  1S52.    Three  years  later,  Gamewell 

&  Co.  secured  all  the  Channing 
and  Farmer  patents  for  the  South 
and  West,  and  soon  afterward  for 
the  whole  country.  The  Game- 
well  Fire-Alarm  Telegraph  Co. 
was  incorporated  in  1877,  ancl 
secured  the  patents  and  business  of 
Gamewell  &  Co.  The  system  is  so 
meritorious,  and  it  has  been  man- 
aged with  such  business  ability, 
that  now-  more  than  500  American 
cities  and  towns  are  equipped  with 
Gamewell  fire-alarm  telegraphs, 
and  nearly  100  have  the  Gamewell 
Police  telephone  and  signal  systems. 
The  company  has  well-managed 
agencies  at  Chicago,  San  Francisco, 
Boston,  Baltimore,  Louisville,  Utica, 
and  Richmond,  Indiana  ;  and  its 
factory  is  at  Newton,  Massachu- 
setts. 

The  Gamewell  apparatus,  as 
manufactured  in  its  own  specially 
equipped  factory,  is  absolutely  re- 
liable, and  stands  as  the  best, 
simplest,  and  most  perfectly  con- 
structed mechanism  yet  devised  for 
its  purposes.  The  fire-alarm  con- 
existence  and  location  of  a  fire  without 
It  saves  yearly  millions  of  dollars' 


GAMEWELL  FIRE-ALARM  TELEGRAPH  CO. 
1  1-2  BARCLAY  STREET. 


veys  that  prompt  and  definite  notice  of  th 
which  the  best  fire-department  is  unavailable, 
worth  of  property,  and  thousands  of  lives.  The  Police  Telegraph  ensures  discipline 
and  attention  to  duty  on  the  part  of  patrolmen  ;  affords  means  of  summoning  police 
assistance  and  patrol-wagons  ;  and  ensures  prompt  humane  care  for  victims  of 
accidents,  and  quick  transportation  for  the  drunkard  or  criminal. 

It  is  a  well-recognized  tradition  of  the  Gamewell  Fire-Alarm  Telegraph  Com- 
pany that  it  has  been  quick  to  acquire  and  to  utilize  all  possible  improvements  in 
apparatus  which  in  any  way  can  be  utilized  for  the  immediate  indication  of  fires,  or 
for  the  rapid  and  convenient  method  of  communication  between  points  of  troubles 
or  calamities  and  the  head  or  central  stations  of  the  Police,  and  thus  it  is  that  the 
Gamewell  apparatus  is  to-day  representative  for  all  that  has  been  attained  in  this 
line. 

The  officers  are  Joseph  W.  Stover,  President  ;  W.  II.  Woolverton  and  D.  II. 
Bates,  Vice-Presidents;  H.  F.  Bender,  Treasurer;  Charles  W.  Cornell,  Secretary; 
and  John  N.  Gamewell,  General  Manager. 


968 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  XEW  YORK. 


The  Pope  Manufacturing  Company,  whose  New- York  branch  is  at  12  War- 
ren Street,  is  by  far  the  largest  concern  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  Col.  Albert  A. 
Pope,  the  founder  of  the  bicycle  industries  in  America,  organized  this  company  and 
furnished  its  capital,  in  1877,  and  he  has  ever  since  been  its  president  and  active 

manager.  At  first  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  wheel  was  outspoken 
and  intolerant,  but  this  prejudice 
was  overcome  by  the  free  distribu- 
tion of  the  best  foreign  cycling  lit- 
erature, and  by  interesting  home 
talent.  It  was  in  pursuance  of 
this  policy  that  The  American 
Bicycler  was  written,  and  that 
Col.  Pope  founded  The  Wheelman, 
which  is  flourishing  as  the  Outing 
of  to-day.  The  Columbia  bi- 
cycles were  made  from  the  outset 
by  the  Weed  Sewing  Machine 
Co.,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  a  corpo- 
ration which  the  Pope  Mfg.  Co., 
finally  absorbed  in  1890,  paying 
the  stock-holders  50  per  cent, 
premium  for  their  holdings.  Ad- 
ditions have  been  made  to  the 
factory,  until  it  has  five  acres  of 
flooring,  and  employs  a  thousand 
people.  Besides  this,  the  com- 
pany own  an  extensive  seamless 
steel  tube  and  forging  plant,  and 
have  recently  purchased  and  ma- 
terially enlarged  the  plant  of  the 
Hartford  Rubber  Works  Co. 
Most  of  the  best  records  for  fast 
riding  have  been  made  with  Columbias.  It  was  on  an  Expert  Columbia  that 
Stevens  made  his  famous  tour  around  the  world.  The  Standard  Columbia,  Expert 
Columbia,  and  Columbia  Light  Roadster  were  the  three  best-known  high  wheels, 
while  the  Columbia  Safety,  Light  Roadster  Safety,  and  Models  30,  31,  and  32  for 
1893  mark  three  important  steps  of  progress  in  the  more  modern  style  of  bicycles. 

January  I,  1892,  the  Pope  Mfg.  Co.  took  possession  of  its  fine  new  office-build- 
ing at  221  Columbus  Avenue,  Boston.  Its  architecture  is  of  the  early  Renaissance 
school.  The  front  is  of  Indiana  limestone  and  Perth- Amboy  brick,  with  terra-cotta 
ornamentations.  The  store  on  the  first  floor,  and  the  general  offices,  occupying 
the  entire  second  story,  are  furnished  in  quartered  oak.  The  fifth  story  is  devoted  to 
a  riding  school,  equipped  with  double  padded  rails,  and  a  fine  maple  floor.  The 
company  has  a  paid-in  capital  of  $2,000,000,  and  a  very  large  surplus.  It  has  a 
number  of  branch  offices  in  various  large  cities,  and  its  agents  are  scattered  everywhere. 

The  New -York  branch  was  opened  in  1882,  and  represents  to-day  a  very  impor- 
tant factor  of  the  business.  Connected  with  the  Warren-Street  store  there  is  a 
riding-hall.  Here  may  be  found  at  all  times  a  complete  line  of  the  Columbia  bicycles, 
together  with  their  hundreds  of  parts  and  attachments. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW 


YORK. 


969 


America,  and  its  products  have  vexed  h!7ZTj  7™™  '",  ^  ta  a" 
business  so  limited  in  its  variety  of  articles  can  be  found  T  "  '*  ^  that  a 
produced  here  are  ash  and  soruce  oZT^rlT  '       a'm°St  the  ^  wares 

mast-hoops  capstan  C^loT  ^  ha^^ThS'teTo,^ 
a  variety  of  sizes  and 
shapes.  In  this  very 
narrow  but  important 
field,  the  New -York 
Boat  Oar  Company  has 

won  an  undisputed  lead- 
ership, and  its  trade  not 

only  reaches  both  coasts 

of  the  Americas,  but 

also  extends  to  Europe, 

Africa   and  Australia. 

This  peculiar  industry 

was  founded  in  the  year 

1843,  by  Ezekiel  Page, 

whose   excellent  oars 

won  such  a  high  reputa- 
tion that  the  company 

still  retains  his  name  as 

a  trade-mark,  their  oars 

being  styled  the  "  Eze- 
kiel Page  Brand  Oars." 

He  was  succeeded  by 

E.  W.  Page  &  Sons  ; 
and  they  by  the  E.  W. 

Page  Co. ;  and  that  by 
the  present  corporation, 
of  which  Samuel  W. 
Richards  was  the  first 
president.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1 888  by  Frank 
D.  Wilsey,  who  is  now 
the  President  and  Treasurer,  E.  Clutterbuck  being  the  Secretary.  The  factories  at 
Uloomv.lle  and  Jerry  City,  Ohio,  were  given  up  years  ago,  and'the  company's  chief 
works  now  are  at  Savannah,  Georgia,  in  favorable  proximity  to  their  supply  of  stock. 
1H1S  interesting  industry  has  been  brought  to  a  remarkable  perfection  bv  the  line 
ot  ingenious  men  who  have  conducted  it  for  the  last  half  century,  since  the  day 
when  Ezekiel  Page  founded  the  business.  The  trade-mark  of  the  New- York  Boat 
Oar  Company  is  a  synonym  of  excellence  based  on  long  experience  and  thorough 
comprehension  of  materials  and  methods  ;  and  the  largest  shipping  interests  provide 
their  boats  with  equipments  from  the  West-Street  emporium.  It  has  taken  a  great 
number  of  prizes  at  important  exhibitions,  and  has  always  carried  off  the  highest 
awards  whenever  it  entered  for  competition.  One  of  its'  notable  honors  was  an 
award  at  the  International  Maritime  Exposition  at  Havre,  in  1887,  when  its  products 
surpassed  those  of  all  the  great  maritime  nations  of  Europe. 


NEW-YORK  BOAT  OAR  COMPANY,  69  WEST  STREET 


97° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


The  A.  D.  Farmer  &  Son  Type  Founding  Company  has  an  establishment 

at  63  and  65  Beekman  Street,  and  62  and  64  Gold  Street,  that  is  the  result  of  more 
than  three-quarters  of  a  century's  growth  and  development.  It  is  the  successor  in 
direct  line  of  the  famous  old  type-foundry  of  Elihu  White,  established  in  1804, 
and  known  to  all  printers  of  the  past  generation. 

Aaron  D.  Farmer,  who  established  the  present  house,  came  from  Connecticut  to 

New  York  in  1830,  when  a  boy  of  twelve  years,  and  entered  Mr.  White's  establishment, 
at  Lombard  and  Thames  Streets,  as  an  apprentice,  and  here  he  developed  remark- 
able ability,  not  only  as  a  manufacturer  but  also  in  the  business  management,  and 

in  course  of  time  he  became  the 

manager    of    the  establishment. 

Elihu  White   was   succeeded  by 

Charles  T.  White  &  Co.,  and  this 

firm   was    followed    in    1857  by 

Farmer,   Little  &  Co.,  of  which 

house  Aaron  D.  Farmer  was  at  the 

head.    In  1892  two  of  the  partners, 

Andrew  Little  and  John  Bentley, 

were  retired,  and  Aaron  D.  Farmer 

and  his  son,  William  W.  Farmer, 

re-organized  the  house  as  a  private 

corporation,  under  the  style  of  A. 

D.  Farmer  &  Son  Type  Founding 

Company.    During  all  these  years 

the  products  of  the  house  have  held 

first  position  in  the  trade,  and  have 

been  well-known  in  printing-houses 

throughout  the  country.  The  com- 
pany manufactures   all  classes  of 

plain  and  ornamental  type,  borders, 

ornaments,  rules  and  dashes,  and, 

in  fact,  every  article  which  is  re- 
quired in  fitting  out  a  complete 

composing-room.  It  builds  its 
own  casting-machines,  steel- 
punches,  matrices,  and  other  apparatus.  Its  designs  for  ornamental  type  aie  made 
in  its  own  establishment.  It  also  deals  in  printing-presses  and  other  machinery 
required  in  large  printing  establishments.  It  has  its  own  line  of  patented  devices 
for  the  making  of  type  ;  and  it  owns  or  controls  various  patented  specialties  that 
are  especially  valuable  in  printing  establishments.  The  factory  and  office-building 
is  a  large  brick  structure,  and  has  a  frontage  of  65  feet  on  Beekman  Street,  and  85 
feet  on  Gold  Street,  and  for  the  most  part  is  six  stories  in  height.  As  an  evidence 
of  the  favor  in  which  the  Farmer  type  is  held,  it  may  be  stated  that  many  of  the 
great  New- York  daily  newspapers,  and  also  great  papers  of  other  cities,  are  printed 
with  equipments  furnished  by  the  predecessors  or  the  presenthouse  of  A.  D.  farmer 
&  Son  Tvpe  Founding  Company.  .  , 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  every  important  printing-office  — newspaper,  periodical,  dock 
or  job  -  has  the  whole  or  part  of  its  outfit  from  this  establishment.  The  company 
has  an  extensive  branch-house  at  109  Quincy  Street,  Chicago,  where  is  kept  a  lull 
supply  of  the  productions  of  the  New- York  house. 


A.  D.  FARMER  &  SON  TYPE  FOUNDING  CO. 

AND  GOLD  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


971 


F.  A.  Ringler  Company,  at  21  and  23  Barclay  Street  and  26  and  28  Park 
Place,  is  called  the  largest  printing-plate  establishment  in  the  world.  Its  president 
and  founder,  F.  A.  Ringler,  born  at  Friedwald,  Hesse  Cassel,  in  1852,  came  to 
America  in  1866,  and  learned  the  electrotyping  business  at  Chicago.  He' moved  to 
New  York  in  187 1,  and  bought  an  interest  in  Hurst  &  Crum,  which  became 
Crum  &  Ringler,  and  in  1880  F.  A.  Ringler  &  Co.  In  1891  the  business  was 
incorporated  as  F.  A.  Ringler  Co.,  with  F.  A.  Ringler  as  President;  Max  R.  Brink- 
man,  Vice-President  and  Treasurer;  George  J.  Kraemer,  Secretary;  and  Justin 
Ringler,  Manager.  The  company's  building  has  over  25,000  square  feet  of  floor 
space,  where  175  skilled  employees  are  engaged.  Adjoining  the  office  is  the  art 
department,  where  designs  for  all  kinds  of  illustrations  are  made.  Above  is  the 
electrotyping  foundry,  for  which  a  whole  floor,  50x175  feet,  is  used,  and  every 
conceivable  invention  for  the  perfect  production  of  duplicate  plates.  The  eye  takes 
in  the  twelve  large  batteries,  four  dynamos,  six  moulding  presses,  black-leading 
machines,  melting  furnaces,  and  other  appliances.  On  the  floor  above  are  the 
finishing  departments  for  electrotypes,  stereotypes  and  photo-engraved  plates.  Here 
are  six  of  the  latest  and  most  improved  routing  machines,  circular  jig  saws,  wood 
and  metal  planers,  trimmers  and  other  kinds  of  machinery.  Above  is  the  photo- 
engraving department,  in  which  the  half-tone,  zinc  and  copper  etchings,  and  the 
general  processes  of  engraving  are  conducted.  Eigh't  of  the  largest  cameras,  each 
operated  by  a  separate  artist,  are  required  to  keep  up  with  the  orders. 

Mr.  Ringler  has  a  vivid  inventive  talent,  and  he  introduced  the  galvano-plastic 

process,  for  various  .  

methods  of  decorat- 
•  ing  ;  perfected  the 
process  of  zinc  etch- 
ing, by  which  the 
daily  newspapers 
are  now  illustrated  ; 
and  has  the  only 
plant  where  copper 
and  steel  engrav- 
ings are  repro- 
duced and  steel- 
faced.  He  has 
made  the  electro- 
type plates  for  myri- 
ads of  books,  in- 
cluding many 
splendid  illustiated 
volumes ;  and  for 
his  excellent  work 
has  won  over  a  doz- 
en medals.  The  F. 
A.  Ringler  Co.  are 
the  only  electrotyp- 
ers  of  this  country 
who  have  an  ex- 
hibit at  the  Chicago 

World's  Fair.  r    A    RINGLER  CO.  .  CHURCH  STREET,  FROM   BARCLAY  STREET  TO  PARK  PLACE. 


972 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Baker,  Smith  &  Co.  is  the  most  widely  known  house  in  the  business  of 
warming  and  ventilating  buildings.  Before  1854  but  little  had  been  done  to 
heat  buildings  excepting  by  means  of  stoves  and  hot-air  furnaces.  A  few  appara- 
tuses using  hot  water  under  a  very  high  pressure  had  been  introduced  in  England, 
and  a  very  limited  number  of  open  circulation  hot-water  and  high-pressure  steam 
apparatuses  in  the  United  States.  In  1854,  Stephen  J.  Gold,  of  New  Haven, 
invented  the  first  low-pressure  steam  apparatus.  It  simply  warmed  the  air  bv 
direct  radiation,  without  giving  any  ventilation.  William  C.  Baker  was  interested 
in  the  introduction  of  Mr.  Gold's  invention,  until  1859,  when  he  entered  into  a 

business  partner- 
ship with  John 
Jewell  Smith,  of 
New  York,  form- 
ing the  firm  of 
Baker  &  Smith,  to 
engage  in  the 
manufacture  and 
erection  of  an 
"Improved  Low- 
Pressure  Self- 
regulating  Steam 
Warming  and  Ven- 
tilating Appal 
ratus."  That  was 
the  origin  of  the 
present  firm  of 
Baker,  Smith  &Co. 
James  L.  Wise  was 
admitted  to  part- 
nership in  1866; 
Charles  H.  Smith, 
in  1881  ;  and  Elias 
I).  Smith  in  1888. 
Mr.  Baker  retired 
in   1876  and  Mr. 

BAKER,  SMITH  A  CO..  SOUTH  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  HOUSTON  STREET.  W  ise  in  1 887.  The 

firm  had  a  branch 

house  in  Chicago  until  1886,  when,  in  order  to  better  accommodate  the  growing 
demands  of  that  location,  the  "  Baker  &  Smith  Company  of  Chicago,"  was  incorpor- 
ated, with  John  Jewell  Smith  as  President  and  P.  S.  Hudson  as  Vice-President  and 
General  Manager.  The  firm  of  Baker,  Smith  &  Co.  is  now  composed  of  John  Jewell 
Smith,  Charles  H.  Smith  and  Elias  D.  Smith.  They  occupy  the  large  building  on  the 
corner  of  South  Fifth  Avenue  and  Houston  Street,  New  York,  with  a  branch  estab- 
lishment at  1015  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia.  Very  many  of  the  improvements  in 
heating-apparatus  now  in  general  use  had  their  origin  in  the  works  of  Baker,  Smith 
&  Co.,  notable  among  them  being  the  system  of  warming  railroad  cars  by  heated 
pipes  under  the  seats,  known  as  the  "Baker  Heater.  "  Thousands  of  buildings  are 
fitted  with  Baker,  Smith  &  Co. 's  appliances,  which  are  always  of  first-class  workman- 
ship, since  the  financial  standing  of  the  firm  gives  it  a  choice  of  the  best  facilities 
and  skill.     Their  work  may  be  found  in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States. 


A'IXG\S  HANDBOOK  OF 


XF.ir  YORK 


973 


The  Bradley  &  Currier  Company,  Limited,  at  the  corner  of  Hudson  and 
Spring  Streets,  is  the  leading  house  in  their  line  of  business  of  the  country  The 
business  was  established  in  1867  by  Edwin  A.  Bradley  and  George  C  Currier 
under  the  firm-name  of  Bradley  &  Currier,  at  44  Dey  Street.  Very  shortly  how! 
ever,  they  were  obliged  to  annex  the  four  adjoining  stores,  which  they  continued  to 
occupy  until  1872,  when  they  were  again  compelled  to  seek  more  room,  and  took 
the  building  at  54  and  56  Dey  Street,  which  they  occupied  until  1886,  when  they 
removed  to  the  large  building  now  occupied  by  them.  It  is  75  by  i7r  feet  eieht 
stones  high  and  is  occupied  entirely  for  ware-rooms,  salesrooms  and  offices' beLr 
completely  furnished  in  every  respect  with  all  the  latest  appliances,  such  as  steam  ele- 
vators, electric  lights,  etc.,  to  enable  them  to  handle  and  display  their  goods  to  advan- 
tage and  to  conveniently  transact  the  large  volume  of  business  which  they  control 
In  1885  the  present 
company  was  or- 
ganized, with  Ed- 
win A.  Bradley  as 
President  ;  George 
C.  Currier,  Vice- 
President  ;  and 
John  J.  Hughes, 
Secretary  and 
Treasurer. 

The  business 
has  largely  in- 
•  creased,  and  re- 
quires a  force  of 
from  forty  to  fifty 
salesmen  and 
clerks.  In  addition 
to  the  ware-rooms 
and  the  extensive 
factory,  for  the 
manufacture  of  fine 
cabinet  work,  wood 
mantels,  etc.,  which 
is  a  specialty,  they 
have  controlling 
interests  in  other 
large  factories  in 
various  parts  of  the 
country,    g  i  v  i  11  g 

stead)  employment  THE  BRADLEY  &  currier  company,  hudson  and  spring  streets. 

to  nearly  500  men.  Their  ware-rooms  are  the  finest,  no  expense  having  been  spared 
to  render  them  attractive,  and  to  display  the  various  goods  which  they  manufacture, 
consisting  of  the  latest  designs  of  mantels,  in  wood  and  slate,  with  their  fixtures, 
tiles,  grates,  brass  and  iron  fenders,  andirons,  etc.,  etc.,  cabinet  trim,  screens, 
doors,  windows,  blinds,  of  every  grade  and  style,  art  glass  in  great  variety, —  in 
fact,  all  that  it  is  necessary  to  use  in  the  completion  of  houses  of  high  or  low  cost, 
except  the  rough  lumber,  masons'  materials  and  hardware,  and  it  is  an  important 
place  for  people  to  visit  who  contemplate  using  any  such  goods. 


974 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Joseph  Loth  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  "Fair  and  Square"  ribbons,  whose 
store  is  at  65  Greene  Street,  were  the  first  business  men  to  invade  the  historic  locality 
at  the  northern  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  known  as  Washington  Heights;  a  locality 
that  was  the  site  of  fortifications  and  military  camps  during  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  which  has  been  a  residence  section  of  the  city  for  many  years.  Messrs.  Loth 
and  Company's  factory  occupies  the  block  on  Amsterdam  Avenue  between  150th  and 


JOSEPH   LOTH  4  CO. 


FAIR  AND  SQUARE  "  RIBBON  MANUFACTORY. 


151st  Streets.  It  is  a  handsome  structure  of  Philadelphia  brick  and  granite,  three 
stories  in  height,  and  is  in  appearance  more  like  a  public  building  than  a  factory. 
Good  taste  and  a  degree  of  public  spirit  were  shown  by  the  firm  in  so  designing  the 
outward  aspect  of  their  establishment  as  to  avoid  the  prosiness  of  business  and  keep 
in  harmony  with  the  surroundings.  Messrs.  Loth  &  Co.  have  been  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing "  Fair  and  Square  "  ribbons  since  1875.  Their  present  factory  was  erected 
in  1886,  and  they  now  employ  some  600  operatives.  They  make  fine  goods  only. 
They  have  never  put  any  cheap  grades  upon  the  market,  but  such  is  the  range  and 
scope  of  their  enterprise  that  the  product  of  their  establishment  is  of  15  different 
widths,  200  shades  of  color  and  from  80  to  90  styles.  The  trade-mark,  "  Fair  and 
Square,"  is  known  in  every  corner  of  the  United  States.  The  uniform  excellence 
of  the  goods  has  spread  its  fame  far  and  wide,  and  this  has  been  effectively  supple- 
mented by  a  free  and  liberal  use  of  printer's  ink.  This  firm  is  the  only  manufac- 
turer of  ribbons  which  advertises  extensively,  and  their  announcements  are  striking  and 
effective,  as  well  as  dignified,  as  every  one  whose  range  of  reading  is  wide  already 
knows.  It  is  by  means  of  its  unique  and  liberal  advertising  that  the  firm  keeps  in 
touch  with  the  public.  It  does  not  sell  to  the  consumer.  It  comes  in  direct  con- 
tact only  with  the  trade,  through  the  efforts  of  numerous  salesmen,  but  such  is  the 
reputation  of  Joseph  Loth  &  Co.  and  their  "Fair  and  Square"  ribbons  that  the 
business  has  shown  a  steady  and  substantial  growth  from  the  beginning. 


JC/XG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  97- 

Amasa  Lyon  &  Company  of  New  York  may  not  be  the  largest  or  oldest 
manufacturers  of  umbrellas,  parasols  and  walking  sticks  in  this  country  but  there 
is  no  house  in  this  industry  that  stands  so  prominent  for  the  general  hi'^h  grade  of 
its  productions.  A  "Lyon"  umbrella  is  indicative  of  taste,  durability  and  reliability 
as  to  shape  and  y 
color.  The  fa- 
miliar trade-mark 
of  the  upright 
majestic  lion's 
head,  with  the 
assuring  legend  of 
44  Sans  Varier," 
and  the  bold  au- 
tograph of  Amasa 
Lyon,  has  become 
known  every- 
where. No  trade- 
mark in  its  line 
is  regarded  as  so 
valuable  in  this 
trade,  and  no  lines 
of  umbrellas  and 
parasols  are  so 
widely  known  as 
•those  of  Amasa 
Lyon  &  Co.  The 
best  evidence  of 

their  acknowledged  supremacy  is  the  fact  that  they  are  the  specially  favored 
wares  of  the  leading  establishments  throughout  the  'Union  wherever  fine  goods 
of  this  character  are  sold.      The  business  was  established  in  1877  by  Amasa 
Lyon,  who  still  remains  at  the  head  of  the  establishment,  being  the  president 
of  the  corporation  known  as  Amasa  Lyon  &  Co.,  which  was  organized  in  1889. 
The  main  sales-rooms,  exhibition  rooms  and  finishing  shops  are  in  New  York,  at 
the  conspicuous  corner  of  Broadway  and  Great  Jones  Street,  where  they  have 
been  for  about  twelve  years.     The  stick  factory  is  at  the  corner  of  Hudson 
and  13th  Streets,  and  here  are  made  all  the  sticks  used  by  this  concern;  the 
woods  being  imported  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe.    The  silver  and  gold  shops  are 
in  the  Broadway  building,  and  here  are  made  all  the  handles  and  ornaments,  for  the 
style  and  finish  of  which  the  Lyon  goods  are  famous.    Any  one  who  has  the  oppor- 
tunity of  goini,  through  these  factories  becomes  amazed  at  the  infinite  variety  of 
articles  used  in  the  making  and  ornamenting  of  umbrellas,  parasols  and  canes  : 
woods,  metals,  precious  stones,  ivories,  horns,  etc.,  and  silks,  laces  and  various  fab- 
rics, requiring  for  their  proper  use  exquisite  taste  and  great  skill.    These  are  the 
only  manufacturers  who,  in  their  own  shops,  produce  every  part  of  the  umbrella, 
excepting  the  fabrics  and  frames,  and  even  these  are  made  on  special  orders,  with 
furnished  designs  and  under  exclusive  arrangements.    One  of  the  names  always  seen 
in  first-class  establishments  is  Amasa  Lyon.    The  Amasa  Lyon  productions  rank 
equal  to  the  highest  grades  of  those  made  in  foreign  countries.    On  account  of  their 
high  standing  and  reputation  the  Lyon  umbrellas,  parasols  and  canes  were  the  only 
make  sold  on  the  grounds  of  the  Columbian  Exposition. 


976  FCTNG*S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

John  Anderson  &  Company,  al  114  Liberty  Street,  is  one  of  the  oldest  firms 

now  in  business  in  New  York,  having  been  founded  very  early  in  the  present  century. 
It  is  also  one  of  the  most  widely  known,  and  its  famous  brand  of  "Solace"  tobacco 
is  celebrated  all  over  the  world.  John  Anderson  was  the  first  manufacturer  to 
introduce  the  idea  of  wrapping  fine-cut  tobacco  in  tin  foil,  and  the  result  was  so 

successful,  in  respect  to 
convenience  and  cleanli- 
ness and  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  tobacco  that 
nothing  has  yet  been 
found  to  equal  it. 
"Solace"  always  has 
been  and  is  to-day  the 
most  widely  distributed 
and  best -known  brand 
of  tobacco  of  the  fine- 
cut  kind.  Among  other 
largely  used  articles 
made  here  are  John 
Anderson  &  C  o .  '  s 
Long -Cut  Smoking 
and  Shorts,  "Extra," 
"Honey  Dew,"  and 
other  popular  tobaccos, 
known  in  all  the  corner 
groceries  and  country 
stores  between  the  Bay 
of  Fundy  and  the  Gulf 
of  California.  The  busi- 
ness is  still  practically  in 
the  hands  of  the  Ander- 
son family  and  their  rela- 
tives. In  1890  the  com- 
pany was  incorporated. 
The  President  is  Wil- 
liam I  L  Catlin,  a  resident 
of  Rye.  The  Secretary 
and  Treasurer  is  Alfred  YYagstaff,  formerly  President  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge, 
and  director  and  trustee  in  various  institutions.  John  C.  Anderson,  son  of  the  original 
founder  of  the  business,  is  interested  in  the  company.  The  business  has  made 
great  advances  of  late  years,  and  especially  since  the  civil  war,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
solid  and  permanent  in  the  city.  Its  office  and  factory  buildings  on  Liberty  Street 
have  long  been  a  familiar  down-town  landmark.  The  statue  over  the  entrance  has 
attracted  thousands  of  people  going  to  and  from  the  ferries.  The  company  furnishes 
first-class  articles  for  the  use  and  comfort  of  a  large  number  of  men,  and  its  good 
reputation  of  nearly  a  century  is  of  inestimable  value  as  a  trade-mark.  The  digger 
in  the  ditches,  the  millionaire  half  buried  in  gold-coupons,  the  sailor  on  the  swinging 
royal-yard,  the  lawyer  entrancing  a  jury,  the  soldier  on  sentry,  the  farmer  plodding 
down  his  brown  furrow,  the  senator  discussing  the  annexation  of  the  world,  all  stay 
and  inspire  themselves  with  John  Anderson  &  Co.'s  tobaccos. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK.  977 
E.  R.  Durkee  &  Co.,  Manufacturers  of  Spices  F»fr,«.  c 
and  Food-Prepares,  are  more  universally  known  thro^houfft?  Un^f Statra 

than  any  other  house  in  their  line. 
Their  goods  are  the  acknowledged 
standards  of  excellence,  and  their 
trade-mark  of  the  "Gauntlet" 
coupled  with  the  signature  'of 
the  firm,  always  constitute  a 
guarantee  of  purity.  The  busi- 
ness was  founded  in  1850,  by 
E.  R.  Durkee,  and  the  industry 
(which  is  a  unique  one)  has  gone 
on  increasing  year  after  year,  until 
now  it  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant, in  its  bearing  on  the  daily 
ife  of  the  people  in  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

The  firm's  office  and  sales- 
rooms are  at  135,  137  and  I3g 
Water  Street;  and  their  labor- 
atory, factories  and  warehouses 
occupy  several  large  buildings  on 
Water,  Pine  and  Depeyster 
Streets.    Their  mills  in  Brooklyn 

equipped  with  the  newest  and  most  approved  mach^^e^Vdlra^d 
hands  find  empl  ;„  ,hem>  Md  (he  whQle  bus.nes  7  on  under  tne  oer 

.Ton  areTn™510"  °'  °f  ,he  faL    M^  °f  the  processes  of  pr^ra! 

t,on  are  the,r  own  mvent.ons,  and  whol!y  controlled  by  the  firm.    Their  successes 

™der<h^ 

Th el mh '  f",  Pr°dUCtS       ShiPPed  t0  1uarto  of  *<=  g'°be 

The  members  of  the  firm  are  Eugene  W.  Durkee  and  David  M.  Moore,  who  with 

la  ge  expcnence  ample  resources,  and  superior  facilities,  aim  to  put  up  the  fin  st 

Z^^^^-™***-***  -  hereby  mPain,afn  the  g 

enjoyed  for  over  forty  years. 

In  every  nook  or  corner  of  this 

whole  country  one  is  sure  to 

mect.on  the  tables  of  the  hotels 

and  restaurants,  and  also  in 

the  private  homes,  some  of  the 

products  of  the  house  of  E.  R 

Durkee  &  Co.  And  the  ex- 
pressions of  approval  and  com- 
mendation at  all  Food  Exhibi- 
tions indicate  that  their  goods 
are  not  only  widely  known  but 
are  highly  appreciated  by  all 
who  enjoy  good  living  and 
study  domestic  comfort. 
62 


R.  DURKEE 


35  WATER  STREET,  CORNER  OF  PINE. 


BROOKLYN  MILLS. 


978 


A'/.\V;\s  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Fleischmann  &  Co.,  the  manufacturers  of  the  celebrated  Compressed  Yeast, 
occupy  their  own  offices  and  headquarters  at  the  corner  of  Perry  and  Washington 
Streets.  The  introduction  of  this  article  into  the  United  States  dates  back  to  about 
25  years  ago,  at  which  time  the  brothers,  Charles  and  Maximilian  Fleischmann, 
under  the  firm-name  of  Fleischmann  &  Co.,  started  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the  first 
establishment  in  this  country  for  its  production.  Since  the  death,  in  1890,  of 
Maximilian  Fleischmann,  the  business  has  been  carried  on  by  the  surviving  partner, 
under  the  same  firm-name.  Compressed  yeast  had  not,  prior  to  the  time  of  its 
introduction  by  Fleischmann  &  Co.,  been  known  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
its  merits  had  therefore  to  be  demonstrated  to  the  American  people.  Progress  in 
that  direction  was  necessarily  slow,  and  sales  were  consequently  comparatively  small 
at  first,  and  confined  within  a  limited  area.  From  this  small  beginning  the  business 
of  Fleischmann  &  Co.  has  steadily  grown  and  spread,  until  now  their  compressed 
yeast  is  to  be  found  in  every  city,  town  and  village,  while  to  many  a  far-away 
hamlet  the  dainty  little  tin-foiled,  yellow-labelled  packages  of  this  yeast  find  their 
way.    The  consumption  of  this  commodity —  which  long  since  attained  the  dignity 

of  a  staple  article 
—  is  now  simply 
enormous.  Xor  is 
it  at  all  surprising 
that  such  should 
be  the  fact  when 
it  is  remembered 
that  it  is  to  the  use 
of  Fleischmann  & 
Co.'s  Compressed 
Yeast  that  the 
marked  superior- 
ity of  the  bread 
found  upon  our 
tables  and  in  the 
bakers'  shops  to- 
day, as  compared 
with  that  made 
with  old-fashioned 
leavens,  is  due. 
Bread  made  with 
Fleischmann  & 
Co.'s  Compressed 
Yeast  is  not  only 
whiter,  sweeter 

and  more  palatable  than  that  made  with  other  leavening  agents,  but  it  is  easier  of 
digestion  and  consequently  more  healthful ;  while  for.  making  French  and  Vienna 
rolls,  buckwheat  and  other  cakes,  it  is  incomparably  superior.  The  practical  recog- 
nition of  this  fact  by  the  American  public  is  proved  by  the  wide-spread  use  to-day 
of  Fleischmann  &  Co.'s  Compressed  Yeast.  In  millions  of  families  and  in  all  of 
the  largest  bakeries,  hotels  and  institutions  the  Fleischmann  yeast  is  used  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  others.  The  manufactories  at  Cincinnati  cover  more  than  25  acres  : 
the  plant  in  Brooklyn  is  about  as  large.  More  than  6,000  people  and  over  1,000 
horses  and  wagons  are  employed. 


FLEISCHMANN 


PERRY  AND  WASHINGTON  STREETS. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OP  NEW  YORK. 


979 


The  Enoch  Morgan  s  Sons  Company  dates  back  to  an  establishment  in 
1809  through  the  Enoch  Morgan's  Sons,  Enoch  Morgan  and  the  great  grandfather 
of  the  V  ice-President  of  to-day.  During  the  greater  part  of  this  time  the  business 
has  been  conducted  on  the  same  premises,  in  Greenwich  Village,  at  the  foot  of 
Bank  Street,  or  rather,  what  originally  was  the  river-front  at  Bank  Street  a  full 
block  having  subsequently  been  filled  in  by  consent  of  the  city  authorities'  The 

Indian  name  

of  this  village- 
was  Sapokan- 
igen.  Dur- 
ing the  great 
cholera  year 
it  was  remote 
enough  from 
the  built-up 
portion  of  the 
city  to  afford 
a  refuge  for 
the  terror- 
stricken  peo- 
ple. It  is  still 
one  of  the 
most  interest- 
ing sections 
•of  Old  New 
York,  and 
many  quaint 
touches  of  an- 
cient times 
remain  with- 
in its  limits. 
The  greater 

portion  of  it,  however,  is  occupied  by  factories,  among  which  the  one  devoted  to 
the  manufacture  of  "Sapolio"  stands  out  prominently. 

The  power  of  advertising  in  bringing  into  universal  use  an  article  which,  of  itself, 
possesses  decided  merit,  is  well  shown  in  the  history  of  Sapolio.  Originally 
undertaken  by  the  Enoch  Morgan's  Sons  as  one  form  of  their  large  product,  it  has 
gradually  and  steadily  grown  until  it  is  a  household  necessity  in  every  part  of  the 
civilized  world,  and  even  in  sections  where  civilization  is  represented  by  sparse 
colonies,  it  still  holds  its  own. 

Sapolio  has  earned  for  itself  a  decided  reputation  in  trade-mark  law.  The 
name  itself  is  a  clear  instance  of  a  manufactured  word  which  avoids  all  the  dangers 
incident  to  using  a  descriptive  term  or  a  word  in  ordinary  use.  The  form  of  its 
package  (a  tin-foil  wrapper  surrounded  by  a  deep  blue  band,  printed  in  gold  letters) 
is  also  decidedly  distinctive,  and  both  the  title  and  the  wrapper  have  been  defended 
against  infringements  with  such  vigor  that  Sapolio  cases  stand  as  precedents  wher- 
ever trade-mark  litigation  is  taken  up. 

The  officers  of  the  Enoch  Morgan's  Sons  Company  are  George  F.  Morgan, 
President;  A.  J.  Morgan,  Vice-President;  Edward  W.  Francis,  Treasurer,  and 
R.  Fleming  Handy,  Secretary. 


ENOCH  MORGAN'S  SONS  COMPANY,  439  WEST  STREET,  CORNER  OF  BANK  STREET. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 

S.  M.  Bixby  &  Co.,  the  well-known  manufacturers  of  fine  shoe-blackings  and 

shoe-dressings,  are  worthy  of  special  attention  in  noting  the  successful  enterprises  of 
the  metropolis  during  recent  years.    The  founder  of  the  house,  Samuel  M.  Bixby,  is 
a  native  of  New  Hampshire.     He  began  business  for  himself  at  an  early  age,  and 
still  retains  the  vigor  and  energy  which  have  carried  him  through  a  successful  career. 
The  impression  prevails  among  many  of  those  who  have  used  Bixby's  Blacking  for  a 
number  of  years  that  this  famous  New- York  manufacturer  is  a  man  of  advanced 
years,  and  it  may  be  surprising  to  some  to  know  that  he  is  still  in  the  prime  of  life. 
He  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  blacking  in  i860,  while  he  was  in  the  retail  shoe 
business,  and  the  venture  proved  a  pronounced  success  from  the  start.    The  success 
he  has  achieved  is  well-known  to  the  best  portion  of  the  trade  in  such  goods  every- 
where, and  his  blacking  bears  a  world-wide  reputation.    The  particular  articles  by 
which  S.  M.  Bixby  &  Co.  have  won  their  reputation  are  "Three  Bee"  Blacking  and 
"Royal  Polish,"  the  former  a  paste  blacking  for  men's  boots,  and  the  latter  a  liquid 
dressing,  for  restoring  the  color  and  gloss  to  ladies'  and  children's  shoes.    The  build- 
ing in  which  these  goods  are  manufactured  is  an  imposing  six-story  structure,  sup- 
plied with  machinery 
and  appliances  neces- 
sary for  the  business, 
and  is  the  largest  one 
in    existence  devoted 
exclusively  to  the  man- 
ufacture of  shoe-black- 
ing.   It  is  located  at 
194   and    196  Hester 
Street,  adjacent  to  the 
busiest  part  of  Broad- 
way,   and   one  block 
from  Canal  and  Centre 
Streets.  The  salesroom 
and  offices  of  the  com- 
pany occupy  a  portion 
of    the    second  floor, 
while  the  shipping  de- 
partment   and  stock- 
rooms are  on  the  main 
floor.     The  remainder 
of  the   space  in  this 
immense    building  is 
divided    into  various 
departments,  where  the 
compounding  and 
putting  up  of  the  black- 
ing is  done.    In  all  departments  the  manufacture  is  an  interesting  one,  and  furnishes 
employment  to  upwards  of  150  hands.    It  is  not  alone  the  excellence  of  their 
blackings  and  dressings  and  the  convenient  and  perfect  form  of  putting  them 
up,  that  have  given  S.  M.  Bixby  &  Co.  the  leading  position  they  occupy  to-day 
in  their  especial  line,  but  their  persistent  and  novel  methods  of  making  the  merits 
of  the  goods  known,  and  a  display  of  an  unflinching  determination  to  be  always 
abreast  of  the  times. 


TREETS. 


982 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


A.  R.  Whitney  &  Co.,  iron  and  steel  merchants,  have  an  enviable  record  of 

thirty  years'  standing.  As  well  as  merchants,  the  firm  are  manufacturers  of  and 
contractors  for  all  kinds  of  iron  and  steel  work.  The  construction  work  erected  by 
them  includes  the  iron  and  steel  work  of  the  Grand  Central  Depot  —  one  of  the 
greatest  railroad  stations  in  the  world  ;  the  Third-Avenue  Elevated  Railroad,  be- 
tween 9th  and  67th  Streets,  and  also  between  98th  and  129th  Streets;  the  Second- 
Avenue  Elevated  Railroad,  between  Chatham  Square  and  67th  Street,  and  includ- 
ing the  stations;  the  Ninth-Avenue  Elevated  Railroad,  including  the  stations, 
between  12th  and  59th  Streets;  the  great  roofs  of  the  armories  of  the  Seventh  and 
Twelfth  Regiments;  and  the  structural  work  of  the  palatial  Hotel  Savoy.  The 
firm  are  the  owners  of  the  Portage  Iron  Company's  rolling-mills  at  Duncansville, 
Pennsylvania;  and  also  of  the  Brooklyn  Wire  Nail  Company's  plant  in  Brooklyn. 


The  latter  company  is  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  wire  nail  industry,  and  the  third  oldest 
wire  nail  factory  in  this  country  ;  and  has  secured  through  the  quality  of  its  product 
a  large  export  trade  in  the  West  Indies,  and  South  and  Central  America,  in  com- 
petition with  the  French  and  German  manufacturers.  In  addition  to  the  manu- 
facture of  wire  nails,  they  also  have  executed  orders  for  their  machines,  for 
use  in  England  and  Belgium.  This  company  is  also  the  owner  of  patents  for 
valuable  wire  nail  machinery,  the  royalties  on  which  are  of  considerable  magnitude. 
They  are  also  the  exclusive  agents  for  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company's  structural 
material  for  the  district  of  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  Jersey  City,  and  are  thus 
abundantly  well  qualified  to  furnish  every  conceivable  variety  of  structural  iron  and 
steel  work.  The  offices  occupy  the  main  front  of  the  second  floor  of  the  Columbia 
Building,  at  29  Broadway.  Besides  A.  R.  Whitney,  the  members  of  the  firm  are 
J.  P.  Meday  and  D.  A.  Nesbitt.  The  vast  amount  of  work  already  executed  by 
this  firm  in  the  past  three  decades  thoroughly  indicates  that  A.  R.  Whitney  &  Co. 
are  competent  to  execute  any  specifications  in  iron  and  steel  work. 


CONEY  ISLAND,  NEW  YORK'S  HOLIDAY  RESORT. 


984 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW 


YORK. 


The  J.  M.  Horton  Ice  Cream  Co.  is  a  name  familiar  to  all  New-Yorkers 

Brooklynites  and  neighboring  residents  ;  for  its  delicious  creams  have  been  enjoyed 
by  all.  To  the  epicureans  of  the  table  they  are  indispensable.  Their  cool  and 
soft  flavors  he  upon  the  palate  with  a  delicacy  that  only  experience  can  appreciate 
Lpon  transatlantic  liners;  upon  the  luxurious  dining-cars  that  speed  from  city  to 
city  ;  at  balls,  at  parties,  at  festivals,  at  all  private  or  public  gatherings  in  or  about 
our  great  metropolis,  where  delicacies  vie  with  one  another,  Horton's  cream  is  wel 
corned  as  an  old  friend.    Always  at  its  best  it  stands  without  an  equal.    And  Mr. 

Horton's  name  has 
been  so  closely  as- 
sociated with  the 
purest  ice  cream 
for  many  years 
that  the  two  have 
become  synony- 
mous.    Indeed,  a 
little  girl  on  being 
asked  how  to  spell 
ice    cream,  said 
"H-o-r-t-o-n."  It 
was  22  years  ago, 
in  1870,  that  James 
M.  Horton  began 
the  manufacture  of 
ice  cream  in  New 
York    City.  It 
took  the  fastidious 
public  but  a  short 
time  to  realize  that 
there   w  a  s  being 
placed  before  them 
creams  of  the  purest 
quality.     In  1873 


M.  HORTON  ICE  CREAM   CO.  ,  PARK  ROW 


,  4Uiimv.      in  1073 

the  present  company  was  formed,  with  James  M.  Horton,  President ;  Joseph  Coz- 
zino,  Secretary  ;  John  J.  Freeh,  Treasurer  ;  and  Hugh  Stewart  and  Chauncey  E 
Horton,  Directors. 

Of  ice  creams,  the  company  manufactures  both  French  and  American  •  the 
former,  made  of  milk  and  cream  with  eggs  added,  being  more  expensive  and  some- 
what smoother  to  the  taste  than  the  latter,  which  is  made  without  eggs.  Besides 
ice  creams,  its  water-ices,  charlotte  russe  and  jellies  are  well  known.  '  Nearly  every 
steamer  that  leaves  New  York  carries  from  100  to  400  bricks,  each  brick  weighing 
about  if  pounds.  For  the  Cleveland  and  Harrison  Inaugural  balls  at  ^Yashington 
there  was  furnished  one-half  carload  of  these  creams,  a  portion  of  which  was  made 
up  into  appropriate  figures,  such  as  Liberty,  Washington  and  Columbia.  At  the 
New-\  ork  World's  festival  15,000  children  were  fed  with  3,000  pounds  of  Horton's 
ice  cream.  A  large  share  of  the  public  institutions  of  the  city  are  daily  supplied 
with  it.  Indeed,  this  company  furnishes  three  fifths  of  all  the  ice  cream  used  in  the 
city.  The  main  offices,  Fourth  Avenue  and  23d  Street,  are  in  the  building  owned 
by  The  J.  M.  Horton  Co.  There  are  numerous  branch  depots  scattered  throughout 
New  York  and  Brooklyn. 


I  N  DEX. 


gW~  Black-faced  or  heavy-faced  figures  indicate  the  pages  of  illustrations. 


Abbey,  H.  E.,  588,  603,  58a,  593. 

Abbey's  Theatre,  601,  594. 

Abbott,  Austin,  276. 

Abbott  Collection,  66,  320,  330. 

Abbott,  Frank,  279. 

Aberdeen,  Hotel,  148. 

Academies,  299. 

Academy  of  Design.  309,  308, 

314,  66,  67. 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  34. 
Academy   of   Medicine,  490, 

278,  322,  335. 
Academy  of  Music,  603,  68,  583, 

587,  633 

Academy  of  Sciences,  321,  332. 
Accounts,  Auditors  of,  248. 
Accounts,  Com.  of,  257. 
Accumulation  Policy,  668. 
Achelis,  Thomas.  879. 
Acton.  Thomas  C,  698,  743. 
Actors'  Amateur  Athletic  As- 
sociation, 565. 
Actors'  Fund,  446,  592. 
Actors'  Fund  Fair,  44,  586. 
Adams.  Dr.  \Vm„  368. 
Adams  Mem.  Church,  369,  368. 
Adee,  David,  652. 
Adelaide,  75. 
Adirondacks,  130. 
Adler,  Felix,  290,  287, '402. 
Advertiser,  623,  626,  609. 
African  Methodists,  59. 
Africans,  24,  50.  396. 
Aged   and    Infirm  Hebrews, 

453.  45'-     ,  „ 

Aged  Couples  Home,  443. 
Aged  Women's  Homes,  441, 

442,  445,  443« 
Aguilar  Aid  Soc,  452. 
Aguilar  Free  Library,  334,  418, 

63- 

Ahavath   Chesed  Synagogue, 

403,  404. 
Air  Line,  120,  132. 
Alarm-boxes,  530. 
Albany,  7,  34,  103. 
Albemarle  Hotel.  857,  148,  228, 

230. 
Alcazar,  508. 
Alcoholic  Pavilion,  460. 
Alden,  H.  M.,  636. 
Aldermen.  Board  of.  246,245,50. 
Aldine  Club.  554,  68,  333,  146. 
Aldrich  Court,  826,  143. 
Alexander,  James  W.,  549. 
All  Angels'  Church,  304,  361. 
Allan-State  Line,  83. 
Alleghany  Mts.,  113. 
Allen,  Timothy  F.,  279. 


All  Souls'  Church.  385,  359, 
358. 

Almshouse,  497 >  256,  459*  496. 
500. 

Almshouse  Chapel.  497. 
Almshouse  Hospital.  B.I..  499. 
Alpha  Delta  Phi,  555. 
Alvord,  A.  A.,  780. 
Amawalk  Reservoir,  199. 
Amazon  River,  102. 
Amberg's  Theatre.  68,  602. 
Ambrosian  Ritual,  330. 
Ambulance  Service,  459,  460, 
464. 

America,  Bank  of,  711,  692, 

705,  708.  710. 
A  merica  Cup,  567. 
Americana,  327,  334. 
Am.  Acad.  Dramatic  Arts,  299, 

606. 

Am.  Actors'  Amateur  Athletic 

Assoc.,  565. 
American  Artists'  Soc.  309. 
Am.  Art  School,  288. 
Am.  Art  Union,  320. 
Am.  Bankers'  Assoc.,  703. 
Am.  Bank  Note  Co..  915,  914. 
Am.  Bible  Soc,  411,  632,  409. 

410,  412,  59. 
American  Bishops,  541. 
A.  B.  C.  Foreign  Missions,  410. 
Am.  Book  Co.,  146. 
Am.   Casualty    Insurance  & 

Guarantee  Co.,  684,  745. 
Am.  Chemical  Soc,  324. 
Am.  District   Telephone  Co., 

210. 

Am.  Experience,  666. 
Am.  Fine-Arts  Soc,  310. 
Am.  Fire-Ins.  Co..  653,  652. 
Am.  Geographical  Soc,  321. 
Am.   Home   Missionary  Soc, 
412. 

Am.  Institute,  320,  321. 
Am.  Institute  Library.  63,  333. 
Am.  Inst,  of  Phfepology,  324. 
Am.  Jockey  Club,  68. 
Am.  Kennel  Club,  68. 
American  Line  Steamships,  77, 

79,  71,  76.  79. 
Am.  Missionary  Assoc.,  410. 
American  Museum  of  Natural 

History,  307,  306,  321,  302, 

322. 

Am.  News  Co.,  579,  721. 
Am.  Press  Assoc.,  314. 
Am.  Shipmasters'  Assoc.,  799. 
Am.   Society  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, 321,  333. 


Am.  Sugar-Refining  Co.,  919, 

918,  696. 

Am.  Sunday-School  Union,  409. 

Am.  Surety  Co.,  683 

Am.  Telephone  &  Tel.  Co.,  214. 

Am.  Theatre,  595,  594,  579,  583. 

Am.  Tract  Society,  412. 

Am.  Veterinary  College,  281. 

Am.  Veterinary  Hospital,  492. 

Am.  Water-Color  Soc,  309,  67. 

Am.  Yacht  Club,  567. 

Amsterdam,  90. 

Amsterdam  Merchants,  8. 

Amusement  Hall,  B.  I..  497. 

A  MUSE  M  ent  Places. — Play- 
Houses,  Opera-Houses.  The- 
atres, Public  Halls,  Muse- 
ums, Outdoor  Sports,  etc., 
575-608. 

Amusements,  67,  575. 

Anarchists,  42. 

Anchorages,  190. 

Anchor  Line,  82,  91. 

Anderson  (John)  &  Co.,  976, 
721. 

Andrews.  Loring,  728. 
Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  23,  24, 
Anglo-American  Cables,  206, 
210. 

Animal  Industry,  266. 
Annexed  District,  47,  192. 
Ann  Street,  23. 

Ansonia  Brass  &  Copper  Co., 

937-  „ 

Ansonia  Clock  Co.,  921,  920. 
Anthropology,  Acad,  of,  323. 
Anti-Abolition  Riots,  39. 
Antiquities,  304,  330. 
Apartment-Houses.  242,  148. 
Apgar,  A.  S.,  685,  715,  522,  644. 
Apollo  Hall,  596. 
Appeals,  Court  of,  260,  261. 
Appleton,  W.  H.,  548. 
Appraisers'   Department,  786, 

Apprentices'    Library,  330, 

417,  329,  63. 
Appropriations,  51,  249. 
Aquarium,  141,  578. 
Aqueduct,  198,  54,  ^97- 
Aqueduct  Avenue,  189. 
Aqueduct  Commissioners,  257. 
Arabs,  50. 

Arbitration,  Court  of,  262,  796. 
Arcadian  Club,  543 
Archaeological  Institute,  323. 
Archbishop's  Residence,  392, 

Arch,  Central  Park,  165. 


986 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Architects,  819. 

Architects,  Am.  Inst,  of,  834. 

Architectural  Features.  — 
Development  in  Architec- 
ture—Notable Office-Build- 
ings and  Business  Blocks, 
817-842. 

Architectural  League,  310. 

Architecture,  66,  273. 

Arch,  Washington,  173,  966, 
172.  167,  505. 

Arc  Lamps,  926,  202. 

Area,  47. 

Arion  Society,  319,  574,  68. 

A  rizona,  82. 

Arkell,  W.  J.,  914,  749. 

Arks,  109. 

Arlington  Hall,  832,  608. 
Armitage,  Thomas,  382. 
Armories,  531. 

Armory  Commission,  257,  631. 
Army  Building,  541,  142,  718, 
867. 

Arnold,  Aaron,  844. 

Arnold,  Constable  &  Co..  845, 

843,  740,  838,  844,  890,  966. 
Arnold,  Hicks,  844,  740. 
Arrests,  51,  526. 
Arsenal  Building.  528. 
Art  A  tnnteur,  636. 
Art  and  Architecture,  63. 
Art-Collections,  Private,  312. 
Art  Education,  287. 
Art-Galleries,  314,  303,  330, 152. 
Art  Guild,  311. 
Arthur-Kill  Bridge,  128,135. 
Arthur,  President,  188. 
Artillery,  531. 
Art-Interchange,  636. 
Artist-Artisans,  311,  288. 
Artist  Materials,  949. 
Artists,  314. 

Artists'  Fund  Soc,  311. 

Artists'  Society,  309. 

Art  Museum,  304,  305,  303, 

302,  312,  63,  66,  136,  67,  44,  161, 

273. 

Art  Organizations,  311. 
Art-Printing,  4. 

Art  Schools,  288,  289,  309,  310, 

311,  306. 
Art-Stores,  67,  312. 
Art-Students'  League.  310,288. 
Art  Taste.  66. 

Asbury  M.  E.   Church,  374, 

375.  34o,  167. 
Ascension  Church,  356,  152. 
Aschenbroedel    Verein,  573, 

572. 
Asia,  29. 

Assay  Office,  700,  699,  55,  155, 

698,  721. 
Assembly  Districts,  44,  51. 
Assessed  Valuations,  256,  249. 
Assessment  Value,  51,  256,  249. 
Assessors,  216. 

Assistant  Treasurer,  698,  700, 
749,  765- 

Associated  Artists,  311,  310. 

Associated  Banks,  700,  695,  696, 
703.  710,  758,  764- 

Association  Boat-House.  417. 

Assoc.  for  Improving  Condi- 
tion of  Poor,  420. 


Association  Hall,  412,  415. 
Assoc.  of  the  Bar,  557,  63. 
Assyrian  Sculptures,  330. 
Astor  Family,  63,  67,  514,  544. 
Astor  House,  233,  39,  66,  68, 

i37i  i44,  928. 
Astoria,  70. 
Astoria  Bridge,  195. 
Astor,  J.  J.,  441,  326,  325,  332, 

159,  692,  216,  588,  514,  716,  732, 

748,  716. 

Astor   Library,  326,  325,  63, 

146,  159,  838. 
Astor  Place,  178,  159,  137,  176, 

236,  328. 
Astor-Place  Opera-House,  328, 

579- 

Astor-Place  Riot,  40,  532. 
Astor  Vault,  514. 
Astor,  Wm.,  966. 
Astor,  Wm.  B.,  325,  326,  342, 
544.  875. 

Astor,  W.  W.,  218,  326,  606,  716, 

756,  758,  77i. 
Asylums,  59,  62. 
Asylums  for  Insane,  462,  463, 

497.  461. 
Asylums  for  Lying-in,  437. 
Atalanta  Boat  Club,  568. 
Athletic  Clubs,  564,  565,  296, 

298. 

Atlantic  Cable,  208,  210,  258, 
304,  820. 

Atlantic  Docks,  42. 

Atlantic  Gardens,  17,  215. 

Atlantic  Mutual  Ins.  Co.,  707, 
658,  645,  758. 

Atlantic  Transport  Line,  83. 

Atlas  Steamships,  100. 

Atwood,  K.  C,  685. 

Auchmuty,  Col.  R.  T.,  291. 

Auditors  of  Accounts,  248. 

Audubon,  321,  372,  514. 

Audubon  Yacht  Club,  568. 

Aural  Institute,  484. 

Ausable  Chasm,  130. 

Austen,  Edward,  684. 

Australasian  Line,  92,  93. 

Authors'  Club,  547,  68. 

Autographs,  327. 

Automatic  Fire-Alarm  &  Ex- 
tinguisher Co.,  966,  965. 

Avery  Architectural  Library, 
332,  834. 

Avery,  H.  O.,  314. 

Avery,  Samuel  P.,  304,  312,  334. 

Avery,  S.  P.,  Jr.,  314,  315. 

Azore  Islands,  89. 

Babb,  Geo.  W.,  Jr.,  660. 
Babcock,  S.D.,  558,  743,  764,  769. 
Babies*  Hospital,  483,  482. 
Babies''  Shelter,  456. 
Babylonian  Cylinders,  304. 
Bachelor  Apartments,  242. 
Baker,  Geo.F.,  703,  738,  645,  769. 
Baker,  Geo.  H.,  332. 
Baker  Heater,  972. 
Baker,  Smith  &  Co.,  972. 
Baker,  Wm.  H.,  206. 
Baldwin,  C.  C,  742. 
Baldwin,  Cyrus  W.,  924. 
Baldwin,  Wm.,  630. 
Baldwin,  Wm.  D.,  924. 


Ball  Ground,  160. 
Ball,  Thomas.  180. 
Baltimore  &  Ohio,  126,  no,  135. 
Bancroft,  George,  321. 
Bank  Clearings,  700. 
Bankers,  750. 

Bankers'  Safe-Deposit  Co.,  782. 
Bank  for  Savings,  773,  464,  715. 
Banking  Houses,  750. 
Bank  Note  Co.,  Am..  915,  914. 
Bank  of  America,  711,  692, 

705,  708,  710,  644. 
Bank  of  Commerce,  Nat.,  722, 

721. 

Bank  of  New  Amsterdam,  743, 

587,  698. 

Bank  of  New  York,  704,  25, 

703,  706,  758. 
Bank  of  the  Metropolis,  740. 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  691, 

693,  699,  706,  708. 
Banks,  700,  58. 
Bank  Statement,  703. 
Bannard,  Otto  T„  770. 
Banvard  s  Museum,  594. 
Banta,  C.  V.,  706. 
Baptist  Church,  17,  59,  378. 
Baptist  Church,  First,  379,  378. 
Baptist  Mission  Soc,  409. 
Baptist  Home,  444. 
Baptist  Tabernacle,  331,  381. 
Bar  Association,  557. 
Bar  Association  Library,  63. 
Barbey,  H.  I.,  716.  . 
Barclay,  Thos.,  510. 
Bard,  Wm.,  755. 
Barge  Office,  71,  719,  141,  183, 

787. 

Baring,  Magoun  &  Co.,  752. 
Barnard  College,  273,  274,  63. 
Barnard  School,  301. 
Barnard,  F.  A.  P.,  270. 
Barnes,  Catharine  W.  818. 
Barnes,  H.  W.,  659. 
Barnes,  J.  S.,  743. 
Barnes,  R.  S.,  966. 
Barney,  C.  T.,  762. 
Barnum,  P.  T.,  578,  579,  580. 
Barnum's  Museum,   570,  583, 
614. 

Barrett  House,  148. 

Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty, 

•  77t  174.  42,  66,  176. 
Bartholdi  Creche,  426. 
Base-Ball  Club,  564. 
Bastions,  18. 
Batcheller,  Geo.  C,  891. 
Bates,  D.  H..  967. 
Bathing  Places,  51. 
Battalion  of  Engineers,  72. 
Batteries,  531. 

Battery,  153,  jo,  16,  24,  28,  29, 
33-  54,  i39.  140,  70.  71.  Mi,  135. 
183,  539- 

Battery  Park,  183,  719,  577, 

141,  820. 
Battery  Place,  71,  141. 
Baumann,  G.,  226. 
Baxter  Street,  205,  158,  422. 
Bay  and  Harbor,  73. 
Bayles,  Robert,  728. 
Bayne,  Samuel  G  ,  818,  742. 
Bay  Ridge,  135. 
Bazaars,  240. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK 


987 


Beadleston.  W.  H.,  762,  776. 
Bears,  792. 

Beaver-St.  House,  238. 
Beck  (Fr.)  &  Co..  954. 
Bedloe's  Island,  73,  177,  72 

66,  174,  177,  541. 
Beecher,  Schenck  &  Co.,  684. 
Beekman,  Jas.  W.,  553,  546. 
Beekman  Swamp,  19,  25. 
Beeraer,  J.  G.,  690. 
Beer-Gardens,  605. 
Beethoven  Maennerchor.  317, 
Beethoven  Bust,  168,  178. 
Belding  Bros.  &  Co.,  894. 
Belgian  Society,  448. 
Bellevue  Hospital,  458,  459, 

460.  455.  62,  63,  277,  489,  490 

498,  500,  501. 
Bellevue-Hosp.   Medical  Col- 
lege, 460,  278. 
Bell,  Isaac,  771. 
Bellomont,  Earl  of,  25,  328. 
Bellows,  H.  W.,  385. 
Belmont,  August,  312,  620,  732, 

746,  752.  766. 
Belting,  928,  940. 
Belting  &  Packing  Co.  (N.Y.), 

929,  928,  930. 
Belt  Line  Surface  Roads,  135. 
Belvidere.  169,  161. 
Benedict  Chambers,  167. 
Bennet,  W.  M.,  710. 
Bennett  Building,  835,  58. 
Bennett,  J.  G.,  208,  210,  519, 

622,  614. 
Berachah  House,  284. 
Berean  Church.  379. 
Beresford,  Hotel,  236,  243. 
Berg.  Louis.  3. 
Bergh,  Henry,  502. 
Berkeley,  Hotel,  152. 
Berkeley  Ladies1  Athletic  Club, 

296,  570. 
Berkeley  Lyceum,  606,  68,  300, 

323- 

Berkeley  Oval,  300. 

Berkeley  School,  300. 

Berlin  &  Jones  Envelope  Co., 

952,  714 
Berlin,  H.  C,  714,  952,  776. 
Bermuda,  98. 

Bernhardt,  Sarah,  600,  582. 
Berry,  O.  F.,  714. 
Berwind-White   Coal  Mining 

Co.,  947,  946. 
Best  &  Co.,  856. 
Beth-El,  Temple.  402,  403. 
Bethesda  Church.  389. 
Bethesda  Fountain,  161,  179. 
Beth  Israel  Bikur  Cliolim,  405. 
Beth-Israel  Hospital,  477. 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  122. 
Bible  and  Fruit  Mission,  453. 
Bible  House,  411,  632,  412,  406, 

409,  410.  454.  329- 
Bibles,  Rare,  330. 

Bible  Society,  Am.,  411,  632, 

410,  412,  59. 

Bible  Soc.  Library,  63. 
Bi-carbonate  of  Soda,  962. 
Bickmoie,  A.  S.,  322. 
Bicycle  Clubs,  68. 
Bicycles,  968. 
Bijou  Theatre,  148,  598. 


Biographical  Society,  323,  333 
Births,  251. 

Biscuit  Co.  (N.-Y.\  945,  944. 
Bishop,  David  Wolfe,  4;. 
,  Bissell,  G.  W.,  183. 
Bituminous  Steam  Coal,  q46. 
Bixby  (S.  M.)  &  Co..  980! 
Black-Bail  Line,  38,  74. 
Black  Crook,  604. 
Black  Friday,  42,  696. 
Black  Star  Ships,  74. 
Blackwell,  Dr.  Emily,  501,  479 
279. 

Blackwell  Homestead,  497. 
Blackwell's  Island.  496,  497 

498,  499,  456,  14,  47,  62,  438 

455-  459.  460,  461,  261,  493. 
Blackwell's  -  Island  Asylum 

462,  461. 
Blackwell's-Island  Bridge,  195 
Blagden,  Sam.  P.,  659. 
Blake  Bros.  &  Co.,  730. 
Blanchard,  Jas.  A.,  563. 
Blauvelt,  C.  A.,  642. 
Bleecker- Street,  40,  439,  167 

236,  240. 
Bleecker-Street  Savings-Bank 

773- 

Blind,  Destitute,  440. 
Blind  Institution,  299,  298. 
Blind,  Library  for,  -131. 
Bliss,  C.  N.,  764. 
Bliss,  Geo.,  500,  775,  758. 
Bliss.  John  C,  372. 
Bliss,  Wra.  M..  736. 
Blizzard  of  1888,  41,  44,  210. 
Block,  Adriaen,  7,  45. 
Block  Houses,  17,  162. 
Block  Island.  8. 
Bloomingdale,  47,  272. 
Bloomingdale  Asylum 

466,  463.  464. 
Bloomingdale  Heights, 
Bloomingdale  Road,  30.  40,  136 
Bloomingdale 

341. 
B'Xai  B'rith,  331. 
B'Nai  Jeshurun,  400. 
Boarding-Houses,  243. 
Board  of  Aldermen,  240, 

247. 

Board  of  Brokers.  788. 
Board  of  Education,  257 

292,  51,  62. 
Board  of   Electrical  Control 

206. 

Board  of  Estimate,  257,  245 
249. 

Board  of  Excise,  253,  241. 
Board  of  Underwriters,  265. 
Board  of  Health,  457,  794,  251, 
244. 

Board  of  Police,  251. 

Board  of  Taxes  and  Assess- 
ments, 256. 

Board  of  Trade  and  Trans- 
portation, 802. 

Boat-Houses,  169,  162. 

Boat  Oar  Co.  (N'.-V.),  969. 

Bogardus,  Dominie  E.,  14. 

Bogardus  Iron  Fronts,  863. 

Bogardus,  Rev.  E.,  336. 

Bogart,  John,  321. 

Bogue,  M.  D.,  876. 


Bohemians,  622,  543. 
Boiler-Tubes,  933. 
Boker  (Herman)  &  Co.,  902. 
Bolivar  Statue,  164,  179. 
Bombardments,  29,  30. 
Bonded  Warehouses,  786,  814. 
Bond  List,  789. 
Bonner,  Robert,  626. 
Bon  Secours  Sisters,  441,  836. 
Bookbinders'  Materials,  901. 
Book-keepers,  294. 
Books,  58,  325. 
Book-Stores,  152. 
Booth,  Edwin,  170,  510,  554,  235, 
_  236,  589,  582. 
Booth  Line,  102. 
Booth,  R.  R.,  373. 
Booth's  Theatre,  600,  582. 
Boots  and  Shoes,  903. 
Bordeaux  Line,  84. 
Boreel  Building,  45,  215,  651. 
Borgfeldt  (Geo.)  &  Co.,  909, 
908. 

Boston,  54,  74,  80,  93,  109,  133, 


134,  140. 
Boston ,  99. 
Boston  Road,  16,  262. 
Botanical  Garden,  171. 
Boucicault,  Dion,  600,  519,  581, 
582. 

Bouck,  W.  C,  697. 
Bouguereau's  Painting,  226. 
Boulevard,  140,  148. 
Boultan,  Bliss  &  Dallett,  101. 
Bouwerie,  351. 
Bow  Bridge,  167. 
Bowery,  841,  859,  439,  16,  ao, 

158,  375.  377.  237,  604,  216. 
Bowery  Boys.  158. 
Bowery  Branch.  415. 
Bowery  Fire-Ins.  Co.,  642. 
Bowery  Mission,  424. 
Bowery  Savings  Bank,  776, 
762,  720. 

Ref.    Church,  Bowery  Theatre,  216,  604,  578, 
583- 

Bowling  Green,  795,  143,  676, 

31,  13,  17,  18,  28,  30,  32,  45,  67, 
76,  79,  85,  86,  93,  142,  148,  167, 
215,  382,  820. 
Bowne,  R.,  677. 
Box-drains,  204. 
Boys'  Clubs,  569. 
Boys'  Lodging-House,  428. 
Boys'  Outfitting,  856. 
Boys'  Protectory,  435. 
Brace,  C.  L.,  429. 
Bradford,  Gov.,  20. 
Bradford,  Wra.,  27,  45,  508,  609. 
Bradford's  Map.  9. 
Bradley  &  Currier  Co.,  973. 
Bradley,  E.  A.,  348. 
Bradstreet  Co..  816,  814,  4,  767, 
630. 

Bradstreet' s,  816,  630. 
Branch  Home,  436. 
Branch  Work-House,  500. 
Brass,  937. 

Brass  and  Iron  Fittings,  930, 

932- 

Brazilian  Ports,  102. 
Bread  and  Cheese  Club,  543. 
Brearley  School,  606,  302. 
Breese,  Sydney,  508. 


465, 

t66. 


246, 


269', 


988 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Breslin,  J.  H.,  762. 
Brevoort  House,  230,  68,  152. 
Brewer's  Exchange,  798. 
Brewer,  Wm.  A.,  Jr.,  677. 
Brewster,  W.  C,  738,  748,  782. 
Brice,  Lloyd,  636. 
Brick.    Presb.    Church,  366, 

152,  628. 
Bridewell,  32,  500,  4Q3. 
Bridge  of  Sighs,  494. 
Bridges,  185. 

Bridges,  Contemplated,  194. 
Bridge  Street,  17.  19. 
Brigade  Headquarters,  537. 
Briggs,  C.  A.,  284. 
Brighton-Beach  R.  R.,  135. 
Brinckcrhoff,  G.  G.,  720,  721, 
642. 

Bristol-City  Line,  83. 
Bristol,  Hotel,  152,  226. 
British  Frigates,  30,  552. 
British  Occupation,  30,  216. 
Broad  Street,  154,  155,  18,  23, 

25,  26,  30,  33,  156,  822. 
Broad-Street  Canal,  23. 
Broad  Street  in  1796,  24. 
Broadway,  28,  31,  33,  637, 

17,  18,  23,  30,  137,  914, 142,  236. 
Broadway  and   Astor  Place, 

659. 

Broadway  and  Fifth  Ave.,  144. 
Broadway  and  40th  St.,  595. 
Broadway  and  Seventh-Ave. 

R.  R.,  694. 
Broadway  and  Sixth  Ave.,  144. 
Broadway  and  39th  St.,  601. 
Broadway  and  28th  St.,  601. 
Broadway  and  29th  St.,  869. 
Broadway  at  City-Hall  Park, 

145. 

Broadway  Athenaeum,  581. 
Broadway  at  32d  Street,  863. 
Broadway  Central  Hotel,  235, 

157,  146,  216. 
Broadway,  from  Bond  Street, 

157. 

Broadway,  from  Park  PL,  145. 
Broadway  in  1828,  31. 
Broadway  Line,  137. 
Broadway's  Beginning,  676. 
Broadway  Surface  R.  R.,  42. 
Broadway   Tabernacle,  385, 

384,  836,  873. 
Broadway  Theatre,   148,  598, 

594,  582. 
Brodhead,  Jacob,  336,  340. 
Brodie,  Stephen,  190. 
Brokers,  790. 
Brokers'  Language,  792. 
Bronx  Park,  67,  139,  171. 
Bronx  River,  199. 
Bronzes,  920,  304,  846. 
Brooklyn,  18,  54,  55,  70,  185,  100. 
Brooklyn  &  Brighton  -  Beach 

R.  R-,  135- 
Brooklyn,   Bath  &  West-End 

R.  R-,  135. 

Brooklyn  Bridge.  910,  61 ,  186, 
718,  187,  107,  185,  93,  257. 

Brooklyn  Ferry,  17,  27. 

Brooklyn  Heights,  16,  185. 

Brooklyn  Lines,  30. 

Brooklyn  Mills  (E.  R.  Durkee 
&Co.),  977. 


Brooks,  Arthur,  361. 

Brooks,  Erastus,  614. 

Broome  -  Street  Tabernacle, 
389,  387. 

Brougham's  Theatre,  597,  580. 

Brouner,  J.  H.,  381. 

Brown  Bros.  &  Co.,  708,  752. 

Browne,  H.  K.,  66,  174,  176 

Browne,  Walter,  721. 

Brown,  J.  Crosby,  758,  773. 

Brown,  J.  T.,  762. 

Brown,  J.  W.,  354. 

Brown,  M.  B.,  745. 

Brown,  P.  A.  H.,  344. 

Brown,  T.  McKee,  360. 

Brown,  Vernon  H.,  726,  774. 

Brown,  W.  H.,  729. 

Bruce  (George)  Memorial  Li- 
brary, 332. 

Bruce,  Catherine  Wolfe,  332. 

Brunswick,  Ga.,  98. 

Brunswick,  Hotel,  230,  68,  152. 

Bryan  Gallery,  321. 

Bryant,  W.  C,  170,  184,  386, 
543,  548,  610. 

Bryant  Building,  802. 

Bryant  Park,  172,  174,  176, 
i7°»  '53,  226,  580. 

Bryant's  Minstrels,  605. 

Buccaneers,  25. 

Buck,  Dudley,  289. 

Bucket-shops,  790. 

Buckingham  Hotel,  68,  152,  226. 

Buckley,  J.  M.,  630. 

Buell,  James,  703. 

Buffalo,  no,  113,  114,  116,  125. 

Builders'  Hardware,  939. 

Building  Dep't,  257,  584,  818. 

Building-Material  Exchange, 
804. 

Buildings,  Number  of,  51. 
Building  Stones,  308. 
Building-Trades' Club.  558,  836. 
Bulkley,  Dunton  &  Co.,  900, 
899. 

Bulkley,  C.  E.,  749,  748. 
Bulkley,  Moses,  900. 
Bullion,  699,  55. 
Bulls,  792. 

Bull's  Head,  216,  720. 

Bumstead,  J.  H.,  875. 

Bunner,  H.  C,  626. 

Burbank,  W.  H.,  3. 

Bureau  of  Charities,  256. 

Bureau  of  Combustibles,  530. 

Bureau  of  Corrections,  256. 

Bureau  of  Elections,  525. 

Bureau  of  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Relief,  278. 

Burford,  Geo.  H.,  672. 

Burn,  Henry,  955. 

Burgher  Guard,  17,  531,  523. 

Burgomasters,  523. 

Burial  Places.  505. 

Burlingame.  E.  L.,  636. 

Burnet,  Gov.,  26,  27. 

Burnett,  G.  H.,  659. 

Burnham,  G  W.,  179,  180,  230. 

Burns's  Coffee-House,  215. 

Burns's  Statue,  168,  178. 

Burr,  Aaron,  34,  507,  531,  610, 
704,  706. 

Burrell,  Dr.  D.  J.,  338. 

Burtnett,  Daniel,  644. 


Burton's  Xew  London  Theatre, 

235,  579. 
Burton,  W.  E.,  512. 
Busby,  L.  J.,  730. 
Busk  &  Jevons,  102. 
Bussing  Homestead,  818. 
Butchers'   &   Drovers'  Bank, 

Nat.,  720. 
Butler,  B.  F.,  276. 
Butler,  Charles,  275. 
Butler,  W.  Allen,  557. 
Butler,  W.  S.,  329. 
Butter  and  Cheese  Exchange, 
803. 

Byrnes,  Thomas,  526. 
Byrns,  John,  745. 

Cabinet  Work,  973. 
Cable  Cars,  139,  54, 137, 139. 
Cable  Conduits,  214. 
Cables,  Submarine,  208. 
Cafds,  237. 
Cafe  Savarin,  240. 
Caissons,  188. 
Caledonian  Club,  559. 
Caledonian  Fire-Ins.  Co.,  647. 
Callisen's  School,  301. 
Caiman,  Emil,  658. 
Caiman,  H.  L.,  868. 
Calumet  Club,  547,  546,  153. 
Calvary  Baptist  Church,  381. 
Calvary  Cemetery,  522. 
Calvary  Church,  355,  380. 
Calvary  Meth.  Church,  376. 
Cambridge,  Hotel,  228,  152. 
Camden  &  Amboy  R.  R.,  118. 
Cammack,  A.,  748. 
Campanius,  5. 
Campbell,  E.  T.,  659. 
Campbellites,  388. 
Camp,  W.  A.  703. 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  206. 
Canal-boat  Fleet,  107. 
Canal  Boats,  38,  74,  155. 
Canals,  no,  130. 
Canal  Street,  654,  156,  10,  36, 

38,  204,  344,  144,  809,  852. 
Canarsie,  15. 

Cancer  Hospital,  485,  155. 
Canda,  C.  J.,  698. 
Canda  &  Kane,  906,  745. 
Candee,  W.  L.,  931. 
Cannon,  H.  W.,  703. 
Canvas  Town,  31. 
Capture  of  N.  Y.,  30. 
Caracas,  101. 
Carleton,  Sir  Guy,  31. 
Carmansville,  47. 
Carnegie,   Andrew,   320,  332, 
59°- 

Carnegie  Laboratory,  279. 
Carnegie  Music  Hall,  591,44, 

66. 

Carpets,  844.  851. 
Carrere  &  Hastings,  616. 
Carrigan,  Andrew,  779. 
Carrousel,  160. 
Cartagena,  98. 
Carter,  James  C,  564. 
Carter,  O.  S.,  724. 
Cary,  Wm.  H.,  728. 
Case,  J  S.,  738. 
Casino,  601,  66,  68, 148,  161,  591. 
Casino,  Central  Park,  163. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


989 


Castle  Clinton,  577. 

Castle  Garden,  577,  539,  719, 

54.  55-  449,  ML  580,  820. 

Castle  \V  illiams,  542,  72,  540. 

Casualty  Ins.  Co..  684. 

Caterson,  Robert.  866,  518. 

Catharine  Market,  808. 

Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Di- 
vine, 363.  362,  66,  46,  472, 
430,  148,  272. 

Cathedral  of  St.  Patrick.  136. 

Cathedral  Service,  342. 

Catholic  Apostolic  Church. 
390,  388. 

Catholic  Church,  335. 

Catholic  Church,  B.  I.,  499. 

Catholic  Club,  574,  556. 

Catholic  Colleges,  63. 

Catholic  Protectory,  434,  302. 

Catholics,  335. 

Catholic  Schools,  286. 

Catholic  World,  636,  307. 

Catlin,  W.  H.,  976. 

Cattle,  18,  266. 

Cavalry  Troop,  538. 

Cave,  Central  Park,  169. 

Cemeteries,  505. 

Census,  47. 


Christian  Brothers,  286. 
Christian  Commission,  42. 
Christian  Herald,  632. 
Christian  Israelites,  59. 
Christian  League.  504. 
Christian  Observances,  14. 


Charitable  Institutions,  51,  419 
Charitable  Societies,  453. 
Charities  and  Corrections,  51, 

459.  461,  59.  62,  260,  500. 
Charities  Building,  950. 
Charity  and  Benevolence.— 

Institutions  and  Associations  Christians 
for  the  Poor  and  Unfortu-  Christmas  Letter  Mission  4« 
nate- Homes  and  Asylums,  Christopher  Columbus  Hospi 
and  Temporary  Relief,  419-     tal,  477. 
r^56;      it      -    ,    r,   T  Christopher  Street,  84. 

Charity  Hospital,  B.  I.,  499,  Christus  Consolator,  352 

496,  62  461.  Christy's  Minstrels,  579,  597. 

Charity  Organization  Soc,  436,  Chronic  Invalids,  452 

454.  427-  Chronicler,  5 

Charleston,  93 


24- 


Charter  of  Liberties 
Charters,  245. 
Chase  Nat.  Bank,  703. 
Chase,  Wm.  H.,  720. 
Chatham  Square,  158,  712,  651 
Chatham-Street  Theatre,  5S2. 
Cheap  Hotels,  237. 
Cheap  Restaurants,  241. 
Cheap  Transportation  Assoc. 
802. 

Cheever,  G.  B.,  371. 
Cheever,  H.  D.,  931. 


Central  American  Steamships,  Cheever,  J.  D.,  928. 

101.  Cheever,  J.  H  ' 

Central  Bridge,  192. 
Central  Building,  124. 
Central  Islip.  461. 
Central  Nat.  Bank,  736. 
Central  Park,  105,  160,  861 
67,  66,  136,  137,  139,  200,  203 
206,  214,  180,  182,  218,  220,  222 
227,  531.  528. 

Central-Park  Apartments,  243,  Cherry  Street,  19. 

95°-  Chesapeake,  507. 

Central-Park  Reservoir,  197,  Chesebrough  Mfg.  Co.,  948. 
„  *9*i  199-  Chesebrough,  R.  A.,  948,  794. 

Central-Park  Sanitorium,  486.    Chew,  Beverly,  m*,  764 
Central  Park  West,  32,,  i55.      Chiar,  Arthur  4 
Central  Presb.  Church,  370,  Chicago,  99. 
^368.  dickering  Hall,  68,  287,153,608 

Central  R.  R.  of  N.  J.  124,  128.  Chief  of  Fire  Dept  .,  256. 


Chelsea,  40,  47,  66,  242,  506. 
Chelsea  Square,  282. 
Chemical  Nat.  Bank,  714,  703 

746,  732.  778. 
Chemical  Soc,  323. 
Chemistry  School,  276. 
Chemists.  322,  323. 
Cheney  Brothers,  886. 


Children,  Cruelty  to.  425. 
Children.  Homeless,  425. 
Children's  Aid  Soc,  427,  428 

429,  302 
Children's 


59.  4i9- 
Charitable 


Central  Stores.  814. 
Central  Trust  Co.,  763,  815, 

762,  682. 
Central  Turn  Verein,  566, 
Centre  Market,  809,  834. 
Centre  Street,  56. 
Century  Club,  548,  69,  798. 
Century  Magazine,  636,  59,  159 
Chamberlain,  245,  248. 
Chamberlain,  D.  H.,  386. 

Chamber  of  Commerce,  67,  803,  Chinatown, "158. 
786,  787,  262,  i64,  258,  697,  215,  Chinese,  50,  447,  449,  158,  474 
708,  639. 
Chambers  Street,  30,  196,  201 
Chambers,  T.  W„  337. 


LTnion, 

434- 

Children's  Fold,  433. 
Children's  Hospital,  481,  62. 
Children's  Library,  333. 
China,  850,  * 


Champagne,  899. 
Chandler,  A.  B.,  206,  210 
Chandler,  C.  F.,  273. 
Channel,  69. 
Chantry,  348. 

Chapel,  Bloomingdale,  465 
Chapin,  E.  H.,  386. 
Chapin,  G.  S.,  781. 
Chapin  Home,  445. 
Chapin's  (Dr.)  School,  301. 
Chapman,  J.  H.,  646. 
Chapman,  W.  R.,  318. 


Church  Chorals,  318. 
Church  Club,  556. 
Churches,  59,  335. 
Church  Extension  Society,  408. 
Church  for  Seamen,  389,  407. 
Church  Hospital,  488. 
Churchman,  627,  159. 
Church  Missionary  Society  for 

Seamen,  407. 
Church  Missions  House,  407, 

406,  356. 
Church  of  Disciples,  388. 
Church  of  England.  335,  341. 
Church  of  Heavenly  Rest,  351, 
352. 

Church  of  New  Jerusalem,  388. 
Cienfuegos.  98. 
Cilley,  J.  K.,  738. 
Cillis,  Hubert,  674. 
Cisco,  J.  J.,  698. 
Citizens'  Bridges,  194. 
Citizens'  Ins.  Co.  644. 
Citizens'  Savings-Bank,  781. 
City  and  County,  245. 
City  Bank,  25,  756. 
City  Bank,  Nat.,  713,  710. 
City  Cemetery,  461. 
City  Club,  564. 
City  Court,  261. 
City  Debt,  225,  51. 
City  Dispensary,  487. 
City  Farm,  461. 
City  Finances,  249. 
City  Hall,  5,  33,  52,  28,  259, 
32,  37,  26,  63,  66,  67,  137,  208, 
320,  329,  344,  54,  404,  260,  261, 
262,  170,  257,  156,  365,  637. 
City- Hall    Branch  Elevated 

R.  R.,  57- 
City-Hall  Park.  145,  259,  263, 
28,  33.  49,  53.  619,  621,  54, 
190,  18,  28,  32,  505,  493,  262, 
144,  170,  257,  156,  265,  487,  500, 
216.  237,  824,  830. 
City-Hall  Park  in  1800,  28. 
St.  Bartholo-  City-Hall  Place,  248. 

City  Hotel,  216. 
City  Improvement  Soc,  564. 
City  Judge,  261,  253. 
City  Legislature,  246. 
City  Library,  328. 
City  Mission  and  Tract  Soc, 

387,  412,  500. 
City  Missionary  Soc,  407. 
City  o  f  Rome,  82. 
City  Prison,  256. 

"  248. 


240. 


Chinese  Bars, 
Chinese  Guild, 

mew's,  449. 
Chinese  Restaurants 
Chinese  Rooms,  579. 
Chinese  Temple,  406. 
Chittenden,  S.  B.,  186. 
Choate,  J.  H.,  557,  386,  545,  515 
Chocolate  School,  302. 
Cholera,  46. 
Christ  Church,  342,  350. 
Christiaensen,  7. 

Christian  Advocate,  631,  630.  City  Record,  622,  245,  246 
Christian  Aid  to  Employment  City  Reform  Club,  563 
Soc,  454.  City  Regiment,  532. 


99° 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


866. 
452. 


City  Revenue,  248. 
Civic  Pride,  323. 
Civil  Courts,  261. 
Civil  Engineering  School,  276. 
Civil  Engineers,  Soc.  of,  321, 
333- 

Civil  Service  Board,  23,  257. 
Civil  War,  695,  704. 
Claflin,  John,  736. 
Claremont.  47. 
Claremont  Park,  67,  172. 
Clarendon  Hall,  608. 
Clarendon  Hotel,  230. 
Clark,  Chas.  F.,  4,  151,  816,  766, 
767. 

Clark,  Col.  Emmons,  533,  532. 

Clark,  H.  P.,  519. 

Clark,  J.  B.,  758. 

Clark  (William)  Co.,  892,  767. 

Clarke,  G.  C,  876. 

Claussen,  Henry,  Jr.,  798. 

Clearing  House,  701,  710,  729, 

741,  58,  792. 
Clearing-House  Certificates, 

702. 

Clement,  W.  P.,  742. 
Clergy  Club,  556. 
Clerk  of  Arrears,  248. 
Clermont,  34. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  188,  46. 
Clews,  Henry,  515,  86 
Climatic  Cure  Fund, 
Clinical  Soc,  491. 
Clinics,  279. 
Clinton.  Admiral,  26. 
Clinton,  DeWitt,  320,  270,  129, 

258.  519,  773. 
Clinton,  Gen.,  30,  31. 
Clinton,  Gov.,  32,  38,  39,  540. 
Clinton  Hall,  328,  159,  579,  830, 

778. 

Clinton-Hall  Assoc.,  328. 

Clinton  Market,  808,  809. 

Clipper,  626. 

Clocks,  921,  920. 

Clothing,  58,  889,  913. 

Clover  Pastures,  25. 

Clubs,  68,  152,  543. 

Clyde's  Steamship  Co..  94,  93. 

Clyde,  Thos.,  94. 

Clyde  West-India  and  Central- 
American  Line,  102. 

Coaching  Club,  572,  230. 

Coal  and  Iron  Exchange,  131, 
130. 

Coal  Barges,  946. 

Coal-Mines,  946. 

Coastwise  Traffic,  55. 

Cobb,  H.  E.,  339. 

Cockerill,  J.  A.,  610. 

Cod-liver  Oil,  828. 

Coe,  E  B.,  338. 

Coe,  Geo.  S.,  206,  210. 

Coenties  Slip,  107,  153,  126, 

128,  14,  18,  30,  46,  215. 
Coffee,  898. 

Coffee  Exchange,  804. 
Coffee-Houses,  216,  543,  639. 
Coffin,  C.  A.,  926. 
Coggeshall,  E.  W.,  686. 
Cogswell,  Dr.  J.  C,  325. 
Cohen,  Max,  331. 
Coins,  322,  868. 
Coke,  946. 


Colden,  Cadwallader,  28,  787. 
Coleman  House,  148. 
Coles  Collection,  304. 
Collamore    (Gilman)    &  Co., 
850. 

Collector  of  Assessments,  248. 

Collector  of  the  Port,  786. 

Collect  Pond,  36,  493. 

Colleges,  269,  26,  62. 

College  of  New  York,  269, 
268,  62,  290. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, 29s,  487,  34- 

College  Place,  27,  270,  272. 

College  Settlement,  456,  421. 

Collegiate  Dutch  Church,  336, 
337,  338,  782. 

Collegiate  Church,  48th  Street, 

336,  338,  i«. 

Collegiate  Church,  7th  Street, 
337- 

Collegiate  Church,  29th  Street, 

337,  782,  338,  152. 
Collegiate  Church.  West-End 

Avenue,  338. 
Collegiate  School,  338,301,336. 
Collingwood,  Francis,  321. 
Collin,  Henry,  868. 
Collins  Line,  76. 
Collis,  C.  P.,  512. 
Collyer,  Robert,  386. 
Colon,  101. 

Colonial  Club,  550,  549,  68. 
Colonnade  Row.  627,  628. 
Colored  Glass  Windows,  316. 
Colored  Home,  450. 
Colored  Mission,  451. 
Colored  Orphan  Asylum.  450, 

42,  372. 
Colored  People,  24,  50,  396. 
Columbia  Bicycles,  968. 
Columbia  Building,  680,  677, 

828,  58.  142. 
Columbia  College,  272,  273, 

270.  34,  62,  63,  293,  321,  322, 

323,  306,  508.  466,  148,  472,  834. 
Columbia-College  Law  School, 

273- 

Columbia-College  Library,  63, 

^  332.  . 

Columbia  Garden,  604. 
Columbia    Grammar  School, 

291,  301. 
Columbia  Heights,  186. 
Columbia  Restaurant,  240. 
Columbia  Yacht  Club,  567. 
Columbus  Hospital,  477. 
Columbus-Pinzon  Monument, 

184. 

Columbus  Statue,  182,  808. 
Columbus  Theatre,  605. 
Combustibles,  530. 
Comedy  Theatre,  600. 
Commerce,  165,  58,  180. 
Commerce,  Nat.  Bank  of,  722, 
721. 

Commerce  Statue,  165. 

Commercial  Advertiser,  609, 
610. 

Commercial  Association,  794. 
Commercial  Bulletin,  612. 
Commercial  Cable,  206,  208,  210. 
Commercial  Preeminence,  783. 
Commercial  Colleges,  294. 


Commissioner  of  Juries,  51. 
Commissioners    of  Charities 

and  Correction,  434,  459. 
Commonalty,  245. 
Common  Council,  28,  459,  258. 
Common  Pleas  Court,  51,  260, 

261. 

Commons,  28,  30,  32,  494,  160, 
500. 

Commonwealth  Club,  563. 
Communipaw,  123. 
Compagnie  Generale  Transat- 

lantique,  83. 
Compafiia  Trasatlantica,  98. 
Compressed  Yeast,  978. 
Comptroller,  50,  249,  246,  248. 
Comstock,  Anthony,  503. 
Concert  Saloons,  67. 
Condiments,  977. 
Coney  Island,  983,  50,  135,  69. 
Coney-Island  Jockey  Club,  68. 
Cong'l  Church  Building  Soc, 

410. 

Congregationalism,  59,  384. 

Congregation  Singing,  399. 

Congressional  Districts,  51. 

Connecticut.  133. 

Connecticut  Militia,  29. 

Connor,  W.  E.,  152,  567,  515. 

Conservatory  of  Music,  290. 

Conservatory  Water,  162. 

Consistory,  336,  337. 

Consistory  Building,  339. 

Consolers  of  the  Sick,  14. 

Consolidated  Gas  Co.,  201. 

Consolidated  Stock  and  Petro- 
leum Exchange,  793,  637, 
792,  58,  143. 

Consolidation  Act,  245. 

Constable,  F.  A.,  844. 

Constable,  J.  M.,  704,  778,  838, 
844,  890. 

Constables,  524. 

Consumptives,  477. 

Contemplated  Bridges,  194. 

Contents,  2. 

Continental  Hotel,  148. 

Continental  Ins.  Co.,  648. 

Continental  Trust  Co.,  770. 

Contractors,  950. 

Convalescents'  Homes,  440, 
492,  481. 

Convent,  Sacred  Heart,  286. 

Converse,  E.  C,  914,  931,  688. 

Converse,  E.  W.,  931,  933. 

Conveyances,  17. 

Cooke,  G.  F.,  344,  576,  510. 

Cooking  Schools,  302. 

Cooper,  Edw.,  934,  260,  936,  588, 
758. 

Cooper,  Hewitt  &  Co.,  936. 
Cooper  Institute,  331,  236. 
Cooper,  J.  F.,  543. 
Cooper,  Myles,  270. 
Cooper,  Peter,  40,  291,  331.  936. 
Cooper  -  Union,  291,  290,  63, 

289,  311  934,  273,  146. 
Cooper-Union  Art-School,  311. 
Cooper-Union  Night  Schools, 

3"- 

Cooper-Union  Library,  331. 
Cooper-Union  Schools,  63,  311. 
Cooper  -  Union  Woman's  Art 
School,  311. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


991 


Cop,  524. 

Copper,  935. 

Corbin.  Austin.  515. 

Corbin  Bridge,  195. 

Corn  bury.  Lord,  25.  365,  540. 

Cornell,  J.  B.,  377. 

Corner-Stone.  756. 

Corn  -  Exchange  Bank,  731, 

730.  794,  703-  729- 
Corning,  Erastus,  758. 
Coroners,  264. 
Corporation  Attorney,  253. 
Corporate  Schools,  62,  267. 
Corporation  Borrowings.  754. 
Corporation  Counsel,  253,  246. 
Corrections,  493. 
Corsets.  891. 

Cortlandt  Street,  117,  129,  ail. 

Cortlandt-Street  Ferrv.  129, 
119. 

Cosmopolitan  Growth,  16. 
Cosmopolitan  Hotel,  237. 
Cosmopolitan  Magazine,  6^. 
Cosmopolitan  Theatre,  598. 
Cosmos  Club,  553. 
Coster.  C.  H.,  659. 
Costumes,  849. 

Cotton  Exchange,  799,  800, 

730,  4S.  159,  703. 
Cotton  Exchange.  Main  Floor. 
800. 

Coudert.  F.  R..  557,  545,  677. 
Couldock,  C.  VV  .  582 
County  Clerk,  264. 
County  Court-House.  263,  53, 

260,  261.  262,  54.  42. 
County  Medical  Soc,  490. 
County  Officers.  264. 
Courrit-r  (its  Ftats-Unis,  612. 
Court-House.  53,  54.  42,  66. 
Courtney  &  McCay.  662. 
Court  of  Arbitration.  262. 
Court  of  Chancery.  .25 
Court.  Common  Pleas.  49,  261. 
Court,  General  Sessions.  53. 
Courts,  260. 

Covenant.  Church.  369. 
Cowles,  Elijah  S.,  966. 
Cowles  Patents,  935. 
Cox,  S.  S.,  178,  176,  159. 
Cozens-Smith,  E.,  662. 
Crackers.  944. 
Cradle  of  Methodism,  374. 
Crane,  J.  M.,  729. 
Crania.  324. 

Credit  Guarantees,  688. 
Credits,  816. 
Cremation.  522. 
Crematory,  522. 
Cremorne  Mission,  424. 
Crime,  Prevention  of,  50^. 
Criminal  Law  Courts.  '255. 
Criminals.  494. 
Crippled-Boys'  School.  429. 
Critic,  626. 
Crocker,  Chas..  587. 
Croisic,  Marquis  de,  230. 
Crolius,  Wm.  H..  652. 
Cromwell,  Frederic,  556,  769. 
Cromwell  Steamship  Co.,  96. 
Crosby,  Howard,  368,  275,  503, 
518. 

Cross-Town  Lines,  137. 
Crotona  Park,  67,  171. 


Croton  Aqueduct.   191,  198, 

192,  39- 
Croton  Dam,  198. 
Croton  Lake,  134,  197,  199,  200. 
Croton  Reservoir.  197, 199,  161. 
Croton  Water-Shed.  54,  197. 


Croton  Water-System.  5 
Cruelty  to  Animals.  503 
Cruelty  to  Children,  425 
Cruger,  John,  787,  258. 
Cruger,  S.  V.  R.,  326,  756 
Crystal  Palace.  581,  39, 

580.  583. 
Cuba  Steamships,  98. 
Cunard  Line.  71,  75,  80. 
Curacoa,  101. 
Curbstone  Brokers.  792. 
Curiosities  of  Printing,  32; 
Curtiss,  F.,  743. 
Cushman,  Charlotte,  578. 
Custom  House.  786,  6< 


Defense  and  Protection.— 
The  Police  and  Fire  Depart- 
ments ;  Detectives  and  Fire 
Patrol  ;  The  National  Guard ; 
U.-S.  Army  and  Navy  Sta- 
tions and  Forts,  523-542. 


2,  706.  Defensive  Wall, 


502. 


94.  790 


785,  822,  55.  66,  155,  697,  699. 
Cutler's  School,  301. 
Cutter,  R.  L.,  880. 
Cutting.  R.  F..  152. 
Cylinder  Press,  956. 
Cypress  Hill  Cemetery,  522. 
Cyprus  Collection,  304. 

Daboll,  X.  D.,  749. 

Daily  Papers.  623,  625. 

Dairy,  160. 

Dairy  Kitchen,  240. 

Dakota  Flats.  950,  243. 

Dalhousie,  The.  105. 

Daly.  Augustin,  554,  581,  ,94. 

596,  597- 
Daly.  C  P.,  775- 
Daly  s  Theatre,  593,  68,  148. 
Damrosch,  Leopold,  318,  319, 

518,  588. 
Damrosch.  Walter.  290.  318,  591 
Dana,  C.  A.,  312,  612,  622. 
Dancing  Schools,  297. 
Darling.  A.  B.,  587,  599.  605,  738 
Dauntless  Rowing  Club,  568. 
Dauvray,  Helen,  596. 
Davenport,  E.  L.,  604. 
Davenport,  Fanny,  596. 
David's  Island,  541,  542. 
Davis,  Howland,  730. 
Davis.  Jefferson,  94. 
Day-Book,  614. 
Day,  James  R.,  377. 
Day  Nurserv.  348. 
Dayton,  C.  W.,  266. 
Deaconess  Home.  284. 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Inst.,  298, 

372,  272. 
Deaf  Mutes.  299,  298. 
Death  Rate,  457. 
Deaths,  51,  251. 
Debating  Societies,  323. 
Deborah  Nursery,  452. 
Debt,  225.  249,  51. 
Debtors'  Prison.  494. 
Decker,  M.  S..  770. 
Declaration  of  Independence, 

Decorations,  317. 
Decorative  Art  Soc,  311,  288. 
Dedication,  4. 
Deems.  C.  F.,  387. 
Deen,  W.  M.,  688. 


De  Heere  Straat,  17. 
Dejonge  (Louis)  &  Co.,  901. 
Delancey's  House.  4;. 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co., 

131,  130,  715- 
Delaware.    Lackawanna  & 
Western  R.  R.,  125,  127, 126, 
54,  740.  712,  752. 
Delaware  Valley,  129.  130. 
Delmonico's,  Fifth  Ave..  238. 
.  Delmonico's,    Beaver  Street, 
239. 

De  Long's  Grave.  517. 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  153,  tec. 

Delta  Phi  Club,  555.  5 

Delta  Upsilon.  555. 

De  Milt  Bequest,  330. 

De  Milt  Dispensary.  492,  488. 

Democratic  Club,  5  2. 

Denny,  T.,  716,  743. 

Dent,  Dr.  E.  C,  462. 

Dentistry,  College  of,  279. 

Dep't  of  Arts.  250,  247. 

Dep't  of  the  East,  539. 

Dep't  of  Public  Parks,  240,  193. 

Dep't  of  Public  Works.  250.  193. 

Departments  and  Officers,  245. 

Depew.  C.  M.,  545,  418,  152,  522. 

De  Peyster,  514. 

Depot  in  lersev  City,  117. 

Depuy,  W.  H.,  630. 

Dermatological  Soc  491. 

Desbrosses-St.  Ferry,  132. 

Design.  Academy  of.  309,  308. 

66,  67.  261.  314. 
Destitute  Blind,  Home.  440. 
Destitute  Children,  433,  436, 

435.  432- 
Detective  Bureau,  527. 
Detectives,  528. 

Deutsch-Amerikan.  Schuetzen 

Gesellschaft.  569. 
Deutscher  Liederkranz.  319. 
Deutscherverein,  551,  838. 
De  Veau.  J.  M..  742. 
De  Vinne  Press,  159. 
De  Vlackte,  18,  32. 
Devoe,  F.  W.,  940. 
Devoe  (F.  W.)  &  C.  T.  Ray- 

nolds,  949. 
Diamond  Cutters,  864. 
Diana.  584,  64. 

Di  Cesnola  Collection,  303*66. 

Dickel,  C.  W.,  296. 

Dickel's  Riding  Academy,296, 

297,568. 
Dickey,  Chas.  D.,  Jr.,  708. 
Diet-Kitchen  Assoc.,  482. 
Dilks,  G.  W..  526,  528. 
Dillon,  Gregory,  779. 
Dillon,  Sidney,  515. 
Dime-Museum,  68. 
Dimock,  H.  F.,  762. 
Diocesan   House,   408,  627, 

407.  159- 
Discharged  Convicts'  Refuge, 

504. 


992 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Disciples'  Church,  388. 
Dispensaries,  488,  489,  62. 
Dispensary  for  Women,  480. 
Distributive  Trade,  784. 
District  Attorney,  51. 
District  Courts,  261. 
Divine    Paternity,  Church, 

387,  386,  152. 
Dixey,  H.  E.,  598. 
Dix,  John  A.,  514. 
Dix,  Morgan,  45,  342,  561. 
Dixon,  Wm.  P.,  686. 
Dock  Dept.,  250. 
Docks,  71. 

Dockstader's  Minstrels,  600. 
Dodge,  C.  H„  710. 
Dodge  Statue,  179,  176. 
Dodge,  W.  E.,  518,  522,  176,  516, 
756. 

Dodsworth's,  295. 

Dolge's    (Alfred)  Factories, 

941. 
Dolgeville,  941. 

Domestic  and  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Soc,  410. 

Domestic  Architecture,  832. 

Domestic  Industry,  321. 

Domestic  Missions,  Reformed 
Church,  409. 

Dominican  Convent,  434. 

Dominican  Church,  290. 

Dommerich,  L.  F„  878. 

Donald,  E.  W.,  356. 

Donald,  Jas.  M.,  728. 

Dongan,  Gov.,  24,  391. 

Doremus,  Cornelius,  674. 

Dorman,  O.  P.,  893. 

Downey.  John,  776. 

Down-Town  Assoc.,  558. 

Down-Town  Relief  Bureau, 
422. 

Dows,  David,  729,  730,  659. 
Doyers  Street,  158. 
Draft  Riots,  42,  450,  526,  532. 
Drama,  575. 

Dramatic  Arts  Academy,  296. 
Dramatic  Mirror,  626. 
Dramatic  News,  626. 
Draper,  J.  W.,  275. 
Drawbridges,  193. 
Drawings,  306. 
Drayton,  Dr.  H.  S.,  324. 
Dreadnaitglit,  38,  75. 
Dress  Goods,   844,    849,  853, 
893. 

Drexel  Building,  155. 
Drexel  Collection,  304. 
Drexel,  Morgan   &   Co.,  659, 

750,  722,  822. 
DreXel-Morgan  Building,  155. 
Drexel  Musical  Library,  337. 
Drinking  Saloons,  241. 
Drisler,  Prof.  H.,  326. 
Drugs  and  Chemicals,  949  862, 

911. 

Drummond,  J.  F.,  949. 
Drunkenness,  260. 
Dry-Dock  Company,  715. 
Dry  Docks,  55,  71. 
Dry-Dock  Savings  Inst.,  777. 
Dry  Goods,  33,  844,  848,  852, 

872,  873,  874,  875,  876,  878,  879, 

880,  882,  883,  884,  890. 
Dry-Goods  District,  712. 


Dry  Goods  Economist,  633. 
Dry-Goods    Exchange,  633, 
806. 

Dry-Goods  Store  Restaurants, 

240. 

Duane-Street  Church,  367. 
Du  Bois,  Henri  Pene,  3. 
Ducking-Stool,  26. 
Duel,  467,  34. 

Duelling  Ground  at  Weehaw- 

ken,  34. 
Duer.  John,  686. 
Duffield,  Howard,  365. 
Dugro,  Judge  P.  Henry,  220. 
Duke  of  Veragua,  46,  854. 
Duke  of  York.  8,  20,  23,  260. 
Duke's  Plan,  The,  8.  ' 
Duncan,  W.  B..  Jr.,  826. 
Dunham,  Buckley  &  Co.,  873. 
Dunton,  W.  C,  900. 
Durbrow,  J.  W.,  658. 
Durkee,  E.  W.,  977. 
Durkee  (E.  R.)  &  Co..  977. 
Durland's,  297,  569. 
Durr  Collection,  66,  321. 
Dutch  Church.  336. 
Dutch  Cottage,  7. 
Dutch  East  India  Co.,  7. 
Dutch  Greenland  Co.,  7. 
Dutch  Homes,  20. 
Dutch  Inns,  215. 
Dutch  Map,  6. 
Dutch  Merchants,  7. 
Dutch  Reform  Church,  25. 
Dutch  Regime,  22,  553. 
Dutch  Seaport,  17. 
Dutch  Soldiers,  14,  23. 
Dutch  Vauxhall.  216. 
Dutch  West  India  Co.,  20,  523, 

528. 

Duyckinck.  Evert  A.,  327. 
Dwelling-Houses,  51. 
Dwight  (John)  &   Co.,  962, 
963. 

Dwight  School,  302. 
Dwight's  (John)  House,  150. 

Eagle  Cage,  163. 

Eagles  and  Goat,  179. 

Eagles,  Central  Park,  165. 

Eames,  F.  L.,  790. 

Earle,  F.  P.,  218,  226,  748. 

Earle.  Guild,  454. 

Earle's  Hotel,  236. 

Earle  (Wm.  H.)  &  Sons,  230. 

Earl  of  Bellomont,  25,  328. 

Earl  of  Limerick,  24. 

Earl  of  Stirling,  508. 

Eastchester,  50. 

East  86th  Street  Y.  M.  A.  C, 416, 

Eastern  Dispensary,  488. 

Eastern  Lines,  103. 

Easton,  C.  H.,  386. 

Easton,  Wm.,  813. 

East  River,  16,  107,  126,  180, 

718,  50,  51,  55,  69,  70,  71,  133, 

!55>  l85,  195. 
East-River  Bridge,  187,  186, 

139,  7i8,  75,42,  54,  185,  194, 

266,  144,  910. 
East-River  Park,  170. 
East  Side,  350,  171,  358,  429,  237, 

240,  242,  243. 
East-Side  Bank,  746,  745. 


East-Side   Boys'  Lodging- 

House,  428. 
East-Side  Ladies'  Aid  Society, 

454- 

Eaton,  Cole  &  Burnham  Co., 
932. 

Eaton,  Dorman  B.,  386. 
Eaton,  Wm.  S.,  933. 
Ebraucus,  King,  221. 
Ecclesiastical  Annals,  335. 
Eclectic  Dispensary,  489. 
Eclectic  Medical  College,  280. 
Eden  Musee,  605,  838. 
Edgehill  Chapel,  373. 
Edge,  N.  J.  H.,  743. 
Edison  Building.  927,  154,  156. 
Edison   Electric  Illuminating 

Co.,  202,  203. 
Edison,  Thomas  A.,  203. 
Edson,  Franklin,  234,  704. 
Educational   Institutions,  62, 

63,  267-300. 
Education,  Board  of,  257,  269, 

292,  51,  62. 
Edwards,  Ernest,  4,  965. 
Ed  wards- Ficken,  H.,  599. 
Egyptian   Obelisk,  819,  160, 

i8t,  66. 
Eidlitz,  Leopold,  402. 
Eidliu  (Marc)  &  Son,  836. 
Eiffel  Tower,  924. 
Eighth  Avenue,  155. 
Eighth  Avenue  and   42d  St., 

595- 

Eighth-Avenue  R.  R  ,  137. 
Eighth-Avenue  Theatre,  605. 
Eighth  Regiment,  534,  950,  53. 
Eighth-Street  Theatre,  159,  605. 
Eighth- Ward  Mission,  432. 
Eldorado  Gardens,  923. 
Elections,  525. 

Electrical  Instruments,  926,  212. 

Electrical  Subways,  206. 

Electric  Club,  323,  557. 

Electric  Elevator,  924, 

Electric  Illumination,  926. 

Electricity,  931. 

Electric-light  Machinery,  940. 

Electric  Lights,  51,  201,  926. 

Electric  Railways,  138,  926. 

Electric  Telegraph,  40. 

Electric  Wires,  204. 

Electrotyping,  971. 

Elevated  Railroads,  56,  126, 
128,  138,  134.  «35,  195,  54 

Elevator  and  Station,  138. 

Elevators,  138,  83,  924,  797, 
817,  74- 

Elgin,  272. 

Elliott,  C,  903. 

Ellis  Island,  81,  266,  55,  71. 

Ellsler,  Fanny,  577. 

Ellsworth,  James  W.,  206. 

Elmendorf,  Joachim,  339. 

Elm-Street  Station,  203. 

Ely,  George  W.,  790. 

Emanu-El,  Temple,  401,  402. 

Embury,  Phillip,  373,  377. 

Emergency  Hospital,  460,  464. 

Emery  Wheels,  928. 

Emigrant  Houses,  449. 

Emigrant  Industrial  Savings- 
Bank,  779. 

Emmett  Monument,  5<>9»  344- 


KING'S  JJAXDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


993 


Empire-State  Express,  113, 140. 

Empire  Theatre.  595.  594.  148. 

Employment,  Aid  to,  454. 

Employment  of  Women,  436. 

Enameled  Iron-Ware,  934. 

Engineers'  Club,  558. 

English  Insurance  Corpora- 
tions, 662. 

Engine  House  No.  7,  530. 

Engine  No.  15.  530. 

Englishmen,  234. 

Engraving,  914,  971. 

Eno,  Amos  R.,  738. 

Envelopes.  952. 

Epileptic  Asylum.  460. 

Epiphany  Hapt.  Church.  380. 

Episcopal  Church.  B  1.,  499. 

Episcopal  Churches,  341,  407. 

Episcopal  City  Missionary  So- 
ciety, 437. 

Episcopal  Diocesan  House, 
627. 

Episcopalians,  29,  627. 
Episcopal  Seminary,  283,  281. 
Equestrianism.  296. 
Equestrian  Washington,  180, 
66,  174. 

Equitable  Building.  671,  832, 

58,  66,  240,  672. 
Equitable  Gas  Co.,  201. 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Soc, 

671,  672,  838. 
Erhardt,  Joel  B.,  690. 
Ericsson,  John,  183,  304.  511. 
Ericsson  Line,  94. 
Erie  Canal,  38,  109,  no,  69,  454, 

258,  787,  692. 
Erie  Railroad,  129,  37,  54. 
Ervvin,  Cornelius  B.,  939. 
Espanol.  Hotel,  236. 
Esplanade,  161. 
Essex  Market,  809. 
Essex  -  Market    Court  -. House, 

257.  493- 
Estimate  and  Apportionment, 
249. 

Estimate,  Board  of,  249. 
Etching  Club,  67,  309. 
Ethical  Culture.  295,  200,  434, 
287. 

Ethnological  Soc,  322. 
Evacuation  Day,  31,  46. 
Evangelical  Aid  Soc,  449. 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church, 
384- 

Evans,  D.  L.,  742. 

Evans,  Oliver,  37. 

Evans,  Wm.  T.,  874. 

Evarts,  Wm.  M.,  545,  557. 

Evening  Express,  614. 

Evening  Mni/,  614. 

Evening  Post,  611,  610,  609, 

427,  144. 
Evening  Schools,  62,  267,  268. 
Evening  Sun,  622. 
Evening  Telegram,  622. 
Evening  World,  622. 
Everett  House,  230. 
Evergreen  Cemetery,  522. 
Ewer,  Dr.  F.  C,  350. 
Exchange  for  Women's  Work, 

312. 

Exchange  Place,  336. 
Exchange  Street,  25. 


Ex-convicts,  sot,  504. 
Execution  of  Goff,  14. 
Executive  Dep't,  247. 
Exempt  Firemen's  Fund,  446. 
Expenditures,  51. 
Exports  and  Imports,  74,  75, 

785- 
Express,  614. 

Eye  and  Ear  Infirmarv.  483, 
838,  62. 

Fabre  Line,  91. 

Fabric  Fire  Hose  Co.,  930. 

Factories,  913,  58. 

Faculty  of  Medicine,  277. 

Fairchild,  C.  S.,  564. 

Fairchild.  S.  W.,  279. 

Fairmount,  47. 

Faith  Home,  439. 

Falconer  Statue.  164,  180. 

Fallen  Women,  438,  439. 

Fall  River,  71. 

Fall-River  Line,  102. 

Falls  of  Niagara  606. 

Fancher,  E.  L.,  410. 

Faneuil,  Benjamin,  508. 

Farmer  (A.  D.)  &  Son,  970. 

Farmer's  Bridge,  193. 

Farmers'  Club,  321. 

Farmers'  Loan  &  Trust  Co., 

771,  712,  752. 
Farmers'  Market,  807. 
Farragut's  Grave,  517,  516. 
Farragut  Statue,  182,  66,  166, 

176. 

Farrelly,  Patrick,  721. 
Far  Rockaway,  348. 
Fashionable  Weddings,  350. 
Fastest  Long-Distance  Train, 
•13- 

Fayerweather,  D.  B.,  516. 
Fay,  S.  W.,  726. 
Fechter,  Chas.,  602. 
Federal  Government,  55. 
Federal  Hall,  21,  24,  33,  258, 


174,  156,  697. 
Federal  Ii 


nterests,  55. 
Fellowcraft  Club,  543. 
Fellows,  E.  B.,  652. 
Feit,  941. 
belt  Shoes,  941. 
Female  Almshouse.  501. 
Female  Assistance  Soc,  436. 
Female  Asylum,  437. 
Female  Guardian  Soc,  432. 
Female  Insane  Pavilion,  497. 
Females,  Assoc.  for  the  Relief 
of  Respectable,  Aged.  Indi- 
gent, 441. 
Fencers'  Club,  570. 
Fencing  Classes,  298. 
Ferris  (F.  A)  &  Co.,  961,  960. 
Ferry- Boats,  132,  54. 
Ferry-Road,  16. 
Fideho  Club.  552,  551. 
Fidelity  &  Casualty  Co.,  683. 
Fid  uciary  Institutions.— 
Trust  and  Investment  Com- 
panies, Savings- Banks  Safe- 
Deposit  Companies,  etc.,  753- 
782. 

Field.  B.  H..  332. 
Field.  C.  W.,  44,  304,  170,  234, 
614,  820. 


Fielding,  M.  B.,  730. 

Fifth  Ave.,  172,  167,  148,  218, 

222,  228,  747 
Fifth-Ave.  Art  Galleries,  314. 
Fifth-Ave.     Baptist  Church, 

382. 

Fifth  Ave.,  Bird's-eye  View, 
313. 

Fifth-Ave.  Collegiate  Church, 

336,  338. 
Fifth  Ave.,  from  58th  St.,  747. 
Fifth  Ave.,  from  51st  St.,  313, 

147. 

Hfth  Ave.,  from  59th  St..  160. 
Fifth  Ave.,  from  42d  Street, 
334. 

Fifth  Ave.,  from  29th  St.,  782. 
Fifih-Ave.  Hotel,  857,  36,  40, 

c8,  148,  152,  599,  605,  580,  218, 

782,  738. 
Hfth-Ave.  Presb.  Church,  367, 

147.  366,  152. 
Hfth-Ave.  Safe -Deposit  Co., 

738,  782. 

r  ifth  Ave.,  from  the  Cathedral, 
4'3- 

Fifth-Avenue  Stage,  136. 

Fifth  Avenue,  Sunday  Morn- 
ing, 413- 

Fifth-Avenue  Theatre,  601, 
596,  597,  44,  68,  148,  581,  583. 

Fifty-Eighth  Street,  573. 

Final  Resting-Places.— Cem- 
eteries, Burial-Places,  Cre- 
matories, Churchyards  and 
Vaults,  Tombs,  etc.,  505-522. 

Finance  Department,  248. 

Finances  of  the  City,  249. 

Financial  and  Commercial 
Associations. — The  Custom 
House,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  Stock.  Produce, 
Cotton  and  other  Exchanges, 
Board  of  Trade,  Mercantile 
and  other  Agencies,  Ware- 
houses and  Markets,  783-816. 

Financial  Control,  140. 

Financial  Institutions.— 
United-States  Treasury  and 
Assay  Office,  Clearing 
House,  National  and  State 
Banks,  Bankers,  Brokers, 
etc.,  783-816. 

Financial  Organization,  697. 

Financial  Power,  753. 

Fine-Arts  Soc,  310. 

Fine  Forces,  College  of,  280. 

Finlayson,  Bonsfield  &  Co.,  895. 

Fire-Alarm  Telegraphs,53o,  51, 
965,  967. 

Fire  and  Marine  Insurance. 
—Offices  and  Companies  for 
Assuming  Losses  by  Fires 
and  Transit,  and  Fire  and 
Marine  Underwriters'  Asso- 
ciations, 639-662. 

Fireboat  New-Yorker,  539. 

Fire-buckets,  19. 

Fire-company,  19. 

Fire  Dep't,  529.  19.  26,  51,  256, 
446,  965. 

Fire  Engines.  26. 

Fire  Extinguishers,  966. 

Fire  Hydrants,  200. 


994 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  O*  NEW  )  OA' A' 


Fire  Insurance,  639. 

Fire-Insurance  Companies,  639. 

Fire-Island,  46. 

Fire  Losses  639. 

Fire  Marshal,  256,  640,  652,  530. 

Firemen,  446. 

Firemen  at  Work  in  1800,  641. 
Firemen's  Monument,  519. 
Fire  Patrol,  639,  640. 
Fire-proof  Warehouses,  811. 
Fire  Protection,  530. 
Fires,  51. 

Fire  Underwriters,   531,  640, 

64  r,  648. 
First  American  Cardinal,  284. 
First  American  Congress,  31. 
First-Avenue  Line.  137. 
First  Bapt.  Church.  379,  378. 
First  Battery,  531,  538. 
First  Bound  Book,  27. 
First  Boy,  10. 
First  Brigade,  531. 
First  British  Governor,  22. 
First  Church,  4=;. 
First  Church  School,  336. 
First  Clergyman,  14. 
First    Collegiate    Church  of 

Harlem,  339. 
First  Compound  Engine,  94. 
First  Cong.  Minister,  384. 
First  Dutch  Church,  336. 
First  Engine-House,  529. 
First  Ferry,  106. 
First  Hre  Co.,  19,  529. 
First  Great  Trunk  Line,  37. 
First  Habitations,  45. 
First  Insurance  Company,  639. 
First  Judicial  District,  260,  261. 
First  Lawyer,  19. 
First  Library  of  Congress,  329. 
First  Locomotive,  no,  130. 
First  Mail,  23. 
First  Market-House,  18. 
First  Merchants'  Exchange,  23. 
First  Methodist  Church.  373. 
First  National  Bank,  703,  645, 

738. 

First  Newspaper,  45,  508. 

First  N.-Y.  Girl,  10. 

First  Ocean  Steamship,  75. 

First  Opera.  576. 

First  Paved  Street,  19. 

First  Presb.  Church,  365,  366, 

152.  25- 
First  President,  697. 
First  Printer,  508. 
First  Public  School,  267. 
First  Reformed  Presb.  Church, 

373- 

First  Schoolmaster,  14,  267. 
First  Sidewalk,  33. 
First  Soldiers  14. 
First  South  Church,  340. 
First  Steam  Ferry,  34. 
First  Steam  Frigate,  34. 
First  Steam  Vessel,  34. 
First  Steel  Steamship,  94. 
First  Stock  Marine  Insurance 

Co.,  639. 
First  Street-Car,  38. 
First  Street-Railway,  136. 
First  Tavern  215. 
First  Unitarians,  385. 
First  Visitor,  5. 


First- Ward  Library,  .33. 
First  White  Male  Child,  10. 
Fish  Commission,  266. 
Fish.  Hamilton,  326,  170,  545, 
234. 

Fish,  Nicholas  706.  720. 
Fish,  Preserved,  710.  712. 
Fish,  Stuvvesant,  756. 
Fiske.  Haley,  678. 
Fisk.  Jas.,  Jr.,  535. 
Fitch.  John.  36.  493. 
Fitzgerald,  Brig. -Gen.  L., 
Five  Points,  758. 


53" 


Five-Points  House  of  Industrv, 
422. 

Five-Points  House  of  Industry 

Infirmary,  487,  488. 
Five  Points  in  1859,  38. 
Five-Points     Mission.  423, 

424,  302,  333. 
Flagler,  H.  M.,  152,  516,  854. 
Flagler,  J.  H.,  93i,  933. 
Hats,  242. 

Fleischmann  &  Co.,  978. 
Fleischmann's  Vienna  Bakerv. 
240. 

Fleitmann  &  Co..  883. 
Flemish  Architecture,  338. 
Fletcher,  Gov.  Benjamin,  25. 
Flint,  Chas.  R.,  724,  762. 
Flint,  G.  C,  749. 
Flood-Rock  Explosion,  938. 
Florence  Crittenton  Mission, 

439- 
Florida.  03,  98. 
Florio  Line,  91. 
Flower,  R.  P.,  354,  152. 
Flower  Surgical  Hospital,  478. 
Floyd   (James   R.)  &  Sons, 

951,  780. 
Flushing,  50. 
Flying  Cloud,  38. 
Folger,  Chas.  J.,  698. 
Font  Hill.  286. 

Food  and  Shelter  Depot,  414. 
Foot  Post  to  Albany,  109. 
Fordham,  47.  137,  139,  440,  447, 

284. 

Fordham  Heights,  292,  485. 
Fordham  Hospital,  62. 
Ford,  Simeon,  231. 
Foreign  Bankers.  750. 
Foreign  Commerce,  74,  785. 
Foreigners'  Churches,  341. 
Foreign  Exchange,  696. 
Foreign  Fruit  Exchange,  806. 
Foreign  Insurance  Cos.,  662. 
Foreign  Mail,  55. 
Foreign  Missions,  406,  408,  409. 
Foreign  Relief  Societies,  447. 
h  or  est  and  Stream,  626. 
Forget,  Augustin,  84. 
Fornes,  C.  V.,  780. 
Forrest,  Edwin,  40,  286,  159, 

582,  578,  577 
Fort  Amsterdam,  10,  13,  14,  45, 

3^6,  '42 
Fort  Chapel,  25. 
Fort  (  olumbus,  72,  539,  540. 
Fort  George,  17,  24,  30,  193, 

172. 

Fort    Hamilton,   55.   72,  539, 
54o- 

Fort  Lafayette,  72,  540. 


Fort  Nassau.  7. 
Fort  Schuyler,  72,  55,  539,  541. 
Fort  Tompkins,  72,  540. 
Fortunes,  58. 

Fort  Wadsworth.  99,  =,40,  55, 

459.  72.  519 
f  ort  \\  ashington,  31. 
Fort  Wood,  73,  541,  72,  175, 

_  539- 

rorty-Second  St..  from  Fourth 

Ave.,  648. 
Forty-Sec  >nd  St   in  1868.  39, 

lor  it  in,  58. 

Fosdick,  ('.  B.,  738,  743. 
Foulke.  Wm„  410. 
Foundling  Asylum,  426. 
Fourteenth  Street.  146. 
Fourteenth  St.  and  Broadway, 
870. 

Fourteenth  ?t.,  from  Univer- 
sity Place,  870. 

Fourteenth-St.  Theatre.,  602. 

Fourth  Avenue.  840,  981. 

Fourth- A  venue  Line,  37.  137. 

Fourth- A  venue  Presb.  Church, 
412,  368. 

Fourth-Avenue  Tunnel,  228. 

Fourth  Nat.  Bank,  701. 

Fowler  &  Wells  Co.,  324,  323. 

Fowler.  Lorenzo  N.,  324. 

Fowler  Orson  S..  324. 

Fraleigh,  C.  P..  672. 

Francais.  Hotel,  236. 

Francis,  E  W.,  979. 

Francis,  W.  A.,  659. 

Franconi's  Hippodrome,  580. 

Frankfort  Street,  61. 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated,  626. 

Frank  Leslie 's  Iilustrirte  Zeit- 
ung,  626. 

Frank  Leslie's  Monument, 517, 
5'8. 

Franklin  Bank,  749,  698. 
Franklin  Square,  630^  19,  156. 
Franklin  Statue,  176,  175,  156. 
Franklin  Theatre,  582. 
Fraunce's  Tavern,  23,  31,  46, 
215. 

Free  Banking  Act,  693. 

Freebooters,  25. 

Free  Circulating  Library,  332, 

S3»-  63. 
Free  City,  40. 
Free  Dispensary,  460. 
Freeland,  Wm.,  301. 
Free  Library,  329.  446. 
Free  Public  Schools,  257 
Free  Reading-Rooms,  429. 
Free  School  Society,  34. 
Free-Trade  Club,  562. 
Freight  Depot,  West  St.,  119. 
French  Benevolent  Soc,  448, 

474- 

French  Branch,  Y.  M.  C.  A.. 
416. 

French  Church,  18. 
French.  E.  S.,  677. 
French  Evang.  Church,  448. 
French,  F.  O.,  766. 
French  Hospital,  474. 
French,  H.  Q.,  516. 
French  Huguenots,  22. 
French  Line.  83,  71- 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK, 


995 


Frenchman,  50,  176. 
French,  P.  W.,  933. 
French's  Hotel,  216,620. 
French,  T.  Henry,  603,  587, 

594,  598. 
Fresh-Air  Fund,  59. 
Fresh- Air  Gardens,  70. 
Fresh- Pond  Crematory,  522 
Fresh  Water  Pond,  34. 
Freundschaft  Verein.  551. 
Friendless  Home  for,  432,  369. 
Friends'  Meeting-House.  391, 

171.  389. 
Friends  of  Homeless,  437. 
Friends'  Seminary,  391,  287. 

171. 

Frit  stand,  88. 

Fruit  and  Flower  Mission,  453. 
Fruit  Exchange,  806. 
Fruit  Steamers,  74. 
Fulton  Bank,  7.8. 
Fulton  Club,  547,  728. 
Fulton  Ferry.  106. 
Fulton  Fish  Market,  804. 
Fulton  Market.  804,  808,  576. 
Fulton,    Robert,  34,  75,  184, 

508,  512. 
Fulton  Street,  612. 
Fulton-St.  Prayer-Meeting, 339. 
Funded  Debt,  51. 
Funke,  A.  H  ,  902. 
Furnessia,  82. 
Furniture,  854. 
Furniture  Storage,  810. 
Fur  Trade,  7,  39,  260. 
Furst  Bismarck,  87,  86. 

Gabled  Ends,  19. 
Gaelic  Society,  333. 
Gaffney,  J.  S..  6;2. 
Gage,  Gen.,  28,  215. 
Galilee  Rescue  Mission,  356. 
Gallatin,  Albert,  322,  538,  701, 
716. 

Gallatin  Xat.  Bank,  705,  717, 

716,  703,  838,  950,  764. 
Gallaudet,  Dr.  T.,  358. 
Gallows,  17,  32. 
Galveston,  97. 

Gamewell    rire-Alarm  Tele- 
graph Co.  967. 

Gansevoort  Market,  809. 

Garden  Street,  25,  336,  339. 

Garden  Theatre,  587.  148. 

Gardiner's  Island,  37. 

Gardner,  Harrison,  880. 

Garfield  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  782. 

Garibaldi  Statue,  170,  167,  174. 

Garrison  Chapel,  347. 

Garth,  H.  E.,  708. 

Gas,  51,  201. 

Gaston,  Geo.  H.,  67S. 

Gas-Works  Apparatus,  9^1. 

Gate  House,  198. 

Gazette,  27,  45,  609,  820. 

Gazeteer,  27. 

Gem  Minerals,  308. 

Genealogical  Society,  323,  333. 

General  Culture. —  Educa- 
tional Institutions  —  Univer- 
sities (  olleges,  Academies, 
Seminaries ;  and  Public,  Pri- 
vate and  Parochial  Schools, 
267-302. 


General  Electric  Co.,  927,926. 
General  Fund,  253,  254. 
General  Sessions,  261,  262. 
General  Soc.  of  Mechanics  and 

Tradesmen,  446,  329,  708. 
General  Theol.  Sem.,  283,  281, 
„  63<  333- 
Genoa,  91. 

Geographical  Society,  321,  333. 
George  Bruce  Library,  332. 
George  III.,  28,  30. 
Georgia-Florida  Route,  97. 
Gerlach,  Hotel,  230. 
German  American  Ins.  Co., 
654- 

German  Catholic  Immigrants, 
448. 

German  Clubs,  550. 
German  Dispensary,  488,  838. 
German  District,  332. 
German  Evangelical  Church, 
38?- 

German  Hospital,  476. 
German  Hotels,  237. 
Germania  Life  Ins.  Co.,  673. 
Germania  Theatre,  600,  605. 
German  Legal  Aid  Soc,  454. 
German  Lyrism,  319. 
German  Mission-House  Assoc., 


447- 

German  Odd  Fellows,  572. 
German  Opera,  588. 
German  Poliklinik,  489. 
German  Population,  383,  181. 
Germans,  50  158,  550,  606,  538. 
German  Y  M.  C.  A.,  415,  416. 
Gerry,  E.  T.,  425,  588. 
Gibb,  John,  874. 
Gibbons,  John  J.,  850. 
Gibson,  R.  W.,  3^8,  362,  406. 
Gilbert,  Alex.,  728. 
Gilbert,  F  H.,  893. 
Gilbert   Manufacturing  Co., 
893. 

Gilbert,  W.  B.,  344. 
Gilder,  R.  W.,  636. 
Oilman,  Collamore  &  Co.,  850. 
Oilman,  E.  W.,  410. 
Gilmore,  P.  S.,  587. 
Gilroy,  T.  F.,  v6o. 
Gilsey  Building,  601. 
Gilsey  House,  2.6,  148. 
Girls  Protectory,  435. 
Gladstone,  Hotel,  148. 
Glass,  3  6,  858,  850. 
Glen  Summit,  122. 
Glue,  956. 

Godey  S  Magazine,  636. 
Godkin,  E.  L.,  610. 
God's  Acres,  505. 
Goelet  Hamily,  152,  714,  743, 

838,  756,  769- 
Gold  and  Silver,  699. 
Gold  &  Stock  Telegraph,  790. 
Gold  Bars.  699. 
Gold  Board,  790. 
Golden  Eagle  Inn,  216. 
Golden  Hill,  28. 
Gold  Room,  695. 
Good,  Brent,  596,  749. 
Goodrich,  T.  F.,  647. 
Good  Samaritan  Disp.,  488. 
Good  Shepherd,   Chapel,  282, 


Goodyear,  Charles,  928. 
Gorham  Mfg.  Co.,  847,  846, 

183,  226. 
Gotham  Art-Students,  288. 
Gotham  Club,  547. 
Gotham  Wheelmen,  569. 
Gould,  Jay,  67,  515,  695,  603. 
Gould's  Mausoleum,  516. 
Oouverneur    Hospital,  460, 

Government,  245. 
Government  House,  45,  320. 
Government  Loans.  695,  738. 
Governor's  Island,  867,  72,  14, 

47,  55,  347,  539,  54°. 
Governor  s  Room,  67,  258. 
Grace  Chapel,  348. 
Grace  Church,  232,  349,  66,  67, 

144,  146,  236,  233,  391,  407,  852. 
Grace  House,  348. 
Grace  Memorial  House,  350, 

348. 

Grace,  W.  R.,  260,  814. 
Graduate  Law  School,  277. 
Graduate  Sem.,  276. 
Grain,  74,  797. 

Grain-Laden  Steamships,  74. 
Gramercy  Park,  40,  170,  234, 

389- 

Grammar  Schools,  268,  62,  267. 

Grand  Army,  561,  44. 

Grand  Central  Hotel,  236. 

Grand  (  entral  Station,  in, 
231,  us,  123,  112,  133,  193, 
196,  195,  950,  955,  360,  417, 
230,  5i5- 

Grand  Hotel,  148. 

Grand  Opera  House,  603,  608. 

Grand  Street,  859,  14. 

Grand  Union  Hotel,  231. 

Grange,  355. 

Granniss,  Jas.  E.,  688,  690,  714. 

Grant,  Hugh  J.,  260. 

Grant  Mausoleum,  861,  66,  148. 

Orant,  U.  S.,  258,  376. 

Gravesend,  30. 

Graves  (Robert)  Co.,  954. 

Gravity  Road,  130. 

Gray,  W.  S.,  744. 

Great  Barn  Island,  78. 

Greater  New  York,  50. 

Great  Fire  of  1776,  33. 

Great  Western,  76. 

Greek  Benevolent  Soc,  447. 

Greek  Church,  406. 

Greeley,  Horace,  44,  324,  156, 

175,  519,  612.  616. 
Greeley  Statue,  178,  44,  66,  184. 
Green,  Andrew  H.,  50. 
Greene,  Thomas  B.,  651. 
Green  Goods,  503. 
Green,  J.  C,  320,  773. 
Green,  Robert  S.,  (372. 
Greenwich  Ins.  Co..  643. 
Greenwich  Savings-Bank,  775, 

'54- 

Greenwich  Street,  26. 
Greenwich-Street  Theatre,  583. 
Greenwich  Village,  15,  29,  4c, 

47,  66,  951,  381,  431,  355,  498, 

216,  242,  979. 
Green-Wood  Cemetery,  519. 
Greer,  D.  H.,  358. 
Grenoble,  Hotel,  227,  243. 


996 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  Of  NEW  YORK. 


Griffin,  Eugene,  926. 
Griffon,  Hotel,  236. 
Grinnell,  Minturn  &  Co.,  38. 
Grinnell  Sprinkler,  966. 
Grinnell,  W.  M.,  742. 
Grolier  Club,  553.  334- 
Guayra,  La,  101. 
Guernsey  Building,  690,  681. 
Guild  of  St.  Elizabeth,  455. 
Guion  Line,  82,  71, 
Gustavus   Adolphus  Church, 
384. 

Gutenberg,  178. 

Hahnemann,  Hospital,  475. 
Haigh,  H.  B.,934. 
Haight,  C.  C,  350,  272,  688. 
Haldcman,  I.  M.,  378. 
Hale,  Nathan,  184. 
H a  If- Moon ,  7. 
Half-Orphans  432. 
Hall,  A.  C,  738. 
Hall,  A.  Oakey,  258,  260,  582. 
Hall,  Chas.  B.  703. 
Halleck,  Kit/.  Greene,  39,  326, 
543. 

Halleck  Statue,  168,  178. 
Hallgarten  (Julius)  Fund,  452, 
332. 

Hall,  James,  721. 

Hall,  John,  418,  367,  275,  519. 

Hall  of  Records,  619,  31,  32,  54, 

262,  170,  494,  252. 
Halls.  608. 

Hall's,  Dr.,  Church,  367,  366. 
Halls,  VVm.,  Jr.,  728. 
Halsey,  Jacob  L.,  670,  672. 
Halve-Maen,  7. 
Hamburg-American  Packet 

Co  ,  87,  86,  88,  91,  83. 
Hamilton,  A.,  164,  28,  34,  326, 

180,  270,  355,  507,  703,  706, 

610,  743. 
Hamilton  Bank,  744,  743. 
Hamilton  Statue,  164,  180. 
Hammerstein,  Oscar,  605,  594. 
Hammond,  D.  S.,  748. 
Hammond.  F.  A.,  222. 
Hanan,  J.  H..  716. 
Hanover  Fire-Ins.  Co.,  649, 

648,  647. 
Hanover  Nat.  Bank,  726. 
Hanover  Square,  17,  159.  799. 
Harbor,  73,  75,  69,  70. 
Harbor  Defenses,  541,  72. 
Harbor  in  1893,  75. 
Harbor  Police,  525. 
Hardenbergh,  H.  J.,  312,  310, 

218. 

Harding  &  Gooch,  224. 
Harding,  Geo.  Edw..  208. 
Hardman  Hall,  68,  608. 
Hardware,  902,  939. 
Hargous,  514. 

Harlem,  152, 19,  29,  47,  139,  339, 
361,  364,  371,  j66,  161,  243,  743. 
Harlem  Art  Assoc.,  288. 
Harlem  Bridges,  193,  194. 
Harlem  (  lub,  548,  549. 
Harlem  Dem.  Club,  562. 
Harlem  Dispensary,  489. 
Harlem  Heights,  30,  372,  466. 
Harlem  Hospital,  62,  460. 
Harlem  Law  Library,  332. 


Harlem  Library,  334. 
Harlem  Med.  Assoc.,  491. 
Harlem  Mere,  161. 
Harlem  Mission,  377. 
Harlem    Municipal  Building, 
254- 

Harlem  Opera-House,  605. 
Harlem  Railroad,  115,  196,  132, 
*34- 

Harlem  Republican  Club,  563. 

Harlem  River,  189,  191,  194, 
257,  822,  70,  54,  67,  112,  134, 
138,  69,  192,  193,  196,  198,  204, 
910. 

Harlem  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  907,  414. 

Harmonie  Club,  550,  838. 
Harper  &  Brothers,  828,  626, 

630,  965. 
Harper,  E.  B.,  682. 
Harper,  Jas.,  40,  260,  524,  780. 
Harper t  Bazaar,  626. 
Hay />cr  s  Magazine,  58,  636. 
Harper's  Weekly,  626. 
Harper  s  You ng  People,  626. 
Harrigan  &   Hart's  Theatre, 

581. 

Harrigan,  Edw.,  598,  600. 
Harrigan's  Theatre,  598,  148. 
Harriman,  Oliver,  710,  769,  770. 
Harrison,  C.  F.,  88s. 
Harrison,  President,  44,  76. 
Harry  Howard  Square,  156. 
Harsha,  VV.  J.,  339. 
Harteau,  Henry,  683. 
Hart,  Josh,  600. 
Hart's  Island,  62,  455,  461,  500, 
522. 

Hart's-Island  Asylum.  462. 
Hart's-Island  Hospital.  460,  462. 
Harvard  Club,  556,  760. 
Harvard  School,  301. 
Harvey,  Chas.  C,  138. 
Hatch,  Edw.  P.,  848. 
Hatie,  J.  C,  658. 
Havana,  98.  IJV. 
Havemeyer  Building,  827,  826, 

58,  93«<  933- 
Havemeyer,    Henry   O.,  918, 

1521  5i9- 
Havemeyer,  John  C,  770. 
Havemeyer,  Theo.  A.,  918,  826. 
Havemeyer,  VVm.  F..  258,  260. 
Havemeyers  &  Elder.  723. 
Haven,  Geo.  G.,  312,  588,  710, 

743.  769,776. 
Haver,  Sylvester  A.,  872. 
Havre  Packets,  38. 
Hawks,  Dr.  F.  L.,  352. 
Haxtun,  Wm.,  677. 
Haynes,  Tilly,  236. 
Hays,  D.  C,  645,  760,  781,  790. 
Heald,  Daniel,  651. 
Health  Dep't,  251,  256. 
Health  Officer,  457,  264,  251. 
Healy  Building,  01. 
Heavenly  Rest,  Church,  351, 

352,  152,  67. 
Hebrew  Actors.  604,  605. 
Hebrew  Americans,  447. 
Hebrew    Benevolent  Orphan 

Asylum,  451. 
Hebrew  Charities,  451,  418. 
Hebrew  Children,  451,  45^. 
Hebrew-Christian  Church,  390. 


Hebrew  Congregations,  4.J0. 
Hebrew  Free  Schools,  301. 
Hebrew  Immigrants,  452. 
Hebrew  Institute,  418. 
Hebrew  Lying-in  Soc,  483 
Hebrew  Operas,  604. 
Hebrew  Orphan  Asylum.  451. 
Hebrew  Relief  Society,  451. 
Hebrew  Restaurants,  240. 
Hebrews,  50,  469. 
Hebrew  Sheltering  Guardian 

Soc,  451. 
Hebrew  Sheltering  Home,  452. 
Hebrew  Technical  School,  29-. 
Hecker,  Isaac,  397. 
Hegeman,  John  R.,  678,  729, 
767. 

Hegger's  Photographs,  315. 
Heimath,  Isabella,  445,  838. 
Heins  &  LaFarge,  362. 
Hell  Gate,  78,  938,  70,  26,  37, 

42,  265. 
Hell-Gate  Pilots,  265. 
Hempstead,  50. 
Herald,  624,  614,  39,  144,  208, 

576,  858. 
Herald  Buildings.  624. 
Herdsman,  18. 
Herold,  622. 
Herring,  Silas  C,  951. 
Herrmann's  Theatre,  601,  600, 
148. 

Herzog  Teleseme,  224. 
Hewitt,  A.  S.,  936,  188,  260,  170, 

234,  72 r. 
Hickok.  Geo.  S.,  732. 
High  Altar,  395,  392. 
High  Bridge,  191,  822,  192, 

197,  198,  200,  910. 
High-Bridge  Park.  192,  170. 
Higher   CVlti.ke  —  Art  Mu- 
seums and  Galleries,  Scien- 
tific,  Literary,  Musical  and 
Kindred  Institutions  and 
Organizations,  303-324. 
Highlands,  104,  10-,  113,  128. 
High-Service  Station,  199. 
High-Service  Water,  922. 
Hillhouse,  Thos.,  698,  764,  765, 
773- 

Hill,  J.  M.,  600,  602. 
Hine,  C.  C,  634,  673. 
Hippodrome,  580. 
Hirsch   (Baron)   Fund,  292, 
301. 

Historical. — New  York  of  the 
Past,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Present,  5-46. 
Historical  Portraits,  321. 
Historic  Ground.  50. 
Historical  Society.    331,  330. 

320,  34,  45,  63,  66.  358,  381,  778. 
Hitchcock,  D.  V\  .,  933. 
Hitchcock,  Hiram,  587. 
Hitchcock,  W.  G.,  890,  738. 
Hitchcock  (W.  G.)  &  Co.,  890. 
Hlas  Lindu,  622. 
Hobart  Hall,  282. 
Hoboken,  27,  34,  84,  85.  88,  90. 
Hoboken  Ferry  Pier,  84. 
Hoe  (R.)  &  Co.,  957.  956,  765. 
Hoe.  Robert,  334,  765,  956. 
Hoffman  House,  857,  226,  68, 
148. 


ICING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW 


YORK. 


Hoffman  Island,  458,  73,  264 
Hoffman,  John  T.,  186. 
Hoffman,  Josiah  O.,  706. 
Hofheimer,  Henry,  720. 
Hogg.  John,  880. 
Holland,  7. 

Holland,  Dr.  J.  G.,  636. 
Holland  House,  225,  782,  22^ 

66,  68.  152. 
Holland's  Map,  12. 
Holland  Society,  553,  44)  45,  46 
Holley  Bust,  171,  i74. 
Holloway,  J.  F..  ccQ 
Holt,  R.  S.,  773.  559' 
Holy  Comforter.  House,  440. 
Holy    Communion,  Church, 

357.  456,  472. 
Holy  Cross,  Church,  398,  4  0 
Holy  Cross  School,  293,  398, 

286. 

Holy  Family,  House,  436. 
Holy  Rosary,  School,  286. 
Holy  Spirit,  Church,  ?58. 
Holy  Trinity.   151,  360,  362, 
361. 

Homans,  Sheppard,  678,  680 
Home  for  Destitute  Blind,  440. 
Home  for  Aged  Hebrews,  453, 


Hospital  Sunday  Assoc.,  4g2 
Hotel  Brunswick,  230. 
Hotel,  Cambridge,  228. 
Hotel  de  Logerot,  230. 
Hotel  District,  216. 
Hotel  Grenoble,  227  i-4 
Hotel  Imperial,  226,  148?  66,  68. 
Hotel  Monico,  236. 
Hotel  Xew  Xetherland,  219 


997 


Home  for  Incurables,  440 

Home  for  Old  Men,  443. 

Home  Insurance  Co.,  650,651 

Home  Journal^  628. 

Homeless  Children.  4qi 

Home  Life,  241. 

Home  Life  Ins.  Building,  67s, 
674,  674,  676,  144.      *'  75' 

Home  Life  Ins.  Co.,  674,  675. 

Home  Missions,  408.  409.  4i_>. 

Home  of  Industry,  504. 

Homer  Ramsdell  Transporta- 
tion Co.,  104. 

Homes  for  the  Aged.  441,  442 

,443,  444.  445- 

Homoeopathic  Dispensary,  480 

Homoeopathic  Hospital,  475, 
481. 

Homoeopathic  Medical  Coll 

„279.  63. 

Hone  Club,  543. 

Hone,  Philip,  258,  5,2,  532,  7,0, 

Hop-Dealers'  Exchange,  806. 
Hope  Chapel,  380,  368. 
Hopper,  Isaac  T.,  Home,  438. 
Hornthal,  Weissman  &  Co.. 
889. 

Horse-and-Cart  Lane,  378 
Horse-Boats  106. 
Horse-Railroads,  37,  ,,6 
Horse-Sales,  812. 


Hotel  Xormandie,  601,  226 
Hotel  Rates  in  1650,  215. 
Hotels,  2 [6,  68,  148. 
Hotel  Savoy,  221,  22Q,  854,082 
Hotel  Waldorf,  217,  218  8;, 
Houghton,  Dr.  G.  H  ,  357 
House  and  School  of  Industry 
437- 

House  Furnishers,  858. 
House  of  Industry,  422,  302. 
House  of  Mercy,  438 
House  of  Nazareth,  436. 
House  of  Refuge,  501,  4o,  62, 

302,  500,  778. 
House  of  Relief,  464. 
House  of  Rest,  407, 
Houston  Street,  36,  352. 
House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 
438. 

House  of  the  Holv 

Comforter 

440. 

Howard,  Gen.  O.  O.,  53y. 

Howard,  Harry,  519. 

Howard  Mission.  4^. 

Howe,  G.  C,  647. 

Howland,  Dr.  R.  S..  352. 

Howland,  Gardiner  G.,  210. 

Hoyt,  A.  M.,  715,  773. 

Hoyt  St  Thomas,  507. 

Hoyt,  Chas.  H.,  507. 

Hoyt,  G.  L.,  75;  7 

Hoyt  9  Madison-Square  Thea- 
tre, 597- 

Hubbard,  L.  P.,  4S4. 

Hubbard,  S.  T.,  742. 

Hubbell,  C.  O.,  742. 

Hubert  Street,  32. 

Hudson,  Henry,  5,  7. 

Hudson  River,'  103,  50,  54,  S5, 
69,  7°,  75.  »oq,  112,  128,  120." 

Hudson-River  Bridge,  194. 
Hudson-River  Day  Line,  103, 

Hudson-River  Railroad,  n5. 


Ho-ticultural  Soc,  323 
H  or  ton  (J.  M.)  Ice  Cream  Co. 
984. 

Hosack,  Dr.  D.,  272,482. 
Hose,  g28,  g-o. 
Hosmer,  Chas.  R.,  206.  2io. 
Hospital   for  Incurables,  44o 
496,  62. 

Hospital  Graduates'  Club,  401. 
Hospital  Newspaper  Soc,  454. 
Hospitals,  4S8,  62,  59. 
Hospitals  for  Children,  428. 
Hospital  Ship,  458. 


Hudson-River  Tunnel,  195. 
Hudson-St.  Freight  Depot,8i4 
Hughes,  Archbishop,  184,  42, 

183,  284,  391. 
Huguenot  Gravevard,  522. 
Huguenots,  22,  25,  509. 
Huguenot  Society,  332. 
Humboldt  Statue.  168,  180. 
Hume,  W.  H.,  681,  451,  682,  54a. 
Humphreys.  Solon,  659. 
Hungarian  Assoc.,  447. 
Hungarians.  241. 
Hunt  &  Eaton,  630. 
Hunt,  A.  S.,  410. 
Hunter.  Gov.,  25. 
Hunter's  Island,  171. 
Hunter's  Point,  135. 
Huntington,  C.  P.,  67,  312,  152, 
222,  764. 


Huntington,  Daniel,  548 
Huntington  Mansion,  66. 
Huntington  Mausoleum,  518, 

866. 

Huntington,  W.  R.,  3so,  4,8. 
Hunt,  R.  H.,  747.  4 
Hunt,  Richard  M.,  130  3,, 

327,  175.  257.  272,  834. 
Hunt.  Sanford.  716 
Hurlbert,  H.  C,  756 
Hurlbut,  H.  A.,  737  ' 
Hutchins,  Rev.  John,  337. 
Hutton,  Prof.  F.  R  ,22 
•  Hyde,  E.  F.,  764.  ' 
Hydrants,  51. 

Hydraulic  Works,  922,  923. 

'  Ice  Bridge.  44.  . 
Ice  (.ream,  984. 
Ide,  Geo.  E  ,  676. 
Idiot  Asylum  62,  500 
Iglehart,  F.  C,  377. 
Immaculate    Virgin,  House 

435,  "59- 
Immigrant  Bureau,  81,  266,  141 
Immigrants,  57». 
Immigration,  55<  448. 
Immigration,  Commissioners, 

Imperial  Hotel,  226,  68,  66,  i48. 
Imperial  Insurance  Co  ,  661. 
Importers'  and  Traders'  Club, 
t  558-  , 

Importers'  and  Traders'  Bank 
_  703,  724. 
Imports,  785,  74. 
Inauguration  of  Washington, 
_  2I>  3h  44,  344- 
Incandescent  Lamps,  926,  202, 
203. 

Incarnation,  Church,  361,  836. 
Incurables,  460. 
Incurables,  Home  for,  440,  500. 
Incurables  Ward  B.  L,  499. 
Indian  Antiquities,  330. 
Indian  Councils,  18. 
Indian  Hunter,  105,  66,  179. 
Indians,  20. 
Indian  Slaves,  23. 
Indian  War,  15. 
India-rubber,  928. 
Indigent  Females'  Home,  441, 

442,  443- 
Industrial  Art-Education,  288. 
Industrial  Life-insurance,  677. 
Industrial  Schools,  437. 
.  Industrial  Training,  290. 
Industrial  Trusts,  696. 
Infant  Asylum,  425. 
Infanta  Eulalia,  397. 
Infants'  Hospitals,  460,  500,  62. 
Infirmaries,  62. 

Infirmary    for    Women  and 

Children,  479,  279. 
Infirmary,  N.-Y.,  479. 
Ingleside,  433. 
Innian  Line,  76. 
Insnne  Asylum,  B.  I.,  462,  461. 
Insane  Asylum  for  Males,  460, 

462,  62. 

Insane  Asylums,  461,  462. 
Insane   Asylum,  Ward's  Id., 

463,  462. 

Insane  Pavilion,  459,  466. 


998 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Inspection  of  Buildings,  251. 
Inspection    of  Combustibles, 

256. 

Institute    of  Artist-Artisans, 

Institution  for  Savings  of  Mer- 
chants' Clerks,  778. 

Institute  of  Mercy,  437,  435. 

Insular  Navigation  Co.,  89. 

Insulated  Wire,  931. 

Insulation,  931. 

Insurance,  641. 

Insurance  (  lub,  557 

Insurance  Dep't,  640,  641. 

Insurance  Legislation,  640. 

Insurance  Monitor •,  634- 

Insurance  Patrol,  5^0,  965. 

Insurance  Reports,  640 

Insuring  of  Vessels,  646. 

Intemperate  Men,  Home  for, 
487. 

Interlaken  Cloth.  885. 
International  Hanking-Houses, 
75°. 

Intcrnat.   Medical  Missionary 

Institute,  284. 
International  Navigation  Co., 

77.  76,  79-  n 
International  Okonite  Co.,  931. 
Invalids'  Homes,  440. 
Inventions,  321. 
Inwood,  47,  438. 
Irish  Emigrant  Society,  448. 
Irishmen,  so,  536. 
Irish  Regiment,  536. 
Iron,  9?!,  934,  951,  936. 
Iron  Clad  Mfg.  Lo„  935,  934. 

Iron3 Pier,  Coney  Id.,  983. 
Iron  Skeletons,  818. 
Iron  Work,  950,  951,  306,  982. 
Iroquois  C  lub,  562. 
Irving  Hall,  633. 
Irvingites,  389. 
Irving  Place,  234. 
Irving-Place  Theatre,  602. 
Irving  Savings  Institution,  782. 
Irving,  W.,  172,  176,  39,  325, 

326,  160,  170,  134,  817. 
Irvin,  Richard,  Jr.,  210. 
Isaac  T.  Hopper  Home,  438. 
Isabella  Heimath,  445,  838. 
Iselin,  Adrian,  588,  710,  773. 
Iselin,  Adrian,  Jr.,  716,  764,769, 

838. 

Iselin.  C.  O.,  756. 
Isham,  Wm.  B.,  740. 
Island  Mission,  453. 
Islip,  62. 

Istituto,  Italiano.  456,  455. 
Italian  Renevolent  Soc,  447. 
Italian  Llub,  489. 
Italian  Home,  456,  475. 
Italian  Immigrants,  4^5,  474. 
Italian  Institute,  456/455. 
Italian  Quarter,  159. 
Italian  Restaurants,  241. 
Italians,  50,  302,  174,  i8<-. 

Jackson,  H.  M.,  659. 
Jackson,  J.  J.,  684. 
Jacksonville,  93. 
Jaffray  (E.  S.)  &  Co.,  872. 
Jaffray,  H.  S.,  872. 


Jaffray,  Robert,  872. 
Jamaica,  50,  100. 
James,  C.  P.,  749. 
James  Fountain,  179,  182. 
James,  Thomas  L.,  266. 
Jans,  Roelof,  14. 
Japanese  1  lub,  240. 
Japanese  Restaurant,  240. 
Japanese  Swords,  304. 
Jarvie,  Jas.  N.,  710. 
Jay,  John,  270. 

Jeanette  Park,  82,  153,  107. 

Jefferson,  Joseph,  58:. 

Jefferson  Market,  8  9. 

Jefferson-Market  Court,  839, 
253.  494  .  493.  154,  828. 

Jenkins,  E.  P.,  425. 

Jerome  Avenue,  192. 

Jerome  Park,  192,  198,  199,  200. 

Jersey,  3-,  542. 

Jersey  (  entral  Building,  58. 

Jersey  City,  27,  1 19,  118  121,129. 

Jesuit  Institutions,  285. 

Jesuits,  284,  285,  391,  397. 

Jesup,  C  has.  M.,  764. 

Jesup,  M.  K.,  306,  423,  764. 

Jewelers'  Association,  528. 

Jewish  Cemetery,  505,  522. 

Jewish  Church.  50,  1  2,  400. 

Jewish  Immigrants'  Protective 
Soc,  447. 

Jewish  Infants,  451. 

Jewish  Literature,  331,  610. 

Jewish  Philanthropies,  451,  447. 

Jewish  Poor,  452. 

Jewish  Reform,  403. 

Jewish  Theol.  Seminary,  284. 

Jobbing  Trade,  871-912. 

Jogues,  Father,  391. 

Johnson,  Geo.  P.,  749. 

Johnson,  Isaac  G.,  644. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  270. 

Johnston,  John  S.,  4,  43. 

Johnston,  J.  T.,  315,  304,  275. 

John  Street,  28. 

John-Street  M.  E.  Church, 
374.  350.  377.  ?86. 

[ohn-Street  Theatre,  576. 

Jones,  A.  H.,  898. 

Jones,  George,  618. 

Jones,  J.  D.,  645,  646. 

Jordan,  Conrad  N.,  698. 

Journal,  622,  609,  27. 

Journalism,  609,  27. 

Journalism  and  Pl  ui  ishing. — 
Newspapers  and  Periodicals, 
Book,  Music  and  other  Pub- 
lishing, 609-638. 

Journal  0/  Commerce,  612,  609, 
610. 

Judaism,  452. 

Judge,  635,  150,  626,  749. 

Judiciary,  260,  51. 

Judiciary  Salaries,  51. 

Judson  Memorial  Church,  378, 
"73.  379-  456,  167. 

Juhring,  J.  C,  898. 

Juilliard,  A.  D.,  710,  764,  769. 

Jumel  Mansion,  22. 

Jurors,  -,62. 

Juvenile  Asylum,  501,  302,  372. 

Kahle.  J  .  908. 
Kahle,  M.,  908. 


Kaiser  Wilhclm,  85. 
Kane,  J.  P.,  745,  906. 
Kean,  <  harles,  510. 
Kean,  Edmund,  51'.,  576. 
Kean  Riot,  5:6. 
Kearny,  Gen.  Phil.,  509. 
Keene.  Laura,  58.. 
Keener,  Wm  A.,  273. 
Keep,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  484. 
Kelly,  Eugene,  704,  732,  780,830. 
Kelly,  Hugh,  721. 
Kelsey,  C.  H.,  730. 
Kendrick,  A.  C  .,  381. 
Kennedy  <  ollection,  327. 
Kennedy,  H.  V.  R.,  771. 
Kennedy  (F.  A.)  Co.,  944. 
Kennedy,  J.  S.,  722,  764. 
Kennedy,  R.  L.,  773. 
Kenny,  W.  J.  K.,  622. 
Kensico  (  emetery,  521,  520. 
Kensico  Lake,  521. 
Kent's  Commentaries,  273,  543. 
Kernan,  J.  A.,  891. 
Kerncchan,  J.  P.,  756. 
Kerr,  Walter,  756. 
Keys,  J.  G.,  742. 
Kidd,  Opt.  Robert,  25. 
Kieft,  Wm.,  14,  215,  523. 
Kimball,  F.  H.,  670. 
Kimber,  A.  C,  347. 
Kindergarten  Assoc.,  302. 
Kindergartens, 302,  269,  298,434. 
King,  C.  W.,  104. 
King,  David  H.,  Jr.,  688,  618, 

762,  832. 
King,  Edward,  326,  556,  645, 

760,  781. 
King  George,  787. 
King,  Richard,  722. 
King's  Arms  Tavern,  17,  215. 
Kingsbridge,  192. 
Kingsbridge  Road,  193,  148. 
King's  College,  270,  27,  34. 
King's  Daughters,  455. 
King's  Farm,  14,  25. 
King's  (John)  House,  151. 
Kingsland.  A  C,  26  ,  780. 
Kingsley,  W.  C,  185,  186,  188. 
King's  Model  Houses,  832. 
Kinsley,  H.  M.,  226. 
Kipp's  Bay,  30. 
Kirk's,  241. 
Kitchin's  Map,  15. 
Kit-Kat  Club,  300,  314. 
Kittredge.  A.  E.,  340. 
Klopsch,  Louis,  632. 
Knapp,  Shepherd,  372. 
Knevals,  Caleb  B.,  519. 
Knickerbocker  Canoe  Club, 

568. 

Knickerbocker  Casualty  Co., 

681. 

Knickerbocker  Club,  546,  68, 

153- 

Knickerbocker,  Diedrich,  5. 
Knickerbocker  Fire-Ins.  Co., 

639. 

Knickerbocker  Hotel,  220. 
Knickerbocker  Trust  Co.,  760. 
Knights  Templar,  571. 
Knox,  Jchn  Jay,  44,  724. 
Koburger  Bible,  330. 
Koster  &  Rial's,  605,  148. 
Krigier's  Tavern,  17,  215. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW 


YORK. 


Lace  Leather,  940. 
Laces,  874. 

Lackawanna  Building,  58. 

Lackawanna  System,  125. 

Ladenbure,  Adolph,  587. 

Ladies'  Christian  Union,  436. 

Ladies'  Deborah  Nursery,  452. 

Ladies'  Fuel  Society,  454. 

Ladies'  Health  Protective 
Association,  492. 

Ladies'  Mission,  455. 

Ladies'  N.-Y.  (  lub,  571. 

Ladies'  Union  Relief  Associa- 
tion, 454. 

LaFarge,  John,  352,  354,  356, 
$66,  398  3Qo,  545- 

La  barge  House,  235. 

Lafayette,  14;,  175,  258,  53*- 

Lafayette  Place,  326,  328, 
159i  325»  ^58,  3<7,  146,  236,  628. 

Lafayette  Statue,  180,  176,  166. 

Lafayette  Theatre,  583. 

Laffan,  W.  M.,  613. 

LahHy  85. 

Lake,  (  entral  Park,  162. 
Lake,  Kensico,  521. 
Lake,  Wood  lawn,  517. 
Lamb,  Martha  J  ,  636. 
Lambs,  792. 
Lamb's  Artillery,  532. 
Lambs'  1  lub,  552. 
Lamar,  G.  B  ,  724. 
LaMontagne  Garden,  216. 
Lamp  Posts,  201. 
Lancey,  J.  De,  509. 
Landon,  C.  G.,  764. 
Lane,  Barent  H.,  814. 
Lane,  I.  R.,  648. 
Langdon,  Batcheller  &  Co., 
891. 

Langdon,  Edwin,  736. 
Langdon  W  G.,  748. 
Langdon,  Woodbury,  722,  736. 
Langham,  Hotel,  152. 
Langill,  C.  1  .,  4,  41. 
Langtry,  Mrs.,  582,  593. 
Lanier,  v  harles,  306,  587,  764. 
Lanterns,  26. 
Larocque,  Joseph,  748. 
Laryngological  Assoc.,  491. 
La  Salle  Institute,  286. 
Las  XoTrdades,  6/2. 
Laura  Franklin  Hospital,  482, 
48t. 


Leather  Heads,  524, 
Leather  Trade,  7^8. 
Lebanon  Hospital,  474,  473  62 
Le  Brun,  X.,  678. 


999 

Jenny,  i4i,  5/-8,  580,  235, 


Lind 

236, 

Linen  Thread,  895 
Lioness.  165. 


Le  Brun  (Napoleon)  &  Sons,  Lion  Insurance  Co.,  662 


257,  157,  674. 
V Eco  a" Italia,  618. 
Ledger,  626. 
Lee,  Gen.,  29, 
Leeson  (J.  R  )  &  Co.,  895. 
Leggett  (F.  H.)  &  Co.,  897, 

896,  776. 
Legislative  Dept.,  246. 
Lehigh  River,  122. 
Lehigh  Valley,  12-. 
Lehigh-Valley  Railroad,  121. 
Leisler,  Jacob,  24,  25. 
Lenox-Avenue  Unit.  Church, 
386. 

Lenox  Collection,  330. 
Lenox  Hill,  282. 
Lenox  Institute,  %ci. 
Lenox,  James,  326,  370,  468. 


Lispenard  Meadows,  34. 

Listyy  622. 

Literary  Ciltire.  —  Libra- 
ries, Public,  Club,  Society 
and  Private,  325-334 

Lithographing,  914. 

Little  Church  Around  the 
Corner,  357. 

Little  Mothers'  Aid,  427. 

Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  443, 
444- 

Little  Wanderers.  433. 
Little  Water  Street,  38. 
Liverpool,    London  &  Globe 

Ins.  Co..  662. 
Livingston,  Chancellor,  34,  36. 
Livingston,  Edw..  32,  258. 
Livingston  Ref.  Church.  340. 


Lenox  Library,  327,  326,  63,  66,  Livingston,  R.  S 


66. 


_  67,  153- 

Lenox  Lyceum,  6c6,  68,  320. 
Lenox  Medical  Soc.,  491. 
Lenox  Nineveh  Marbles 
Lenox,  Robert,  482,  751. 
Leo  House,  449,  448. 
Leonard.  Robert,  776. 
Leslie,  Frank,  626. 
Leuj.p,  W.  H.,  771. 
Leverich,  < '.  P.,  704. 
Lewis  &  Conger,  858. 
Lewis,  R.  V  ,  743. 
Lexington  Ave.  and  63d 
869. 

Lexington-Ave.  Opera-House 
606. 

Liautard,  Dr  A.,  281. 
Libbey,  A.  F  ,  738. 
Libbey,  Wm,  758. 
Liberty  Enlightening 

World,  177,  42,  72,  174. 
Liberty  Pole,  28. 
Libraries,  6  ,  325. 
Libraries  for  Ships,  414. 
Library,    Columbia  College 

3*2- 

Library  of  Congress,  329. 
Licenses,  253. 

Liederkranz,  318,  319,  68,  290. 
Life,  626 


Co., 


Laura  Keene's  Varieties,  580,  Life  -  Kki  rance 
581. 

Law  Dep't,  276. 
Law  Institute,  332,  260. 
Law  Libraries,  332. 
Lawrence  (A.  &  A.)  &  Co.,  88c 
Lawrence,  Capt.,  507. 
Lawrence,  F  R.,  549. 
Law  Schools,  270,  273,  276,  63. 
Lawyers,  19. 
Lawyers'  (  lub,  557,  ,32. 
Lawyers  Surety  Co.,  69^. 

Lawyers'  Title  Insurance  Co.  Life-Underwriters.  66 


for  Protection  of  Widows, 
Orphans  and  others,  and  for 
Providing  Incomes  in  Ad- 
vanced Age,  etc.,  and  Life- 
Inaurance  Associations,  66-- 
682. 

i fe  in  the  Metropolis. — 
Hotels,  Inns,  Cafe's,  Restau- 
rants,  Apartment-Houses, 
Flats,  Homes,  Tenements, 
etc.,  21  s-244 


Livingston, 

Lloyds  Plate  Glass  Ins. 

690. 
Local  Traffic,  54. 
Local  Transit  135. 
Locomotive,  First,  no,  130. 
Lodging-Houses,  243. 
Lodging-Houses  Boys',  429. 
Loeser  (Frederick;  &  Co.,  874. 
Loew  Bridge,  44. 
Loew,  E.  V.,  742,  762. 
Logerot,  Hotel  de,  230,  152. 
London  Theatre,  605. 
London  Steamships,  83. 
Long  Branch,  5c,  124. 
Long-Distance  Telephone,  21  >. 
Long  Island,  62,  5;,  50,  6y,  72, 
185,  195- 

Long-Island  City,  50,  54,  134, 
'95- 

Long-Island  Railroad,  54,  134. 
'35.  >95- 

Long-Island  Sound,  34,  50,  55, 

60,  7  •,  102,  170. 
Loomis  Laboratory,  276,  277, 

838. 

Loomis,  Mathematician,  276. 
Lord  &  Taylor.  Eroad way, 849. 
Lord  &  Taylor,  Grand  Street, 
848,  838. 

Companies  Lord  &  Taylor,  Old  Store,  848. 


St. 


the 


3°4- 


of  New  York,  687,  686 
Lazarus  Collection 
Lazarus  Guild,  4 ,  . 
L.  A.  W.,  c6u. 
Leake  and  Watts 

Home,  430,  362. 
Leather  Belting,  940 


Or  i-li 


Light  House,  B.  I.,  497. 
Lighting  Streets,  201. 
Liliputian  Bazaar,  856. 
Lily  Pond,  162. 
.1  n  Lincoln  <  lub,  562. 

Lincoln  Statue,  181,  176. 
I.incTiista  Walton  oss- 


166. 


Lord,  Daniel,  326. 
Lord,  G.  W.  T.,  848. 
Lord.  Samuel,  848. 
Lorillard,  C.  L.,  515. 
Lorillard,  Pierre,  383. 
Lorraine  Library,  334. 
Loss,  G.  W.,  74 
Loth  (Joseph)  &  Co.,  974. 
Lotos  t  lub.  549,  68. 
Lounsburv,  P.  L.,  522,  685,  71: 
767. 

Lovelace,  Col.  F.,  23,  109. 
Lovers'  Walk,  163. 
Lower  Bay,  6o,  'o,  72,  264. 
Lower  Broadway,  143. 
Lower  Market  Landing,  19. 
Lower  Quarantine,  73. 
Low,  Nicholas,  703. 
Low,  Seth,  270. 


1  oco 


R'LVG'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Loyal  Legion,  561. 
Ludlovv-Street  Jail,  494,  257, 

256. 

Lumber-Trade  Assoc.,  806. 
Lummis,  Wm.,  767. 
Lunacy  Law  Reform,  504. 
Lunatic  Asylums,  461. 
Lutheran  Cemetery,  522. 
Lutheran  Pilgrim  House,  449. 
Lutherans,    17,   449,  382,  383, 

389.  522- 
Lutheran  Society,  36,  383. 
Luther's  Bible,  330. 
Lyceum  Opera-House,  606. 
Lyceum  Theatre,  596. 
Lying-in  Hospital,  482,  778. 
Lyman,  Frank,  758. 
Lyne's  Map,  11. 
Lyon  (Amasa)  &  Co.,  975. 

MacArthur,  R.  S.,  380. 
Macdonald,  Gordon,  770. 
Macdonough,  Jas.,914. 
Mackay,  Donald,  708. 
Mackay,  John  W.,  206,  208,  210. 
Macready  Riot,  579. 
Macy,  W.  H..  758,  774. 
Madison  Avenue,  154,  243. 
Madison- Ave.  Baptist  Church, 

382,  381. 
Madison-Ave.  Church,  375. 
Madison  Ave., from  42c!  St. ,151. 
Madison  Ave.,  from  69th  St., 

IS"- 

Madison-Ave.  Line,  137. 
Madison-Ave.  Presb.  Ch.,  369. 
Madison-Ave.  Ref.  Ch.,  341. 
Madison  Cottage,  580. 
Madison    Square,   737,  181, 

182,  183,  144,  it>6,  40,  153, 

176,  152,  501,  505,  218,  230,  738. 
Madison-Square  Garden,  585, 

583.  584,  44-  66,  68,  446,  950, 

148,  579- 

Madison-Square  Theatre,  597, 

68,  148,  592. 
Madison-Square  Tower,  66. 
Madison-Square  Tower,  Views 

from.  734,  735- 
Madison-Square  Presbvterian 

Church,  368. 
Maennerchors,  317,  319. 
Magdalen  Asylum,  438. 
Magoun,  G.  C.,  760,  774. 
Mahommedanism,  406. 
Maiden  Lane,  18,  23,  24,  185, 

505,  5-8. 
Maidens'  Path,  18. 
Mail  and  Express,  615,  207, 

614,  46,  144. 
Maimonides  Library.  331,  745. 
Maine  Steamship  Co.,  93. 
Maitland,  Phelps  &  Co..  751, 

662. 

Maitland,  T  ,  662. 
Majestic,  79. 

Mall,  Central  Park,  163,  161, 
178. 

Mallory,  Dr.  G.  S.,  627. 
Mallory  Line,  97,  92. 
Mallory.  Marshall  H.,  627. 
Manhattan.  5,  7. 
Manhattan  Athletic  Club.  564, 
IS«,  68. 


Manhattan  Bank,  705. 

Manhattan  Bicycle  Club,  568. 

Manhattan  Club,  545,  68,  314, 
153.  150. 

Manhattan  College,  284,  286. 

Manhattan  Co.,  645,  706,  758. 

Manhattan  Dispensary,  476. 

Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hos- 
pital. 484. 

Manhattan  Hospital,  476. 

Manhattan  Island,  47,  50,  54, 
192,  194,  69. 

Manhattan  Life-Ins.  Co..  669, 
637,  668,  645.  143. 

Manhattan  Medical  Soc,  491. 

Manhattan  Opera-House,  594. 

Manhattan  Railway,  138. 

Manhattan  Safe-Deposit  and 
Storage  Co..  666,  782. 

Manhattan  Savings  -  Institu- 
tion, 780. 

Manhattan  Square,  170,  306. 

Manhattan  Storage  &  Ware- 
house Co.,  810,  811,  838. 

Manhattan  Trust  Co.,  765. 

Manhattanville,  47,  137.  286. 

Manhattan  Water  Works,  30, 
39,  196. 

Manners,  T.  R.,  745. 

Manson,  Geo.  T.,  931. 

Manual  Training  Schools,  268. 

Mamfactcreks. — An  Outline 
History  of  some  Preeminent 
Industries  Carried  on  or 
Represented  in  New  York, 
913-984. 

Maps,  6,  8,  9,  ii,  12,  13,  15. 

Marble  Arch,  165,  161. 

Marble  Cemetery.  506,  510. 

Marble  Church.  337,  338. 

Maretzek,  Max,  603,  578,  579. 

Margaret  Louisa  Home,  417. 

Margaret  Strachan  Home.  439. 

Marine  Court,  261. 

Marine  Hospital,  483. 

Marine  Insurance,  639.  640. 

Mariners'  Church,  414. 

Mariners"  Family  Asylum,  447. 

Marine  Underwriters,  709. 

Maritime  Association,  801. 

Maritime  Exchange,  802,  58. 

Market  and  Fulton  Bank.  727, 
728,  838. 

Markets,  808. 

Markets,  Sup't  of,  248. 

Marlborough.  Hotel,  236,  148. 

Marquand,  H.  G.,  304,  306,  314, 
31*1  332. 

Marquand  Pavilion.  459. 

Martin,  Hotel.  23*. 

Martyrs'  Monument,  507,  508. 

Mason,  E.  S..  704. 

Masonic  Hall,  154,  608. 

Masonic  Library,  333. 

Masonic  Temple,  570,  571. 

Massage,  College  of,  280. 

Materia  Medica  Soc,  491. 

Maternity  Home,  280,  48*. 

Mathematical  Soc,  323. 

Matsell,  Geo.  W.,  524,  526. 

Matthews,  Geo.  E.,  4. 

Matthews.  Jas.  M.,  340. 

Matthews-Northrup  Co.,  4. 

Mausoleums,  866. 


Maverick's  Map,  13. 

Mayors,  258,  245.  247,  249. 

Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Com- 
monalty, 245. 

Mazzini  Statue,  168,  180. 

McAlpin,  D.  H.,  652,  672,  724. 

McAnerney.  John,  721. 

McAuley.  Jerrv,  424. 

McCall,  John  A..  736,  780. 

McCay,  John  R.,  662. 

McCloskey,  John,  284. 

McClure.  S.  S.,  636. 

McClymonds,  L.  K.,  930. 

McComb's-Dam  Bridge,  192. 

McCord,  Wm.  H.,  950. 

McCreery  (James)  &  Co.,  852, 
853.  294,  146,  233. 

McCurdy,  R.  A.,  666,  769. 

McGowan's  Pass,  162. 

Mclntyre,  T.  A.,  730. 

McKim,  Mead  &  White,  154. 
272,  379,  545,  614. 

McLean,  Alex.,  410. 

McLean,  J.  M.,  644. 

McLoughlin,  J.,  749. 

McVickar,  Wm.,  350. 

Mechanical  Engineers.  322. 

Mechaniial  Rubber  Co..  930. 

Mechanics'  and  Traders'  Ex- 
change, 794. 

Mechanics  and  Tradesmen's 
Soc,  446.  320,  708. 

Mechanics'  Nat.  Bank,  709, 
708,  950. 

Meday,  J.  P.,  98>. 

Medical  College  for  Women. 
481,  280,  480. 

Medical  Inspectors,  457. 

Medical  Libraries,  333. 

Medical  Schools,  63,  272,  277. 

Medical  Societies,  491. 

Medicine,  Acad,  of,  278. 

Medico-Chirurgical  Soc,  490. 

Medico-Historical  Soc.  491. 

Medico-Legal  Soc,  491. 

Memorial  Arch,  173,  966,  172, 
167,  505. 

Menagerie.  166,  161. 

Menlo-Park  Ceramic,  838. 

Mercantile  Agency,  816. 

Mercantile  Credit  Guarantee- 
Co.,  688. 

Mercantile  Exchange,  803. 

Mercantile  Library,  328,  723, 
63,  i59.  146.  579- 

Mercantile  Nat.  Bank.  744, 
207. 

Merchants'  Bank,  692,  705. 
Merchants'  Central  Club.  558. 
Merchants'  Clerks'  Savings 

Bank.  778. 
Merchants'  Club,  558. 
Merchants'  Coffee-House.  216. 
Merchants'  Exchange,  7S5,  790. 

697.  522. 
Merchants'    Exchange  Nat. 

Bank,  715,  674. 
Merchants'  Nat.  Bank,  706. 
Meridian  Club,  570. 
Messiah  Church.  386. 
Meteorological  Observations. 

672. 

Methodist  Book-Concern.  631, 
630,  150,  333,  408,  716.  852. 


KING'S  HAXDBOOK  OF  SEW  YORK'. 


IOOI 


Methodist  Church  Home.  444- 
Methodist-Episcopal  Church, 

59.  374.  433- 
Methodist  Mission  House,  031, 
Metropole,  Hotel.  148,  236. 
Metropolis,  Bank  of  the.  740. 
Metropolitan  Casino.  5Q8. 
Metropolitan  Club,  68.  153,  545. 
Metropolitan  College  of  Music, 

289. 

Metropolitan  Hotel,  233,  604. 
Metropolitan    Life- Ins.  Co., 

679,  154.  677,  729,  838,  840. 
Metropolitan  Line,  93. 
Metropolitan  Museum,  304, 

3<>S.  3°3,  44.  63,  66,  67,  136, 

312,  407,  836. 
Met.  Museum  Schools,  288. 
Metropolitan     Opera- House, 

589.  743.  -87,  603,  66,  46,  67, 

68,  148,  583,  838. 
Metropolitan  Plate-Glass  Ins. 

Co..  683. 
Metropolitan  Railway,  138. 
Metropolitan  Telephone  &  Tel- 
egraph Co.,  2ii,  212,  213, 

214,  210. 
Metropolitan  Trust  Co.,  764, 

707,  698. 
Meyer,  Heinrich,  88?. 
Meyer,  Oscar  R.,  658. 
Meyer,  P.  P.,  866. 
Michael  i  us,  Rev.  J.,  336. 
Microscopical  Soc,  323. 
Middle   Dutch    Church.  18, 

337.  25,  Ji,  45.  156,  329,  337. 

505. 

Midgley,  Wm.  E.,  684. 
Midnight  Mission,  419. 
Milhau's  (J.)  Son,  862,  863. 
Military  Defences,  72. 
Military  Department  of  the 

East,  55,  72. 
Military  Museum,  72. 
Military  Service  Inst.,  72,  540. 
Militia,  531,  40,  54. 
Miller,  C.  R.,  618. 
Miller,  G.  C,  891. 
Millionaires,  58. 
Millionaires'  Club.  545. 
Mills  &  Gibb,  874. 
Mills,  Andrew,  672.  777. 
Mills  Building,  823,  155,  822, 

154.  156,  58. 
Mills,  D.  O.,  312,  152,  280,  490, 

704,  764,  771.  822. 
Mills  (D.  O.)  Training  School, 

281,  23?,  490,  587. 
Mills,  P.  L.,  874. 
Mills.  W.  M.,  748. 
Milmine,  Geo.,  742. 
Mines,  School  of,  273. 
Mining,  938. 
Mining  Engineers,  322. 
Minturn,  R.  B.,  545,  721,  779. 
Minuit,  Peter,  5,  336,  10,  12, 13, 

20.  241,  523- 

M  ISC  ELL  AN  F.OIS    INSURANCE.  — 

Companies  for  Providing 
against  Accidents,  Explo- 
sions, Broken  Plate -Glass, 
Dishonest  Employees.  Loss 
of  Salaries,  and  for  Furnish- 
ing Bonds,  683-690. 


Missionary  College,  284. 
Missionary  Societies,  406,  59 
Mission  of  Our  Lady  of  the 

Rosary,  449. 
Mitchell,  Pringle,  317. 
Mohawk  &  Hudson-River 

Railroad,  no,  114. 
Mohawk  Building,  887,  150. 
Monico,  Hotel,  236. 
Montague,  Geo.,  721,  738,  776, 

782. 

Monteriore  Home,  452,  440. 
Montgomery,  Col.  John,  26. 
Montgomery,    Richard,  510, 

5°9.  344- 
Monthly  Publications,  634-636, 
58. 

Monumental  Work,  866. 
Moore,  David  M..  977. 
Moore  (E.  C.  )  Collection,  304. 
Moore  Statue,  168,  180. 
Moravians,  59,  381,  390. 
Morgan,  A.  J.,  979. 
Morgan,  Dr.  D.  P.,  352. 
Morgan,  E.  D.,  567,  764. 
Morgan  (Enoch;    Sons  Co., 
979. 

Morgan,  G.  F.,  979. 

Morgan,  J.  Pierpont,  291,  308, 

35i,  3",  545.  587.  588,  75*i 

722,  838. 
Morgan  Line,  120,  96,  71. 
Morgen  Journal,  622. 
Morgue,  461,  470. 
Morning  Advertiser,  626. 
Morning  Journal,  622. 
Morningside  Heights,  293. 
Morningside  Park,  363,  473, 

364,  148,  166.  67. 
Morrisania,  114,  47,  172,  493. 
Morris  Building,  45,  730. 
Morrison,  D.  M.,  766,  767,  776. 
Morse  Building,  831,  830,  561, 

628. 

Morse,  S,  F.  B.,  164,  40,  308, 
326,  287,  575,  276,  180,  508. 

Morse  Statue,  164. 

Mortimer  Building,  842. 

Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.,  752,  766. 

Morton  House,  148,233. 

Morton,  L.  P.,  312,  348,  677,  742, 

Moss,  Theodore,  593,  600. 

Most  Holy  Redeemer,  66. 

Mothers*  Home,  482. 

Mott  Haven,  112,  132,  47. 

Mott  Memorial  Library,  333. 

Mott  Street,  158,  459. 

Mott,  Valentine,  333,  184,  277. 

Mounted-Police  Station,  527. 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery,  519. 

Mount-Morris  Bank,  742. 

Mount-Morris  Park,  175,  150. 

Mount-Sinai   Hospital.  470, 
471,  290,  469,  62. 

Mount-Sinai   Nurses'  H  o  m  e  , 
529> 

Mount  St.  Vincent,  288,  286.  47. 
Muhlenberg,  W.  A.,  357,  472. 
Mulberry-B~end,  159.171- 
Municipal  Administration,  50. 
Municipal  Art  Society,  312. 
Municipal  Ordinances,  246. 
Murray,  H.  A.,  769. 
Murray  Hill,  28,  30,  38. 


Murrav-Hill  Hotel,  840,  230, 

68. 

Murray  Street.  52. 
Murray,  Wm.,  =,26,  528. 
Museum   of  Art    304,  305, 

30?,  302,  63,  c8,  66,  67,  136, 

181,  312. 
Museum  of   Natural  History, 

307,  306,  321.  333,  322,  236, 

302. 
Music,  317. 
Music,  Acad,  of,  68. 
Music  Hall,  591 ,  590,  40*,  44,  68. 
Mutual  Fire  Ins.  Co..  657. 
Mutual  Life  Building.  5S,  66. 
.  45,  788. 

Mutual    Life-Ins.    Co..  665, 
769,  664,  647,  337,  144,  156, 
,505.  522,  752. 

Mutual  Reserve  Life  Assoc., 

681,  6S0,  824,  144. 
Mygatt,  L.  C,  301. 

Name  New  York,  22,  23. 
Narrows,  33,  37,  50,  55,  69,  72,  73, 

93,  540,  576. 
Nash,  W.  A.,  703,  730. 
Nassau  Boat  Club,  568. 
Nassau  Street.  619,  26,  156. 
Nation,  The,  611,  628. 
Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  309,  308, 

314,  66,  67,  287. 
National  Banking  Act,  695. 
National  Banking  Assoc.,  703. 
Nat.  Bank  of  Commerce,  722. 
National  Bank  of  the  Republic, 

725.  724.  703. 
National  City  Bank,  713,  710. 
National  Guard.  568,  39,  46,  54. 

171,  262,  538,  S31-  532- 
National  Hospitals,  474. 
National  Line,  83. 
Nat.  Park  Bank.  733,  732.  i44, 

830,  838. 
Nat.  Shoe  and  Leather  Bank. 

728,  838. 
National  Tube  Works.  933. 
National  Wall-Paper  Co..  955, 

953.  954.  953- 
Natural  History  Museum.  307, 

306,  321,  302,  322,  333, 170,  266. 

i55.  273,  236. 
Nautical  School,  62,  292. 
Naval  Battalion,  539,  538,  531. 
Naval  Militia,  538. 
Naval  Officer,  786. 
Navarro  Flats,  243. 
Navy-Yard,  55,  71,  542. 
Nazro,  H.  H..  740. 
Needlework  Guild,  454. 
Negroes,  24,  42,  158,  50:,  808. 
Negro  Riot  of  1741,  335,  391. 
Neighborhood  Guild,  421. 
Nelson,  Stuart  G.,  742. 
Nesbitt,  D.  A.,  982. 
Netherlands-Am.  Co.,  90,  84. 
Nevius  &  Haviland,  955. 
New  Amsterdam,  44,  245,  523. 
New  Amsterdam,  Bank,  698. 
New-Amsterdam  Eye  and  Ear 

Hospital,  485. 
Xewark,  99. 
Newburgh,  104.  105,  113. 
New  City  Hall,  257,  262,  581. 


100  2 


KING'S  JIAM)Houh    OF  NEW  YORK 


New  Club,  547. 

New- England  Soc,  454,  449, 

180,  56.. 
Neiv  Hampshire,  539,  538. 
New-Jersey  t  entra I  R.  R..  124, 

54- 

New-Jersey  Southern,  54. 
New  Jerusalem  C  hurch,  388, 
New  N'etherland,  Hotel,  219, 

105,  218,  68,  152. 
New -Orleans  Steamers,  70,  96. 
New  Park  System,  171. 
News,  623,  620. 
Newsboys'  Lodging,  60. 
Newspaper  Row,  623,  981. 
Newspapers,  58,  331. 
New  Year's  72. 
Nc-iv  York,  77,  76,  70. 
N.-Y.  &  C  uba  S.  S.  Co.,  98. 
N.-Y.  &  Harlem  R.  R.,  ill,  54, 

NriV.'  &6New-England  R.  R., 

•33,  134 
N.-Y.  &  N.-J.  Bridge  Co.,  194. 
N.-Y.  &  Northern  Railway,  54, 


134.  192,  193. 
N.-Y.  & 


Texas  Steamers,  97. 
N.-Y.  Athletic  Club.  565,  68. 
New  York,  Hank  of,  692,  701. 
N.-Y.  Belting  &  Packing  Co., 

929,  928  930. 
N.-Y.  Biscuit  Co.,  945,  044,  746. 
N.-Y.  Boat  Oar  (.  o.,  969. 
N.-Y.  Bowery   Fire-Ins.  Co., 
642. 

N.-Y.  Central  &  Hudson  River 
R.  R.,  110,  in,  112,  113, 
197,  814,  83,  114,  115,  n6, 

131,  192,  193,  194,  54,  37,  417, 
587»  522- 
N.-Y.  City  Consolidation  Act, 

N.-Y.  City  Dispensary.  487. 

N.-Y.  City  Mission.  59 

New- York  Club,  546,  68,  314, 

'53<  c4^- 
N.-Y.  College  of  Music,  2go. 
N.-Y.  College  of  Pharmacy, 

280,  279. 
N.-Y.   College  of  Veterinary 

Surgeons,  281. 
N.-Y.  Conservatory,  290. 
N.-Y.Eyennd  Ear  Infirmary  62. 
N.-Y.  Fruit  Exchange,  806. 
N.-Y.  Guarantee,   Indem.  & 

Security  Co.,  769. 
New- York  Harbor,  331,  69. 
N.-Y.  Historical  Soc,  331,  330, 

34,  66,  63,  67,  320,  4S. 
N.-Y.  Hospital,  464,  463,  333, 

62,  280,  466,  482,  4*3,  49 1,  884. 
New  York  in  1728.  11. 
New  York  in  1746,  18,19. 
New  York  in  1775,  17. 
New  York  in  1778,  15. 
New  York  in  1779.  13. 
New  York  in  1805,  26. 
New  York  in  1851,  35. 
N.-Y.,  Lake-Erie  &  Western 

R.  R.,  129. 
N.-Y.  Life-insurance  &  Trust 

Co.,  757,  755,  663. 
N.-Y.  Life-Ins.  Co.,  667,  666, 

663,  144. 


N.-Y.  Maennerchor  317,  319. 

N.-Y.  Marble  Cemetery,  511. 

N.-Y.,  New-Haven  &  Hartford, 
R.  R..  111,  54,  132,  133.  193. 

N.-Y.  Observer,  629,  628. 

New  York  ok  the  Present. — 
A  Comprehensive  Outline  of 
the  Whole  I  ity— Area,  Popu- 
lation, Wealth,  etc.,  47-68. 

New-York,  Ontario  &  Western 
R.  R.,  128. 

N.-Y.  Photogravure  Co.  .964 ,  , . 

N.-Y.  Plate-Glass  Ins.  Co.,  690. 

N.-Y.  Press  Club,  555,  554. 

N.-Y.  Produce  Exchange  795, 
796,  794- 

N.-Y.  Security  Sc  Trust  Co., 
7^5- 

N  -Y.  Society  Library,  329,  63. 
New  York,  The  Name,  22. 
N.-Y.  '/'hues,  619,  42,  625. 
N.-Y.  Trade  School,  274,  291. 
N.-Y.  Turn-Yerein,  567,  566. 
N.-Y.  Underwriters'  Agencv, 

656,  648,  657. 
New- York  University,  320,  323, 

332,  *4o. 
N.-Y.  Yacht  Club,  567,  106. 
Niagara  Fire-Ins.  Co.,  647. 
Niblo's  Theatre,  146,  583,  233. 
Niblo,  VVm.,  543,  604 
Night  Schools,  311. 
N'iles,  Nathaniel.  830. 
Nilsson,  Christine,  588. 
Nineteenth- Ward  Bank,  745, 

744- 

Ninth-Avenue  Line,  137. 
Ninth   National    Bank.  739, 

738,  144. 
Ninth  Regiment.  531,  535. 
Nivin,  W.  B.,  745. 
Noble,  W..  227. 

Normal  College,  270,  271,  jou, 

268,  62. 
Normandie,  Hotel,  226,  148. 
North  America.  Bank,  692. 
North  A  merican  Re7>ie~o,  636. 
North  Battery,  32,  40. 
North   British  &  Mercantile 

Ins.  Co.  658,  7  2. 
North  Brother  Island,  62. 
Northern  Assurance  Co  .  660. 
Northern  Dispensary  488. 
North  German  Lloyd  Line.  85, 

84,  91.  83. 
North-River  Bridge,  104,  195. 
North-River  Ferry-Boat,  119. 
Northrop.  H.  D..  748. 
Northwestern  Dispensary,  489. 
Norwegian   Relief   Soc,  447, 

474- 

Norwich  Line,  102,  133. 
Numbering  of  Houses,  33,  51. 
Numismatic  Society,  322,  333. 
Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital, 
480. 

Nurses'  Homes  471,497,499. 

Nurses'  Training-Schools,  460. 

Obehsk,  160  181,  819. 
Observer,  629,  6-8.  824,  372. 
Ocean  Greyhounds,  55,  75,  155. 
Ocean  Steamship  Co.,  95. 
Odd-Fellows'  Library,  333. 


Oelbermann,    Dommerich  <St 

Co.,  878. 
Oelbermann.  E.,  656. 
Oelrichs  &  Co.,  86.  708. 
Office-Buildings,  819,  s*. 
Ogden,  D.  B.,  606. 
Ogilvie,  J.  H.,  760. 
Ohio  Society,  560. 
Okonite  Co..  931. 
Old  Brewery.  424,  423. 
Old  Custom  House  in  182  =  ,  29. 
Old  Dominion  Steamships  94. 
Oldest  Church  Edifice,  342. 
Old  Fort.  Central  Park,  169. 
Old  Guard,  560. 
Old  London'Streets,  581. 
Old  Merchants'  Exch..  784. 
Olympic  Theatre,  582,  b^. 
Omnibuses,  136. 
1  loth-Street  Trestle.  135. 
123d  Street,  150. 
Opera,  67. 

Ophthalmic  Institute,  484,  v8o. 
Ophthalmic  Hospital,  473,  62, 

280.  483. 
Ophthalmological  Society,  491. 
Orangemen,  42. 
Orange  Riots,  532. 
Oratorio  ^ciety,68,  318,  320. 
Oregon  Iron  Works,  951. 
Oriental  Hotel,  595,  148. 
Orphan  Asylums,  430. 
Orphan  Asylum  Society.  431. 
Orphans'  Home,  431. 
Orr,  Alex.  E.,  708,  72^,  742,758. 

769. 

Ortgies  &  Co  .  315. 
Orthopedic  Dispensary,  486. 
Osborn  (John »,  Son  &  1  o..  899. 
Otis  Bros.  &  Co..  925, 924,  624. 
Otis  Elevators,  227,  672.  826, 

8  jo,  X48. 
Otis,  Norton  P.,  924. 
Ottendorier  Library,  488. 
Ottendorfer,  Oswald,  445,  312, 

3  2,  6  3. 
Our  Lady  of  the  Rosary,  449. 
Outing,  636. 

Overhead  and  Ltnderfoot. — 
Bridges,  Tunnels,  Sewers, 
Water,  Aqueducts,  Reser- 
voirs, Lighting,  Telegraph, 
Telephone,  etc..  185-214. 

Oyer  &  Terminer,  260,  262,  254. 

Oyster  Market,  802,  809. 

Packard's  Business  College, 
294. 

Pacific  Mail  Line,  101. 
Packard,  Edwin,  769. 
Packard's    Business  College, 
294. 

Packard,  S.  S.,  295. 
Packet  Lines,  74. 
Page,  J.  Seaver,  949. 
Paintings,  320,  314,  306,  327,  326. 
Palmer  A.  M.,  446,  6j2,  554, 

59',  517- 
Palmer's  Theatre,  592,  593, 

68,  148. 
Paper,  899,  901. 
Paris,  77,  76. 
Parish,  Henry,  755,  756. 
Parish  School,  295. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Park  Avenue,  150,  197,  193,  42 
Park-Avenue  Hotel.  229. 
Park-Ave.  If.  E.  Church.  377 
Park   Bank,    Nat.,  733,  732 


1003 


144- 

Park  Commissioners,  249. 
Parker,  Jas.  H.,  545. 
Parkhurst,  C.  H.,  368,  504. 
Park  Row,  from  Mail  St.,  c8i. 
Park  Place,  from  Broadway. 

247. 
Park  Police,  578. 
Park  Presb.  Church.  371,  770. 
Park    Row,   366,   251,  619, 

623,  190,  156,  262,  144,  266, 

577.  600. 
Parks  67,  i5g.  249. 
Parks,  Dep't  of  Pub  ,  249, 

S»i  19  >.  578. 
Park  Theatre,  576,  33,  i48,  5C2, 

583,  600. 
Parkways,  772. 
Passavant  &  Co.,  882. 
Pastels,  Painters  in.  311. 
Pastor's  (Tony)  Theatre,  604, 
^605,  5>-3. 

Pathological  Cabinet,  463. 

Patrol.  526,  5^s,  74. 

Patrol  Wagon,  525. 

Patroons,  >6.  17. 

Patti,  Adelina,  578,  579,  580, 
586,  236. 

Paulist  Fathers,  397,  636. 

Paxton,  J.  R.,  367. 

Peabody  (Henry  W.)  &  Co., 
92,  93- 

Pearl  Street,  to,  17,  18,  23. 

Pearson,  H.  G.,  266. 

Pease,  Geo.  L.,  729. 

Peck  Slit>,  80,  17. 

Pelham-Bay  Park,  67,  171. 

Pern  brook,  T.  K  ,875 

Pembrook,  W.  A.,  875. 

Penitentiary.  496,  499,  459. 

Pennsylvania    Railroad,  117, 
118,  119,  54.  1,6.  133.  70. 

Penny  Provident  hund,  454. 

Pension  Office,  542,  781. 
People's  Church,  370. 
Perkins  E.  H..  Jr,  703,  672. 
Perkins  Geo.  W.,  723. 
Perkins.  VVm.  H.,  710. 
Perry,  F.  I.,  891. 
Personal  Property,  51. 
Peters,  Dr.  T.  M.,  433,  362. 
Peters.  Madison  L'.,  341. 
Petroleum.  916.  950,  932,  792. 
Petroleum  Jelly,  048. 
Pfeiffer,  G.  F  .  908. 
Pharmacy,   College  of,  280 

270,  863,  862. 
Phelps.  Dodge  &  Co.,  712. 
Phelps.  W.  W.,  758. 
Phenix  Insurance  Co.,  662. 
Philadelphia,  26,  47,  74,  79,  94 

32,  34    40,   IOQ,   1,6,    118,  122 

128,  i3?,  712. 
Philharmonic  Soc  .  317,  68. 
Phillips  Presb.  Church,  370 
Photograph  Depot,  715. 
Photogravure  (N.-V.)  Co..  964, 
Pit  '  etiological  Journal,  324. 
Phrenology  Institute  of,  324, 
Physical  Culture.  296. 


Physicians  and  Surgeons,  274, 

487,  467,  479- 
Pianos,  942. 
Picture-Sales,  315. 
Piers  70.  69,  51. 
Pilgrim  Statue,  165,  180. 
Pilots.  264. 

Pirn,  Forwood  &  Co.,  iot. 
Pintard,  John,  320,  639,  773. 
Pipe  Lines.  185,  930.  932. 
Pitcher,  J.  R.,  « 88,  714. 
Plate-Glass  Insurance  690,  683. 
Piatt,  Edw.  C,  206,  2.0. 
Players,  554,  553,  68  3,3,  i7o. 
Playgrounds  for  Children,  455. 
Play-houses,  i48,  582. 
Plaza  Bank.  747. 
Plaza  Hotel  223,  222,  105,  152. 
Plymouth.  14,  23. 
Pneumatic  Tubes,  210. 
Police,  .57,  5  ,  73. 
Police  Boat  Patrol,  526. 
Police  Courts,  56,  493,  501,  261, 
254,  525- 

,  Police  Dept.,  245,  523,  524,  527, 
525.  249,  504. 
Police  Headquarters.  525,  526. 
Police  Justices  51.  253. 
Police  Parade,  867. 
Police  Pension  Fund.  141,527. 
,  Polish  Benevolent  Soc,  447. 
Polish  Jews,  400. 
Political  Clubs,  561. 
Political  Divisions,  si. 
,  Political-Science  School,  273. 
Polytechnic  Assoc.,  321. 
Pope  Manufacturing  Co..  968. 
Popular  Scioice  Monthly^  636. 
Population,  47. 
Portraits.  258,  3^0.  557,  788. 
Port  Society  Library,  333,  414. 
Portuguese,  400. 
Port-Wardens.  264,  265. 
Postal   Telegraph  Cable  Co., 

209,  206,  208.  144.  676. 
Post  &  McCord,  950. 
Post,  G.  B.,  618.  fc26 
Post-Graduate  Medical  School, 

278,  490,  477,  279. 
Postmasters.  266. 
Post-Office,  37,  251,  265,  619, 
260,  55,  137,  332,  45,  144,  156, 
170.  838,  9S1. 
Post-Office  Stations,  266 
Post,  William  949. 
Potter,  Bishop,  341.  364,  381,  556. 
Potter  Building,  825,824.  251. 

8  to,  58,  144,  622,  62a. 
Potter.  O.  B.,  758,  773,  824. 
Potter's  Field,  40,  505,  167,  256. 
Potter,  W.  A.,  348,  362. 
Pottier,  Stymus  &  Co..  855. 
Powers,  Jas.  G.,  715. 
Powers,  Jesse  W.,  715. 
Pratt,  Dallas  B.,  425,  710,  751. 
Prayer-Meetings,  339. 
Precincts.  s>5- 

Preferred  Mutual  Accident  As- 
sociation, 685. 
Presbyterian  Home,  442. 
Presbyterian    Hospital,  151, 

469,  46S,  62,  836,  950. 
Presbyterian  House,  409,  408. 
Presbyterians,  59,  282,  365. 


Press,  622,  824. 
Press  Bureau,  501. 
Press  t  lub,  555,  554,  522. 
Prevention  of  Crime  Soc,  503 
Prevention  of  (  ruelty,  503. 
Primary  Schools,  619,  62. 
Printing,  27,  327,  913,  97I. 
Printing-House  Square,  178 

176,  .^6,  8  5,  618. 
Printing-House  Sq.  in  1868,614. 
Printing-Presses,  956. 
Prisons,  2-  2. 
Private  Detectives,  528. 
Private  Schools,  2^9,  6^. 
Private  Watchmen,  528. 
Proctor's   23d-Street  Theatre 

599,  60;. 
Produce  Exchange,  795,  64, 
128,  141,  143,  676,  155,  794, 
°6,  203,  333,  58,  802,  142,  730, 
541,  82 

Produce-Exchange  Bank,  729. 
Progreso  Itato-A  mericano,  182, 

622. 

Progress  Club,  551,  i53. 
Property  Clerk  526. 
Protection  Against  Fire,  528. 
Protectories,  434.  -02. 
Protestant   Episcopalians,  59, 

438,  4.39,  44°,  44  I,  445,  34L 
Protection   and  Dekknse.— 
Police  Department,  Military 
and  Militia,  Army  and  Pen- 
sion   Offices,   Fire  Depart- 
ment,  Fire    Patrol,  Detec 
tives,  etc..  523-542. 
Providence  Line,  102. 
Provident-Savings  Life-Assur 

ance  Soc,  680,  678. 
Provincial  Congress,  29,  787. 
Public  Administration,  253. 
Public  Charities  and  Correc- 
tion, 421,  419,  434,  450,  459, 
460,  453,  461.  494,  498,  496,  256. 
Public  Parks  Dep't,  51,  204,  193. 
Public  Schools,  267. 
Public  Works  Dep't,  246,  249. 
Publishing,  27  58.  013. 
Puck  Building,  638,  636. 
Pulitzer  Building,  58,  216,  620. 
Pulitzer,  Joseph,  620 
Pullen,  Eugene  H.,  703,  724. 
Pumping  Machinery,  922. 
Pure  Science,  ^74. 
Puritans,  Lhurch  of,  371. 
Pyne,  Percy  R..  710,  771. 

Quadrangle,  Columbia,  273. 
Quakers,  335,  389. 
Quarantine,  72,  46,  437,  251. 
Quarantine  Com.,  252. 
Quill  Club,  552. 
Quinlan,  Jr.,  Wm.  J.,  714. 
Quinlan,  James,  775,  776. 
Quintard,  G.  W.,  720,  672. 

Rachel,  236,  580. 
Racquet  and  Tennis  Club,  566, 

296,  298. 
Railroad  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  415,  417. 
Railways,  37,  97,  110,  695. 
Rainsford,  W.  S.,  351. 
Ramble,  161,  181. 
Ramsdell  Line.  104. 


ioo4 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK'. 


Randall's  Island,  47,  62,  455, 

460.  426,  500,  501. 
Rand,  A.  C,  559,  740. 
Rand  Drill  Co.,  938,  5S9. 
Randel,  Baremore  &  Billings, 

864. 

Rapid  Transit,  (40,  744. 
Rate  of  Taxation,  249. 
Raymond,  R.  \Y\,  322. 
Raynolds,  C.  T.,  949. 
Reading  Railroad  System,  121. 
Reading- Rooms,  325,  429. 
Real  Estate,  804,  805. 
Real  Estate  Valuation,  51. 
Receiving  Department,  499. 
Receiving  Tomb,  521. 
Reception  Hospital,  62,  457. 
Reconciliation,  Chapel,  361. 
Recorder.  25?,  51,  261. 
Reconh-r,  626. 

Record  0/  Am.  Sh  ij>/>ing,  jgq. 
Red  Cross  Steamships,  92. 
Red  "  D  "  Line,  101. 
Red  Star  Line,  89,  88,  70,  38. 
Reference  Library,  326. 

REFORMATORIES  AM)  Corrbo- 
tions.—  The  Police  Courts, 
Prisons,  House  of  Refuge, 
Penitentiaries,  House  of  Cor- 
rection, etc.,  493-504. 

Reform  Club,  563,  152,  564. 

Reformed  Church  Building, 
409. 

Ref.  Dutch  Church,  59,  323, 
_  335,  337,  339- 

Reformed  Episcopal  Church, 
391,  39°- 

Reformed  Presb.  Church,  365, 
37?,  59- 

Refuge  for  Convicts.  504. 

Regina  Sodalium,  184. 

Register  of  Records.  252, 

Register's  Hall,  252. 

Register  s  ( )ftice,  2^2. 

Reid,  Whitelaw,  154,  618. 

Relief  of  Respectable  Indi- 
gent Females,  441. 

Religious  Papers,  610  627-633. 

Religious  Work,  59,  413. 

Remensnyder.  J.  B.,  383. 

Remington  Typewriter,  958. 

Renwick,  James,  350,  373,  391. 

Republican  Club.  563,  153. 

Republic,  Nat.  Bank  of.  725. 

Reservoir,  Fifth  Avenue,  200. 

Reservoir,  Old,  30. 

Reservoir  Park,  170.  • 

Reservoirs,  54,  199,  161,  153,  170. 

Restaurants.  237. 

Retail  Establishments. —  In- 
teresting and  Prominent  Re- 
tail Concerns.nearly  all  being 
Leading  Houses,  843-870. 

Revolution,  Sons  of,  184. 

Revenue,  City,  249. 

Rhine  Steamboats,  90. 

Rhoades,  J.  H.,  758,  775. 

Rice  Traffic.  904. 

Richards.  E.  O.,  966. 

Richardson  (G.  C.)  &  Co..  880. 

Riding  Club,  568,  569,  572. 

Riding  School,  291,  297. 

Riker,  John  L.,  704,  644,  686, 
738,  743,  748,  776. 


Ringler  (F.  A.)  Co.,  971. 

Riverdale  Presb.  Church,  373. 

Riverdale  Station,  112,  286. 

Riverside  Drive,  818,  431. 

Riverside  Hospital,  62,  457. 

Riverside  Bark,  861 ,  907,  67, 
174,  148,  162. 

Riverside  Rest  Assoc.,  438. 

Rivingtorf 's  Gazetteer,  27,  29. 

Robbins,  G.  A.,  756. 

Roberts,  Ellis  H.,  698,  749.' 

Roberts,  M.  O  ,  518,  602,  844. 

Robertson,  R.  H.,  355,  417,  419. 

Robins,  E.  B.,  885. 

Robinson,  G.  B.,  742. 

Robinson,  T.  \V\,  742. 

Rockaway  Beach,  50,  134,  481. 

Rockefeller,  Win.,  152,  726,  758, 
840,  854,  916. 

Rodoph  Sholom  Synagogue, 
869, 404. 

Roebling,  185.  186,  188. 

Roelandsen,  Adam,  14,  267,  336. 

Rogers,  Henry  A.,  905,  721. 

Rogers,  Theodore,  740. 

Rogue's  Gallery.  527. 

Rollins,  Daniel  G.,  454 

Rolston,  Rosvvell  G.,  712,  771. 

Roman  Cath.  Cathedral,  393, 
39  2  ,  394  ,  39i- 

Roman-Catholic  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, 394. 

Roman  Catholics,  59,  391. 

Rome,  VVatertown  &  Ogdens- 
burg  R.  R.,  116. 

Roosevelt  Hospital,  467,  466. 

Roosevelt,  J.  A.,  643,  644,  714, 
743-  756.  773- 

Root,  C.  F.,  806.  634. 

Rose  Hill,  284,  381. 

Rosevear.  Thomas.  853. 

Rossiter  Stores  814. 

Rossiter,  VVm.  W.,  730. 

Roumania  Opera-House,  605, 

Royal  Blue  Line,  123,  128,  140. 

Royal  Dutch  Line,  102. 

Royal  Exchange,  26. 

Rubenstein  Soc,  318. 

Ri  le  ok  the  City. — The  City, 
County,  State  and  National 
Government  —  Officers  and 
Buildings,  Courts,  245-266. 

Ruptured  and  Crippled,  486. 

Russell  <Sc  Ervvin  Mfg. Co.,  939. 

Russian  Immigrants,  453. 

Russian  Restaurants,  240. 

Rutgers  College,  208,  352. 

Rutgers  Fire- Ins.  Co.,  651. 

Rutgers  Presb.  Church,  372. 

Rylance,  Dr.  J.  H.,  352. 

Sabbath  Committee,  412. 
Sacred  Heart  Academy,  287, 
286. 

Safe- Deposit  Vaults,  811,  753. 

Sagamore  Club,  562. 

Sage,  Russell,  44.  1 55. 

Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  446. 

St.  Agnes'  Chapel,  348,  342,  347. 

St.  Agnes'  Hall,  438. 

St.  Ambrose  Chapel,  407. 

St.  Andrew's  Church.  400,356. 

St.  Andrew's  Coffee-Stands,24i. 

St.  Andrew's  Hospital,  482. 


St.  Andrew's  If.  E.  Church, 

37  5  ,  376. 
St.  Andrew's  Society,  447. 
St.  Ann's  Church,  350,  358. 
St. -Ann's  Home,  435. 
St. -Anthony  Club,  552. 
St.  Anthony's  Monastery.  834. 
St    Augustine's  C  hapel.  347, 

34£,  5' 9.  342. 
St. -Barnabas'  House,  437,  407. 
St. -Barnabas  Library,  334. 
St.     Bartholomew's  Chinese 

Guild,  449. 
St.     Bartholomew's  Church, 

35»,  151,  447- 
St.    Bartholomew  s  Hospital, 

486. 

St.  Bartholomew's  House,  359. 
St.  Benedict's  Church,  396. 
St  Bernard's  Church,  401,  400. 
St.  Catharine's  Convent,  289. 
St.  Cecilia's  Church.  399,  \>.. 
St.  Christopher's  Home.  433. 
St.  Chrysostom's  Chapel,  346. 
St.  Chrysostom's  Disp.,  487. 
St.  Cloud  Hotel,  148. 
St.  Cornelius'  Chapel.  317. 
St.  David's  Society.  448. 
St. -Denis  Hotel,  232,  148. 
St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital,  476. 
St. -Francis  Hospital,  836,  475. 
St.  Francis  Xavier  285,  397. 
St. -Francis  Xavier  Coll..  285. 
St.  Gaudens,  Augustus,  66,  176, 
„  35?,  3'2,  354,  356,  385- 
St.  George,  123,  135,  170. 
St.  George's  Church,  351,  350, 

66.  341,  342 
St.  George's  Club,  559. 
St.  George's  Memorial  House, 

352,  351- 
St.  Ignatius'  Church,  350. 
St.  James'  Church.  354. 
St. -James  Hotel.  226,  148,  857. 
St.  James'  Luth.  Church.  383. 
St.  James'  M.  E.  Church.  378, 

377- 

St.  James'  Theatre,  596.  598. 
St.  John's  Burying  Ground, 512. 
St.  John's  Chapel,  344,  654. 
St.  John's  College.  184,183,284. 
St.  John's  Guild,  427. 
St.  John's  River,  93. 
St.  John  the  Divine,  363,  362. 
St.  John,  Wm.  P.,  723,  724,  744. 
738. 

St.  Joseph's  Asylum,  430. 

St.  Joseph's  Day  Nursery.  426. 

St.  Joseph's  Deaf  Mutes  Insti- 
tute. 298. 

St.  Joseph's  Home,  30?,  435. 

St.  Joseph's  Home  for  the 
Aged,  442,  443. 

St.  Joseph  s  Hospital,  477. 

St.  Joseph's  Refuge,  439. 

St.  Joseph's  Union.  435. 

St.  Lazarus'  Guild,  440,  485. 

St. -Louis  College,  286. 

St.  Luke's  Chapel,  353,  342. 

St.  Luke's  35s,  442,  519. 

St.  Luke's  churchyard,  512. 

St.  Luke's  Home,  412. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital,  472.  473, 
471,  62,  153,  357. 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1005 


St.  Mark's  Church,  351,  22,  342. 

St.  Mark's  Churchyard,  511. 

St.  Mark's  Hospital,  477. 

St.  Mark's  Library,  334. 

St.  Mark's  Place.  865. 

St.  Marys,  99,  292. 

St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital,  481 . 

St.  Mary's  Lodging-House, 437. 

St.  Mary's  Park,  67,  477,  172. 

St.  Mary's  School,  287. 

St.  Mary  the  Virgin  353.360. 

St.  Matthew's  Academy,  287. 

St.  Matthew's  Church,  382. 

St.  Michael's,  353.  433-  438,  362. 

,9/.  Nicholas,  636. 

St.  Nicholas'  Church,  14,  336, 

341- 
St. -Nicholas  Club, 547,  546,  153. 
St. -Nicholas  Soc,  572. 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  392, 

393.  394.  39'.  395,  66.  67,  152, 

522 

St.  Patrick's  Church,  396,  394, 

506,  559. 
St.  Paul's  Chapel,  345,  49,  144. 

St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  509. 

St.  Paul  the  Apostle.  397. 

St.  Peter's  Church.  394. 

St.  Stephen's,  396. 

St.  Thomas'  Chapel,  354. 

St.  Thomas'  Church,  353,  147, 

152,  67. 
St.  Timothy,  353,  359. 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  421. 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  Soc,  422. 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  Asylum, 

434- 

St.  Vincent  Ferrers,  290,  286. 
St.  Vincent's  Hospital.  62.  474, 
836. 

Salmagundi  Club,  311,  552. 
Salvation  Army,  414. 
Samaritan  Home  tor  Aged.  444. 
Samson,  G.  W.,  298. 
Sands,  B.  A.,  814. 
Sandy  Hook,  54,  55,  69,  72,  73, 
93- 

Sandy-Hook  Bay,  69. 
Sandy-Hook  Pilots,  265. 
Sandy-Hook  Route,  123. 
San  Francisco,  ro. 
San-Francisco  Minstrels,  600. 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  98. 
Sanitary  Aid  Society,  492. 
Sanitary  Code,  457. 
Sanitary  Commission,  42,  545, 

c  38-5' 

Sanitary  Condition,  457. 

Sanitary  Organizations. — 
Board  of  Health  and  Health 
Statistics,  Hospitals,  Dispen- 
saries, Morgue,  Curative 
Institutions,  Insaneand  other 
Asylums,  457-492. 

Sanitary  Superintendent.  251. 

San  Remo,  Hotel,  155.  236,  243. 

Sapolio,  979. 

Saunders,  Frederick,  326. 
Saunders,  Henry  M.,  381. 
Savannah  Steamships,  95,  71. 
Savings,  Bank  for,  773,  772. 
Savings  Banks,  720,  730,  772. 
782,  58. 


Savings  of  Merchants'  Clerks. 
778. 

Savoy,  Hotel,  221,220,  105,66, 

68,  937,  152. 
Scandinavians,  376. 
Scheffer's  (Ary;  Ckristus  Con- 

solator,  352. 
Schell,  Edw.,  721,  670,  645,  780. 
Schell,  Robert,  740. 
Schenck,  V.  R.,  684. 
Schieffelin  (W.  H.)&Co.,  911. 
Schieren  (C.  A.)  &  Co.,  940. 
Schiff,  J.  H.,  332. 
Schiller  Bust,  164,  181. 
Schwab,  G.  H.,  708. 
Scientific  Organizations.  320. 
School  Buildings.  62,  267. 
Schoolcraft.  H.  R.,  322. 
School  of  Mines,  270. 
School-Ship  99. 
Schwab,  Gustav  H.,  758. 
Schwartz,  F.  A.  O.,  860. 
Schwartz,  H.  F.,  860. 
Science,  Night  School  of, 290,311 
Sciences,  Academy  of,  321. 
Scotch  Presb.  Church,  365. 
Scots,  178,  559. 

Scott  &  Bownc  Building,  829, 
828. 

Scott,  Col.  Thos.  A..  118. 

Scottish  Rite  Hall.  571,  608. 

Scott,  J.  W.,  868. 

Scott's  Emulsion,  828. 

Scott  Stamp  &  Coin  Co.,  868. 

Scott  Statue,  168,  178. 

Scribner,  G.  H.,  743. 

Scribner's  (Chas.)Sons,  965,732. 

Scribner  s  Magazine,  636,  '59. 

Sculpture,  172. 

Seaboard  Nat.  Bank,  741. 

Seal  of  the  City,  260. 

Seaman,  Robert,  715,  932,  9^4. 

Seamen's  Bank  for  Savings, 
774.  838,  715. 

Seamen's  Children.  447. 

Seamen's  Christian  Assoc.,  447. 

Seamen's  Friend  Soc,  333,  414. 

Seamen's  Libraries,  333. 

SeavteiVy  10. 

Searle,  H.  A..  738. 

Searles.  John  E.,  814. 

Searls,  W.  D.,  771. 

Sears,  Isaac.  29. 

Seaside  Hospital,  428. 

Seavvanhaka  Yacht  Club,  567. 

Secession  War,  534. 

Second  Avenue,  158. 

Second-Avenue  Bridge,  196. 

Second-Avenue  Elevated  Rail- 
road, 137,  937. 

Second  Battery,  538,  537.  531. 

Second  Collegiate  Church, 339- 

Second  National  Bank.  737, 
721. 

Seep,  Joseph,  742. 
Seidl,  Anton,  318. 
Seligman,  Jesse.  743. 
Seminaries,  299. 
Semler.  George,  908. 
Senatorial  Districts,  51. 
Seton  Hospital,  477. 
Seventh  Avenue,  861,  154. 
Seventh  Ave.   and   125th  St., 
907. 


Seventh-Avenue  Line,  137. 
Seventh  Nat.  Bank,  857,  721. 
Seventh  Reg.,  533,  531,  532, 
982.  40. 

Seventh-Reg.  Statue,  165,  180. 
Seventh-Reg.   Veteran  Club, 
„  56i,  153.  74.7- 
Seventh-Street  Church,  374. 
Seventy-First  Reg.,  537,  531. 
79th  Regiment  Armory,  590. 
Seward  (W.  H.)  Club,  563. 
Seward  (W.  H.)  Statue,  181, 

176,  166. 
Sewell,  Robert,  684. 
Sewers,  204,  51,  185. 
Shade-Rollers,  955. 
Shaarai  Tephila,  403. 
Shakespeare  Society,  553. 
Shakespeare  Statue,  168,  178. 
Shakespeariana,  63,  553. 
Sheldon,  Henry,  708. 
Sheldon,  R.  K.,  745. 
Sheltering  Arms,  433. 
Shepard,  A.  D.,  914. 
Shepard.  E.  F.,  616,  914,  46, 

418,  147. 
Sherer,  Wm.,  703. 
Sheriff,  264,  51,  494,  256. 
Sherman,  A.  W.,  716. 
Sherman  Bank,  748. 
Sherman,  George,  738,  762. 
Sherman  Statue,  184. 
Sherman,  W.  W..  722. 
Sherry's  Hall,  608. 
Shillaber,  William,  820. 
Shipbuilders'  Home,  292. 
Shipbuilding,  274,  778. 
Ship  Canal,  194,  70. 
Shipman,  J.  S.,  350. 
Shipping,  55. 

Shoe  &  Leather  Bank,  728. 

Shooting  Clubs,  569. 

Shopping,  843. 

Shot  Tower,  64. 

Shrines  of  Worship. —  Cathe- 
drals, Churches,  Synagogues 
and  other  Places  of  Worship 
and  Work,  335-418. 

Sichron  Ephraim  Synagogue, 
404,  405. 

Sick  Children's  Mission,  429. 

Siegel  Bros.,  888. 

Sigma  Phi  Club,  555. 

Signal  Corps,  537,  531. 

Silberhorn,  Henry,  642,  652,  720. 

Silks,  853,  886. 

Silleck,  D.  C.  782. 

Sill,  T.  H.,  346. 

Silvey,  J.  A.,  656. 

Simmons,  J.  E.,  703. 

Sinking  Fund,  249,  51. 

Sisters  of  Charity,  260,  286,  426. 

Sisters  of  Mercy,  435,  437. 

Sisters  of  Notre  Dame,  430. 

Sisters  of  St.  Dominic,  434. 

Sisters  of  Good  Shepherd.  435. 

Sisters  of  the  Poor  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, 475,  477. 

Sixth  Avenue,  154. 

Sixth-Avenue  Railroad,  137. 

Sixty-Ninth  Regiment,  536,  531. 

Skating  in  the  Park,  746. 

Skin  and  Cancer  Hosp.,  440,485. 

Skinner,  Thomas,  210. 


ioo6 


KING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Slaves,  24. 

Slip  Battery,  18. 

Sloane  Brothers, 

Sloane  Maternity  Hospital,  62, 
274,  478,  4-7. 

Sloane,  Wm. D.,  47S,  274,147,740. 

Sloane,  VV.  &  J.,  851,  846,  740. 

Sloan,  ^amuel,  712  740,  771. 

Sloughter,  Gov.,  25,  351,  512. 

Slum  Posts,  414. 

Smith,  C.  S.,  708,  758,  788,  880. 

Smith,  C.  V.,  688. 

Smith,  E.  P.,  7^6.  884. 

Smith,  Hogg&  Gardner,  881. 

Smith,  Jer.  T .,  838,  678. 

Smith  J.  J.,  972. 

Smith,  J.  W.,  64s. 

Smith,  Sir  Donald  A.,  210. 

Smith,  S.  W..  880. 

Smith,  Win.  A.,  770. 

Smith,  W.  Merle.  370. 

Snug  Harbor,  446. 

Sociability  and  Friendship. 
—Clubs  and  Social  Associa- 
tions, Secret  and  Friendship 
Organizations.  543-574- 

Society  hrancais,  448. 

Society  of  War  of  18-2,  561. 

Society  Library,  329,  666. 

Society  for  Ethical  Culture, 
434,  29-,. 

Soda.  962. 

Soldiers  531.  42. 

Somerville,  Robert,  315. 

Sons  of  Liberty,  28,  29,  216. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution,  184. 

Sorosis.  323,  S70,  152. 

Soulard,  A.  L  ,  683. 

Sounding  Boards,  941. 

South-American  Coast,  93. 

South-American  Shipping,  155. 

Southampton,  76,  86. 

South  Battery,  540. 

Southern  Pacific  Company, 
120,  96. 

Southern  Society,  560. 

South  Ferry.  134,  137,  139. 

South  Manchester,  886. 

South  Ref.  Church,  340,  339. 

South  River,  70. 

South  Street,  82,  153,  155. 

Spaarndam,  90. 

Spanish  Mail  Line,  98. 

Spanish  Residents,  50,  449,  184. 

Spanish  Benevolent  Soc,  447. 

Spanish  Cooking.  240. 

Spanish  Synagogue,  310. 

Sparrow  Cops,  828. 

Spaulding,  H.  F.,  708. 

Special  Libraries,  333. 

Special  Sessions,  262,  253,  254, 
494. 

Spining.  G.  L.,  370,  618. 
Spire  Cross,  346,  379. 
Spirit  0/  the  Times,  626. 
Spiritualists,  406. 
Sprague,  C.  E.,  781. 
Spree,  85. 

Spring,  Gardiner,  366,  275. 
Spuyten  Duyvil,  47,  114,  193, 

194,  19-,  140,  148  477.  373. 
Spuyten-Duyvil  Creek,  25,  70. 
Staats  Zeitung,  56,  57,  144, 

613. 


Stadt  Huys,  17,  18,  23,  46,  215. 
Stadt  Huys  Battery,  18. 
Stage  Coaches,  26,  109,  136. 
Stamp  Act,  27,  45,  576. 
Stamp  Collectors,  868. 
Stamped  Paper,  28. 
Standard  Oil  (,o.,  917,  9i6,  74, 
142,  922,  696,  5  9,  516,  742,  726. 
Standard  Theatre,  148,  583,  600. 
Star  Theatre.  68,  146,  580,  600. 
Slate  Arsenal.  53*8,  154. 
State  Hanks,  58. 
State  Camp-Ground,  531. 
State  Church,  341. 
State  Courts.  260. 
State  Emigrant  Hospital,  62. 
State  Line.  83. 

Slaten  Island,  23,  27,  50,  55,  128, 
„  '35.  '"5,  195.  68,  73,  72,  106. 
Staten-Island  R.  R.,  126,  135. 
State  of  California,  83. 
State  Prison,  40. 
State  Street,  143,  19,  449. 
State  Taxes,  51. 
State  Trust  Company,  768,767. 
State  Vote,  51. 
Slation-Houses,  525. 
Station,  Kensico,  520. 
Statue  of  Liberty,  177,  174,  50, 

66,  533,  541,  8»o. 
Statues,  164,  165,168,  169,172. 
Steamboats,  54,  74. 
Steamboat  Squad,  525. 
Steam  (  ompany,  214. 
Steam  Engines,  37. 
Steam  Navigation,  34,  54,  75. 
Steam  Railways,  54. 
Steamship  Lines,  69.  78*". 
Steamship  Row,  143,  676,  76. 
Steel-Plate  Engraving,  914. 
Steel  Turrets,  72. 
Steel  Work  937.  817. 
Steers,  Henry,  768. 
Stein  way  &  bons,  943,  942,  740. 
Steinway,  F.  T.,  854. 
Stein  way  hall,  607,  838. 
Steinway.  Wm..  319.  740,  942. 
Stenography,  School  of,  294. 
Stephenson,  John,  136,  38. 
Stetson,  John.  596,  582. 
Stevens,  F.  W.,  756,  714. 
Stevens,  J.  A.,  721. 
Stevens,  John,  34,  75. 
Stevens,  John  O.,  206. 
Stevens,  W.  E.,  683. 
Steward,  D.  J.,  306. 
Stewart,  A.  T  ,  146,  312,  512, 

54.5,  229,  581.  604,  715,  706. 
Stewart  Building,   767,  505, 

144  233. 
Stewart,  J.  A.,  698,  708,  743. 
Stewart  Mansion,  66. 
Stewart's  Store,  241. 
Still  Hunt,  164,  181,  66. 
Stillman,  Jas..  814,  710,  712,  771. 
Stillman,  T.  E.,  820. 
Stimson,  John  Ward,  289,  311. 
Stirling,  Earl  of,  30,  <o8. 
Stock    Exchange,  789,  791, 

154.155,788, 793,  754,  58. 1 A 

691,  692,  69%  760,  822, 767, 770. 
Stoddard,  Dr.  C.  A.,  372,  628. 
Stoddart,  Alexander,  655,  656. 
Stokes,  A.  P.,  758. 


Stokes,  H.  B.,  645,  672,  670,  781. 
Stokes,  Spencer  C.  519. 
Stone,  Mason  A.,  644,  643. 
Stone  Street,  16.  19. 
Stonington  Line,  102. 
Storage  Buildings,  810,  814. 
Storrs.  R  S.,  43,  18S. 
Story,  J.  B.,  745. 
Stourbridge  Lion,  no. 
Stout,  A.  V.,  728. 
Stout,  (  has.  H.,  724. 
Stout,  Jos.  S.,  914,  729. 
Stover,  J.  W.,  967. 
Strangers,  Church  of,  388,  387, 
367. 

Straus,  Isidor,  728. 

Street-Cars,  38,  54,  7  >. 

Street  Cleaning,  26,  51,  250. 

Street  Department,  457. 

Street  Improvements,  256. 

Street-Lighting,  2  1. 

Streets,  Sewers,  Water,  51. 

Strong,  C.  E.,  686,  756. 

Strong,  Wm.  L.,  560,  736,  948. 

Stryker,  Peter,  340. 

Stuart,  R  L.,  306. 

Sturges,  Frederick,  790. 

Sturges,  Jonathan,  545,  721. 

Sturges,  Wm  (_.,  774. 

Sturgis  Pavilion,  459. 

Sturgis,  Russell,  310. 

Stuyvesant  Ins.  Co.,  178. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter.  17,  18, 19,20, 
45,  44',  339,  35«,  352,  794,  511, 
158,  382,  267,  215,  245,  389, 
390. 

Stuyvesant  Square,  351,  865, 

35°,  383,  '7°,  279. 
Stymus,  W.  P.,  8=u. 
Sub-Treasury,  698,  697.  43,  55, 

66,  1=5,  is6,  174,  822,  765. 
Subways.  ?o6,  212. 
Sua-,  El,  96. 

Sugar  Refinery  Co.,  Am.,  919, 

9'8.  . 
Summer-oardens,  241. 
Sun,  613,  614,  616,  25,  39,  613, 

817. 

Sun  ana'  Shade,  964,  965. 
Sunset  Route,  120. 
Superintendent  of  Police,  524. 
Superior  (.  ourt.  51,  260,  261. 
Suppression  of  Vice  Soc,  503. 
Supreme  Court,  5 1 ,  796,  8oo,  802, 

260,  261. 
Surrogates,  51,  261. 
Surveyor's  Department,  787. 
Sutton,  G.  W.,  882. 
Svenska  Kyrka.  384. 
Swedes,  266,  384. 
Swedish  Church,  384. 
Swedish  Luth.  Church,  384, 

389. 

Swedish  M.  E.  Church,  376. 
Sweetser,   Pembrook   &  Co., 
875. 

Swinburne  Island,  458,  73,  264. 
Swiss  Benevolent  Soc,  448. 
Swiss  Club,  559. 
Swiss  Home,  474. 
Switch-Room,  212,  210, 
Symphony  Soc,  68,  318. 
Syms  Operating  Theatre,  467. 
Synagogues,  402. 


k'ING'S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1007 


Table  d'Hote  Dinners,  240. 
Tablets,  Historical,  45. 
Talmage's  (Dan)  Sons,  904. 
Tammany  Hall,  562,  612. 
Tammany  Society,  561,  32,  46. 
Tank-Steamships,  74. 
Tapestry,  288,  886. 
Tappen,  F.  D.,  703,  716,  764,  773. 
Tariff  Duties,  786. 
Tarrant  &  Co..  912. 
Tattersalls,  812,  813,  154. 
Taxes  and  Assessments,  257. 
Taxes  Dept.,  249,  256. 
Tax  Rate,  51,  249. 
Taylor,  A.  "J.,  715. 
Taylnr  H.  A.  C,  712,  756,  771. 
Teachers  College,  293,  273,  472. 
Tebbetts,  Harrison  &  Robins, 
885. 

Tefft,  Weller  <S:  Co.,  877,  876, 
.  738. 

Telegram,  Evening,  622. 
Telephone  &  Telegraph  Co., 

210,  211. 
Teleseme,  224. 
Temple  Beth-El,  402,  403. 
Temple  Court,  833,  58,  328, 

576,  -,32,  950. 
Temple  Emanu-El,  401,  402,  66. 
Temple  Shearith  Israel,  404, 

4°5- 

Tenderloin  Club.  574. 

Tenements,  455,  455,  257,  244. 

Terminal  Warehouse  Co.,  815, 
814,  730. 

Terrace,  Central  Park,  161. 

Terrace  Garden,  6c6. 

Texas  Route,  97. 

Thalia  Theatre,  68,  579,  216,  604. 

Theatre  Fires,  582. 

Theatres,  375,  67,  68. 

Theatres,  Construction  of,  583. 

Theological  Libraries,  333. 

Theology.  277,  281.  2^2. 

Theosophical  Workers,  456,  422. 

Thingvalla  Line,  91. 

Third-Avenue  Elevated  Rail- 
road, 937,  982. 

Third-Avenue  R.  R.,  137. 

Thirteen  Club,  571. 

Thirty-Second  Precinct  Sta- 
tion, 527. 

Thomas,  Chas.  W„  597. 

Thomas  (Theodore)  Orches- 
tra, 607. 

Thompson,  Chas.  L.,  370. 

Thompson  G.  K.,  670. 

Thompson's,  Corporal,  36,  40, 
580. 

Thornell,  H.  L.,  7-,8. 

Thorne,  Samuel,  764. 

Thoroughfares  and  Adorn- 
ments. —  Streets,  Avenues, 
Boulevards,  Alleys,  Ways, 
Parks,  Squares,  Drives,  Mon- 
uments, Statues,  Fountains, 
etc.,  141-84. 

Throgg's  Neck,  5-,  541. 

Tiemann,  D.  P.,  260,  721. 

Tiffany,  C.  L.,  149,  66,  545,  154, 
740. 

Tiffany  Glass  &  Decorating 
Co.,  316,  337,  340,  348,  383, 


Tiffany  House,  149,383,  154. 
Tiffany,  Louis  C,  316,  154. 
Tilden,  S.  J.,  63,  44,  170,  234. 
Tillinghast,  W  m.  H.,  724,  765. 
Times,   619,    618,   250,  614, 

48,  49,  748,  58,  66,  42,  144. 
Tombs,  495,  255,  36,  54,  66, 

501,  493i  494,  262,  253,  254. 
Tompkins  Market, 801,  809,537. 
Tow-Boats,  iq6. 
Toys,  860. 

Trade  Associations,  58. 
Trade  Schools,  291,  63,  446,  274. 
Tradesmen's  Xat.  Bank,  712. 
Train-House.  123. 
Training-Schools  for  Nurses, 


Union  Square,  179,  180,  181, 
865,  981,  39,  49,  4  5,  182,  175, 
176, 166,  146  371,  233,  234,  740, 
860. 

Union-Square  Fountain,  179, 

182. 

Union-Square  Hotel,  233. 
Union-Square  Theatre,  583, 602, 
592. 

Union  Theol.  Seminary,  282, 


305. 

United   Bank  Building,  725 


62,  461,  463,  470.  489. 
Transatlantic  Navigc 
76. 


igation, 


Transfiguration  Church,  357. 
Transportation  and  Transit. 
—  Railroads,  Steam.  Eleva- 
ted, Cable,  Horse  and  Elec- 
tric— Mages,  109-140. 
Transportation,  Board  of,  802. 
Treasure- Vault,  732. 
Trenholm,  W.  L.,  681,  708. 
Tribune,  616,  614,  48,  39,  66, 

42,  154,  427,  175,  144. 
Tribune  Fresh-Air  Fund,  427. 
Trimble,  Merritt,  464,  677,  773, 
778. 

Trinity  Chapel,  346,  342,  344. 

Trinity  Church,  343,  677, 
693.  757.  27,  66,67,335.346, 
350,  3,2,  14,  25,  26,  3  3^,  914, 
14 »,  156,  270,  506,  834,  ^13. 

Trinity  Church  Association, 
421,  489. 

Trinity-Church  Cemetery,  515, 
5'4- 

Trinity  Church  in  1789,  21. 
Trinity  Church  Schools,  286. 
Trinity  Churchyard,  511. 
Trinity  Churchyard,  507,  514, 

506,  183,  215. 
Trinity  Luth.  Church,  384. 
Trinity  Place,  914. 
Tripler  Hall,  235,  583,  580. 
Troop  A,  568,  538,  531,  534, 

297,  298. 
Trust  Companies,  753,  755,  58, 

140,  6j7. 

Turnverein.  567,  296,  298,  566. 
Tweed,  W.  M.,  42,  54,  188,  220, 

25^,  529,  618. 
Twelfth  Reg..  535.  53 «.  982. 
Twenty -Second    Reg.,  536, 

S31- 

Twentv-Second  Reg.  Armory, 
536. 

Two-Mile-Stone  Meeting 

House,  352,  374,  37s. 
Tyng.  Stephen  H.,  351,  360. 
Typewriters,  958,  959. 

Underground  Cables,  212. 
Underwriters'  Agency,  N.-Y., 
656. 

Union  Club,  544,  543.  68,  T52. 
Union   Dime  Savings,  Inst., 

781,  154. 
Union  League  Club,  544.  66, 

68,  303,  314,  153. 


T  63.  333.  368,  277,  273. 
Union  Trust  Co.,  761,  758,  143, 
. j 645*  . 

unitarians,  59.  385. 
d  Bai  ■ 
724. 

United  Charities,  420,  409,  412, 

950,  302,  419. 
united  Hebrew  Charities,  451, 

483. 

nitec 

United  Service  Club.  560. 
U -S.    Army    Building,  541, 

142, 718,  867. 
U.-S.  Xat  Bank,  707,  714,  749. 
U.-S.  Barge  Office,  71,  719, 

141,  '83.  787. 
U.-S.  Bonded  Warehouses,  786, 

814. 

U.-S.  Courts,  260,  55. 
U.-S.  District  Court,  260. 
U.-S.  Guarantee  Co.,  690. 
U.-S.  Life  Ins.  Co.,  672. 
U.-S.  Military  Headquarters, 
c39- 

United-States  Mutual  Accident 

Assoc.,  6-iS. 
U.-S.  Nat.  Bank,  707. 
U.-S.  Navy  Yard,  542,  71. 
U.-S.  Trust  Co.,  759,  758,  707, 

698. 

Universalism,  5-5,  386. 
University  Club  549,  68. 
University  iv  ed.  College,  277. 
University  of  New  York,  275, 

39,  40,  63,  323,  332,  340,  358, 

269,  167,  146,  387,. 388. 
University  Settlement,  456,  421. 
Upjohn,  Richard,  342,  344,  352, 

272,  357,  834- 

Valuation,  225,  49. 
Value  of  Exports.  785. 
Van  Cortlandt  Park,  67,  134. 
Vanderbilt,  C,  34,  59,  312,  417, 
4,8,  358,  178,695,  222,588,387, 

Vanderbilt  Clinic,  491,  487,62. 
Vanderbilt  Family,  62,  67,  367. 
Vanderbilt.  G.  W  ,  310,  332. 
Vanderbilt  Houses,  147,  152. 
Vanderbilt's   (Mrs.    W.  H.; 

House,  135,  31  \  147- 
Vanderbilt,  VV.  H.,   181,  358, 

277,  478,  4S7-  r, 
Vanderbilt,  W.  K.,  147.  3^- 
Van  Home,  W.  C,  206,  210. 
Vanlngen  (E.  H.)  &  Co.,  887. 
Van  Nest,  A.  T.,  644,  730,  771, 

776. 

Van  Twiller,  Wouter,  14,  301. 
Vaseline,  948. 
Vauxhall,  28.  39.  216,  583. 
Vendome,  Hotel,  148,  236. 


i  oo«S 


KING%S  HANDBOOK  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Yeragua,  Duke  of,  46. 
Vermilye  &  Co.,  708,  715. 
Vermilye,  W.  G.,  708. 
Yerplanck,  G.  C,  548,  704,  777. 
Veterinary  Colleges,  280,  281, 
492. 

Vice.  Suppression  of,  503. 
Victoria,  Hotel,  152,  148,  230. 
Vietor  (F.)  &  Achelis,  879. 
Vital  Statistics,  664,  666. 
Votes,  47,  51. 

Wagstaff,  Alfred,  721,  976. 
Waldorf,  217,  68,  218,  152. 
Walker  Street,  156. 
Wallace,  Elliot  &  Co.,  903. 
Wallack,  Lester,  68,  146,  600, 
592. 

Wallack's  Theatre,  580,  600. 

Walling,  G.  W.,  526,  528. 

Wall  Paper  Co.,  955,  953. 

Wall  Street,  705,  707,  765, 
786,  694,  692,  693,  709, 
343.  2i»  27,  527,  25,  55,  140, 
31,  33,  10,  155,  174,  258. 

W  all-Street,  from  Assay  Office, 
693. 

Wall-Street,  Custom  House  to 

Broad  Street,  694. 
Wall    Street,    from  Custom 

House,  694. 
Wall  Street  in  1789,  21. 
Wall  Street  in  1800,  25. 
Wall  Street  in  i860,  692. 
Walter,  Henry,  228. 
Walton,  E.  A.   644,  645,  672, 

780. 

Ward  Steamships,  98. 
Ward.  Geo.  G.,  206,  210. 
Ward,  J.  Q.  A.,  66,  174,  175. 

176.  178,  179,  180,  184,  312. 
Wards,  23. 

Ward's  Island,  47,  62,  455, 
256. 

Ward's  Island  Asylum,  463. 
Ward's  Mexican  Line,  98. 
Warehouses,  786,  810,  811. 
Ware,  Wm.  R.,  257,  273,  674. 
Warner.  Col.  Andrew,  778. 
Warner,  L.  C,  744, 
Warner.  L.  P.,  742. 
Warner.  O.  L.f  312,  166. 
Warren,  Fuller  &  Co.,  955. 
Washington  Arch,  173,  966, 

172,  167,  66,  505. 
Washington  Bridge.  822,  189, 

190,  54.  iQ2- 
Washington     Bridge,  View 

from,  910. 
Washington    Building,  821, 

141,  820,  142,  97,  58,  120,  208. 
Washington   Building  Views. 

108,  689. 
Washington  Centennial,  43. 
Washington,  George,  43,  180, 

30,  31,  32,  109, 113,  344,  576,  142, 

171,  172,  174,258,  697,  215,  533. 
Washington  Heights,  22,  47, 

*37i  *92.  *93.  54.  67,  355,  161, 

166,  148,  172,  372,  569,  514. 
Washington  -  Heights  Presb. 

Church,  372. 
Washington-Heights  Y.  M.  C. 

A.,  416. 


Washington  Life-Ins.  Co.,  677, 

676. 

Washington  Market,  797,  808. 
Washington  Square,  374,  378, 

'73.  I7L  275,  167,  39,  40, 

!96,  323.  340,  172,  375.  37V.  153. 

170,  148,  146,  505,  2 36,  242,  244, 

966,  908. 
Washington  Statues,  176,  166. 
Washington  Trust  Co.,  767, 

766. 

Watchmen,  25,  524,  528. 

Waterbury,  J.  L,  766. 

W'ater-Color  Society,  309,  311. 

Water  Front,  69,  70,  155. 

Water  Mains,  51,  200. 

Water  Supply,"^,  196. 

W^ater  Tower,  822. 

Water  ways. — The  Harbor  and 
Rivers,  Piers  and  Shipping, 
Fortifications  and  Quaran- 
tine, Exports  and  Imports, 
Oceanicand Coastwise  Lines, 
etc.,  69-108. 

Watkins  Fire  Alarm,  965. 

Watson,  James,  449. 

Watts'  Statue,  514,  1 8 3. 

Weather  Bureau,  832,  672. 

Webb's  Academy,  292,  447. 

Webster,  Daniel,  168,  129,  180, 

Webster  Statue,  168,  179. 
Weehawken,  34,  115,  128,  507. 
Weingart  Institute,  301. 
Wendell,  Evert  J.,  501,  556, 
Wendell,  Jacob,  659,  708. 
WTest-End     Avenue  Church, 
338. 

West-End  Presb.  Church,  170. 
Western    Electric  Co.,  837, 

838. 

ll'esternland,  89,  88. 
Western  Union  Tel.  Co.,  207, 

210,  58,  206,  790. 
West  Farms,  47,  137,  139. 
West  India  Co.,  10,  12,  17,  19, 

20,  15,  215. 
Westminster  Hotel,  234. 
Westminster   Presb.  Church, 

370,  369. 
WTest  Presb.  Church.  367. 
West-72d  Street  Y.  M.  C.  A., 

417. 

West  Side,  155.  237,  242,  832. 
West-Side  German  Disp.,  489. 
West  Street.  '22,  155. 
West     Washington  Market, 

807,  809. 
Wetmore  Home,  439,  502. 
Wheelmen's  Clubs,  568. 
White.  Charles  E.,  659. 
Whitehall.  142,  135,  18,  19,  29. 
Whitehall  Battery,  18,  30. 
Whitehall,  Foot  of,  867. 
WThite  Squadron,  99. 
White,  Stanford,  66,   154,  172, 

356. 

White  Star  Line,  79,  71. 
White  Train,  133,  140. 
Whitney  (A.  R)  &  Co..  982, 

937. 

Whitney,  W.  C,  152,  588,  519, 

748,  769. 
Winter  Garden,  235,  580,  583. 


Wholesale  Establishments. 
—  Some  Gigantic  Firms  and 
Corporations  whose  Yearly 
Transactions  Involve  Mil- 
lions of  Dollars  and  Extend 
over  the  Earth,  871-912. 

Wilks  Building,  155,  950. 

Willett's  Point,  55,  72,  541. 

Williamsburgh  City  Fire-Ins. 
Co.,  655,  143,  652. 

Williams,  G.  G.,  672,  703,  714, 
760. 

William  Street,  57,  65,  370. 
Wilsey,  F.  D., 
Windmills,  10,  14,  19. 
Windsor  Hotel,  152,  218,  512. 
Windsor  Theatre,  583,  604. 
Winser,  J.  H.,  306. 
Winston,  F.  S.,  306,  666,  522. 
Wolfe,  Miss  C.  L.,  306,  348, 

350,  407. 
Woman  s  Art  School,  311,  289, 

291. 

Woman's  Hospital,  478,  479. 
Women's  Medical  College,  27U, 
480. 

Women's  Press  Club,  570. 
Wood,  Edw.,  762,  776. 
Wood,  Fernando,  40,  258,  260, 
160,  514. 

Wroodlawn  Cemetery,  517,  515. 
Woodward,   Baldwin   &  Co., 

884,  726. 
Woodward,  Jas.T.,587,  726,  760. 
Work-H  ouse,  498,  496,  256. 
Workingmen's    School,  295, 

434- 

World,  614,  621,  251,  620,  39, 

66,  144,  175,  984. 
World  Building,  Views  from, 

48,  49,  52,  S3.  56,  57.  60, 

61,  64,  65. 
Worthington,  Henry  R.,  922. 

923-  . 

W  orthington  Pumps,  922,923, 
672,  445,  200,  794,  274,  586,  654, 
830,  848. 

Worth  Monument,  183,  857, 
166,  176. 

Wright,  Ebenezer  K.,  732,  768. 
Wrougnt-iron  pipe,   930,  931, 


932,  933 
Wyckoff 


Seamans  &  Benedict, 
9S8,  959- 

Xavier  Club,  556. 

Yachting,  566,  106. 

Yale  Alumni,  555. 

Y.  M.  C.  A.,  417,  412,  414,  59. 

63,  368. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  Hall,  608. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  Library,  63,  330. 
Young  Men's  Hebrew  Assoc., 

418 

Young  Men's  Institute,  414, 

416,  59. 

Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociation, 416,  333,  543. 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  As- 
sociation, 452,  418. 

Zion  and  St.  Timothy  Church, 
3  53  ,  359- 


